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Relationship of ’Community Engagement’ to Society Essay

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Introduction

The role and relationship of ‘community engagement’ to society.

Bibliography

This paper seeks to analyze the role and relationship of ‘community engagement’ to society. The analysis provides different strategies in enhancing community engagement within the society.

Apart from providing a fixed approach in viewing community engagement, it also provides a flexible approach that aims to understand community engagement as a solution to ethical problems associated with spin or propaganda.

Along with explaining what entails community engagement, the concept shall also be supported by various theories in playing its role and responsibility to the society.

Community engagement is the major concern of strong economic and social transformation in the society. The involvement of community engagement has ensured development of an effective and sustainable environment – a concept that has led to the solution of ethical problems associated with ‘spin’, or rather scheming tactics.

The strong connection ensured has also resulted to a greater influence to those who formulate and implement policies that govern the society. Community engagement examines the developmental and implementation of key principles within the society and the processes that are fundamental to community participation.

In addition, such familiarity among the societal members has resulted to a relationship formation: a social justice structures and communication awareness in the society.

Addressing ethical issues within the community may be impossible, and therefore there is need to have guidelines or programs to undertake such functions.

In enlightening the society, the educated have resolved to use different ways and projects that are compatible with the type of society, which such issues are addressed. Creating developmental programs within the institutions and community-based programs are the feasible methods applied in the realization of community participation.

Therefore, the society has developed an understanding on importance of the community engagement, aimed at creating a difference in their lives. Moreover, theories such as ethical theory, citizenship theory, stakeholder theory and democratic theory will help explain how community engagement is linked to the ethical issues associated with change.

Community Engagement is a keystone for effective public health practice. It represents the methods of ethical communication that are in building capabilities among individuals in the society, in a way to encourage participation and association in political debate.

Community participation enhances knowledge and ability in the society, and this is an essential aspect towards the wellbeing of the society. In a wider perspective, engagement within a society implies that people are able to use their own resources and knowledge to formulate and implement policies that can solve ethical problems (Sarkissian et al., 2009).

Community commitment can also incorporate trust, communication, and association. Therefore, a successful community engagement leads to activities and strategies that depict the desire, the requirements, and the resources that are reasonable to the entire community.

Alongside the community engagement being involved traditional risk reduction activities; it also plays a vital role in improving the health care of the society at large.

As it has recently been noted by the institute of medicine(IOM) if there is possible which could eliminate the social problems that the community is experiencing at the present time, it will only be through building better relationships with communities and therefore derive from the communities assessments of their need s and priorities (CDC, 1997).

Community engagement tries to harmonize the community regardless of the status in the society, and it does this by bringing people to the table – both the community members and the elites. They both put down their differences and focus on one issue, and therefore such an engagement will help in nurturing their participation in all the aspects of decision –making process.

Such participation is said to be “constructive citizen participation”, an orderly process that enable all people in the community to share their ideas towards a common goal. In the process of generating a favorable environment, strengths and values of the community provide a platform for independence through knowledge. In addition, the members of the society are respected with equality.

Ethical theory

In the process of generating the right decisions that the society should assume in leading a desirable life, there is a need for the participants to borrow a leaf from what composes the ethical theory. In this case, there is a need to explain what an ethical theory composes.

An ethical theory is the foundation of ethical analysis since according to the viewpoints generated from the theory; it offers guidance along the pathway to making a decision. The theory emphasizes on different points alongside giving predicting on the outcomes that may be expected out of one’s duties to others in reaching out to an ethically correct decision (Superstone, 2009).

In a broader perspective, ethical theory is aimed at guiding the community in doing what is good, at the least possible harm and also giving people an opportunity to make decisions on their own as they are the ones who entirely know what they really require in life.

This is also endorsed by the Utilitarian ethical theory, which is established on the ability to predict on the consequences of an action.

According to Utilitarian, the choice that relent the greatest benefit to most of the people is a decision that is ethically correct. Ethical theory therefore strongly supports the aspect of community engagement if only it is established on a common goal of bringing forth a successful society.

Citizenship theory

Citizenship theory is an increasingly essential focus when analyzing the concept of community engagement. Citizenship mainly focuses in political and social theory as well as in philosophy, legal studies, and touches on some of the humanities. The theory has also a vital concern on the kind of life that is lived in the society.

It mainly figures out on the way justice is outsourced in the society, that is, in terms of denial of rights, the economic benefits and also on the social services.

Though it focuses on this and many more issues all in the name of generating quality decisions towards the community, it’s a theory that does not guarantee on equality, fairness, justice, economic status of the citizens, dignity and the respect of each other in the society.

Such and others are some of the problems that have re-emerged in trying to harmonize the concept of community engagement within the society. This has not only affected the political affiliation of people in the society but also their sociology.

Citizenship theory therefore supports the concept of community engagement in the sense in tries to bring people together and develops a healthy relationship among the citizens (Goldlust, 1996).

Stakeholder theory

Stakeholder theory explains the importance of essential aspects in support of the roles and responsibilities associated with community engagement, and to the overall understanding of the concept.

In this case, the stakeholders are necessary within the community as they can find a solution for the community, which in turn will be used to trigger some thought and action. It is therefore from the stakeholders that one would be in a better position to learn about the community engagement.

This can somehow explain some issues concerning the community and help in strengthening the community bonds in an informed and respectful ways. However, this theory does not provide the ways and methods that ought to be used by the experts in bringing people together, and how the success ought to be achieved (Vandenberg, 2000).

Stakeholder theory somehow solves the ethical problems associated with spin. This is because when stakeholders engage in various activities in the society, they are able to understand the various values accepted by people, and therefore work towards developing sustainable communities.

Democratic Theory

To understand the idea behind community engagement, it is worth noting the notion behind the theoretical provenance. In essence, community engagement, to an extent, is linked to the citizenship theory and its various models such as equality.

In this case, democratic models are also essential and vital to the understanding of community engagement. Democracy may therefore be used to mean ‘freely and frequently’. Moreover, it may also mean practicing fairness and justice, or in other words – “rule by the people”.

The citizens may also establish the idea of democracy on the fact of direct participation. This would also refer to a situation where citizens play an imperative role towards the state. This can however be a difficult task to achieve in situations where the society is large (Gastil and Levine, 2005).

Representative democracy is another model of democracy that ought to be playing a pivotal role in enhancing community engagement in the society. This concept seeks to address the fact that the cities are too big to apply the concept of direct democracy.

This would mean that the decisions that are implemented in the society and the problems linked to them are not associated to the community, but by the members who are elected to represent the entire society. Additionally, deliberative democracy is a model in support of the roles played by community engagement to the society.

This aspect expands on the concept of democracy as a form of ‘government ruled by many people, and accentuates on communication as inherent in the making decisions within a political aspect.

Deliberative democracy would therefore outsource the idea of community engagement as a measure of quality decision making and as a tool for effective communication within the society (Sarkissian et al., 2009).

Therefore, the concept of community engagement is determined by how stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations, social groups, governments, and business organizations can decide on important issues surrounding them.

Is “Community Engagement” a solution to ethical problems?

From the above explanation, people need to be free to select the best solution in solving ethical problems. Democracy enables the community to participate in developmental programs without fear. People can present their views on how their leaders operate and on the pressing issues within the society. In doing so, the community becomes enlightened and thus, avoids problems associated with spin.

The community may not always be able to harmonize their ideas and build an outstanding relationship, a problem that may be generated by the environment. Theory sometimes becomes hard to fulfill since some things cannot be thought, but may be difficult to do them practically.

In this case, the roles and responsibilities played by community engagement may not be sensible to the entire society since some aspects might demand a lot from the community and therefore such issues are assumed. To an extent, community engagement may not be a better parameter or a measure towards solving ethical problems.

Ethics as discussed in the ethical theory is at times too philosophical and religious – an aspect that may not be conversant to every person in the society. Therefore, saying that community engagement may solve ethical problems in the society can be a little bit biased.

Some issues within the society do not require a process in generating a decision but rather an instant solution. In this juncture, the society thus goes against the Utilitarian theory, which bases most of its arguments on fairness and equality.

Is community engagement a solution to the ethical problems associated with Spin?

The term Spin is a concept or a form of propaganda that is achieved through providing an interpretation about an event in order to gain favor from the public against an organization or a person which or who might be viewed as a public figure.

Therefore, a person manipulates an issue in order to support him or herself. On the other hand, he or she might be defaming the name of the other person or thing in order for the public to have a negative feeling towards the other individual.

In other words, the term spin might imply dishonesty, deception since in most of the times it is done in fulfillment of one’s interest. As mentioned in the discussion not all aspects in the society that ought to be solved in an ethical manner since some might cause commotions or chaos in the society.

In the United States, the public affairs that deal with the military contacts during the commencement of the war against Iraq used a spin tactic. In this case, several military wanted to high public relations firms to send out misleading information for the public to support them to begin the war.

Some officers did not want to join hand since this reduced military’s credibility. The type of spin used here was to blow up some certain circumstances in the public that would be seen viable and thus, the public would heartedly see the need of the war.

However, the war could solve very many issues in America and stop the Iraq from attacking the nation, but that is unethical. The nation could use another method to stop the attacks, for instance bar them from any trade affairs.

On the other hand, the country is justified to fight back. Considering this, one cannot conclusively say that community engagement can be a solution towards the ethical problems associated with spin.

The above discussion has affirmed that various examples have been brought since the concept of ‘community engagement’ emerged, all in the name of addressing issues of inequity and injustice. Indeed, community engagement is now a key player in the struggle against drawbacks in the society.

Improving community engagement within the concept of business strategies, policies, and in various societal sectors has resulted to the transition of education sector to become committed to community service as one of the community engagement aspect.

However, such a transition is still underway, but it also requires some support from the society. It is also very vital to note that the partakers in the community development affairs have a long way to go before stemming such aspects in the minds of people.

Therefore, the knowledge acquired from the service learning programs, besides theories used in support of this concept, has provided a force for this transition in implementation of community engagement.

Furthermore, the collaborative and development of effective and sustainable commonness within the society strengthens the role and responsibilities played by community engagement, which strives to solve ethical problems associated with spin.

Through the discussed theories (stakeholder, democratic, and citizenship), it can be established that critical relevance of community engagement is that the society brings a great difference in people’s lives. Moreover, such an insight has also resulted to providing various ideas in the organizational structures needed for an effective community engagement.

In essence, it is very critical for the society to provide structures, and a favorable environment that will enable community engagement to take effect to overcome the society’s problems and transform the society into a better place.

Alasdair, R. S. 2005. “Spin Control and Freedom of Information: Lessons for the United Kingdom from Canada”. Public Administration , 83: 1.

CDC., 1997. Principles of Community Engagement . Atlanta, GA: Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Web.

Gastil, J. and Levine, P., 2005. The deliberative democracy and handbook: strategies for effective civil engagement in the twenty first centuries , San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.

Goldlust, J.,1996. Understanding citizenship in Australia, Bureau of immigration, multicultural and population research . London: Australian Government Publishing service.

Sarkissian, W., Hofer, N., Shore, Y, Vajda, S. and Wilkinson, C., 2009. Kitchen stable sustainability: practical recipes for community engagement with sustainability . Earthscan: London.

Superstone, A., 2009. The Moral Skeptic . New York: Oxford University Press.

Vandenberg, A., 2000. Citizenship and democracy in a global era. London: St Martins Press.

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IvyPanda. (2019, March 25). Relationship of ’Community Engagement’ to Society. https://ivypanda.com/essays/community-engagement/

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IvyPanda . 2019. "Relationship of ’Community Engagement’ to Society." March 25, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/community-engagement/.

1. IvyPanda . "Relationship of ’Community Engagement’ to Society." March 25, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/community-engagement/.

IvyPanda . "Relationship of ’Community Engagement’ to Society." March 25, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/community-engagement/.

What Is Community Engagement?

Full Document [PDF – 2.6 MB] This Chapter [PDF – 998 KB]

In the first edition of Principles , the authors developed a working definition of community engagement that captures its key features:

…the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the wellbeing of those people. It is a powerful vehicle for bringing about environmental and behavioral changes that will improve the health of the community and its members. It often involves partnerships and coalitions that help mobilize resources and influence systems, change relationships among partners, and serve as catalysts for changing policies, programs, and practices (CDC, 1997, p. 9).

Community engagement can take many forms, and partners can include organized groups, agencies, institutions, or individuals. Collaborators may be engaged in health promotion, research, or policy making.

Community engagement can also be seen as a continuum of community involvement. Figure 1.1 below, modified from a diagram originally drawn by the International Association for Public Participation, illustrates one way of thinking about such a continuum. Over time, a specific collaboration is likely to move along this continuum toward greater community involvement, and any given collaboration is likely to evolve in other ways, too. Most notably, while community engagement may be achieved during a timelimited project, it frequently involves — and often evolves into — long-term partnerships that move from the traditional focus on a single health issue to address a range of social, economic, political, and environmental factors that affect health.

View large image and text description

Why Practice Community Engagement?

Advocates of community engagement assert that it improves health promotion and health research. However, the processes, costs, and benefits of community engagement are still a relatively new field of study. In 2004, AHRQ brought attention to the importance of empirical work in this area and greatly advanced our knowledge through a synthesis of the research, much of which indicated that community engagement strengthened the conduct of research (Viswanathan et al., 2004).

A recent review of the literature on community engagement identified nine areas in which community engagement made a positive impact (Staley, 2009). Although this study focused on research partnerships, many of its findings are relevant to community engagement in general. The nine areas and the corresponding benefits were as follows:

• Agenda —Engagement changes the choice and focus of projects, how they are initiated, and their potential to obtain funding. New areas for collaboration are identified, and funding that requires community engagement becomes accessible.
• Design and delivery —Improvements to study design, tools, interventions, representation/participation, data collection and analysis, communication, and dissemination can be implemented. New interventions or previously unappreciated causal links can be identified through the community’s knowledge of local circumstances. The speed and efficiency of the project can be enhanced by rapidly engaging partners and participants and identifying new sources of information.
• Implementation and change —Improvements can be made in the way research findings are used to bring about change (e.g., through new or improved services, policy or funding changes, or transformation of professional practices), and capacity for change and the maintenance of long-term partnerships can be expanded.
• Ethics —Engagement creates opportunities to improve the consent process, identify ethical pitfalls, and create processes for resolving ethical problems when they arise.
• The public involved in the project —The knowledge and skills of the public involved in the project can be enhanced, and their contributions can be recognized (possibly through financial rewards). These efforts foster goodwill and help lay the groundwork for subsequent collaborations.
• Academic partners —Academic partners can gain enhanced understanding of the issue under study and appreciation of the role and value of community involvement, which sometimes result in direct career benefits. In addition, new insights into the relevance of a project and the various benefits to be gained from it can result in increased opportunities to disseminate its findings and their wider use.
• Individual research participants —Improvements in the way studies are carried out can make it easier to participate in them and bring benefits to participants.
• Community organizations —These organizations can gain enhanced knowledge, a higher profile in the community, more linkages with other community members and entities, and new organizational capacity. These benefits can create goodwill and help lay the groundwork for subsequent collaborations.
• The general public —The general public is likely to be more receptive to the research and reap greater benefits from it.

The author of the review acknowledged that there can be costs associated with community engagement (e.g., increased time and other resource needs, the need to develop new skill sets, increased expectations) but contended that these are more than outweighed by the positive impacts and generally can be addressed over time through training and experience (Staley, 2009).

What is Community Engagement?

While there are almost as many definitions out there as there are people trying to define it, in its simplest terms community engagement seeks to better engage the community to achieve long-term and sustainable outcomes, processes, relationships, discourse, decision-making, or implementation.

To be successful, it must encompass strategies and processes that are sensitive to the community-context in which it occurs.

Engagement is not generally driven by a 'model' so much as by a framework of guiding principles, strategies, and approaches. This framework is based on principles that respect the right of all community members to be informed, consulted, involved and empowered. Community engagement employs and range of tools and strategies to ensure success. It also places a premium on fostering and enhancing trust as a critical element in long-term, sustainable engagement and effective governance.

The word 'community' is also a broad term used to define groups of people, whether they are stakeholders, interest groups, or citizen groups. A community may be a geographic location (community of place), a community of similar interest (community of practice), or a community of affiliation or identity such as industry or sporting club. (Adapted from: Department of Environment and Primary Industries )

Community Engagement is…the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the well-being of those people It is a powerful vehicle for bringing about environmental and behavioral changes that will improve the health of the community and its members It often involves partnerships and coalitions that help mobilize resources and influence systems, change relationships among partners, and serve as catalysts for changing policies, programs, and practices (CDC, 1997).

'Community engagement' is therefore a strategic process with the specific purpose of working with identified groups of people, whether they are connected by geographic location, special interest, or affiliation to identify and address issues affecting their well-being.

The linking of the term 'community' to 'engagement' serves to broaden the scope, shifting the focus from the individual to the collective, with the associated implications for inclusiveness to ensure consideration is made of the diversity that exists within any community.

In practice, community engagement is a blend of science and art. The science comes from sociology, public policy, political science, cultural anthropology, organizational development, psychology, social- psychology and other disciplines. It also comes from organizing concepts drawn from the literature on community participation, community development, constituency building, and community psychology. The art comes from the understanding, skill, and sensitivity used to apply and adapt the science in ways that fit the community and the purposes of specific engagement efforts. The results of these efforts may be defined differently and can encompass a broad range of structures (e.g., coalitions, partnerships, collaborations), but they all fall under the general rubric of community engagement and are treated similarly in this in our discussions (Adapted from ATSDR, 2011)

Community engagement can be complex and labor-intensive and require dedicated resources such as time, funding, and people with the necessary skills. Citizens and leaders in communities across the United States, and indeed in many parts of the world, are struggling to make the right choices for the communities and issues they address. Building and implementing effective strategies requires a solid grounding in the best tools, techniques, and information available.

" Principles of Community Engagement: First Edition ." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC/ATSDR Committee on Community Engagement , 1997.

" Principles of Community Engagement: Second Edition ." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) , 2011.

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COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY AND CITIZENSHIP

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