material engineering case study

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Course info.

• Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling

Departments

• Materials Science and Engineering

As Taught In

• Electrical Engineering
• Electronic Materials

Learning Resource Types

Principles of engineering practice, case studies.

Case Study and Project Reports will be presented by the assigned Teams. The process is as follows:

Prof. Kimerling will lead a short in-class discussion on the approach for each Case Study or Project. Q&A is encouraged to clarify specific details.

The Instructors and TAs will moderate online Discussion Forums: within this Forum students should post their team’s tentative outline, develop concepts, discuss sources and preliminary findings. Instructors and TA will provide feedback within this Discussion Forum.

An optional office meeting with Prof. Kimerling is available if desired by any Group.

On the day of presentations, each Group must present a 20 minute presentation of 5-6 slides. Each member of the Group must present one slide from this presentation. Slides must be posted to the Web site the night before.

Students are expected to bring hard copies of all presentations to class.

Corrected slides and a final 2-page report must be posted to the Web site two days after presentation.

Grade assignment for the Case Studies and Projects will account for the following:

• presentation and writing skills
• clarity and rationality of the design execution
• presentation of background, issues, alternatives and conclusions

All student work is presented with permission of the authors.

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A case study in development of material science

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Credit: Nankai University

China’s significant increase in research investment has already brought a boom in the country’s research output. The gains are probably best illustrated in the field of material science, in which the number of publications has grown from almost none in the early 1980s to the largest in the world now. With applications ranging from manufacturing and electronics, to energy and biomedicine, material science is of profound interest to government funders and a field on which national economies rely heavily.

Data from the Essential Science Indicators (ESI) in 2018 show that Nankai is ranked among the global top 1.2‰, or 97th, in material science, up from 116th in mid-2017. It leads among Chinese universities in the number of citations per publication in journals listed in the Science Citation Index (SCI). Two MSE faculty members were listed among the 2018 Global Highly Cited Researchers by Clarivate Analytics.

Booming research results

One area of leading research performance at MSE is rare earth functional materials, with 30 highly cited papers tracked by ESI. “China has abundant rare earth resources, but a comprehensive scheme for using them is yet to be developed,” said Yan Chunhua, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and head of the MSE’s Centre for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials. The centre’s researchers develop novel technological processes of rare earth products and explore new applications of rare earth materials, ranging from energy and catalysis, to high-precision manufacturing and sensors. Their results have led to more than 10 patents.

Prize-winning science

At the MSE Centre for Optical, Electrical, and Magnetic Materials, Bu Xian-He, the centre head and dean of MSE, leads a group that focuses on constructing inorganic solid materials for energy storage and conversion. They won the second prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2014 for their work on the synthesis, structure modulation, and properties of coordination polymers. Researchers at the centre also work on inorganic-organic hybrid magnetic and polymer materials, and construction of functional molecular aggregate materials.

MSE researchers on new catalytic materials have established a new methodology for characterizing highly active intermediates in catalytic reactions by integrating technologies of chemical capture, spectroscopic analysis and computational simulation, which has facilitated the study of molecular sieve materials. They have also developed the AlPO-34 molecular sieve, a crystalline material with regular pores the size of a molecule for catalysis. Their results have gained 20 national patents.

To meet growing needs for new materials and devices for information and energy, researchers at the MSE Centre for Photonics/Electronic Materials have made progress in silicon-based illumination devices. They have designed nano-layered compound films with specific photoelectric properties and developed their applications in sensors, supercapacitors and other devices.

Outlook to the future

In an effort to develop cross-disciplinary and application-based research, the school is growing its computational materials science and materials genome research. Investments are also being made to advance research on biomedical, environmental, and intelligent materials and devices to better meet societal demands. In educational programmes, MSE encourages the integration of natural science and engineering to form interdisciplinary teams.

As Nankai University has received government support for building a world-class university, MSE is leveraging university and government resources to expand its current provincial and national key research platforms. Continual investment and infrastructure support will ensure a vibrant future for MSE.

+86 (0)22 85358786

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http://mse.nankai.edu.cn

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Pushing Boundaries with Bamboo: A Structural Engineering Case Study

• Written by Rodrigo Istchuk
• Published on September 26, 2023

In a world grappling with environmental challenges, forward-thinking architects and engineers are increasingly leaning towards more sustainable solutions. While steel and concrete have long dominated the construction industry, bamboo is now stepping into the limelight as a compelling alternative. Thanks to its potent mix of strength, flexibility, and eco-friendliness, bamboo is fast becoming the go-to material for those keen on pushing the boundaries of sustainable architecture.

Bridging this transformative moment in sustainable design is the timely arrival of the "Bamboo Structures" eBook series, which this article is based on. Acting as a touchstone in the field, the first volume focuses on the structural design process behind the Luum Temple —a masterclass in bamboo engineering. The guide serves as more than just a theoretical text; it is a comprehensive manual teeming with real-world insights, cutting-edge research, and practical expertise.

The use of bamboo as a structural material is far from a new phenomenon; it has a rich history that stretches back thousands of years. Despite its ancient roots, much of this traditional knowledge has been underestimated as the modern construction sector became overly focused on mineral-based materials. Today, however, bamboo is experiencing a global resurgence, bringing to light a harmonious blend of ancient wisdom with modern engineering. This fusion not only offers new avenues for sustainable architecture but also feels like a long-awaited, inevitable evolution of the construction industry.

The Luum Temple: An Icon of Sustainable Design

Nestled in the lush landscapes of Tulum, Mexico, the Luum Temple is more than just an eye-catching architectural marvel; it's a pioneering example of what happens when traditional wisdom meets modern engineering. Designed to stand against 250 km/h hurricane winds and significant seismic forces, this structure embodies the compelling possibilities that arise when we harness bamboo’s unique properties as a structural material.

The architectural vision was conceptualized by the CO-LAB Design Office , brought to life by Architectura Mixta , and inspired by the iconic work of legendary architect Felix Candela . The engineering was led by Esteban Morales , who describes the structural system as five intersecting hyperbolic paraboloids made of bamboo arches and split bamboo beams.

Bamboo’s tensile strength-to-weight ratio often surpasses that of steel, making it not just strong but also lightweight. Flexibility is another advantage: especially when used in split form, bamboo enables architects to craft organic, flowing shapes that defy traditional geometrical constraints, facilitating the adoption of innovative structural approaches that rely on shape stiffness and biomimicry. Bamboo ’s rapid growth and ability to sequester carbon also position it as an environmentally superior alternative to traditional construction materials, including timber.

On the other hand, working with bamboo also requires special care in certain aspects. Due to its lightweight nature, particular attention must be paid to foundations, cross-bracing and structural stiffness, which are essential to counterbalance its vulnerability to wind forces. Although bamboo's low shear strength presents a challenge, an adequate comprehension of its properties allows for creative systems to compensate for this, and a critical focus on treatment is also non-negotiable. The material can also be prone to insect attacks and has a limited lifespan, making it important to include proactive 'preservation by design' approaches as an integral part of any bamboo-based construction.

The Luum Temple embraces a balance between these advantages and challenges. The interconnected roof diaphragm, for instance, is made of cross-layers of bamboo mats —a modern nod to empirical techniques of the past that give the structure impressive resistance to lateral loads. To account for bamboo's natural flex and movement, the structure incorporates articulated foundations and a central compression ring. This approach not only captures bamboo's intrinsic strengths but also circumvents its limitations, demonstrating a model way to build sustainably and innovatively.

The Engineering Process

A defining feature of the Luum Temple project was its successful integration of up-to-date bamboo engineering concepts with a timeless architectural framework. Rather than merely following standard procedures, the engineering team ventured into new territory by developing custom methods, all while adhering to internationally recognized standards. This inventive approach adeptly navigated through Mexico's intricate regulatory framework surrounding bamboo construction and also set a solid precedent for future bamboo projects.

The technical workflow of the project was facilitated by a robust software toolkit. The structural design process started with AutoCAD 3D, where the structure’s geometry was modeled and compatibilized for the next steps. Following this, structural analysis was carried out using specialized structural analysis software SAP2000 v.14.

The structure was divided into three main element types to orient the design process:

• Arches , spanning in the edges of the structure and radially from the center;
• Joists , spanning in layers and connecting the main arches over several layers;
• Roof diaphragm , conformed by the rigid surface resulting from several layers of joist triangulation and split weaving below the roof.

As the project is located in a region prone to hurricane winds and seismic activities, the engineering strategy emphasized shape stiffness, triangulation, and a robust diaphragm. These elements were specifically selected to offset lateral forces that could compromise the structure. Consequently, each component in the structure was interconnected and designed to function cohesively, ensuring resilience against some of nature's most extreme forces.

In terms of load magnitudes, considerable seismic loads and 250km/h hurricane wind loads governed the design. These were combined with dead loads (weight of the structure and roofing) and live loads to obtain the design internal forces for each element of the structure. For this, the allowable stress method was employed, complying with the most adequate approach for structural bamboo design. The loads were then multiplied by the prescribed load coefficient for each of the required load combinations according to bamboo-specific structural codes. Finally, the maximum internal forces found in the most stressed arch, joist, and roof diaphragm elements were considered for the final design of the structural elements. 

Equipped with structural insights, such as the internal forces acting in the structure for each load combination, the structural components were designed based on bamboo-specific building codes, such as the NSR-10 (Colombia) and the ISO 22156 (International). Specialized software like WoodWorks® Connections, SFS Timber Work, and APF Wood Joint were then employed for the design of the connecting elements between structural components. 

At the uppermost part of the structure, the primary arches converge, interconnected by a central steel compression ring. This design feature ensures each arch tip converges towards a centralized point, reminiscent of a star's radiating arms. Drawing a parallel to airplane wings, which flex and bounce to a certain extent during flight to prevent structural failure, bamboo structures adopt a similar engineering principle. To ensure the bamboo components can flex and adapt during adverse events like storms or earthquakes without fracturing, the central compression ring incorporates robust hinged connections, as illustrated in the subsequent images.

In this project, a detailed analysis was undertaken to determine the mechanical connections at the base. Designed in a hinged manner, similar to the central compression ring, the connections between bamboo arches and the foundation permit rotational movement. This design strategy ensures that bamboo elements are spared from excess shear and bending forces, which aren't their strengths. Instead, the bamboo primarily experiences tension and compression forces parallel to its fibers.

As we've seen, bamboo isn't just a rapidly renewable resource —it's a structural material with the potential to change the landscape of sustainable architecture in the upcoming decades. From its historical roots to its modern-day applications, bamboo proves that when tradition meets innovation, magic happens.

Unlock the Potential of Bamboo Structures

For those serious about pioneering the next wave of green construction and understanding the practical aspects of using bamboo as a structural material, the "Bamboo Structures" eBook series can be an essential guide. This recent publication dives deep into methodologies, design details, and example applications, serving as an invaluable resource for both novices and experts in the field. Developed based on the structural calculation methods used for the Luum Temple project, this first volume addresses a long-awaited resource gap, offering a clear lens into bamboo structural design for the wider audience. 

Learn more about the “Bamboo Structures” eBook here.

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MSE 5090: Case Studies in Material Selection

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Using Engineering Case Studies

The analysis of engineering failures is an essential part of many engineering curricula today. This focus enables modern engineers and scholars to learn what not to do and how to create designs with a greater chance of success. Key to learning is establishing the nature of each failure—structural, corrosive, electrical, etc.—and understanding that element.

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6.1 Introduction and Synopsis

Here we have a collection of case studies illustrating the screening methods of Chapter 5. They are deliberately simplified to avoid obscuring the method under layers of detail. In most cases little is lost by this: the best choice of material for the simple example is the same as that for the more complex, for the reasons given in Chapter 5. More realistic case studies are developed in later chapters.

Each case study is laid out in the same way:

the problem statement, setting the scene,

the model, identifying function, constraints, objectives, and free variables, from which emerge the attribute limits and material indices,

the selection in which the full menu of materials is reduced by screening and ranking to a short-list of viable candidates,

the postscript, allowing a commentary on results and philosophy.

Techniques for seeking supporting information are left to later chapters.

The first few examples are simple but illustrate the method well. Later examples are less obvious and require clear thinking to identify and distinguish objectives and constraints. Confusion here can lead to bizarre and misleading conclusions. Always apply common sense: does the selection include the traditional materials used for that application? Are some members of the subset obviously unsuitable? If they are, it is usually because a constraint has been overlooked: it must be formulated and applied.

Most of the case studies use the hard-copy charts of Chapter 4; Sections 6.17 and 6.18 illustrate the use of computer-based...

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Forensic Materials Engineering

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Most books on forensic engineering focus on civil engineering failures rather than consumer or general mechanical products. Unique both in scope and style, this treatment is built upon case studies of real accidents, broadly focused on consumer products, and dedicated to problem solving through scientific principles. Each well-illustrated case stud

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 | 24  pages, introduction, chapter 2 | 36  pages, materials in distress, chapter 3 | 24  pages, establishing the load transfer path, chapter 4 | 46  pages, a "toolbox" for forensic engineers, chapter 5 | 40  pages, failure due to manufacturing faults, chapter 6 | 44  pages, fluid transport, chapter 7 | 40  pages, failure of storage vessels, chapter 8 | 32  pages, accidents in the workplace, chapter 9 | 32  pages, failure of medical implements, chapter 10 | 30  pages, component failure in road traffic accidents, chapter 11 | 16  pages, fraudulent insurance claims, chapter 12 | 14  pages, criminal cases, chapter 13 | 50  pages, intellectual property cases.

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Additive manufacturing of metal materials for construction engineering: an overview on technologies and applications.

1. Introduction

2. metal additive manufacturing technologies, 2.1. materials, 2.2. overview remarks, 2.3. features of 3d printing methods, 3. printing process parameters for metal am, 3.1. laser-related parameters, 3.2. scan-related parameters, 3.3. powder-related parameters, 3.4. temperature-related parameters, 3.5. printing directions and orientations, 3.6. effects of process parameters on the properties of 3d-printed metals, 4. metal additive manufacturing in construction, 4.1. optimized structural node by arup, 4.2. mx3d pedestrian bridge, 4.3. takenaka connector, 4.4. am steel reinforcement for concrete, 4.5. joining aluminium profiles, 4.6. future applications, 5. the potentials of metal am in topological optimization, 5.1. nonconventional geometries, 5.1.1. topology optimization.

Click here to enlarge figure

• SIMP method
• Level-Set method
• The application of topological optimization

5.1.2. Lightweight Components

5.2. use of am in repair of existing structures.

• Preparation stage. In the first step, considerations concern the cost-effectiveness of the repair/reinforcement of the degraded component. Next, a geometric check is performed between the worn elements and the nominal model. This comparison generates an error map, which highlights the errors between the two models. Finally, the repair area can be identified and judgements made on the extent of the damage.
• Production stage. In this stage, the previously identified area is repaired/reinforced through AM or hybrid manufacturing processes.
• Post-repair stage. In the final step, a geometric inspection is performed to verify the correct execution. In addition, the restored element can be mechanically characterised by means of material strength tests.

6. Conclusions

Author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Capasso, I.; Andreacola, F.R.; Brando, G. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Materials for Construction Engineering: An Overview on Technologies and Applications. Metals 2024 , 14 , 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091033

Capasso I, Andreacola FR, Brando G. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Materials for Construction Engineering: An Overview on Technologies and Applications. Metals . 2024; 14(9):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091033

Capasso, Ilaria, Francesca Romana Andreacola, and Giuseppe Brando. 2024. "Additive Manufacturing of Metal Materials for Construction Engineering: An Overview on Technologies and Applications" Metals 14, no. 9: 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091033

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Materials Branch

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The range of elements available for device production has exploded in the past 20 years, enabling entirely new classes of electronic and mechanical products, biomedical implants, tissues, coatings and more.

We’re leaders in the world of advanced materials, with three of our school’s seven departments moving this field forward: Materials, Macromolecular Science and Engineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. And with our home in Northeast Ohio—a region brimming with material and chemical industry leaders—we collaborate on moving the latest materials technologies quickly from research to use.

Centers and institutes that conduct research in Advanced Materials

Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS)

An NSF Science and Technology Center advancing the nation's science and technology agenda through the development of new materials and material systems

Center for the Evaluation of Implant Performance

Advances the science of joint replacement durability and performance through improvements in implant materials and design.

Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Reliability Center

Develops and provides mechanical testing for materials using an array of equipment.

Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials

Provides expert staff and specialized analytical equipment to solve materials characterization challenges encountered in education, research and industry.

Center for Advanced Polymer Processing

Develops new advanced and functional multiphase complex materials and optimizes the performance of existing ones by integrating the most advanced experimental and computational capabilities. 

SDLE Research Center

Studies solar photovoltaic and other outdoor exposed technologies using degradation science, data science and analytics.

Faculty who conduct research in Advanced Materials

Rohan Akolkar

Develops new electrochemical processes for applications including nano-material fabrication, energy storage, electrometallurgy and sensors

Hoda Amani Hamedani

Develops multifunctional materials and flexible nanostructured platforms for electrochemical and biomedical devices, localized drug delivery, neural interfacing, and electrochemical sensing; studies nanomaterials evolution/interactions in controlled (liquid) environments using in-situ characterization techniques

Develops processing-structure-property relationships in polymeric systems; creates micro- and nano-layered films; and produces biomimetic hierarchical structures of soft materials

Harihara Baskaran

Understands and solves problems in biology and medicine using transport principles

Laura Bruckman

Develops predictive lifetime models for materials degradation related to stress conditions and induced degradation mechanisms evaluated by quantitative spectroscopic characterization of materials

Changyong (Chase) Cao

Study the mechanics, designs, and manufacturing of smart multifunctional materials, soft robotics, soft electronics, and self-powered sensing systems.

Laboratory for Soft Machines & Electronics (SME Lab)  www.CaoGroup.org

Jeff Capadona

Engineers biomaterials-based strategies to improve the performance and longevity of central nervous system implanted devices

Jennifer Carter

deformation mechanisms of metals and metal-matrix composites; fatigue, fracture, and creep; failure analysis; electron microscopy; 3D microscopy; novel methodologies for multi-scale material characterization; data science and analytics; open science

Sunniva Collins

Engineers metallic surfaces for improved performance; selects materials and designs manufacturing processes for innovative outcomes

Mark De Guire

Analyzes performance of ceramics in energy applications, including fuel cells and oxygen transport membranes

Christine Duval

Develops separation materials and processes to benefit nuclear medicine, environmental protection, and nuclear waste recycling and remediation.

Steven Eppell

Designs, synthesizes and tests orthopedic biomaterials using biomimetic strategies emphasizing nanoscale structures and self-assembly

Frank Ernst

Studies and engineers microstructures, interfaces and surfaces of metallic materials by novel methods of processing and microcharacterization

Donald Feke

Develops novel polymeric materials and ultrasonic-based separation processes for nano- and microscale multi-phase systems

Roger French

Applies data science and analytics to energy and materials science research problems

Michael Hore

Combines experiments, theory and simulation to study fundamental problems in the polymer physics of grafted and non-linear polymers

Hatsuo Ishida

Develops advanced benzoxazine resins, thermosetting resins based on natural renewable materials and green flame retarding systems

Daniel Lacks

Develops first-principles molecular-scale theories of chemical processes and materials properties

Peter Lagerlof

Develops a unified theory for plastic deformation via slip and deformation twinning

John Lewandowski

Researches material reliability for biomedical and structural applications, advanced materials manufacturing and processing/microstructure/property relationships. Hybrid Autonomous Manufacturing.

Ya-Ting Liao

Creates computational models of combustion, fire and fire behavior and develops fire-resistant structures

Develops multi-scale, complex polymer-based materials, using both experimental and computational-based tools

Ica Manas-Zloczower

Engineering new materials and technologies for industrial applications

Heidi Martin

Develops diamond electrodes for electrochemical and neural device applications

David Matthiesen

Develops process engineering solutions for the manufacturing of new magnetic materials

Jim McGuffin-Cawley

Develops new methodologies for material processing, characterizes processing-property relationships, studies high-temperature diffusion and solid-state reactions, fosters industry-university relationships

Julie Renner

Develops biomolecular platforms to control solid-liquid interfaces and enable a new generation of advanced technologies

Publications

Clare Rimnac

Advances the long-term performance of implants and structural bone allografts through material analysis and characterization

Valentin Rodionov

Investigates catalysis with soft materials: catalytic surfactants and polymers; complex macromolecular architectures for bio-inspired catalysis; and ligand-mediated nanocatalysis

Robert Savinell

Develops high-performance electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies through fundamental and applied studies of interfacial and transport processes

David Schiraldi

Develops bio-based, flame-retarded plastics, polymer aerogels and packaging materials; and studies properties of polyesters

Alp Sehirlioglu

Develops new materials through exploitation of interfaces to control functionality and exploration of multi-functionality for energy-related applications

Tina Vrabec

Develops novel waveforms and electrodes for downregulation of the nervous system for clinical applications including peripheral, autonomic and pain

Robert Warburton

Develops computational models of interfacial chemical reactions relevant to applications in catalysis and energy storage

Gerhard Welsch

Develops new processing methods and designs for energy storage and optimized materials

Matthew Willard

Investigates phase transformations and materials processing, especially their impact on structure and properties of materials

Develops advanced polymers for packaging, biomaterial applications and more.

Multiscale multiphysics processes in geosystems and infrastructure, interdisciplinary innovations in intelligent infrastructure technologies towards resilience and sustainability.

Huichun (Judy) Zhang

Examines fate and transformation of environmental contaminants in natural and engineered environments and develops advanced water/wastewater treatment technologies

Develops high-energy and high-performance polymers based on close relationships among structure, property and processing

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2024-25 General Bulletin

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

White Building (7204) Phone: 216.368.4230 Department Chair: Frank Ernst [email protected]

Materials science and engineering is a discipline that extends from understanding the microscopic structure and properties of materials to designing materials in engineering systems and evaluating their performance. Achievements in materials engineering underpin the revolutionary advances in technology that define the modern standard of living. Materials scientists and engineers understand how the properties of materials relate to their microscopic structure and composition and engineer the synthesis and microstructure of materials to advance their performance in conventional and innovative technical applications.

The Department of Materials Science and Engineering of the Case School of Engineering offers programs leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy. The technological challenges that materials engineers face demand knowledge across a broad spectrum of materials. The Department conducts academic and research activities with metals, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and composites. Timely research and education respond to the demands for new materials and improved materials performance in existing applications, often transcending the traditional materials categories.

While a discipline of engineering, the field brings basic science to bear on the technological challenges related to the performance of industrial products and their manufacture. Materials science draws on chemistry in its concern for bonding, synthesis, and composition of engineering materials and their chemical interactions with the environment. Physics provides a basis for understanding the atomistic and electronic structure of materials and how they determine mechanical, thermal, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Mathematics, computation, and data science provide quantitative physical theories and modeling of the atomistic and electronic structure and provide advances in methods for microstructural analysis, materials design, and manufacturing processes.

The Department of Materials Science and Engineering engages faculty, students, postdoctoral researchers, engineers, and staff in developing and understanding relationships between processing, structure, properties, and the performance of materials in engineering applications.  The Department provides a research-intensive environment that encourages collaboration and underpins modern education of undergraduate and graduate students as well as professionals in the field. This environment provides a strong foundation for advancing the frontiers of materials research, developing important technical innovations, and preparing engineers and scientists for challenging leadership careers.

Research Areas

Deformation and fracture.

Stress–strain relations during elastic and anelastic deformation. Plastic deformation mechanisms controlled by dislocation activity, twinning, or transformation-induced shear mechanisms, as well as by creep and viscous flow mechanisms under uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial stress states, in particular in plane-strain and/or plane-stress conditions. Relationships between structure (atomistic structure and microstructure) and mechanical behavior of crystalline and glassy materials, including metals, intermetallics, semiconductors, ceramics, and composites. State-of-the-art facilities are available for testing mechanical properties over a range of strain rates, test temperatures, stress states, and size scales under monotonic and cyclic loading and under stress–corrosion conditions. 

Materials Processing

Phase-transformation- and thermo-mechanical processing of alloys, including solution-, precipitation-, recovery-and-recrystallization- and stress-relief heat-treatments, also for intentional generation of residual-stresses. Deformation processing of materials. Surface engineering, crystal growth, sputter-, vapor- and laser-ablation synthesis of films. Melting and casting of metal alloys into sand/ceramic molds, injection into metallic molds, and by rapid solidification to form crystalline or (metallic-) glass ribbons. Ceramic- and metal powder synthesis. Consolidation processing by cold-pressing and sintering, electric-field-assisted compaction, or hot-pressing. Composite materials by forming of layered materials, electroplated metals, diffusion-bonding, brazing, and welding. Electrochemical- and thermo-chemical conversion processing, e.g. oxide-film growth by anodizing or thermochemical conversion. Synthesis of micro-to-nano-porous metal/oxide structures, e.g. for battery and capacitor electrodes or for catalyst support.

Environmental Effects

Durability and lifetime extension of structural, energy-conversion-, and energy-storage materials, including materials for solar energy conversion. Corrosion, oxidation, stress-corrosion, low- and high-cycle fatigue, adhesion, decohesion, friction, and wear. Surface modification and coatings, adhesion, bonding, and dis-bonding of dissimilar materials, reliability of electronics, photonics, and sensors.

Surfaces and Interfaces

Material surfaces in vacuum, ambient-, and chemical environments, grain- and phase boundaries, hetero-interfaces (interfaces between different metals, ceramics, carbon/graphite, polymers, and combinations thereof). 

Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials

Materials for energy conversion technologies, such as photovoltaics, organic and inorganic light-emitting diodes and displays, fuel cells, electrolytic capacitors, solid-state Li-ion batteries, and building-envelope materials. Processing, properties, and characterization of magnetic, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric materials.

Microcharacterization of Materials

Facilities for high-resolution imaging, spatially resolved chemical analysis and spectrometry, and diffractometry. Conventional, analytical, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam techniques, scanning probe microscopy, light-optical microscopy, optical and electron spectroscopies, surface analysis, and X-ray diffractometry.

Materials Data Science

Rapid qualification of alloys, data science applications in polymers and coatings. Distributed computing, informatics, statistical analytics, exploratory data analysis, statistical modeling, and prediction.  Hadoop, cloud computing, and computationally intensive research are supported through the operation of a scalable high-performance computing (HPC) system.

Frank Ernst, Dr. rer. nat. habil. (University of Göttingen) Leonard Case Jr. Professor of Engineering https://goo.gl/OWsF9K Microstructure and microcharacterization, alloy surface engineering, defects in crystalline materials, interface- and stress-related phenomena.

Laura S. Bruckman, PhD (University of South Carolina) Associate Professor Materials data science, lifetime and degradation science, study protocol development, spatiotemporal data integration

Jennifer W. Carter, PhD (The Ohio State University) Associate Professor Processing–structure–property relationships of crystalline and amorphous materials. Multi-scale material characterization methods for correlating local microstructural features with mechanical and environmental responses.

Roger H. French, PhD (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Kyocera Professor Optical properties and electronic structure of polymers, ceramics, optical and biomolecular materials. These determine the vdW interactions which drive wetting of interfaces and mesoscale assembly biomolecular and inorganic systems including CNTs, proteins and DNA. Energy research focused on lifetime and degradation science. Including developing CRADLE, a Hadoop/Hbase/Spark-based distributed computing environment, for data science and analytics of complex systems such as photovoltaics and outdoor exposed materials. This allows multi-factor real-world performance to be integrated with lab-based datasets to identify mechanisms and pathways activated over lifetime using statistical and machine learning.

Hyeji Im, PhD (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) Assistant Professor Development and manufacturing of structural materials, extreme environment materials, metal additive manufacturing, sustainable alloy design and processing, materials characterization and metallurgical phenomena, and nano-microstructure control.

Neamul Khansur (UNSW Sydney, Australia) Assistant Professor Processing-structure-properties relationships in multi-functional materials. Powder aerosol deposition for fabricating protective and functional ceramic coatings. In situ X-ray and neutron diffraction characterization methods for non-linear dielectric ceramics

John J. Lewandowski, PhD (Carnegie Mellon University) Arthur P. Armington Professor of Engineering Mechanical behavior of materials. Fracture and fatigue. Micromechanisms of deformation and fracture. Composite materials. Bulk metallic glasses and composites. Refractory metals. Toughening of brittle materials. High-pressure deformation and fracture studies. Hydrostatic extrusion.

James D. McGuffin-Cawley, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Arthur S. Holden Professor of Engineering Powder processing of ceramics. Manufacturing and materials. Additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. Aggregation phenomena. Defects, diffusion, and solid state reactions. Materials for optical devices.

Alp Sehirlioglu, PhD (University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign) Associate Professor Energy conversion materials, including piezoelectrics and thermoelectrics. Bulk and film electro-ceramics. Epitaxial oxide films.

Gerhard E. Welsch, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Professor High-temperature materials. Materials for capacitive energy storage. Metals, metal sponges, oxides. Mechanical and electrical properties. Synthesis.

Matthew A. Willard, PhD (Carnegie Mellon University) Associate Professor Magnetic materials: properties, microstructure evolution, phase formation, and processing conditions. Rapid solidification processing. Soft magnetic materials. Permanent magnet materials. Magnetic shape memory alloys, magnetocaloric effects, magnetic nanoparticles, and multiferroics.

Research Faculty

Erika Barcelos, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Research Assistant Professor

Janet L. Gbur, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Research Assistant Professor Fatigue and fracture of medical materials, mechanical behavior of superelastic Nitinol; development of microscale medical devices for rehabilitation; and flexible circuit fabrication using aerosol jet printing.

Hoda Amani Hamedani, PhD (Georgia Institute of Technology) Research Assistant Professor Nanomaterials synthesis and characterization for electrochemical energy harvesting, conversion (solar cells, fuel cells). Nanostructured platforms for biomedical applications including flexible bioelectronics and implantable microdevices, localized drug delivery, neural interfacing, sensing and in vivo power generation.

Pawan Tripathi, PhD (Indian Institute of Technology) Research Assistant Professor Materials Data Science, Advanced Manufacturing, Synchrotron Data Analysis, Image Processing, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Uncertainty Quantification, Atomistic Simulation

Jeffrey Yarus, PhD (University of South Carolina) Research Professor Applications of data science and statistics in materials science, materials engineering, and geology.

Secondary Faculty

Clemens Burda, PhD Professor Chemistry

Sunniva Collins, PhD Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering

Liming Dai, PhD Kent Hale Smith Professor Macromolecular Science and Engineering

Walter Lambrecht, PhD Professor Physics

Clare Rimnac, PhD Professor Mechanical Engineering

Mohan Sankaran, PhD Goodrich Professor of Engineering Innovation Chemical Engineering

Russell Wang, DDS Associate Professor Dentistry

Xiong (Bill) Yu, PhD, PE Professor Civil Engineering

Adjunct Faculty

Jennifer Braid, PhD (Colorado School of Mines) Adjunct Professor Developing data science and computer vision techniques for PV module and system research

Arnon Chait, PhD (The Ohio State University) Adjunct Professor NASA Lewis Research Center

Mark DeGuire, PhD (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Adjunct Associate Professor

George Fisher, PhD Adjunct Professor Ion Vacuum Technologies Corporation

N.J. Henry Holroyd, PhD (Newcastle University) Adjunct Professor Luxfer Gas Cylinders

Jeffrey J. Hoyt, PhD (University of California, Berkeley) Adjunct Professor McMaster University

Jennie S. Hwang, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Adjunct Professor H-Technologies Group

Peter Lagerlof, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Adjunct Associate Professor

Ina Martin, PhD (Colorado State University) Adjunct Assistant Professor Case Western Reserve University

Farrel Martin, PhD Adjunct Professor United States Naval Research Laboratory

David Matthiesen, PhD (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Adjunct Associate Professor

Terence Mitchell, PhD (University of Cambridge) Adjunct Professor Los Alamos National Laboratory

Erik Mueller, PhD (University of Florida) Adjunct Assistant Professor

Badri Narayanan, PhD (The Ohio State University) Adjunct Assistant Professor Lincoln Electric

Joe H. Payer, PhD Adjunct Professor University of Akron

Timothy Peshek, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Adjunct Assistant Professor NASA Glenn Research Center

Rudolph Podgornik, PhD (University of Ljubljana) Adjunct Professor University of Ljubljana

Gary Ruff, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Adjunct Professor Ruff Associates

Ali Sayir, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Adjunct Professor Air Force Office of Scientific Research

Mohsen Seifi, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Adjunct Assistant Professor ASTM International

Emeritus Faculty

William A. "Bud" Baeslack III, PhD (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) Professor Emeritus Welding, joining of materials, and titanium and aluminum metallurgy

Mark De Guire, PhD (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Associate Professor Emeritus Synthesis and properties of ceramics in bulk and thin-film form, including fuel cell materials, gas sensors, coatings for biomedical applications, photovoltaics, and ferrites. Testing and microstructural characterization of materials for alternative energy applications. High-temperature phase equilibria. Defect chemistry.

Arthur H. Heuer Professor Emeritus

Peter Lagerlof, PhD (Case Western Reserve University) Associate Professor Emeritus Mechanical properties of ceramics and metals. Low-temperature deformation twinning. Light-induced plasticity of semiconductors. Methodology of transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry.

David Matthiesen, PhD (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Associate Professor Emeritus Nitride-based ferromagnetic materials. Applied atomistic simulation of materials. Materials for use in wind turbines. Wind resource measurements onshore and offshore. Materials interactions with ice. Bulk crystal growth processing. Process engineering in manufacturing. Heat, mass, and momentum transport.

Pirouz Pirouz Professor Emeritus

• Applied Data Science, Graduate Certificate
• Applied Data Science, Minor
• Materials Science and Engineering, BSE
• Materials Science and Engineering, Minor
• Materials Science and Engineering, MS
• Materials Science and Engineering, PhD

 Dual Degrees

• Programs Toward Graduate or Professional Degrees

Related Majors in Other Departments

• Data Science and Analytics, BS (administered by the Department of Computer and Data Sciences )

Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Reliability Center (AMMRC)

White Building 115, 211, 216, 222, 300, 338

Deformation Processing Laboratory: White Building 115 Nitonol Commercialization Accelerator: White Building 300, 338 Mechanical Testing Laboratories: White Building 211, 216, 222

Contact: John Lewandowski 216-368-4234 [email protected]

The AMMRC (Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Reliability Center) permits the determination of mechanical behavior of materials over loading rates ranging from static to impact, with the capability of testing under a variety of stress states under either monotonic or cyclic conditions. A variety of furnaces and environmental chambers are available to enable testing at temperatures ranging from -196 °C to 1800 °C. The facility is operated under the direction of a faculty member and under the guidance of a full-time engineer.  The facility contains one of the few laboratories in the world for high-pressure deformation and processing, enabling experimentation under a variety of stress states and temperatures. This state-of-the-art facility includes the following equipment:

• High-Pressure Deformation Apparatus:   Th is unit enables tension or compression testing to be conducted under conditions of high hydrostatic pressure and consists of a pressure vessel and diagnostics for measurement of load and displacement on deforming specimens, as well as instantaneous pressure in the vessel. Pressures up to 1.0 GPa loads up to 10 kN, and displacements of up to 25 mm are possible. This oil-based apparatus can be operated at temperatures up to 300 °C.
• Hydrostatic-Extrusion Apparatus:  Hydrostatic extrusion (e.g. pressure-to-air, pressure-to-pressure) can be conducted at temperatures up to 300 °C on manually operated equipment interfaced with a computer data acquisition package. Pressures up to 2.0 GPa are possible, with reduction ratios up to 6 to 1, while various diagnostics provide real time monitoring of extrusion pressure and ram displacement.
• Advanced Forging-Simulation Rig:   A multi-actuator MTS machine based on 1.5 MN, four post frame, enables sub-scale forging simulations over industrially relevant strain rates. A 490 kN forging actuator is powered by five nitrogen accumulators enabling loading rates up to 3.0 m/s on large specimens. A 980 kN indexing actuator provides precise deformation sequences for either single, or multiple, deformation sequences. Dat a acquisition at rates sufficient for analysis is available. Testing with heated dies is possible.
• Advanced Metal-Forming Rig: A four-post frame with separate control of punch actuator speed and blank hold down pressure enables determination of forming limit diagrams. Dynamic control of blank hold down pressure is possible, with maximum punch actuator speeds of 30.0 cm/s. A variety of die sets are available.
• Servo-hydraulic Machines:   Four MTS Model 810 computer-controlled machines with load capacities of 13 kN, 90 kN, 220 kN, and 220 kN, permit tension, compression, and fatigue studies to be conducted under load-, strain-, or stroke control. Fatigue crack growth may be monitored via a DC potential drop technique as well as via KRAK gauges applied to the specimen surfaces. Fatigue studies may be conducted at frequencies up to 30 Hz. In addition, an Instron Model 1331 90 kN Servo-hydraulic machine is available for both quasi-state and cyclic testing.
• Universal Testing Machines:  Three INSTRON screw-driven machines, including two INSTRON Model 1125 units permit tension, compression, and torsion testing.
• Electromechanical Testing Machine:  A computer-controlled INSTRON Model 1361 can be operated under load-, strain-, or stroke control. Stroke rates as slow as 0.3 nm/s are possible.
• Fatigue Testing Machines:  Three Sonntag fatigue machines and two R. R. Moore rotating-bending fatigue machines are available for producing fatigue-life (S–N) data. The Sonntag machines may be operated at frequencies up to 60 Hz.
• Creep Testing Machines:  Three constant load frames with temperature capabilities up to 800 °C permit creep testing, while recently modified creep frames permit thermal cycling experiments as well as slow cyclic creep experiments.
• Impact Testing Machines:  Two Charpy impact machines with capacities ranging from 20 ft-lbs to 240 ft-lbs are available. Accessories include a Dynatup instrumentation package interfaced with an IBM PC, which enables recording of load vs. time traces on bend specimens as well as on tension specimens tested under impact conditions.
• Instrumented Microhardness Tester:   A Nikon Model QM High-Temperature Microhardness Tester permits indentation studies on specimens tested at temperatures ranging from -196 °C to 1 200 °C under vacuum and inert gas atmospheres. This unit is complemented by a Zwick Model 3212 Microhardness Tester as well as a variety of Rockwell Hardness and Brinell Hardness Testing Machines.

Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials

Glennan Building 101

Contact: Jennifer Carter, 216-368-4214, [email protected] Jeffrey Pigott, 216-368-6012, [email protected] Website: https://engineering.case.edu/centers/scsam/

SCSAM, the Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials, is a multi-user facility providing cutting-edge major instrumentation for microcharacterization of materials. SCSAM is administered by the CSE (Case School of Engineering) and is central to much of the research carried out by CSE's seven departments. The facility is also extensively used by the CAS (College of Arts and Sciences) Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, as well as many departments within the School of Medicine and the School of Dental Medicine. Typically, more than 200 users, mostly academic, utilize the facility per year.

SCSAM's instruments encompass a wide and complementary range of characterization techniques, which provide a comprehensive resource for high-resolution imaging, diffractometry, and spatially-resolved compositional analysis.

Current capabilities for high-resolution imaging include: an AFM (atomic force microscope) which can optionally be operated with an imaging nanoindenter scan head or a stand-alone automated nanoindenter; a Keyence optical microscope providing the next-generation of optical microscopy with a large depth-of-field and advanced measurement capabilities for inspection and failure analysis.; two scanning electron microscopes, one equipped for FIB (focused ion beam) micromachining, and both equipped with XEDS (X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry), TSEM (transmission scanning electron microscopy), and EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) detectors. 

For XRD (X-ray diffractometry), SCSAM provides two diffractometers with 1D and 2D detectors to allow for phase identification, phase fraction determination, crystal structure refinements, as well as stress and strain measurements of crystalline solids.

SCSAM's surface analysis suite of instruments includes an instrument for ToF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry), a SAM (scanning Auger microprobe) for spatially resolved AES (Auger electron spectroscopy), and an instrument for XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, also known as ESCA, electron spectrometry for chemical analysis), that accomplishes high spatial resolution by operating with a focused X-ray beam. 

SCSAM’s instruments are housed in a centralized area allowing users convenient access to state-of-the-art tools for their research.

Magnetometry Laboratory

Contact: Matthew Willard 216-368-5070

[email protected]

The Magnetometry Laboratory has facilities used to investigate the magnetic properties of materials.  This laboratory has the following instruments:

Lake Shore Cryotronics Model 7410 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer  This instrument serves for measurement of hysteresis loops (at constant temperature) and thermomagnetic measurements (at constant magnetic field). The maximum applied field at room temperature (without furnace in place) is 3.1 T. For high temperature measurements, the maximum applied field is 2.5 T over the temperature range from room temperature to 1000 °C.

Home-Built Magnetostriction Measurement System  This system has been designed and built to measure the shape change of magnetic materials under applied magnetic fields. Better than 1 ppm sensitivity is possible by this strain gauge technique. An applied field of ≈0.2 T is used to saturate samples.

SDLE Research Center

White Building 538

Contact: Roger French

216-368-3655

[email protected]

The SDLE Research Center was established in 2011 as a Wright Project Center with funding from Ohio Third Frontier. Initially it was dedicated to advancing the fields of lifetime and degradation science using data science. The research center activities have expanded to include research focused on the durability and degradation of environmentally exposed, long-lived materials and technologies such as photovoltaics (PV), coatings, energy efficient lighting, and building envelope applications, as well as broad-based collaborations in materials data science in reliability and degradation, carbon capture and storage, geothermal energy applications. 

Today the SDLE Research Center is advancing the development of Materials Data Science for use in Materials Reliability, Materials Science and broader application areas. 

The SDLE Research Center, also includes the SDLE Core Facility, which is a CWRU User Facility, which provides both reliability and Materials Data Science tools and capabilities available to the CWRU community, other academic researchers and industrial and national laboratory researchers.

A data science approach is needed to handle large-scale data on materials, components, systems, modules, commercial power plants, and the grid. These approaches involve data ingestion into nonrelational data warehouses and data-driven modeling with a foundation in the underlying physics and chemistry of degradation and lifetime performance. Assembling FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data and other data, developing and sharing codes and tools, and reporting research results along a materials value chain is a key component of the Center. The SDLE Research Center facilitates complex data-driven modeling, including geostatistical, geospatiotemporal modeling, graph network modeling, and degradation network models. The data analytics platform (CRADLE), an integrated distributed and high performance computing cluster, was developed in the center to facilitate large data storage and analysis with ease of access to team members enabling fleets of high performance computing jobs for improved data analytics.

The SDLE Center has developed a method to enable large-scale distributed analysis of commercial fleet scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants for both performance loss rate (PLR) determination and power forecasting. This study includes a set of timeseries datasets for 100,000 PV plant inverters and determines the data quality of these plants in relation to prediction of PLR. Additionally, a multi-year benchmarking and review of the impact of data quality and filtering, power prediction algorithms, and PLR determination methods has defined the challenges in PLR determination. The data quality, data gaps, and filtering of timeseries data of commercial fleets of PV plants restrict which algorithms analyses can use and can bias results and reduce their accuracy. Data quality and data gaps can be improved with spatio-temporal graph neural network (st-GNN) models of PV power plant data including satellite weather data and autoencoders for data imputation of missing data. FAIR data principles are used to make FAIR data and models in order to improve transferability of data and models.

The SDLE Center has a focus on materials data science in relation to long-lived materials. This work determines the degradation mechanisms in material systems, which can be mitigated to optimize lifetime performance of materials, components, and devices. Understanding these key degradation mechanisms in relation to the stress and stress level is fundamental to lifetime and degradation science (L&DS). By encompassing the knowledge from the experimental insights of the degradation of materials, the lifetime of materials can be predicted under multiple different stress conditions. Thus far traditional materials reliability has been flawed with costly failures in applications such as polyamide backsheet failure in photovoltaic (PV) modules. The Center has developed an epidemiological approach to understanding materials degradation which provides more scientific value by giving information on the standard deviation within a population. Additionally, by combining standard and modified accelerated exposures with real-world exposures, degradation can be more accurately predicted on a variety of different grades of materials or component structure. Then data-driven or network modeling provides insights into the impact of stress conditions on degradation and performance. Real-world degradation gives the information on the complex and synergistic nature of materials degradation compared to single or even combinational accelerated stressors. The unique environment that a material exists in the real world or in-use conditions is varied due to specific microstressors as well as the impact of climate change on climate zones.

Geostatistical geospatiotemporal modeling is an active area of research within SDLE which is a quantitative method for mapping phenomena that are inherently tied to geographic and/or temporal space. The method provides for estimating at unsampled locations and for simulating multiple equally probable realizations to assess the space of uncertainty in the subsurface, surface, or near surface environment. Applications include environmental, mineral resources, geothermal, hydrology, agriculture, climate, forestry, soil, air, and more.

The SDLE Research Center’s Core Facility has capabilities and equipment including:

Outdoor solar exposures: SunFarm with 14 dual-axis solar trackers with multi-sun concentrators, and power degradation monitoring

Solar simulators for 1-1000X solar exposures

Multi-factor environmental test chambers with temperature, humidity, freeze/thaw, and cycling

A full suite of optical, interfacial, thermo-mechanical, and electrical evaluation tools for materials, components, and systems

CRADLE: 800 Terabytes of  nonrelational data warehouses based on Cloudera’s distribution of Apache’s Hadoop, Hbase, and Spark

High Performance Compute Cluster for data science and analytics

The Center for Materials Data Science for Reliability and Degradation (MDS-Rely)

The  Center for Materials Data Science for Reliability and Degradation (MDS-Rely) is a National Science Foundation (NSF) Industry-University Cooperative Research Center (IUCRC) which CWRU leads in partnership with the University of Pittsburgh. Center Members from both industry and government join the Center as Members and directly fund center research. MDS-Rely seeks to apply data science-informed research to better understand the reliability and lifetime of essential materials, while creating code packages, models, and other materials-agnostic deliverables that are jointly owned by Member organizations .

Through a series of competencies, research thrusts, and materials value chains, MDS-Rely focuses on transferable research outputs while training a data-enabled workforce of students and graduates that enjoy strong, collaborative relationships with our Member organizations. Through a diverse research portfolio, MDS-Rely provides insight into the following areas:

1. Competencies: Standards & Reliability Protocols; Materials Data Science; Reliability, Performance, & Degradation Solutions 2. Research Thrusts: Weathering & Performance; Subtractive & Additive Manufacturing; Energy Technologies. 3. Materials Value Chains: Polymers, Elastomers, & Coatings; Metals & Alloys; Semiconductors & Optoelectronics; and an evolving focus on circular economy, sustainability, & climate.

MDS-Rely works in close partnership with the SDLE Research Center. Interested parties should reach out to Jonathan Steirer, Managing Director, at [email protected] or Roger French, Center Director, at [email protected]

Applied Data Science (DSCI)

Materials science and engineering (emse).

DSCI 330. Cognition and Computation. 3 Units.

An introduction to (1) theories of the relationship between cognition and computation; (2) computational models of human cognition (e.g. models of decision-making or concept creation); and (3) computational tools for the study of human cognition. All three dimensions involve data science: theories are tested against archives of brain imaging data; models are derived from and tested against datasets of e.g., financial decisions (markets), legal rulings and findings (juries, judges, courts), legislative actions, and healthcare decisions; computational tools aggregate data and operate upon it analytically, for search, recognition, tagging, machine learning, statistical description, and hypothesis testing. Offered as COGS 330 , COGS 430 , DSCI 330 and DSCI 430 .

DSCI 332. Spatial Statistics for Near Surface, Surface, and Subsurface Modeling. 3 Units.

This course is on spatial modeling of near surface, surface, and subsurface data, also known as geostatistical modeling. Spatial modeling has its origins in predictive modeling of minerals in subsurface formations, from which many examples are used in this class. Students will learn the basics of spatial models in order to understand how they are built from various data types and how their uncertainties are assessed and risk reduced. Students will be expected to learn the rudimentary navigation of R Studio, execute pre-written publically available R code (provided), and make simple modifications. Graduate students will be expected to learn the above and develop a 10 week modeling project focused on the use of spatial modeling methods with R using data relevant to their specific discipline or interest. These projects will include preparing datasets to be executed in R code scripts. Resulting scripts will be placed in a git repository for use by other students as open source resources along with documentation demonstrating the reproducible spatial modeling science and analyses for these problems. Geostatistical (spatial) mapping is applicable across many disciplines. Examples of graduate projects from previous classes include subsurface modeling (geology), earthquake mapping (geophysics/civil engineering), soil stability modeling (civil engineering), aquifer characterization (hydrology), and pollution/contaminant mapping (environmental studies/medicine). Offered as DSCI 332 and DSCI 432 .

DSCI 351. Exploratory Data Science. 3 Units.

In this course, we will learn data science and analysis approaches to identify statistically significance relationships and better model and predict the behavior of these systems. We will assemble and explore real-world datasets, perform clustering and pair plot analyses to investigate correlations, and logistic regression will be employed to develop associated predictive models. Results will be interpreted, visualized and discussed. We will introduce basic elements of statistical analysis using R Project open source software for exploratory data analysis and model development. R is an open-source software project with broad abilities to access machine-readable open-data resources, data cleaning and munging functions, and a rich selection of statistical packages, used for data analytics, model development and prediction. This will include an introduction to R data types, reading and writing data, looping, plotting and regular expressions, so that one can start performing variable transformations for linear fitting and developing structural equation models, while exploring for statistically significant relationships. The M section of DSCI 351 is for students focusing on Materials Data Science. Offered as DSCI 351 , DSCI 351M and DSCI 451 . Prereq: ( ENGR 130 or ENGR 131 or CSDS 132 or ECSE 132 or DSCI 134) and ( STAT 312R or STAT 201R or SYBB 310 or PQHS 431 ).

DSCI 351M. Exploratory Data Science. 3 Units.

DSCI 352. Applied Data Science Research. 3 Units.

This is a project based data science research class, in which project teams identify a research project under the guidance of a domain expert professor. The research is structured as a data analysis project including the 6 steps of developing a reproducible data science project, including 1: Define the ADS question, 2: Identify, locate, and/or generate the data 3: Exploratory data analysis 4: Statistical modeling and prediction 5: Synthesizing the results in the domain context 6: Creation of reproducible research, Including code, datasets, documentation and reports. During the course special topic lectures will include Ethics, Privacy, Openness, Security, Ethics. Value. The M section of DSCI 352 is for students focusing on Materials Data Science. Offered as DSCI 352 , DSCI 352M and DSCI 452 . Prereq: ( CSDS 133 or DSCI 134 or ENGR 130 or ENGR 131 or CSDS 132 or ECSE 132 ) and ( STAT 312R or STAT 201R or SYBB 310 or PQHS 431 or OPRE 207 ) and ( DSCI 351 or ( SYBB 311A and SYBB 311B and SYBB 311C and SYBB 311D) or SYBB 321 or MKMR 201 ).

DSCI 352M. Applied Data Science Research. 3 Units.

DSCI 353. Data Science: Statistical Learning, Modeling and Prediction. 3 Units.

In this course, we will use an open data science tool chain to develop reproducible data analyses useful for inference, modeling and prediction of the behavior of complex systems. In addition to the standard data cleaning, assembly and exploratory data analysis steps essential to all data analyses, we will identify statistically significant relationships from datasets derived from population samples, and infer the reliability of these findings. We will use regression methods to model a number of both real-world and lab-based systems producing predictive models applicable in comparable populations. We will assemble and explore real-world datasets, use pair-wise plots to explore correlations, perform clustering, self-similarity, and logistic regression develop both fixed-effect and mixed-effect predictive models. We will introduce machine-learning approaches for classification and tree-based methods. Results will be interpreted, visualized and discussed. We will introduce the basic elements of data science and analytics using R Project open source software. R is an open-source software project with broad abilities to access machine-readable open-data resources, data cleaning and assembly functions, and a rich selection of statistical packages, used for data analytics, model development, prediction, inference and clustering. With this background, it becomes possible to start performing variable transformations for linear regression fitting and developing structural equation models, fixed-effects and mixed-effects models along with other statistical learning techniques, while exploring for statistically significant relationships. The class will be structured to have a balance of theory and practice. We'll split class into Foundation and Practicum a) Foundation: lectures, presentations, discussion b) Practicum: coding, demonstrations and hands-on data science work. The M section of DSCI 353 is for students focusing on Materials Data Science. Offered as DSCI 353 , DSCI 353M and DSCI 453 .

DSCI 353M. Data Science: Statistical Learning, Modeling and Prediction. 3 Units.

DSCI 354. Data Visualization and Analytics. 3 Units.

Data Visualization and Analytics students will learn data visualization and analytics techniques focused on different types of data such as time-series, spectral, or image data science problems. This class will focus on increasing analysis of complex data sets through visualization by enhancing exploratory data analysis and data cleaning. This class will focus on creating effective data visualizations to communicate data analytics results to different audiences. Different datasets will be provided to develop different types of visualizations and analytics. Types of data visualizations include in interactive plots (e.g., bar graphs change over time), applications that allow users to adjust the visualizations based on their decisions (e.g., shiny applications), interactive maps, 3-D plots of data, etc. Discussing how an audience understands information and brings in data as well as the ethics of making data visualizations will be discussed. The class will also include ways to increase modeling and analysis with effective visualizations for credible, data-driven decision making. This will include a git repository for other students to use these codes as open source resources and the preparation of reproducible data science analyses for different types of problems. Offered as DSCI 354 , DSCI 354M , and DSCI 454 . Prereq: ( DSCI 351 or DSCI 351M ) and ( DSCI 353 or DSCI 353M ).

DSCI 354M. Data Visualization and Analytics. 3 Units.

DSCI 430. Cognition and Computation. 3 Units.

DSCI 432. Spatial Statistics for Near Surface, Surface, and Subsurface Modeling. 3 Units.

DSCI 451. Exploratory Data Science. 3 Units.

In this course, we will learn data science and analysis approaches to identify statistically significance relationships and better model and predict the behavior of these systems. We will assemble and explore real-world datasets, perform clustering and pair plot analyses to investigate correlations, and logistic regression will be employed to develop associated predictive models. Results will be interpreted, visualized and discussed. We will introduce basic elements of statistical analysis using R Project open source software for exploratory data analysis and model development. R is an open-source software project with broad abilities to access machine-readable open-data resources, data cleaning and munging functions, and a rich selection of statistical packages, used for data analytics, model development and prediction. This will include an introduction to R data types, reading and writing data, looping, plotting and regular expressions, so that one can start performing variable transformations for linear fitting and developing structural equation models, while exploring for statistically significant relationships. The M section of DSCI 351 is for students focusing on Materials Data Science. Offered as DSCI 351 , DSCI 351M and DSCI 451 .

DSCI 452. Applied Data Science Research. 3 Units.

This is a project based data science research class, in which project teams identify a research project under the guidance of a domain expert professor. The research is structured as a data analysis project including the 6 steps of developing a reproducible data science project, including 1: Define the ADS question, 2: Identify, locate, and/or generate the data 3: Exploratory data analysis 4: Statistical modeling and prediction 5: Synthesizing the results in the domain context 6: Creation of reproducible research, Including code, datasets, documentation and reports. During the course special topic lectures will include Ethics, Privacy, Openness, Security, Ethics. Value. The M section of DSCI 352 is for students focusing on Materials Data Science. Offered as DSCI 352 , DSCI 352M and DSCI 452 .

DSCI 453. Data Science: Statistical Learning, Modeling and Prediction. 3 Units.

DSCI 454. Data Visualization and Analytics. 3 Units.

Data Visualization and Analytics students will learn data visualization and analytics techniques focused on different types of data such as time-series, spectral, or image data science problems. This class will focus on increasing analysis of complex data sets through visualization by enhancing exploratory data analysis and data cleaning. This class will focus on creating effective data visualizations to communicate data analytics results to different audiences. Different datasets will be provided to develop different types of visualizations and analytics. Types of data visualizations include in interactive plots (e.g., bar graphs change over time), applications that allow users to adjust the visualizations based on their decisions (e.g., shiny applications), interactive maps, 3-D plots of data, etc. Discussing how an audience understands information and brings in data as well as the ethics of making data visualizations will be discussed. The class will also include ways to increase modeling and analysis with effective visualizations for credible, data-driven decision making. This will include a git repository for other students to use these codes as open source resources and the preparation of reproducible data science analyses for different types of problems. Offered as DSCI 354 , DSCI 354M , and DSCI 454 . Prereq: DSCI 451 and DSCI 453 .

EMSE 102. Materials for Current and Future Technologies. 1 Unit.

Open to all students discussing the importance of materials on current and future technologies. The course will be a series of seminars by the faculty at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering covering important topics such as materials processing, use of materials in a variety of technologically important areas; e.g., construction, energy related technologies, biomedical applications and space applications.

EMSE 110. Transitioning Ideas to Reality I - Materials in Service of Industry and Society. 1 Unit.

In order for ideas to impact the lives of individuals and society they must be moved from "blue sky" to that which is manufacturable. Therein lies true creativity - design under constraint. Greater Cleveland is fortunate to have a diverse set of industries that serve medical, aerospace, electric, and advanced-materials technologies. This course involves trips to an array of work sites of leading companies to witness first-hand the processes and products, and to interact directly with practitioners. Occasional in-class speakers with demonstrations will be used when it is not logistically reasonable to visit off-site.

EMSE 120. Transitioning Ideas to Reality II - Manufacturing Laboratory. 2 Units.

This course complements EMSE 110 . In that class students witness a diverse array of processing on-site in industry. In this class students work in teams and as individuals within processing laboratories working with an array of "real materials" to explore the potential of casting, machining, and deformation processes to produce real parts and/or components. An introduction to CAD as a means of communication is provided. The bulk of the term is spent in labs doing hands-on work. Planned work is carried out to demonstrate techniques and potential. Students have the opportunity to work independently or in teams to produce articles as varied as jewelry, electronics, transportation vehicles, or novel components or devices of the students' choosing.

EMSE 125. First Year Research in Materials Science and Engineering. 1 Unit.

First year students conduct independent research in the area of material science and engineering, working closely with graduate student(s) and/or postdoctoral fellow(s), and supervised by an EMSE faculty member. An average of 5-6 hr/wk in the laboratory, periodic updates, and an end of semester report is required. Prereq: Limited to first year undergraduate students..

EMSE 220. Materials Laboratory I. 2 Units.

Experiments designed to introduce processing, microstructure and property relationships of metal alloys and ceramics. Solidification of a binary alloy and metallography by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Synthesis of ceramics powders, thermal analysis using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis, powder consolidation. Kinetics of high-temperature sintering, grain growth, and metal oxidation. Statistical analysis of experimental results. Recommended preparation or recommended co-requisite: EMSE 276 . This course satisfies the GER Disciplinary Communication requirement only in combination with EMSE 320 . Counts as a Disciplinary Communication course.

EMSE 228. Mathematical and Computational Methods for Materials Science and Engineering. 3 Units.

The course combines fundamental topics of material science and engineering with underlying mathematical methods and coding for computation. Focusing on the mathematics of vectors and using Mathematica as computational framework, the course teaches how to solve problems drawn from crystallography, diffraction, imaging of materials, and image processing. Students will develop a fundamental understanding of the basis for solving these problems including understanding the constituent equations, solution methods, and analysis and presentation of results. Prereq: ( ENGR 130 or ENGR 131 or CSDS 132 or ECSE 132 ) and ( ENGR 145 or CHEM 106 or PHYS 221 ).

EMSE 276. Materials Properties: Composition and Structure. 3 Units.

Relation of crystal structure, microstructure, and chemical composition to the selected properties of materials. The role materials processing has in controlling structure so as to obtain desired properties, using examples from metals, semiconductors, ceramics, and composites. Demonstration of properties determined by type and strength of interatomic bonding; presence of crystallographic defects; and microstructural control. Use of diagrams, frameworks, and mathematical relationships to evaluate and predict properties. A systematic review of characterization methods for assessing the state of different classes of materials will be provided throughout the course. Prereq: MATH 121 and ( CHEM 106 or PHYS 221 or ENGR 145 ). Prereq or Coreq: PHYS 122 or PHYS 124 .

EMSE 308. Welding Metallurgy. 3 Units.

Introduction to arc welding and metallurgy of welding. The course provides a broad overview of different industrial applications requiring welding, the variables controlling critical property requirements of the weld and a survey of the different types of arc welding processes. The course details the fundamental concepts that govern the different aspects of arc welding including the welding arc, weld pool solidification, precipitate formation and solid state phase transformations. Offered as EMSE 308 and EMSE 408 . Coreq: EMSE 327 .

EMSE 319. Processing and Manufacturing of Materials. 3 Units.

Introduction to processing technologies by which materials are manufactured into engineering components. Discussion of how processing methods are dependent on desired composition, structure, microstructure, and defects, and how processing affects material performance. Emphasis will be placed on processes and treatments to achieve or improve chemical, mechanical, physical performance and/or aesthetics, including: casting, welding, forging, cold-forming, powder processing of metals and ceramics, and polymer and composite processing. Coverage of statistics and computational tools relevant to materials manufacturing. Prereq: EMSE 276 .

EMSE 320. Materials Laboratory II. 1 Unit.

Introduce the design of microstructural characterization approaches to elucidate the structure and/or microstructure. It will include demonstrations of appropriate techniques for different material classes. The characterization is the enabler of the materials science and engineering triad: processing-structure-properties-performance. Students will reflect on how professional standards, statistical analysis, and instrument limitations require that engineers and scientists conduct failure analysis and interpret conclusions. Recommended preparation: EMSE 276 . Recommended corequisite: EMSE 372 . This course satisfies the GER Disciplinary Communication requirement only in combination with EMSE 220 . Counts as a Disciplinary Communication course.

EMSE 325. Undergraduate Research in Materials Science and Engineering. 1 - 3 Units.

Undergraduate laboratory research in materials science and engineering. Students will undertake an independent research project alongside graduate student(s) and/or postdoctoral fellow(s), and will be supervised by an EMSE faculty member. Written and oral reports will be given on a regular basis, and an end of semester report is required. The course can be repeated up to four (4) times for a total of six (6) credit hours. Prereq: Sophomore or Junior standing and consent of instructor.

EMSE 327. Thermodynamic Stability and Rate Processes. 3 Units.

An introduction to thermodynamics of materials as applied to metals, ceramics, polymers and optical/radiant heat transfer for photovoltaics. The laws of thermodynamics are introduced and the general approaches used in the thermodynamic method are presented. Systems studied span phase stability and oxidation in metals and oxides; nitride ceramics and semiconductors; polymerization, crystallization and block copolymer domain formation; and the thermodynamics of systems such as for solar power collection and conversion. Recommended preparation: EMSE 228 and ENGR 225 or equivalent. Prereq: EMSE 276 or EMSE 201.

EMSE 328. Mesoscale Structural Control of Functional Materials. 3 Units.

The course focuses on mesoscale structure of materials and their interrelated effects on properties, mostly in electrical in nature. The mesoscale science covers the structures varying from electronic- to micro-structure. In each scale, fundamental science will be complimented by examples of applications and how the structure is exploited both to modify and enable function. The student will develop an understanding of how the structure across multiple scales are interrelated and how to tailor them for desired outcomes. Offered as: EMSE 328 and EMSE 428 . Prereq: ( MATH 223 or MATH 227 ) and ( EMSE 276 or EMSE 201).

EMSE 330. Materials Laboratory III. 2 Units.

Experiments designed to characterize and evaluate different microstructures produced by variations in processing. Hardenability of steels, TTT and CT diagrams, precipitation hardening of alloys and fracture of brittle materials. Statistical analysis of experimental results. Recommended preparation: EMSE 276 . Recommended preparation or co-requisites: EMSE 327 .

EMSE 335. Strategic Metals and Materials for the 21st Century. 3 Units.

This course seeks to create an understanding of the role of mineral-based materials in the modern economy focusing on how such knowledge can and should be used in making strategic choices in an engineering context. The history of the role of materials in emerging technologies from a historical perspective will be briefly explored. The current literature will be used to demonstrate the connectedness of materials availability and the development and sustainability of engineering advances with examples of applications exploiting structural, electronic, optical, magnetic, and energy conversion properties. Processing will be comprehensively reviewed from source through refinement through processing including property development through application of an illustrative set of engineering materials representing commodities, less common metals, and minor metals. The concept of strategic recycling, including design for recycling and waste stream management will be considered. Offered as EMSE 335 and EMSE 435 . Prereq: Senior standing or graduate student.

EMSE 343. Processing of Electronic Materials. 3 Units.

The class will focus on the processing of materials for electronic applications. Necessary background into the fundamentals and applications will be given at the beginning to provide the basis for choices made during processing. MOSFET will be used as the target application. However, the processing steps covered are related to many other semiconductor based applications. The class will include both planar and bulk processing. Offered as: EMSE 343 and EMSE 443 . Prereq: ( PHYS 122 or PHYS 124 ) and EMSE 276 .

EMSE 345. Engineered Materials for Biomedical Applications. 3 Units.

A survey of synthetic biomedical materials from the perspective of materials science and engineering, focusing on how processing/synthesis, structure, and properties determine materials performance under the engineering demands imposed by physiological environments. Comparisons and contrasts between engineered metals, ceramics, and polymers, versus the biological materials they are called on to replace; consequences for materials and device design. Biomedical materials in applications such as orthopedic implants, dental restorations, wound healing, ophthalmic materials, and biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS). Additive manufacturing of biomedical materials. Prereq: ENGR 200 and ENGR 145 .

EMSE 349. Role of Materials in Energy and Sustainability. 3 Units.

This course has two parts: engineered materials as consumers of resources (raw materials, energy); and as key contributors to energy efficiency and sustainable energy technologies. Topics covered include: Energy usage in the U.S. and the world. Availability of raw materials, including strategic materials; factors affecting global reserves and annual world production. Resource demand of materials production, fabrication, and recycling. Design strategies, and how the inclusion of environmental impacts in design criteria can affect design outcomes and material selection. Roles of engineered materials in energy technologies: photovoltaics, solar thermal, fuel cells, wind, batteries, capacitors. Materials in energy-efficient lighting. Energy return on energy invested. Semester projects will allow students to explore related topics (e.g. geothermal; biomass; energy-efficient manufacturing and transportation). Offered as EMSE 349 and EMSE 449 . Prereq: (ENGR 225 or EMAE 251 or EMAC 351 ) and ENGR 145 and ( PHYS 122 or PHYS 124 ) or Requisites Not Met permission.

EMSE 368. Thesis/Article Writing for Scientists and Engineers. 3 Units.

For writing a publication, such as a thesis or a journal article, in a field of science or engineering, students need a diverse set of skills in addition to mastering the scientific content. Generally, scientific writing requires proficiency in document organization, professional presentation of numerical and graphical data, literature retrieval and management, text processing, version control, graphical illustration, the English language, elements of style, etc. For scientists and engineers, specifically, writing a publication requires additional knowledge about e.g. conventions of numerical precision, error limits, mathematical typesetting, proper use of units, proper digital processing of micrographs, etc. Having to acquire these essential skills at the beginning of writing a thesis or a journal article may compromise the outcome by distracting from the most important task of composing the best possible scientific content. This course properly prepares students for scientific writing with a comprehensive spectrum of knowledge, skills, and tools enabling them to fully focus on the scientific content of their thesis or publication when the time has come to start writing. Similar to artistic drawing, where the ability to "see" is as (or more!) important as skills of the hand, the ability of proper scientific writing is intimately linked to the ability of critically reviewing scientific texts. Therefore, students will practice both authoring and critical reviewing of scientific texts. To sharpen students' skills of reviewing, examples of good and less good scientific writing will be taken from published literature in science and engineering and analyzed in the context of knowledge acquired in the course. At the end of the course, students will have set up skills and a highly functional work environment to start writing their role thesis or article with full focus on the scientific content. Students of all disciplines of science and engineering will benefit from the course material. Offered as EMSE 368 and EMSE 468 .

EMSE 372. Structural Materials by Design. 4 Units.

Materials selection and design of mechanical and structural elements with respect to static failure, elastic stability, residual stresses, stress concentrations, impact, fatigue, creep, and environmental conditions. Mechanical behavior of engineering materials (metals, polymers, ceramics, composites). Influence of ultrastructural and microstructural aspects of materials on mechanical properties. Mechanical test methods covered. Models of deformation behavior of isotropic and anisotropic materials. Methods to analyze static and fatigue fracture properties. Rational approaches to materials selection for new and existing designs of structures. Failure analysis methods and examples, and the professional ethical responsibility of the engineer. Four mandatory laboratories, with reports. Offered as EMAE 372 and EMSE 372 . Prereq: ENGR 200 .

EMSE 379. Design for Lifetime Performance. 3 Units.

The roles of processing and properties of a material on its performance, cost, maintenance, degradation and end-of-life treatment. Corrosion and oxidation, hydrogen and transformation-induced degradation mechanisms. Defects from prior processing. New defects generated during use/operation, e.g. generated from radiation, stress, heat etc. Accumulation and growth of defects during use/operation; crack nucleation, propagation, failure. Impact, abrasion, wear, corrosion/oxidation/reduction, stress-corrosion, fatigue, fretting, creep. Evaluation of degradation: Non-destructive versus destructive methods, estimation of remaining lifetime. Mitigation of degradation mechanisms. Statistical tools for assessing a material's lifetime performance. Capstone design project. Prereq: EMSE 372 . Coreq: EMSE 319 .

EMSE 396. Special Project or Thesis. 1 - 18 Units.

Special research projects or undergraduate thesis in selected material areas.

EMSE 398. Senior Project in Materials I. 1 Unit.

Independent Research project. Projects selected from those suggested by faculty; usually entail original research. The EMSE 398 and 399 sequence form an approved SAGES capstone. Counts as a SAGES Senior Capstone course.

EMSE 399. Senior Project in Materials II. 2 Units.

Independent Research project. Projects selected from those suggested by faculty; usually entail original research. Requirements include periodic reporting of progress, plus a final oral presentation and written report. Counts as a SAGES Senior Capstone course. Prereq: EMSE 398 .

EMSE 400T. Graduate Teaching I. 0 Unit.

To provide teaching experience for all Ph.D.-bound graduate students. This will include preparing exams/quizzes, homework, leading recitation sessions, tutoring, providing laboratory assistance, and developing teaching aids that include both web-based and classroom materials. Graduate students will meet with supervising faculty member throughout the semester. Grading is pass/fail. Students must receive three passing grades and up to two assignments may be taken concurrently. Recommended preparation: Ph.D. student in Materials Science and Engineering.

EMSE 408. Welding Metallurgy. 3 Units.

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Mechanical Behavior of Multi-fracturing Under Confining Pressure: Effects of Borehole Diameter and Rock Type

• Original Paper
• Published: 11 September 2024

Cite this article

• Dongdong Ma 1 ,
• Yu Wu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-2874 1 , 2 ,
• Haozhe Geng 1 ,
• Xiao Ma 3 ,
• Yiqun Zhang 2 ,
• Hai Pu 1 , 2 &
• Lingyu Li 4  

The tensile strength of rock materials, a crucial factor for the stability of underground engineering, is much lower than its compressive strength. Moreover, the tensile strength of rock under confining pressure differs significantly from that of unconfined conditions, presenting a compelling avenue for investigation. In this work, the tensile strength of rock under confining pressure was tested using the multi-fracturing method. The effects of borehole diameter (i.e., 6, 8, 10, and 12 mm for granite) of hydraulic fracturing and rock type (i.e., granite, sandstone, and coal) on tensile strength were investigated, the evolution of tensile strength with confining pressure was elaborated, and its application in the failure criterion was elucidated. The results demonstrated that the breakdown pressure of hydraulic fracturing decreased with the borehole diameter at low confining pressure (i.e., σ 3  = 2, 5 MPa), while the variation was minimal for high confining pressure (i.e., σ 3  = 20, 30 MPa). Tensile strength exhibited a bulging phenomenon in response to changes in confining pressure, increasing to a bulging point and then gradually decreasing, with more pronounced changes observed in sandstone and coal. The pre-failure stress state σ 1  >  σ 2  >  σ 3 at low confining pressure gradually converted toward σ 1  >  σ 2  =  σ 3 at high confining pressure, contributing to the evolution of tensile strength into a bulging phenomenon. Furthermore, the tensile stress regime predicted by the Hoek–Brown criterion coincided with experimental data, with minor deviations for sandstone and granite. The researches facilitate a further understanding of the tensile properties in underground engineering.

Tensile strength of rock first in creased and then decreased with confining pressure.

Changes in stress state with confining pressure contributed to tensile strength in a 38 bulging phenomenon.

The Hoek Brown criterion was applicable for the determination of tensile strength 40 under confined pressure.

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The raw/processed data required to reproduce the above findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Funded by the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX24_2706), funded by the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology (2024WLKXJ203), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFC3804205)

Funded by the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, KYCX24_2706, Dongdong Ma, Funded by the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology, 2024WLKXJ203, Dongdong Ma, National Key Research and Development Program of China, 2023YFC3804205, Yu Wu

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State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China

Dongdong Ma, Yu Wu, Haozhe Geng & Hai Pu

School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China

Yu Wu, Yiqun Zhang & Hai Pu

State Key Laboratory of Structural Health and Safety of Bridges, Wuhan, 430034, Hubei, China

State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China

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Ma, D., Wu, Y., Geng, H. et al. Mechanical Behavior of Multi-fracturing Under Confining Pressure: Effects of Borehole Diameter and Rock Type. Rock Mech Rock Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-04145-5

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Received : 23 January 2024

Accepted : 18 August 2024

Published : 11 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-04145-5

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Physical Review B

Covering condensed matter and materials physics.

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Tuning ferromagnetic superexchange interactions through cation disorder engineering in two-dimensional semiconductor alloys: A case study of CrMoSe 2 Br 2

Phys. rev. b, hongxu luo and sai lyu.

For two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductors, robust ferromagnetic couplings and high Curie temperatures are highly desirable. The alloying strategy has been proposed to be able to strengthen ferromagnetic superexchange interactions and enhance Curie temperatures. This strategy has been applied and examined in ordered alloy structures in many recent studies. However, the efficacy of the alloying strategy in the other two distinct types of alloy structures (i.e., partially ordered and random) has not been studied yet. In addition, the effects of cation disorder on the strength of ferromagnetic superexchange interactions and the Curie temperatures in two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor alloys remain to be clarified. Exemplified by the CrMoSe 2 Br 2 alloy, we computationally study the ferromagnetic superexchange interactions in the ordered, partially ordered, and random alloy structures. For the CrMoSe 2 Br 2 alloy structure, a local motif is defined to be consisting of eight nearest-neighboring cations surrounding a given cation site. The large variations in the Curie temperatures for the ordered and random alloy structures are attributed to the different types of local motifs. In partially ordered alloy structures, the strength of superexchange interactions and the Curie temperatures show monotonic behaviors as functions of the degree of cation disorder. This work validates the efficacy of the alloying strategy in strengthening ferromagnetic superexchange interactions and enhancing Curie temperatures in all the three kinds of the alloy structures and demonstrates that cation disorder engineering can be a general approach to tune ferromagnetic superexchange interactions in two-dimensional semiconductor alloys.

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