28 Best Academic Search Engines That make your research easier
If you’re a researcher or scholar, you know that conducting effective online research is a critical part of your job. And if you’re like most people, you’re always on the lookout for new and better ways to do it.
This article aims to give you an edge over researchers that rely mainly on Google for their entire research process.
Table of Contents
#1. Google Scholar
Google Scholar is an academic search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
#2. ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)
ERIC (short for educational resources information center) is a great academic search engine that focuses on education-related literature. It is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education and produced by the Institute of Education Sciences.
ERIC indexes over a million articles, reports, conference papers, and other resources on all aspects of education from early childhood to higher education. So, search results are more relevant to Education on ERIC.
ERIC is a free online database of education-related literature.
#3. Wolfram Alpha
Wolfram Alpha is a “computational knowledge engine” that can answer factual questions posed in natural language. It can be a useful search tool.
Wolfram Alpha can also be used to find academic articles. Just type in your keywords and Wolfram Alpha will generate a list of academic articles that match your query.
#4. iSEEK Education
iSEEK is a search engine targeting students, teachers, administrators, and caregiver. It’s designed to be safe with editor-reviewed content.
iSEEK Education is free to use.
#5. BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine)
CORE is an academic search engine that focuses on open access research papers. A link to the full text PDF or complete text web page is supplied for each search result. It’s academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers.
You might also like:
#7. Science.gov
Science.gov is a search engine developed and managed by the United States government. It includes results from a variety of scientific databases, including NASA, EPA, USGS, and NIST.
#8. Semantic Scholar
#9. refseek.
This is one of the free search engines that feels like Yahoo with a massive directory. It could be good when you are just looking for research ideas from unexpected angles. It could lead you to some other database that you might not know such as the CIA The World Factbook, which is a great reference tool.
#10. ResearchGate
A mixture of social networking site + forum + content databases where researchers can build their profile, share research papers, and interact with one another.
#11. DataONE Search (formerly CiteULike)
#12. dataelixir , #13. lazyscholar – browser extension, #14. citeseerx – digital library from penstate, #15. the lens – patents search , #16. fatcat – wiki for bibliographic catalog , #17. lexis web – legal database, #18. infotopia – part of the vlrc family.
Infotopia touts itself as an “alternative to Google safe search.” Scholarly book results are curated by librarians, teachers, and other educational workers. Users can select from a range of topics such as art, health, and science and technology, and then see a list of resources pertaining to the topic.
#19. Virtual Learning Resources Center
#21. worldwidescience.
Over 70 countries’ databases are used on the website. When a user enters a query, it contacts databases from all across the world and shows results in both English and translated journals and academic resources.
#22. Google Books
A user can browse thousands of books on Google Books, from popular titles to old titles, to find pages that include their search terms. You can look through pages, read online reviews, and find out where to buy a hard copy once you find the book you are interested in.
#23. DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
DOAJ is a free search engine for scientific and scholarly materials. It is a searchable database with over 8,000 peer-reviewed research papers organized by subject. It’s one of the most comprehensive libraries of scientific and scholarly resources, with over 8,000 journals available on a variety of themes.
#24. Baidu Scholar
#25. pubmed central.
PubMed is a free search engine that provides references and abstracts for medical, life sciences, and biomedical topics.
#26. MEDLINE®
MEDLINE® is a paid subscription database for life sciences and biomedicine that includes more than 28 million citations to journal articles. For finding reliable, carefully chosen health information, Medline Plus provides a powerful search tool and even a dictionary.
Defunct Academic Search Engines
#27. microsoft academic .
Microsoft Academic
#28. Scizzle
Final thoughts.
There are many academic search engines that can help researchers and scholars find the information they need. This list provides a variety of options, starting with more familiar engines and moving on to less well-known ones.
10 thoughts on “28 Best Academic Search Engines That make your research easier”
Thank you so much Joannah..I have found this information useful to me as librarian in an academic library
You are welcome! We are happy to hear that!
Thank You Team, for providing a comprehensive list of academic search engines that can help make research easier for students and scholars. The variety of search engines included offers a range of options for finding scholarly articles, journals, and other academic resources. The article also provides a brief summary of each search engine’s features, which helps in determining which one is the best fit for a specific research topic. Overall, this article is a valuable resource for anyone looking for a quick and easy way to access a wealth of academic information.
We appreciate your support and thank you for your kind words. We will continue to provide valuable resources for students and researchers in the future. Please let us know if you have any further questions or suggestions.
No more questions Thank You
I cannot thank you enough!!! thanks alot 🙂
Typography animation is a technique that combines text and motion to create visually engaging and dynamic animations. It involves animating individual letters, words, or phrases in various ways to convey a message, evoke emotions, or enhance the visual impact of a design or video. – Typography Animation Techniques Tools and Online Software {43}
Expontum – Helps researchers quickly find knowledge gaps and identify what research projects have been completed before. Expontum is free, open access, and available to all globally with no paid versions of the site. Automated processes scan research article information 24/7 so this website is constantly updating. By looking at over 35 million research publications (240 million by the end of 2023), the site has 146 million tagged research subjects and 122 million tagged research attributes. Learn more about methodology and sources on the Expontum About Page ( https://www.expontum.com/about.php )
Hey Ryan, I clicked and checked your site and thought it was very relevant to our reader. Thank you for sharing. And, we will be reviewing your site soon.
Sounds good! Thanks, Joannah!
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How to Find Sources | Scholarly Articles, Books, Etc.
Published on June 13, 2022 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on May 31, 2023.
It’s important to know how to find relevant sources when writing a research paper , literature review , or systematic review .
The types of sources you need will depend on the stage you are at in the research process , but all sources that you use should be credible , up to date, and relevant to your research topic.
There are three main places to look for sources to use in your research:
Research databases
- Your institution’s library
- Other online resources
Table of contents
Library resources, other online sources, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about finding sources.
You can search for scholarly sources online using databases and search engines like Google Scholar . These provide a range of search functions that can help you to find the most relevant sources.
If you are searching for a specific article or book, include the title or the author’s name. Alternatively, if you’re just looking for sources related to your research problem , you can search using keywords. In this case, it’s important to have a clear understanding of the scope of your project and of the most relevant keywords.
Databases can be general (interdisciplinary) or subject-specific.
- You can use subject-specific databases to ensure that the results are relevant to your field.
- When using a general database or search engine, you can still filter results by selecting specific subjects or disciplines.
Example: JSTOR discipline search filter
Check the table below to find a database that’s relevant to your research.
Google Scholar
To get started, you might also try Google Scholar , an academic search engine that can help you find relevant books and articles. Its “Cited by” function lets you see the number of times a source has been cited. This can tell you something about a source’s credibility and importance to the field.
Example: Google Scholar “Cited by” function
Boolean operators
Boolean operators can also help to narrow or expand your search.
Boolean operators are words and symbols like AND , OR , and NOT that you can use to include or exclude keywords to refine your results. For example, a search for “Nietzsche NOT nihilism” will provide results that include the word “Nietzsche” but exclude results that contain the word “nihilism.”
Many databases and search engines have an advanced search function that allows you to refine results in a similar way without typing the Boolean operators manually.
Example: Project Muse advanced search
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
You can find helpful print sources in your institution’s library. These include:
- Journal articles
- Encyclopedias
- Newspapers and magazines
Make sure that the sources you consult are appropriate to your research.
You can find these sources using your institution’s library database. This will allow you to explore the library’s catalog and to search relevant keywords. You can refine your results using Boolean operators .
Once you have found a relevant print source in the library:
- Consider what books are beside it. This can be a great way to find related sources, especially when you’ve found a secondary or tertiary source instead of a primary source .
- Consult the index and bibliography to find the bibliographic information of other relevant sources.
You can consult popular online sources to learn more about your topic. These include:
- Crowdsourced encyclopedias like Wikipedia
You can find these sources using search engines. To refine your search, use Boolean operators in combination with relevant keywords.
However, exercise caution when using online sources. Consider what kinds of sources are appropriate for your research and make sure the sites are credible .
Look for sites with trusted domain extensions:
- URLs that end with .edu are educational resources.
- URLs that end with .gov are government-related resources.
- DOIs often indicate that an article is published in a peer-reviewed , scientific article.
Other sites can still be used, but you should evaluate them carefully and consider alternatives.
If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
- ChatGPT vs human editor
- ChatGPT citations
- Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
- Using ChatGPT for your studies
- What is ChatGPT?
- Chicago style
- Paraphrasing
Plagiarism
- Types of plagiarism
- Self-plagiarism
- Avoiding plagiarism
- Academic integrity
- Consequences of plagiarism
- Common knowledge
You can find sources online using databases and search engines like Google Scholar . Use Boolean operators or advanced search functions to narrow or expand your search.
For print sources, you can use your institution’s library database. This will allow you to explore the library’s catalog and to search relevant keywords.
It is important to find credible sources and use those that you can be sure are sufficiently scholarly .
- Consult your institute’s library to find out what books, journals, research databases, and other types of sources they provide access to.
- Look for books published by respected academic publishing houses and university presses, as these are typically considered trustworthy sources.
- Look for journals that use a peer review process. This means that experts in the field assess the quality and credibility of an article before it is published.
When searching for sources in databases, think of specific keywords that are relevant to your topic , and consider variations on them or synonyms that might be relevant.
Once you have a clear idea of your research parameters and key terms, choose a database that is relevant to your research (e.g., Medline, JSTOR, Project MUSE).
Find out if the database has a “subject search” option. This can help to refine your search. Use Boolean operators to combine your keywords, exclude specific search terms, and search exact phrases to find the most relevant sources.
There are many types of sources commonly used in research. These include:
You’ll likely use a variety of these sources throughout the research process , and the kinds of sources you use will depend on your research topic and goals.
Scholarly sources are written by experts in their field and are typically subjected to peer review . They are intended for a scholarly audience, include a full bibliography, and use scholarly or technical language. For these reasons, they are typically considered credible sources .
Popular sources like magazines and news articles are typically written by journalists. These types of sources usually don’t include a bibliography and are written for a popular, rather than academic, audience. They are not always reliable and may be written from a biased or uninformed perspective, but they can still be cited in some contexts.
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Ryan, E. (2023, May 31). How to Find Sources | Scholarly Articles, Books, Etc.. Scribbr. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/finding-sources/
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Research articles
The catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization of homofarnesol to ambrox
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Dopamine biases decisions by limiting temporal integration
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Histone serotonylation regulates ependymoma tumorigenesis
Serotonin has a role in ependymoma tumorigenesis through modifying histones and thereby regulating key transcription factors and activating specific oncogenic transcriptional networks in brain cells.
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Molecular mechanism of ligand gating and opening of NMDA receptor
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of NMDA receptors in open and apo states reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the dual ligand requirement for its channel gating and opening.
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FANCD2–FANCI surveys DNA and recognizes double- to single-stranded junctions
FANCD2–FANCI is a sliding clamp that diffuses on double-stranded DNA but stalls when it reaches a single-stranded gap, providing a unified molecular mechanism that reconciles the roles of FANCD2–FANCI in the recognition and protection of stalled replication forks.
- Pablo Alcón
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Organ systems of a Cambrian euarthropod larva
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Gut microbiota carcinogen metabolism causes distal tissue tumours
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The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat
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X-ray computed tomography is combined with burst ptychography and filtered back-propagation to achieve high-speed, three-dimensional imaging of features as small as 4 nm.
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- James M. D. Day
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Propofol repairs malfunctioning mutant HCN1 channels associated with epilepsy, and its unusual mechanism of action on these ion channels can potentially be exploited to design precision drugs targeting HCN channelopathies.
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Search Help
Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more.
Finding recent papers
Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the following options in the left sidebar:
- click "Since Year" to show only recently published papers, sorted by relevance;
- click "Sort by date" to show just the new additions, sorted by date;
- click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.
Locating the full text of an article
Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require a subscription. Here're a few things to try:
- click a library link, e.g., "FindIt@Harvard", to the right of the search result;
- click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result;
- click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources;
- click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar articles.
If you're affiliated with a university, but don't see links such as "FindIt@Harvard", please check with your local library about the best way to access their online subscriptions. You may need to do search from a computer on campus, or to configure your browser to use a library proxy.
Getting better answers
If you're new to the subject, it may be helpful to pick up the terminology from secondary sources. E.g., a Wikipedia article for "overweight" might suggest a Scholar search for "pediatric hyperalimentation".
If the search results are too specific for your needs, check out what they're citing in their "References" sections. Referenced works are often more general in nature.
Similarly, if the search results are too basic for you, click "Cited by" to see newer papers that referenced them. These newer papers will often be more specific.
Explore! There's rarely a single answer to a research question. Click "Related articles" or "Cited by" to see closely related work, or search for author's name and see what else they have written.
Searching Google Scholar
Use the "author:" operator, e.g., author:"d knuth" or author:"donald e knuth".
Put the paper's title in quotations: "A History of the China Sea".
You'll often get better results if you search only recent articles, but still sort them by relevance, not by date. E.g., click "Since 2018" in the left sidebar of the search results page.
To see the absolutely newest articles first, click "Sort by date" in the sidebar. If you use this feature a lot, you may also find it useful to setup email alerts to have new results automatically sent to you.
Note: On smaller screens that don't show the sidebar, these options are available in the dropdown menu labelled "Year" right below the search button.
Select the "Case law" option on the homepage or in the side drawer on the search results page.
It finds documents similar to the given search result.
It's in the side drawer. The advanced search window lets you search in the author, title, and publication fields, as well as limit your search results by date.
Select the "Case law" option and do a keyword search over all jurisdictions. Then, click the "Select courts" link in the left sidebar on the search results page.
Tip: To quickly search a frequently used selection of courts, bookmark a search results page with the desired selection.
Access to articles
For each Scholar search result, we try to find a version of the article that you can read. These access links are labelled [PDF] or [HTML] and appear to the right of the search result. For example:
A paper that you need to read
Access links cover a wide variety of ways in which articles may be available to you - articles that your library subscribes to, open access articles, free-to-read articles from publishers, preprints, articles in repositories, etc.
When you are on a campus network, access links automatically include your library subscriptions and direct you to subscribed versions of articles. On-campus access links cover subscriptions from primary publishers as well as aggregators.
Off-campus access
Off-campus access links let you take your library subscriptions with you when you are at home or traveling. You can read subscribed articles when you are off-campus just as easily as when you are on-campus. Off-campus access links work by recording your subscriptions when you visit Scholar while on-campus, and looking up the recorded subscriptions later when you are off-campus.
We use the recorded subscriptions to provide you with the same subscribed access links as you see on campus. We also indicate your subscription access to participating publishers so that they can allow you to read the full-text of these articles without logging in or using a proxy. The recorded subscription information expires after 30 days and is automatically deleted.
In addition to Google Scholar search results, off-campus access links can also appear on articles from publishers participating in the off-campus subscription access program. Look for links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] on the right hand side of article pages.
Anne Author , John Doe , Jane Smith , Someone Else
In this fascinating paper, we investigate various topics that would be of interest to you. We also describe new methods relevant to your project, and attempt to address several questions which you would also like to know the answer to. Lastly, we analyze …
You can disable off-campus access links on the Scholar settings page . Disabling off-campus access links will turn off recording of your library subscriptions. It will also turn off indicating subscription access to participating publishers. Once off-campus access links are disabled, you may need to identify and configure an alternate mechanism (e.g., an institutional proxy or VPN) to access your library subscriptions while off-campus.
Email Alerts
Do a search for the topic of interest, e.g., "M Theory"; click the envelope icon in the sidebar of the search results page; enter your email address, and click "Create alert". We'll then periodically email you newly published papers that match your search criteria.
No, you can enter any email address of your choice. If the email address isn't a Google account or doesn't match your Google account, then we'll email you a verification link, which you'll need to click to start receiving alerts.
This works best if you create a public profile , which is free and quick to do. Once you get to the homepage with your photo, click "Follow" next to your name, select "New citations to my articles", and click "Done". We will then email you when we find new articles that cite yours.
Search for the title of your paper, e.g., "Anti de Sitter space and holography"; click on the "Cited by" link at the bottom of the search result; and then click on the envelope icon in the left sidebar of the search results page.
First, do a search for your colleague's name, and see if they have a Scholar profile. If they do, click on it, click the "Follow" button next to their name, select "New articles by this author", and click "Done".
If they don't have a profile, do a search by author, e.g., [author:s-hawking], and click on the mighty envelope in the left sidebar of the search results page. If you find that several different people share the same name, you may need to add co-author names or topical keywords to limit results to the author you wish to follow.
We send the alerts right after we add new papers to Google Scholar. This usually happens several times a week, except that our search robots meticulously observe holidays.
There's a link to cancel the alert at the bottom of every notification email.
If you created alerts using a Google account, you can manage them all here . If you're not using a Google account, you'll need to unsubscribe from the individual alerts and subscribe to the new ones.
Google Scholar library
Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the search page, organize them by adding labels, and use the power of Scholar search to quickly find just the one you want - at any time and from anywhere. You decide what goes into your library, and we’ll keep the links up to date.
You get all the goodies that come with Scholar search results - links to PDF and to your university's subscriptions, formatted citations, citing articles, and more!
Library help
Find the article you want to add in Google Scholar and click the “Save” button under the search result.
Click “My library” at the top of the page or in the side drawer to view all articles in your library. To search the full text of these articles, enter your query as usual in the search box.
Find the article you want to remove, and then click the “Delete” button under it.
- To add a label to an article, find the article in your library, click the “Label” button under it, select the label you want to apply, and click “Done”.
- To view all the articles with a specific label, click the label name in the left sidebar of your library page.
- To remove a label from an article, click the “Label” button under it, deselect the label you want to remove, and click “Done”.
- To add, edit, or delete labels, click “Manage labels” in the left column of your library page.
Only you can see the articles in your library. If you create a Scholar profile and make it public, then the articles in your public profile (and only those articles) will be visible to everyone.
Your profile contains all the articles you have written yourself. It’s a way to present your work to others, as well as to keep track of citations to it. Your library is a way to organize the articles that you’d like to read or cite, not necessarily the ones you’ve written.
Citation Export
Click the "Cite" button under the search result and then select your bibliography manager at the bottom of the popup. We currently support BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, and RefWorks.
Err, no, please respect our robots.txt when you access Google Scholar using automated software. As the wearers of crawler's shoes and webmaster's hat, we cannot recommend adherence to web standards highly enough.
Sorry, we're unable to provide bulk access. You'll need to make an arrangement directly with the source of the data you're interested in. Keep in mind that a lot of the records in Google Scholar come from commercial subscription services.
Sorry, we can only show up to 1,000 results for any particular search query. Try a different query to get more results.
Content Coverage
Google Scholar includes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books, pre-prints, abstracts, technical reports and other scholarly literature from all broad areas of research. You'll find works from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies and university repositories, as well as scholarly articles available anywhere across the web. Google Scholar also includes court opinions and patents.
We index research articles and abstracts from most major academic publishers and repositories worldwide, including both free and subscription sources. To check current coverage of a specific source in Google Scholar, search for a sample of their article titles in quotes.
While we try to be comprehensive, it isn't possible to guarantee uninterrupted coverage of any particular source. We index articles from sources all over the web and link to these websites in our search results. If one of these websites becomes unavailable to our search robots or to a large number of web users, we have to remove it from Google Scholar until it becomes available again.
Our meticulous search robots generally try to index every paper from every website they visit, including most major sources and also many lesser known ones.
That said, Google Scholar is primarily a search of academic papers. Shorter articles, such as book reviews, news sections, editorials, announcements and letters, may or may not be included. Untitled documents and documents without authors are usually not included. Website URLs that aren't available to our search robots or to the majority of web users are, obviously, not included either. Nor do we include websites that require you to sign up for an account, install a browser plugin, watch four colorful ads, and turn around three times and say coo-coo before you can read the listing of titles scanned at 10 DPI... You get the idea, we cover academic papers from sensible websites.
That's usually because we index many of these papers from other websites, such as the websites of their primary publishers. The "site:" operator currently only searches the primary version of each paper.
It could also be that the papers are located on examplejournals.gov, not on example.gov. Please make sure you're searching for the "right" website.
That said, the best way to check coverage of a specific source is to search for a sample of their papers using the title of the paper.
Ahem, we index papers, not journals. You should also ask about our coverage of universities, research groups, proteins, seminal breakthroughs, and other dimensions that are of interest to users. All such questions are best answered by searching for a statistical sample of papers that has the property of interest - journal, author, protein, etc. Many coverage comparisons are available if you search for [allintitle:"google scholar"], but some of them are more statistically valid than others.
Currently, Google Scholar allows you to search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. In addition, it includes citations for cases cited by indexed opinions or journal articles which allows you to find influential cases (usually older or international) which are not yet online or publicly available.
Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate.
We normally add new papers several times a week. However, updates to existing records take 6-9 months to a year or longer, because in order to update our records, we need to first recrawl them from the source website. For many larger websites, the speed at which we can update their records is limited by the crawl rate that they allow.
Inclusion and Corrections
We apologize, and we assure you the error was unintentional. Automated extraction of information from articles in diverse fields can be tricky, so an error sometimes sneaks through.
Please write to the owner of the website where the erroneous search result is coming from, and encourage them to provide correct bibliographic data to us, as described in the technical guidelines . Once the data is corrected on their website, it usually takes 6-9 months to a year or longer for it to be updated in Google Scholar. We appreciate your help and your patience.
If you can't find your papers when you search for them by title and by author, please refer your publisher to our technical guidelines .
You can also deposit your papers into your institutional repository or put their PDF versions on your personal website, but please follow your publisher's requirements when you do so. See our technical guidelines for more details on the inclusion process.
We normally add new papers several times a week; however, it might take us some time to crawl larger websites, and corrections to already included papers can take 6-9 months to a year or longer.
Google Scholar generally reflects the state of the web as it is currently visible to our search robots and to the majority of users. When you're searching for relevant papers to read, you wouldn't want it any other way!
If your citation counts have gone down, chances are that either your paper or papers that cite it have either disappeared from the web entirely, or have become unavailable to our search robots, or, perhaps, have been reformatted in a way that made it difficult for our automated software to identify their bibliographic data and references. If you wish to correct this, you'll need to identify the specific documents with indexing problems and ask your publisher to fix them. Please refer to the technical guidelines .
Please do let us know . Please include the URL for the opinion, the corrected information and a source where we can verify the correction.
We're only able to make corrections to court opinions that are hosted on our own website. For corrections to academic papers, books, dissertations and other third-party material, click on the search result in question and contact the owner of the website where the document came from. For corrections to books from Google Book Search, click on the book's title and locate the link to provide feedback at the bottom of the book's page.
General Questions
These are articles which other scholarly articles have referred to, but which we haven't found online. To exclude them from your search results, uncheck the "include citations" box on the left sidebar.
First, click on links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] to the right of the search result's title. Also, check out the "All versions" link at the bottom of the search result.
Second, if you're affiliated with a university, using a computer on campus will often let you access your library's online subscriptions. Look for links labeled with your library's name to the right of the search result's title. Also, see if there's a link to the full text on the publisher's page with the abstract.
Keep in mind that final published versions are often only available to subscribers, and that some articles are not available online at all. Good luck!
Technically, your web browser remembers your settings in a "cookie" on your computer's disk, and sends this cookie to our website along with every search. Check that your browser isn't configured to discard our cookies. Also, check if disabling various proxies or overly helpful privacy settings does the trick. Either way, your settings are stored on your computer, not on our servers, so a long hard look at your browser's preferences or internet options should help cure the machine's forgetfulness.
Not even close. That phrase is our acknowledgement that much of scholarly research involves building on what others have already discovered. It's taken from Sir Isaac Newton's famous quote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."
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Finding Scholarly Articles: Home
What's a Scholarly Article?
Your professor has specified that you are to use scholarly (or primary research or peer-reviewed or refereed or academic) articles only in your paper. What does that mean?
Scholarly or primary research articles are peer-reviewed , which means that they have gone through the process of being read by reviewers or referees before being accepted for publication. When a scholar submits an article to a scholarly journal, the manuscript is sent to experts in that field to read and decide if the research is valid and the article should be published. Typically the reviewers indicate to the journal editors whether they think the article should be accepted, sent back for revisions, or rejected.
To decide whether an article is a primary research article, look for the following:
- The author’s (or authors') credentials and academic affiliation(s) should be given;
- There should be an abstract summarizing the research;
- The methods and materials used should be given, often in a separate section;
- There are citations within the text or footnotes referencing sources used;
- Results of the research are given;
- There should be discussion and conclusion ;
- With a bibliography or list of references at the end.
Caution: even though a journal may be peer-reviewed, not all the items in it will be. For instance, there might be editorials, book reviews, news reports, etc. Check for the parts of the article to be sure.
You can limit your search results to primary research, peer-reviewed or refereed articles in many databases. To search for scholarly articles in HOLLIS , type your keywords in the box at the top, and select Catalog&Articles from the choices that appear next. On the search results screen, look for the Show Only section on the right and click on Peer-reviewed articles . (Make sure to login in with your HarvardKey to get full-text of the articles that Harvard has purchased.)
Many of the databases that Harvard offers have similar features to limit to peer-reviewed or scholarly articles. For example in Academic Search Premier , click on the box for Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals on the search screen.
Review articles are another great way to find scholarly primary research articles. Review articles are not considered "primary research", but they pull together primary research articles on a topic, summarize and analyze them. In Google Scholar , click on Review Articles at the left of the search results screen. Ask your professor whether review articles can be cited for an assignment.
A note about Google searching. A regular Google search turns up a broad variety of results, which can include scholarly articles but Google results also contain commercial and popular sources which may be misleading, outdated, etc. Use Google Scholar through the Harvard Library instead.
About Wikipedia . W ikipedia is not considered scholarly, and should not be cited, but it frequently includes references to scholarly articles. Before using those references for an assignment, double check by finding them in Hollis or a more specific subject database .
Still not sure about a source? Consult the course syllabus for guidance, contact your professor or teaching fellow, or use the Ask A Librarian service.
- Last Updated: Oct 3, 2023 3:37 PM
- URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/FindingScholarlyArticles
Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy
Reference management. Clean and simple.
Academic Databases
ERIC research database: complete tutorial
The ERIC database is the premier education literature database for scholarly research. This guide covers search types and strategies, filters, and full text options.
How to efficiently search online databases for academic research
Academic research isn't difficult if you know where and how to search for scholarly articles and research papers. Here's how to do it.
How to use Google Scholar: the ultimate guide
Google Scholar is the number one academic search engine. Our detailed guide covers best practices for basic and advanced search strategies in Google Scholar.
How to use PubMed: the ultimate guide
PubMed is the most popular search engine for biomedical sciences. Learn how to use PubMed, basic and advanced search strategies, and about its limitations and alternatives in this ultimate guide.
Is Google Scholar a database or search engine? [Update 2024]
Google Scholar is the number one free resource to discover scientific literature, but is it an academic database or a search engine?
The best academic research databases [Update 2024]
Your research is stuck and you need to find new sources? Take a look at our compilation of academic research databases: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ERIC, JSTOR, DOAJ, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore.
The best academic search engines [Update 2024]
Your research is stuck, and you need to find new sources. Take a look at our compilation of free academic search engines: ✓ Google Scholar ✓ BASE ✓ CORE ✓ Science.gov
The best research databases for computer science [Update 2024]
The top 4 research databases specifically dedicated to computer science: ✓ ACM Digital Library ✓ IEEE Xplore ✓ dbpl ✓ Springer LNCS
The best research databases for healthcare and medicine [Update 2024]
We have compiled the top list of research databases for healthcare, medicine, and biomedical research: PubMed, EMBASE, PMC, and Cochrane Library.
Bibliometrics
Learn how to calculate your h-index on Google Scholar
Learn how to calculate your h-index using Google Scholar online for free, and which tools to use for a detailed analysis.
Learn how to calculate your h-index using Scopus [3 steps]
Learn how to assess your h-index on Scopus in 3 easy steps.
Learn how to calculate your h-index using Web of Science
Learn how to calculate your h-index using Web of Science in 3 easy steps.
The ultimate how-to-guide on the h-index
Learn what an h-index is, how to calculate it, and why it is important to know about it for your career as a scientist.
What is a good h-index? [with examples]
Curious to know what a good h-index is? Read this guide to learn when an h-index is considered good.
What is a good impact factor?
Do you want to find out what a good impact factor is? Read this guide to learn what an impact factor is, how it is calculated, and what impact factor is considered good.
Credible Sources
Can a blog be a credible source? [Update 2024]
You want to add a blog post to your research paper? In general, blogs are not considered to be credible sources: ➜ check out these reasons to learn more about it.
How can I find credible sources? [7 tips]
Sometimes it is hard to determine whether a source is credible or not. Read our guide to help you find credible sources.
Is Wikipedia a credible source?
We all ❤ Wikipedia, but can you cite it in your research paper? No. Wikipedia is not a credible source, and here is why you should only use it for preliminary research.
What are credible sources?
Credible sources are sources that are trustworthy and can be used as references in your academic papers. This guide will help you identify and evaluate sources for their credibility.
What are predatory journals?
This day and age, you have to be careful where you submit your work for publication. This article helps you spot a predatory journal and has tips and tricks on what to do if you accidentally submitted to one.
Primary and Secondary Sources
Interviews: are they a primary source?
Interviews can add tremendously to your research project. Read on to quickly learn when an interview is considered a primary source.
Is a documentary a secondary source? [with examples]
You are not sure if a documentary is a secondary source? We show you when and why is a documentary either a secondary or a tertiary source.
Is a letter a primary source?
Letters are frequently used in historical research. Read on to see when a letter qualifies as a primary source.
Is a map a primary source? [with examples]
Are you not sure if a map is a primary source? This guide will show you when and why a map is a primary or a secondary source.
Is a painting a primary source? [with examples]
Are you unsure if a painting is a primary source? This guide will show you when and why a painting is either a primary or a secondary source.
Is a textbook a secondary source?
Are you unsure if a textbook is a secondary source? Learn in this guide when and why a textbook is either a primary, secondary, or tertiary source.
Is an autobiography a primary source?
Are you not sure if an autobiography is a primary source? We show you when and why an autobiography is either a primary or secondary source.
Is an encyclopedia a primary source?
Are you unsure if an encyclopedia is a primary source? Find your answer and learn the right way to reference an encyclopedia in this guide.
Is census data a primary source?
You are not sure if census data is a primary source? We will show you when and why census data is a primary source and where to get it.
Is the US Constitution a primary source?
Are you wondering if the US Constitution is a primary source? Find the answer to your question in this guide.
Newspaper articles: primary or secondary sources?
Learn what questions to ask to see if a newspaper article really qualifies as a primary source.
Primary vs. secondary sources: how to distinguish them
Primary and secondary sources are the foundations of every research project. Learn about their differences and when to use them.
What is a primary source?
Primary sources are the most important sources when undertaking a research project. We answer the 5 most asked questions about primary sources.
What is a secondary source?
Secondary sources are your starting point when undertaking a research project. We answer the 5 most asked questions about secondary sources.
Research Methodology
How to do a content analysis [7 steps]
Content analysis is a research method you might come across when analyzing data. Learn what a content analysis is and how to do one in this step-by-step guide.
How to do a thematic analysis [6 steps]
A thematic analysis is a research method you might come across when analyzing qualitative data. Learn what a thematic analysis is and how to write one in this step-by-step guide.
How to write a rhetorical analysis [4 steps]
A rhetorical analysis explores the goals and motivations of an author, the techniques they’ve used to reach their audience, and how successful these techniques were. Learn how to write an excellent rhetorical analysis in this guide.
Qualitative vs. quantitative research - what’s the difference?
Qualitative and quantitative research are effective but very different approaches to study a subject. Learn the difference between them, what they are used for, and how to analyze qualitative and quantitative research in this guide.
What is research methodology? [Update 2024]
Having the right research methodology can be a make-or-break factor for your academic work. What is research methodology, and how can you get ahead?
Scholarly Sources
How to find a DOI [Update 2024]
Are you not sure where to find a DOI? Read this guide to learn exactly where to spot DOIs, and how to include them in your citations!
How to identify if a source is scholarly
Not sure if it is a scholarly source? Looking at these 6 identifiers can help differentiate scholarly from non-scholarly articles.
How to know if an article is peer reviewed [6 key features]
You don't know exactly what 'peer reviewed' articles are? Read this guide to learn all about peer reviewed articles, their features, and how to find them!
Is a book a scholarly source? [with checklist]
Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish scholarly from non-scholarly books. This guide will help you with that. Learn how to identify scholarly books by following our simple guidelines.
What are peer reviewed journals? [Update 2024]
You don't know exactly what 'peer review' means? Read this guide to clear your doubts, and learn more about peer reviewed articles, its process and types!
What is a DOI [with examples]
What is a DOI? Learn what a digital object identifier is and how to include a DOI in APA and other styles.
What is a scholarly source?
Are you wondering what a scholarly source is and what makes it a scholarly source? Learn all about it in this guide, including what elements a scholarly source generally contains.
What is grey literature? [with examples]
Wondering what is grey literature and how to find it? Find all things grey literature in this quick and easy guide filled with sources for grey literature.
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100 Best Websites to Find Research Articles, Papers & Journals
In the vast landscape of digital information, access to credible academic resources is indispensable for the curious mind. Navigating through a myriad of websites to find scholarly journals, articles, and books can be a daunting task. To aid in this quest for knowledge, we’ve curated a list of the top 100 websites renowned for their repository of academic treasures . These platforms serve as indispensable tools for researchers, students, and enthusiasts seeking reputable and diverse scholarly materials. From comprehensive databases to user-friendly interfaces, each website stands as a testament to the democratization of education and the evolution of digital learning.
Join us on this expedition through the virtual libraries that serve as gateways to a world of intellectual richness and exploration.
1. Google Scholar
As a widely-used academic search engine, Google Scholar provides access to scholarly articles, theses, books, and conference papers across various disciplines. Its user-friendly interface allows researchers to explore a vast database of scholarly literature, offering citations, abstracts, and sometimes even full-text access. Its citation tracking feature enables scholars to follow research trends and connect with related publications. With its comprehensive coverage and indexing of academic sources, Google Scholar is an indispensable tool for academics, students, and researchers seeking reliable and diverse scholarly content.
2. ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect is a comprehensive platform offering access to a vast collection of academic journals, articles, and books across various scientific disciplines. With a user-friendly interface, it provides researchers and students with a plethora of scholarly resources in fields like science, technology, medicine, and social sciences. ScienceDirect grants access to a multitude of peer-reviewed journals, research articles, book chapters, and reference works. Its advanced search functionalities and intuitive navigation streamline the process of locating relevant literature for academic pursuits.
3. ReaserchGate
As a prominent academic networking platform, ResearchGate fosters collaboration among researchers globally. Offering access to a vast repository of academic journals, articles, and books across disciplines, it serves as a hub for scholarly communication. Researchers can connect, share findings, and access a diverse range of publications, facilitating knowledge exchange and collaborative efforts in advancing scientific endeavors.
4. Springerlink
SpringerLink stands as a prominent platform for accessing academic journals, books, and reference works across disciplines such as science, technology, medicine, and the social sciences. Offering a vast collection of peer-reviewed content from renowned publishers, SpringerLink provides access to high-quality research articles, book chapters, and reference materials. Its user-friendly interface facilitates easy navigation and searchability, making it a valuable resource for scholars, researchers, and students seeking in-depth academic literature and cutting-edge research in various fields.
VET-Bib serves as a specialized repository for veterinary science-related literature, catering to professionals, researchers, and students in the field. This platform offers a curated collection of academic journals, articles, and books specific to veterinary medicine, animal health, and related disciplines. VET-Bib facilitates access to a diverse range of scholarly resources, including research papers, clinical studies, textbooks, and reports, contributing significantly to advancements in veterinary sciences.
6. Academia.edu
Academia.edu is a social networking platform designed for academics to share and access scholarly papers, articles, and research. It allows researchers to create profiles, upload their work, and connect with peers worldwide, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange. Users can explore a wide range of academic disciplines, access papers, follow scholars, and track research interests. Academia.edu serves as a hub for disseminating research, accessing scholarly content, and networking within the academic community.
7. arXiv.org e-Print Archive
arXiv.org is a preprint repository primarily focused on physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, and statistics. It hosts a vast collection of research papers, providing early access to cutting-edge findings before formal publication. Researchers worldwide contribute to arXiv, sharing their work and enabling the dissemination of crucial discoveries within these disciplines. Its open-access nature encourages collaboration, facilitates rapid dissemination of research, and serves as a vital resource for scholars and students alike.
8. Astrophysics Data System
The Astrophysics Data System (ADS) stands as an authoritative digital library providing access to a wealth of literature in astrophysics, astronomy, and related sciences. ADS serves as a comprehensive platform offering academic journals, articles, conference proceedings, and data sets relevant to the field. Its sophisticated search tools enable researchers to explore astronomical literature, access preprints, and gather valuable resources for their scholarly inquiries.
9. Google Books
Google Books offers an extensive and diverse collection of digitized books, providing access to a wide range of academic literature across multiple disciplines. While not exclusively academic, Google Books encompasses a significant repository of scholarly works, allowing users to preview, purchase, or access full texts of books relevant to their research. Its search feature allows users to explore content, view excerpts, and locate academic publications, making it a valuable resource for scholars, researchers, and students.
10. ProQuest
An extensive digital library offering access to a vast array of scholarly journals, articles, and books across multiple disciplines. ProQuest’s user-friendly platform facilitates research, providing comprehensive resources for academics, researchers, and students worldwide. With diverse content, including historical archives, current publications, and multimedia resources, it’s a go-to destination for in-depth exploration and reliable sources.
11. Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)
ERIC is a comprehensive platform offering an array of educational resources, research articles, and publications. It specializes in curating scholarly content related to education, spanning diverse topics from early childhood to higher education. ERIC acts as a centralized hub for educators, researchers, and policymakers, providing access to peer-reviewed articles, reports, and conference papers. With its extensive database, ERIC facilitates exploration and dissemination of knowledge, fostering advancements in educational practices and policies.
12. Microsoft Academic Search
Microsoft Academic Search is a dynamic platform dedicated to facilitating academic exploration and research discovery. Leveraging advanced algorithms and vast data sets, it offers a user-friendly interface to access scholarly articles, publications, and citations across various disciplines. This tool provides in-depth search functionalities, citation analysis, and semantic understanding, empowering researchers to navigate through a plethora of academic resources. Microsoft Academic Search encourages collaboration, knowledge sharing, and innovative scholarly pursuits by offering a robust platform for academic exploration.
13. Oxford Academic Journals Search
Oxford Academic Journals Search is a prestigious repository hosting a wide spectrum of scholarly articles and publications across multiple disciplines. Renowned for its high-quality content and authoritative contributions, it serves as a gateway to scholarly excellence. This platform offers access to esteemed journals published by Oxford University Press, encompassing diverse fields such as humanities, social sciences, science, and medicine. With its rigorous peer-review process and rich historical archive, Oxford Academic Journals Search fosters academic inquiry, knowledge dissemination, and intellectual discourse.
JSTOR is a revered digital library providing access to an extensive collection of academic journals, books, and primary sources. Catering to researchers, students, and scholars worldwide, JSTOR archives scholarly content across various disciplines, including arts, humanities, social sciences, and sciences. Known for its archival depth and user-friendly interface, JSTOR grants access to a wealth of peer-reviewed articles, books, and research materials. Its comprehensive database and interdisciplinary approach facilitate scholarly research, critical analysis, and the exploration of historical and contemporary academic literature. JSTOR remains a vital resource for academic pursuits and intellectual discovery.
15. Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Behavioral and Brain Sciences is a prestigious academic journal that publishes target articles and commentary on significant and controversial topics in psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and related fields. Recognized for its unique format, BBS publishes comprehensive articles accompanied by multiple commentaries from experts in the field, fostering in-depth discussions and debates on key issues. This journal serves as a platform for rigorous scientific discourse, shaping the direction of research and theory development in behavioral and brain sciences.
16. PubChem
Operated by the NCBI, PubChem stands as an extensive chemical database, offering insights into compound properties, structures, and biological activities. Its collection includes scientific articles, journals, and books relevant to chemistry, pharmacology, and life sciences. Researchers benefit from its comprehensive information on chemical compounds, aiding in drug discovery, bioinformatics, and chemical research.
PubMed serves as a comprehensive resource for accessing biomedical literature. With millions of articles from various fields like medicine, biology, and health sciences, it provides researchers, healthcare professionals, and students with a vast repository of peer-reviewed articles. Its user-friendly interface allows easy navigation through research articles, clinical studies, and reviews, making it an invaluable tool for staying updated on the latest advancements in healthcare and life sciences.
18. CiteSeerX
CiteSxeerX project is funded by the National Science Foundation, is a public integrated digital library, database, and search engine for scientific papers in chemistry. The goal of this project is to develop an intelligent search and database that provides easy access to relevant data for diverse community of users who need for chemical information.
19. Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar is an academic search engine that utilizes artificial intelligence methods to provide highly relevant results for journal articles. It is designed to quickly highlight the most important papers and identify the connections between them. It currently includes on computer science and biomedical publications.
20. Web of Science
Web of Science is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service that provides a comprehensive citation search. It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research allowing in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline.
21. Analytical Abstracts
Analytical Abstracts is a literature updating service that keeps researchers and students informed of the latest developments in analytical science. It includes details of the most relevant literature presented as individual records that are easily searchable by analyte, matrix, technique and subject area.
22. Merck Index
The Merck Index is a revered compendium of chemical compounds, providing in-depth information on their properties, structures, and uses. Widely used by chemists, researchers, and students, it offers a wealth of data on chemicals, drugs, and biological substances. With over 11,000 monographs featuring precise details, including synthesis pathways and safety information, it remains an indispensable reference for understanding and researching chemical compounds and their applications.
23. MedlinePlus
MedlinePlus is an online information service created by the United States National Library of Medicine. The service provides curated consumer health information and brings together information from the National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health, other U.S. government agencies, and health-related organizations.
24. Agricola
Agricola is a bibliographic database of citations to the agricultural literature created by the National Agricultural Library. The database indexes a wide variety of publications covering agriculture and its allied fields, including, animal and veterinary sciences, entomology, plant sciences, forestry, aquaculture, fisheries, and many more.
25. AGRIS: Agricultural Database
AGRIS is a global public domain database with more than 8 million structured bibliographical records on agricultural science and technology. The AGRIS Search system allows scientists, researchers to perform sophisticated searches using keywords, journal titles or names of countries, institutions, and authors.
26. WorldCat
WorldCat stands as a vast catalog of library collections worldwide, encompassing books, journals, multimedia materials, and more. It facilitates access to resources held in numerous libraries globally, allowing users to locate and borrow items beyond their local collection. Its extensive database aids researchers, scholars, and enthusiasts in discovering a broad range of academic resources, fostering collaborative research and access to diverse perspectives across various subjects and disciplines.
27. IOPscience
IOPscience serves as a leading platform for accessing scientific content in physics, engineering, and related disciplines. Hosting journals, conference proceedings, and magazines published by the Institute of Physics, it offers a trove of high-quality research articles, reviews, and cutting-edge studies. Researchers and academics benefit from its authoritative content, advanced search features, and access to vital information shaping the forefront of scientific exploration and technological advancements.
28. PLOS ONE
PLOS ONE stands as an open-access, peer-reviewed journal publishing multidisciplinary scientific research. It houses a vast repository of articles across various scientific disciplines, fostering accessibility and collaboration within the academic community. Known for its rigorous review process and commitment to transparency, PLOS ONE promotes diverse research findings and encourages innovation in scientific exploration.
A comprehensive abstract and citation database catering to scientific, technical, medical, and social sciences. Scopus offers access to an extensive collection of peer-reviewed literature, providing researchers and institutions with powerful tools for tracking, analyzing, and visualizing research trends and data. Its vast coverage and analytical features make it a vital resource in the academic community.
30. Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
The Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database provides extensive coverage of advanced technology literature. It features over 26 million A&I records and more than 250 full-text titles that date back to 1962. Its topics cover aeronautics, communications, computer and IT, electronics, lasers, space sciences, telecommunications and many more.
31. Air University Library Index to Military Periodicals (AULIMP)
AULIMP specializes in curating military-centric literature, indexing journals, periodicals, and articles vital to military studies and defense. Catering to scholars, military personnel, and historians, it provides a wealth of resources covering military history, strategy, technology, and policy analysis, aiding in comprehensive research within the defense domain.
32. ACM Digital Library
Geared towards computing professionals, the ACM Digital Library hosts an extensive collection of journals, conference proceedings, and books in computer science and related fields. It offers a rich repository of cutting-edge research, enabling access to pivotal works and fostering innovation and advancement in the realm of technology and computing.
33. Project MUSE
Project MUSE offers a comprehensive digital collection of scholarly journals and books in humanities and social sciences. Recognized for its extensive coverage and user-friendly interface, it provides access to high-quality content from reputable publishers and institutions worldwide. With a focus on academic excellence, Project MUSE supports research, learning, and intellectual discovery.
34. Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory
Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory serves as an authoritative resource for information on academic journals, magazines, and other periodicals. It offers detailed bibliographic data, including publication details, peer-review status, and indexing information. Widely used by researchers, librarians, and institutions, Ulrich’s facilitates the identification and evaluation of publications, aiding in academic research and scholarly communication.
35. OAIster Database
OAIster functions as a global aggregator, collating digital resources from diverse libraries worldwide. With access to academic content spanning journals, theses, and books sourced from various repositories and institutions, it provides a comprehensive search platform across disciplines, aiding researchers in accessing a wide array of scholarly materials.
36. Beilstein Database
A renowned resource in organic chemistry, Beilstein Database aggregates exhaustive data on organic compounds, providing critical information on their properties, reactions, and synthesis methods. Researchers access a plethora of peer-reviewed articles, journals, and books, empowering scientific exploration and innovation in chemical research and development.
37. Mendeley
Mendeley, a reference manager and academic social network, empowers researchers to organize, annotate, and collaborate on research papers and articles. Its user-friendly platform enables citation management, document sharing, and networking among scholars globally. With integrated features for discovery and collaboration, Mendeley streamlines the research process and supports scholarly communication.
38. Chinese Social Science Citation Index
Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) is an interdisciplinary citation index program in China. This citation database covers more than 500 Chinese academic journals of humanities and social sciences. Many Chinese universities and institutes use CSSCI as a basis for the evaluation of academic achievements and promotion.
39. Library of Congress
The Library of Congress offers an extensive collection of academic journals, articles, and books spanning diverse disciplines. As the largest library in the world, it provides access to unparalleled resources, including historical manuscripts, government publications, and research materials. With a vast digital repository, users can delve into scholarly literature, research papers, and educational resources, making it an indispensable hub for academic pursuits.
40. CiNii Articles
As a comprehensive Japanese academic database, CiNii Articles houses a diverse collection of scholarly articles, theses, and research papers spanning multiple disciplines. Drawing from Japanese academic institutions, it facilitates cross-disciplinary research, serving as a valuable resource for global knowledge dissemination.
41. PsycINFO
PsycINFO, curated by the American Psychological Association (APA), is a comprehensive database encompassing literature in psychology and related disciplines. It indexes scholarly journals, books, conference proceedings, and other resources, providing access to psychological research, behavioral sciences, and mental health literature. With its extensive coverage of peer-reviewed content, PsycINFO aids researchers, psychologists, educators, and students in accessing credible and relevant information, enabling informed analysis and understanding within the realm of psychology and associated fields.
42. Tisch Library – Journals and Articles
Tisch Library serves as a central academic resource hub at Tufts University, providing access to a vast collection of scholarly materials, including books, journals, databases, and multimedia resources. With expert librarians offering guidance and support, Tisch Library facilitates research and learning, offering access to diverse information sources and fostering a conducive environment for academic exploration.
43. OpenEdition.org
OpenEdition.org is a digital publishing platform dedicated to the humanities and social sciences. Hosting journals, books, and research content, it promotes open access to scholarly resources, fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and knowledge dissemination. With a commitment to free access and innovative publishing models, OpenEdition.org facilitates academic exchange and contributes to the democratization of knowledge.
44. Digital Library Of The Commons Repository (DLC)
DLC is a comprehensive resource housing academic works on the commons, including scholarly articles, theses, and research papers. It curates a vast collection focused on topics like environmental studies, economics, and social sciences. Users access a wealth of resources supporting interdisciplinary research on communal resources, governance, and sustainability.
45. Arts & Humanities Citation Index
The Arts & Humanities Citation Index is a citation index, with abstracting and indexing for more than 1,700 arts and humanities journals, and coverage of disciplines that includes social and natural science journals. Its subjects cover arts, humanities, language, poetry, music, classical works, history, philosophy, architecture, religion, and many more.
46. Science Citation Index
An esteemed bibliographic database, Science Citation Index, meticulously indexes scientific literature across various disciplines. It enables researchers to navigate and explore scholarly articles based on citation connections, facilitating robust literature reviews and comprehensive insights into academic trends and advancements.
47. EurekaMag Biomedical Library
Focused on the biomedical field, EurekaMag offers an extensive repository of research articles, journals, and publications. Specializing in biological and medical sciences, this library provides a wealth of knowledge for professionals, researchers, and students. Its curated collection spans diverse subfields, offering valuable insights and updates within the biomedical domain.
48. CERN Document Server (CDS)
The CERN Document Server is the institutional repository that provides acquisition, search and collaborative tools to manage collections of documents produced at CERN. This includes HEP documents, multimedia documents, bulletins, administrative documents, EU project documents and many more.
49. Open Library
Open Library stands as a digital repository, granting free access to an impressive array of academic journals, articles, and books. Its open-source platform enables users to explore a wide spectrum of scholarly content, fostering global access to educational resources. With a user-friendly interface, it supports research endeavors by offering a comprehensive collection of materials, ranging from classic literature to contemporary academic publications.
50. Ei Compendex
A pivotal resource for engineers, Ei Compendex boasts an extensive engineering database comprising journals, conference proceedings, and articles. Covering a wide array of engineering disciplines such as mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering, it serves as a gateway to cutting-edge research and advancements in the field.
Embase stands as a pivotal repository for biomedical research, housing a wide array of peer-reviewed journals, conference abstracts, and articles. Specializing in pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical medicine, it aids medical professionals and researchers in accessing crucial information for evidence-based practice and scientific exploration.
52. IEEE Xplore
A paramount platform for engineering and technology, IEEE Xplore is a treasure trove of research papers, conference proceedings, and technical articles. It hosts a plethora of resources spanning electrical engineering, computer science, and related fields, fostering innovation and knowledge dissemination among professionals and academia.
53. Social Science Research Network (SSRN)
SSRN serves as a leading platform for social sciences, offering a vast repository of preprints, working papers, and published articles. Embracing disciplines like economics, law, and humanities, SSRN facilitates scholarly collaboration and dissemination, fostering discussions and advancements in social science research.
54. The World Factbook – CIA
The World Factbook offers information on the people, history, government, economy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for 267 world entities. It provides maps of the major world regions, flags of the World, political maps of the World, world oceans map as well as standard time zones of the world map.
55. Europe PMC
A comprehensive platform for accessing biomedical literature, Europe PMC hosts a vast repository of academic journals, articles, and books. It offers a user-friendly interface, allowing researchers to explore a wealth of scientific content, including full-text articles, abstracts, and research papers across various disciplines within the life sciences. With powerful search capabilities and access to funding information, Europe PMC facilitates efficient navigation through a diverse collection, supporting scholars, scientists, and healthcare professionals in their quest for credible and relevant academic resources.
56. National Diet Library
Serving as Japan’s national library, the National Diet Library provides a rich assortment of academic journals, articles, and books, reflecting the country’s cultural and scholarly heritage. It encompasses an extensive collection of publications, archives, and digital resources, catering not only to researchers and scholars but also to the general public. With its emphasis on Japanese history, culture, and scholarly works, the library offers a valuable repository, fostering academic exploration and knowledge dissemination on a national scale.
57. DBLP Computer Science Bibliography
Renowned in the field of computer science, DBLP stands as a comprehensive bibliographic database, meticulously curating academic journals, articles, and books within the realm of computing. Its meticulous indexing covers a wide array of topics, including algorithms, artificial intelligence, and software engineering. Researchers benefit from its organized and structured platform, facilitating easy access to authoritative publications, conference proceedings, and scholarly contributions, making it an indispensable resource for the computer science community worldwide.
58. National Archives Catalog
As a treasure trove of historical records and government documents, the National Archives Catalog preserves the rich tapestry of the United States’ history. It serves as a gateway to a vast collection of academic journals, articles, and books, encompassing an extensive range of topics spanning politics, culture, and society. With its user-friendly interface and comprehensive search functionalities, researchers, historians, and the public can delve into primary sources, manuscripts, and official records, unraveling the nation’s past and shaping contemporary understanding.
59. University of Guelph Library
The University of Guelph Library stands as a comprehensive repository, offering an extensive collection of books, journals, and articles across diverse disciplines. It caters to the research and academic needs of students, faculty, and scholars, fostering a conducive environment for learning, exploration, and scholarly pursuits.
60. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
CAS is an online source of chemical information that provides many tools such as SciFinder and tagged keywords, summaries, indexes of disclosures and structures of compounds in recently published scientific documents. CAS has over 8,000 journals, technical reports, dissertations, conference proceedings available in different languages.
61. Scientific Information Database (SID)
SID serves as an Iranian digital repository housing scholarly journals, articles, and theses across various domains. It plays a pivotal role in disseminating scientific knowledge, enabling research collaboration and providing access to valuable academic content within Iran and globally, fostering innovation and academic growth.
A leading aggregator of open-access research content, CORE collates millions of academic journals, articles, and books from various repositories and repositories globally. It offers a centralized platform, facilitating seamless access to diverse scholarly publications across multiple disciplines. Emphasizing open access, CORE champions unrestricted availability to research literature, providing researchers and students with a valuable resource for discovering scholarly works, enhancing academic exploration, and fostering collaboration. With its expansive collection and user-friendly interface, CORE stands as an essential tool for accessing credible and diverse academic resources.
63. Research Papers in Economics (RePEc)
RePEc is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers to enhance the dissemination of research in economics and related sciences. The heart of the project is a decentralized bibliographic database of working papers, journal articles, books, books chapters and software components, all maintained by volunteers.
64. Book Review Index Online
Offering a comprehensive collection of book reviews, this platform serves as a valuable resource for scholars and book enthusiasts. Users gain access to extensive critiques spanning various genres and subjects, aiding in informed decision-making for academic pursuits or leisure reading. Its indexed reviews enable efficient searches and critical assessments, providing a nuanced understanding of literary works and their scholarly reception.
65. IngentaConnect
IngentaConnect provides online articles from over 30000 publications. Abstracts are free; full text is available by subscription or pay-per-view. The site is ideal for publishers looking to put their content online for the first time and increase the global visibility of their publications.
66. ASCE Library
ASCE Library is an online civil engineering database that provides the contents of peer-reviewed journals, proceedings, e-books, and standards published by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It offers free access to abstracts of academic journal articles, proceedings papers, e-books, standards, etc.
67. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Renowned for its pivotal role in economic research, NBER is a hub for high-quality academic papers and data-driven analysis. Catering to economists and policymakers, it disseminates groundbreaking research on diverse economic facets. The site offers access to a wealth of working papers, economic indicators, and conferences, fostering collaboration and innovation in the field.
Tailored for researchers in science and engineering, Inspec is an indispensable database hosting a vast collection of peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings, and patents. Its meticulously curated content covers an array of disciplines, providing in-depth insights and cutting-edge information crucial for technological advancements and academic pursuits.
69. INSPIRE-HEP
INSPIRE-HEP is an open access digital library for the field of high energy physics. In addition to scientific papers, It provides other information like citation metrics, plots extracted from papers or internal experiment notes and tools for users to improve metadata.
70. MathSciNet Mathematical Reviews
MathSciNet is a fully searchable database with many tools designed to help navigate the mathematical sciences literature. It serves researchers and scholars in the mathematical sciences by providing peer-reviewed articles and books.
71. African Journals Online (AJOL)
AJOL is the world’s largest online library of peer-reviewed, African-published scholarly journals. With AJOL, you can browse peer-reviewed journals from Africa and download full text articles. Articles can be searched by title, authors or keywords.
72. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
A champion of open access, DOAJ serves as a goldmine for scholarly literature, housing a wide spectrum of peer-reviewed journals across disciplines. By promoting unrestricted access to quality research, it empowers academics worldwide. Its stringent criteria ensure credibility, fostering transparency and democratizing knowledge dissemination.
73. JournalTOCs
Aiming to streamline academic research, JournalTOCs aggregates tables of contents from thousands of scholarly journals. This platform facilitates swift access to the latest articles, aiding researchers in staying updated within their areas of interest. Its user-friendly interface and customizable alerts enable efficient navigation through a plethora of scholarly content, optimizing the research process.
74. AcademicJournals.org
AcademicJournals.org is a broad-based open access publisher. It provides free access to research information to the international community without financial, legal or technical barriers. All the journals from this organization will be freely distributed and available from multiple websites.
75. Library Genesis (LibGen)
A controversial yet immensely popular platform, LibGen hosts an extensive catalog of academic texts, journals, and books. Known for its extensive collection and accessibility, LibGen is a resource for individuals seeking academic materials that might not be readily available through traditional channels. It has gained traction as a resource for users worldwide due to its broad range of content.
76. PhilPapers.org
PhilPapers.org is a comprehensive index and bibliography of philosophy maintained by the community of philosophers. It’s an online source of research content in philosophy, including journals, books, open access archives, and personal pages maintained by academics.
77. SciELO.org
SciELO hosts a vast collection of academic journals primarily from Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and other Ibero-American regions. It’s a rich resource for accessing scholarly articles in various disciplines, offering open access to high-quality research, fostering knowledge sharing, and promoting regional academic excellence.
78. EBSCO Information Services
EBSCO is a comprehensive platform providing access to a wide array of scholarly journals, articles, and books across multiple disciplines. With its user-friendly interface and robust search capabilities, it’s a go-to resource for researchers, libraries, and institutions globally, offering diverse content and valuable research tools.
79. Econlit
EconLit, a premier resource for economics research, curates a comprehensive database of scholarly journals, articles, and books in the field. Tailored for economists, researchers, and students, it encompasses a vast array of economic literature, including peer-reviewed articles, working papers, and conference proceedings. Its specialized focus ensures in-depth coverage of economic theories, trends, and analyses, serving as an indispensable tool for those immersed in economic studies and research.
80. State Legislative Websites Directory
This online database contains information gleaned from the websites of the 50 state legislatures, the District of Columbia and the territories. You can select to view specific website content materials such as, bills, press rooms, statutes from any states.
81. Information Bridge: Department of Energy Scientific and Technical Information
The Information Bridge serves as a hub for the Department of Energy’s vast scientific and technical knowledge repository. It houses a comprehensive collection of academic journals, articles, and books, focusing on energy-related research. Researchers and academics access cutting-edge information on various energy disciplines, from renewable energy to nuclear physics, aiding in scholarly pursuits and industry advancements.
82. BioOne Complete
BioOne Complete is a specialized database catering to the life sciences, environmental studies, and related fields. It curates a collection of high-impact scholarly journals and research articles, facilitating access to cutting-edge biological research and ecological studies.
83. Civil Engineering Database
CEDB is a free bibliographic database for all ASCE publications including journals, conference proceedings, books, standards, manuals, magazines, and newspapers on all the disciplines of civil engineering. The coverage dates back to 1872.
84. LessonPlanet
LessonPlanet serves educators by offering a vast repository of lesson plans, teaching resources, and educational materials. It’s an invaluable tool for teachers, providing curated content to enhance classroom instruction and streamline lesson planning across various subjects and grade levels.
85. CiteULike
CiteULike is a free online service that allows users to save and share citations to academic papers. Based on the principle of social bookmarking, the site works to promote and to develop the sharing of scientific references amongst researchers.
86. Science.gov
Science.gov acts as a centralized gateway to authoritative scientific information sourced from multiple U.S. government agencies. It aggregates a wide spectrum of academic journals, articles, and books across scientific domains. This resource facilitates comprehensive searches, empowering researchers with reliable scientific data and publications crucial for academic research and evidence-based decision-making.
87. Cochrane Library
Cochrane Library is renowned for its systematic reviews and evidence-based healthcare research. It’s a crucial resource for medical professionals and researchers, offering comprehensive reviews that inform healthcare decisions and practices worldwide.
88. CAB Abstracts – CABI
CAB Abstracts is an English-language bibliographic information online service that provides access to the world’s applied life sciences literature. It comes with CABI Full Text, giving users automatic access to over 410,000 journal articles, conference papers and reports.
Zenodo is an open-access repository for scientific research data, enabling researchers to store, share, and explore datasets across disciplines. It promotes collaboration, transparency, and accessibility in scientific research, fostering innovation and knowledge exchange within the global research community.
90. Archives Hub
Archives Hub serves as a gateway to historical archives in the UK, offering access to a wealth of primary sources. It consolidates descriptions of archives held in various institutions, facilitating academic research. Through detailed records, researchers explore diverse topics spanning arts, humanities, and social sciences. The platform enables users to locate specific materials, aiding in comprehensive and in-depth investigations. Archives Hub stands as a vital resource for scholars delving into historical records, fostering a deeper understanding of past events and societal evolution.
91. OpenStax
Dedicated to advancing access to education, OpenStax offers free, peer-reviewed, and openly licensed textbooks. As an initiative aiming to alleviate the financial burden of education, OpenStax provides quality academic resources across various subjects. With a mission to make learning more accessible, it supports educators and learners globally by offering high-quality educational materials at no cost.
92. Bioline Internationl
Bioline International stands as a prominent platform offering open-access scholarly resources in the life sciences. Hosting a vast repository of peer-reviewed journals from developing countries, it promotes global access to valuable research. With a focus on biodiversity, environment, and healthcare, Bioline International facilitates the dissemination of cutting-edge scientific knowledge. Its diverse collection empowers researchers, students, and practitioners worldwide, fostering collaboration and advancing scientific discovery in crucial fields.
93. WorldWideScience
WorldWideScience serves as a global platform, aggregating scientific content from various countries and international organizations. It offers access to an extensive repository of academic journals, articles, and books, transcending geographical barriers. Researchers benefit from diverse perspectives and a wealth of information, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange on an international scale.
94. Dimensions.ai
Dimensions.ai is an innovative research platform revolutionizing academic exploration. It integrates a vast array of scholarly resources, including articles, datasets, grants, and patents, offering a comprehensive view of research landscapes. Using sophisticated analytics and visualization tools, it assists researchers in uncovering connections, trends, and emerging areas of study. Dimensions.ai facilitates efficient literature searches, empowering scholars to navigate the expansive realm of academia and make informed contributions to their fields.
95. Ethnologue
Ethnologue is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It contains information on over 7000 languages including the number of speakers, locations, dialects, linguistic affiliations, autonyms, etc.
96. Taylor & Francis Online
Taylor & Francis Online hosts a vast collection of academic journals, articles, and books across various disciplines. With a user-friendly interface, it offers extensive resources in fields like science, humanities, social sciences, and more. Researchers benefit from comprehensive search tools, robust citation metrics, and access to cutting-edge research.
97. Zentralblatt MATH
Zentralblatt MATH serves as a comprehensive database for mathematical literature, covering a broad spectrum of mathematical research. With its extensive collection of abstracts and reviews, it provides valuable insights into mathematical publications worldwide. Researchers benefit from its indexing of mathematical articles, enabling efficient access to critical information, fostering collaboration, and supporting advancements in the field of mathematics.
98. PubMed Central
PubMed Central, a free digital repository, is a treasure trove of biomedical and life sciences literature. Hosting a vast archive of peer-reviewed articles, PubMed Central is a go-to platform for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students. Its comprehensive database encompasses a myriad of topics, facilitating easy access to authoritative information and fostering advancements in healthcare and life sciences.
99. EconBiz
EconBiz stands as a crucial resource for economists and social scientists, offering access to economic literature, research, and information. It aggregates a diverse range of publications, including articles, working papers, and research papers, facilitating comprehensive research in economics and related disciplines. EconBiz empowers users with efficient search functionalities, access to full-text documents, and information on events and job opportunities, fostering a vibrant academic community in the field of economics.
100. RefSeek – Academic Search Engine
RefSeek is a powerful academic search engine that scours the internet for scholarly resources. It indexes millions of documents, including articles, books, encyclopedias, and journals, ensuring a wide breadth of sources for researchers. With its user-friendly interface and advanced search capabilities, RefSeek streamlines the process of locating credible and authoritative information across various disciplines. It prioritizes academic content, making it an indispensable tool for students, scholars, and educators in their quest for reliable and relevant research materials.
101. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)
BASE functions as a robust academic search engine, scouring the web for scholarly resources, including journals, articles, and books. It indexes content from various repositories, providing a user-friendly interface for researchers worldwide. With a focus on open access materials, BASE enhances accessibility to academic literature, supporting scholarly investigations across multiple disciplines.
102. JournalSeek
JournalSeek operates as a comprehensive database for academic journals, offering easy access to scholarly publications. It catalogs journals from diverse disciplines, allowing users to discover relevant articles and research papers. Researchers benefit from a user-friendly interface, streamlined search capabilities, and detailed journal information, facilitating efficient academic exploration and literature reviews.
Click here for more academic databases and search engines .
Remember, while these platforms offer valuable resources, access to some content may require institutional subscriptions or payment. Additionally, it’s essential to verify the credibility and peer-reviewed status of the sources before citing them in academic work.
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How to find articles and databases: finding articles.
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You can use UC Library Search on the Library homepage to search across various book and article databases simultaneously. To find the best resources for your topic, you might want to go directly to a specific database.
Find the best database(s) for your research topic:
General article databases are a good place to start since they include both popular and scholarly journal titles covering numerous disciplines. Simply choose one of those databases and type in your keywords to begin to find articles.
Browse for databases by subject (such as Economics , Electrical Engineering , or Art History ) if you want to dig deeper into resources covering a specific discipline. If you aren’t sure what subject to choose, look for the academic department that your class is listed under. Once you’ve chosen a subject, search for your topic in one or two of the recommended databases that are listed on the top of the subject list.
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The Best Research and Reference Websites
Where to look when you need information
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Research websites come in handy in all kinds of situations, whether you're looking for the average rainfall in the Amazon rainforest, researching Roman history, or just having fun learning to find information.
This list of the best research websites will help greatly, and most of them are updated daily with new information.
I like to pair these sites with free research organizational tools to keep track of everything I gather online.
Best Research Websites
- Library of Congress : LOC.gov lets you not only ask a librarian for help , but also search catalogs of libraries from all over the world. This is truly a huge resource that should be on your Top 10 best research sites list. Anything from Academia Sinica in Taiwan to Yale University in the U.S. is here and ready to be searched.
- ReferenceDesk.org : Dubbed "The Internet's Best Reference Source," this extremely useful web directory provides everything from business and finance information to federal government resources, scholarship details, links to newspapers and calendars, search engines, and more.
- Ask the Space Expert: NASA's source for space and science research help. Use the video links to listen to questions answered by experts. These are from 2013 through 2015.
- USA.gov : This is where you should start when looking for specific U.S. government information. Learn about the country in general or education, housing, disability services, jobs, taxes, laws, and more.
- Reference.com : Extremely simple to use with a basic layout, this reference website lets you browse by category or search by keywords to research everything from food and health to history, beauty, education, technology, vehicles, art, and more.
- Refdesk.com : Billing itself as the internet's fact-checker, this site includes in-depth research links to breaking news, editorials, Today in History, Word of the Day, and other references.
- Encyclopedia.com : The #1 online encyclopedia that lets you search over 200 reference books and encyclopedias at once. The Picks of the week is a neat section to examine each week.
- Encyclopedia Britannica : One of the world's oldest encyclopedias online; has featured posts and category listings. The company launched in the 18th century and has been publishing exclusively online since 2011.
- Purdue University Quick Reference : This site has tons of information that includes resources specific to Purdue University and surrounding areas in Indiana. It also includes an Ask a Librarian service.
- Prescriber's Digital Reference : A wonderful research tool when gathering detailed medical information. The drug name browser includes summaries (dosage, description, and more) for hundreds of drugs.
- iTools.com : Serves as a gateway for reference and research links. It uses other websites for its searches, like YouTube and Google.
- ResearchGate : Scientific knowledge from over 160 million publication pages; browse topics in categories like engineering, biology, climate change, medicine, math, and more.
- Baseball-Reference.com : Here's everything you ever wanted to know about baseball.
- FOLDOC : Free Online Dictionary of Computing is a detailed computing dictionary for researching the meaning behind computer-related tools, standards, jargon, languages, and more. The "random" button is a fun way to learn new concepts.
Depending on the type of research you're doing or how you need to reference the information, you may need quick access to books. There are lots of places to find free book downloads , textbooks , and educational movies .
Other Ways to Do Research
Search engines like Google are a great way to perform online research. You can locate books, articles, interviews, and lots more. Learn how to search better to get the most out of your research.
Another top source of expert information is your local librarian— search for libraries near you at WorldCat . Librarians are trained to find answers to obscure questions, they're friendly, and best of all, you can talk with them face to face. They often ask you questions you might not have considered, leading to even better results. You can get help from librarians online, too, through some of the sources above.
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Collecting sources for a research paper can sometimes be a daunting task. When beginning your research, it’s often a good idea to begin with common search engines, like Google, and general descriptions like you can find on Wikipedia. Often though these are not the sources you ultimately want in your paper. Some tips for getting from this beginning research to finding “good” sources include the following.
- Make a list of research terms you can use when searching in the library or even online. Start with your core list, but also add other keywords and phrases that you notice as you research. Also, when you find a good source, look to see if it has “tags.” You can add these phrases to your list search terms. Sometimes the tags are also links that you can follow which will take you to lists of similar sources.
- Think about the kind of sources required by the assignment and also the kind of sources that are “good” for your question or topic. Many library search engines and databases have the option to return only “peer-reviewed” or “scholarly” sources—which are sources that have been read by other scholars before being published. Also, the UofL library offers a list of Research Guides which can help you find useful databases for finding sources. When considering what counts as a “good” source, it’s smart to consider what question you’re asking. If you’re making an argument about how a term is commonly understood, then using dictionaries or Wikipedia would be a good source. If you’re making an argument about developing research in Psychology, then you’ll want to focus on those peer-review or scholarly sources.
- Review the works cited or bibliography section of sources that have already been helpful. The sources they are using will probably be helpful to you also. Some search engines, like Google Scholar, include a link under a source that says “Cited by”—which brings back a list of other sources that have used the source you’re looking at. Google Scholar provides varying quality in their results, depending on the subject area and other things, but it’s a great place to start.
- The reference librarians in Ekstrom library (right next door to the University Writing Center) are available to help you with your research. You can make appointments to meet with them here. During these appointments, they can help you find the most helpful databases, decide what sources might be most helpful, and more.
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Article Contents
Primacy of the research question, structure of the paper, writing a research article: advice to beginners.
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Thomas V. Perneger, Patricia M. Hudelson, Writing a research article: advice to beginners, International Journal for Quality in Health Care , Volume 16, Issue 3, June 2004, Pages 191–192, https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzh053
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Writing research papers does not come naturally to most of us. The typical research paper is a highly codified rhetorical form [ 1 , 2 ]. Knowledge of the rules—some explicit, others implied—goes a long way toward writing a paper that will get accepted in a peer-reviewed journal.
A good research paper addresses a specific research question. The research question—or study objective or main research hypothesis—is the central organizing principle of the paper. Whatever relates to the research question belongs in the paper; the rest doesn’t. This is perhaps obvious when the paper reports on a well planned research project. However, in applied domains such as quality improvement, some papers are written based on projects that were undertaken for operational reasons, and not with the primary aim of producing new knowledge. In such cases, authors should define the main research question a posteriori and design the paper around it.
Generally, only one main research question should be addressed in a paper (secondary but related questions are allowed). If a project allows you to explore several distinct research questions, write several papers. For instance, if you measured the impact of obtaining written consent on patient satisfaction at a specialized clinic using a newly developed questionnaire, you may want to write one paper on the questionnaire development and validation, and another on the impact of the intervention. The idea is not to split results into ‘least publishable units’, a practice that is rightly decried, but rather into ‘optimally publishable units’.
What is a good research question? The key attributes are: (i) specificity; (ii) originality or novelty; and (iii) general relevance to a broad scientific community. The research question should be precise and not merely identify a general area of inquiry. It can often (but not always) be expressed in terms of a possible association between X and Y in a population Z, for example ‘we examined whether providing patients about to be discharged from the hospital with written information about their medications would improve their compliance with the treatment 1 month later’. A study does not necessarily have to break completely new ground, but it should extend previous knowledge in a useful way, or alternatively refute existing knowledge. Finally, the question should be of interest to others who work in the same scientific area. The latter requirement is more challenging for those who work in applied science than for basic scientists. While it may safely be assumed that the human genome is the same worldwide, whether the results of a local quality improvement project have wider relevance requires careful consideration and argument.
Once the research question is clearly defined, writing the paper becomes considerably easier. The paper will ask the question, then answer it. The key to successful scientific writing is getting the structure of the paper right. The basic structure of a typical research paper is the sequence of Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (sometimes abbreviated as IMRAD). Each section addresses a different objective. The authors state: (i) the problem they intend to address—in other terms, the research question—in the Introduction; (ii) what they did to answer the question in the Methods section; (iii) what they observed in the Results section; and (iv) what they think the results mean in the Discussion.
In turn, each basic section addresses several topics, and may be divided into subsections (Table 1 ). In the Introduction, the authors should explain the rationale and background to the study. What is the research question, and why is it important to ask it? While it is neither necessary nor desirable to provide a full-blown review of the literature as a prelude to the study, it is helpful to situate the study within some larger field of enquiry. The research question should always be spelled out, and not merely left for the reader to guess.
Typical structure of a research paper
Introduction |
State why the problem you address is important |
State what is lacking in the current knowledge |
State the objectives of your study or the research question |
Methods |
Describe the context and setting of the study |
Specify the study design |
Describe the ‘population’ (patients, doctors, hospitals, etc.) |
Describe the sampling strategy |
Describe the intervention (if applicable) |
Identify the main study variables |
Describe data collection instruments and procedures |
Outline analysis methods |
Results |
Report on data collection and recruitment (response rates, etc.) |
Describe participants (demographic, clinical condition, etc.) |
Present key findings with respect to the central research question |
Present secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.) |
Discussion |
State the main findings of the study |
Discuss the main results with reference to previous research |
Discuss policy and practice implications of the results |
Analyse the strengths and limitations of the study |
Offer perspectives for future work |
Introduction |
State why the problem you address is important |
State what is lacking in the current knowledge |
State the objectives of your study or the research question |
Methods |
Describe the context and setting of the study |
Specify the study design |
Describe the ‘population’ (patients, doctors, hospitals, etc.) |
Describe the sampling strategy |
Describe the intervention (if applicable) |
Identify the main study variables |
Describe data collection instruments and procedures |
Outline analysis methods |
Results |
Report on data collection and recruitment (response rates, etc.) |
Describe participants (demographic, clinical condition, etc.) |
Present key findings with respect to the central research question |
Present secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.) |
Discussion |
State the main findings of the study |
Discuss the main results with reference to previous research |
Discuss policy and practice implications of the results |
Analyse the strengths and limitations of the study |
Offer perspectives for future work |
The Methods section should provide the readers with sufficient detail about the study methods to be able to reproduce the study if so desired. Thus, this section should be specific, concrete, technical, and fairly detailed. The study setting, the sampling strategy used, instruments, data collection methods, and analysis strategies should be described. In the case of qualitative research studies, it is also useful to tell the reader which research tradition the study utilizes and to link the choice of methodological strategies with the research goals [ 3 ].
The Results section is typically fairly straightforward and factual. All results that relate to the research question should be given in detail, including simple counts and percentages. Resist the temptation to demonstrate analytic ability and the richness of the dataset by providing numerous tables of non-essential results.
The Discussion section allows the most freedom. This is why the Discussion is the most difficult to write, and is often the weakest part of a paper. Structured Discussion sections have been proposed by some journal editors [ 4 ]. While strict adherence to such rules may not be necessary, following a plan such as that proposed in Table 1 may help the novice writer stay on track.
References should be used wisely. Key assertions should be referenced, as well as the methods and instruments used. However, unless the paper is a comprehensive review of a topic, there is no need to be exhaustive. Also, references to unpublished work, to documents in the grey literature (technical reports), or to any source that the reader will have difficulty finding or understanding should be avoided.
Having the structure of the paper in place is a good start. However, there are many details that have to be attended to while writing. An obvious recommendation is to read, and follow, the instructions to authors published by the journal (typically found on the journal’s website). Another concerns non-native writers of English: do have a native speaker edit the manuscript. A paper usually goes through several drafts before it is submitted. When revising a paper, it is useful to keep an eye out for the most common mistakes (Table 2 ). If you avoid all those, your paper should be in good shape.
Common mistakes seen in manuscripts submitted to this journal
The research question is not specified |
The stated aim of the paper is tautological (e.g. ‘The aim of this paper is to describe what we did’) or vague (e.g. ‘We explored issues related to X’) |
The structure of the paper is chaotic (e.g. methods are described in the Results section) |
The manuscripts does not follow the journal’s instructions for authors |
The paper much exceeds the maximum number of words allowed |
The Introduction is an extensive review of the literature |
Methods, interventions and instruments are not described in sufficient detail |
Results are reported selectively (e.g. percentages without frequencies, -values without measures of effect) |
The same results appear both in a table and in the text |
Detailed tables are provided for results that do not relate to the main research question |
In the Introduction and Discussion, key arguments are not backed up by appropriate references |
References are out of date or cannot be accessed by most readers |
The Discussion does not provide an answer to the research question |
The Discussion overstates the implications of the results and does not acknowledge the limitations of the study |
The paper is written in poor English |
The research question is not specified |
The stated aim of the paper is tautological (e.g. ‘The aim of this paper is to describe what we did’) or vague (e.g. ‘We explored issues related to X’) |
The structure of the paper is chaotic (e.g. methods are described in the Results section) |
The manuscripts does not follow the journal’s instructions for authors |
The paper much exceeds the maximum number of words allowed |
The Introduction is an extensive review of the literature |
Methods, interventions and instruments are not described in sufficient detail |
Results are reported selectively (e.g. percentages without frequencies, -values without measures of effect) |
The same results appear both in a table and in the text |
Detailed tables are provided for results that do not relate to the main research question |
In the Introduction and Discussion, key arguments are not backed up by appropriate references |
References are out of date or cannot be accessed by most readers |
The Discussion does not provide an answer to the research question |
The Discussion overstates the implications of the results and does not acknowledge the limitations of the study |
The paper is written in poor English |
Huth EJ . How to Write and Publish Papers in the Medical Sciences , 2nd edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1990 .
Browner WS . Publishing and Presenting Clinical Research . Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999 .
Devers KJ , Frankel RM. Getting qualitative research published. Educ Health 2001 ; 14 : 109 –117.
Docherty M , Smith R. The case for structuring the discussion of scientific papers. Br Med J 1999 ; 318 : 1224 –1225.
Month: | Total Views: |
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December 2016 | 1 |
January 2017 | 242 |
February 2017 | 451 |
March 2017 | 632 |
April 2017 | 289 |
May 2017 | 349 |
June 2017 | 347 |
July 2017 | 752 |
August 2017 | 649 |
September 2017 | 844 |
October 2017 | 920 |
November 2017 | 1,646 |
December 2017 | 7,530 |
January 2018 | 8,339 |
February 2018 | 9,141 |
March 2018 | 13,810 |
April 2018 | 19,070 |
May 2018 | 16,599 |
June 2018 | 13,752 |
July 2018 | 12,558 |
August 2018 | 15,395 |
September 2018 | 14,283 |
October 2018 | 14,089 |
November 2018 | 17,418 |
December 2018 | 16,718 |
January 2019 | 17,941 |
February 2019 | 15,452 |
March 2019 | 17,862 |
April 2019 | 18,214 |
May 2019 | 17,643 |
June 2019 | 13,983 |
July 2019 | 13,079 |
August 2019 | 12,840 |
September 2019 | 12,724 |
October 2019 | 10,555 |
November 2019 | 9,256 |
December 2019 | 7,084 |
January 2020 | 7,476 |
February 2020 | 8,890 |
March 2020 | 8,359 |
April 2020 | 13,466 |
May 2020 | 6,115 |
June 2020 | 8,233 |
July 2020 | 7,063 |
August 2020 | 6,487 |
September 2020 | 8,284 |
October 2020 | 9,266 |
November 2020 | 10,248 |
December 2020 | 10,201 |
January 2021 | 9,786 |
February 2021 | 10,582 |
March 2021 | 10,011 |
April 2021 | 10,238 |
May 2021 | 9,880 |
June 2021 | 8,729 |
July 2021 | 6,278 |
August 2021 | 6,723 |
September 2021 | 7,704 |
October 2021 | 8,604 |
November 2021 | 9,733 |
December 2021 | 7,678 |
January 2022 | 7,286 |
February 2022 | 7,406 |
March 2022 | 8,097 |
April 2022 | 7,589 |
May 2022 | 8,337 |
June 2022 | 5,305 |
July 2022 | 3,959 |
August 2022 | 4,166 |
September 2022 | 5,435 |
October 2022 | 5,294 |
November 2022 | 5,096 |
December 2022 | 4,104 |
January 2023 | 3,550 |
February 2023 | 4,079 |
March 2023 | 4,935 |
April 2023 | 3,793 |
May 2023 | 3,689 |
June 2023 | 2,548 |
July 2023 | 2,313 |
August 2023 | 2,125 |
September 2023 | 2,172 |
October 2023 | 2,859 |
November 2023 | 2,767 |
December 2023 | 2,335 |
January 2024 | 2,825 |
February 2024 | 2,630 |
March 2024 | 2,874 |
April 2024 | 2,311 |
May 2024 | 2,108 |
June 2024 | 1,586 |
July 2024 | 8,045 |
August 2024 | 585 |
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REFERENCE FINDER
Find relevant information like your own rough draft from among the 13,004 reports available for free at NAP.edu. Copy and paste up to 8 pages of content from some other source: an outside article, a rough draft of your own, etc., then select "Find Relevant Reports".
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Experimental (Empirical) Research Articles
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How Can I Find Experimental (Empirical) Articles?
Many of the recommended databases in this research guide contain scholarly experimental articles (also known as empirical articles or research studies or primary research). Search in databases like:
- APA PsycInfo
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Because those databases are rich in scholarly experimental articles, any well-structured search that you enter will retrieve experimental/empirical articles. These searches, for example, will retrieve many experimental/empirical articles:
- caffeine AND "reaction time"
- aging AND ("cognitive function" OR "cognitive ability")
- "child development" AND play
Experimental (Empirical) Articles: How Will I Know One When I See One?
Scholarly experimental articles to conduct and publish an experiment, an author or team of authors designs an experiment, gathers data, then analyzes the data and discusses the results of the experiment. a published experiment or research study will therefore look very different from other types of articles (newspaper stories, magazine articles, essays, etc.) found in our library databases..
In fact, newspapers, magazines, and websites written by journalists report on psychology research all the time, summarizing published experiments in non-technical language for the general public. Although that kind of article can be interesting to read (and can even lead you to look up the original experiment published by the researchers themselves), to write a research paper about a psychology topic, you should, generally, use experimental articles written by researchers. The following guidelines will help you recognize an experimental article, written by the researchers themselves and published in a scholarly journal.
Structure of a Experimental Article Typically, an experimental article has the following sections:
- The author summarizes her article
- The author discusses the general background of her research topic; often, she will present a literature review, that is, summarize what other experts have written on this particular research topic
- The author describes the experiment she designed and conducted
- The author presents the data she gathered during her experiment
- The author offers ideas about the importance and implications of her research findings, and speculates on future directions that similar research might take
- The author gives a References list of sources she used in her paper
Look for articles structured in that way--they will be experimental/empirical articles.
Also, experimental/empirical articles are written in very formal, technical language (even the titles of the articles sound complicated!) and will usually contain numerical data presented in tables.
As noted above, when you search in a database like APA PsycInfo, it's really easy to find experimental/empirical articles, once you know what you're looking for. Just in case, though, here is a shortcut that might help:
First, do your keyword search, for example:
In the results screen, on the left-hand side, scroll down until you see "Methodology." You can use that menu to refine your search by limiting the articles to empirical studies only:
You can learn learn more about searching in APA PsycInfo, including advanced search limiters like methodology, age group, etc., from this APA guide .
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Your professor may tell you that you’re required to use journal articles for your research paper. You read articles all the time in magazines—but you know that’s not the sort of article your professor is looking for.
Scholarly articles are reports written by professional people who specialize in specific fields, like Caribbean history, British literature, underwater archaeology, and educational psychology.
These reports are often published in hardbound periodical journals, which look much like encyclopedias. You’ll find a section of your library dedicated to journal collections.
How to Find a Journal Article
There is a difference between finding articles that exist and actually putting your hands on an article that you discover through a search. First, you find articles that exist . Then you figure out how to get access to them.
You can find articles that exist by using a search engine. Through a search, you will find names and descriptions of articles out there in the world of academia. There will be special search engines loaded onto your library’s computers that generate article lists, based on your search criteria.
If you are at home, you can use Google Scholar to search. To use Google Scholar, enter your topic and the word “journal” in the search box. (You enter the word journal to avoid getting books.)
Example: Enter “squid beaks” and “journal” in the Google Scholar box and you will generate a list of journal articles that have something to do with squid beaks from:
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- Journal of Field Ornithology
- Antarctic Science
- Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science
- Marine Mammal Science
Once you have identified articles with a search, you may or may not be able to access the actual text online. If you are in a library, you will have better luck at this: you’ll be able to access articles that you can’t access at home because libraries have special access that individuals don’t.
To make your life easier, ask a reference librarian for help getting to a full-text journal article online. Once you access the article online, print it out and take it home with you. Make sure you note enough information to cite the article .
Finding Articles on the Shelves
If the article is not available online, you may find that is published in a bound journal that is located on the shelves of your library (your library will have a list of journals it holds). When this happens, you simply find the right volume on the shelf and go to the correct page. Most researchers like to photocopy the entire article, but you might be happy just taking notes . Be sure to record page numbers and other information you’ll need for citations.
Accessing Articles via Interlibrary Loans
Your library may hold a number of bound journals, but no library contains every journal published. Libraries buy subscriptions to articles that they think their visitors will be most interested in finding.
The good news is that you can request a printed copy of any article through a process called the interlibrary loan. If you discover an article that exists only in printed form, but it’s not in your own library, you’re still OK. A library official will help you by contacting another library and ordering a copy. This process takes a week or so, but it is a lifesaver!
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Recently published articles from subdisciplines of psychology covered by more than 90 APA Journals™ publications.
For additional free resources (such as article summaries, podcasts, and more), please visit the Highlights in Psychological Research page.
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- Moving While Black: Intergroup Attitudes Influence Judgments of Speed (PDF, 71KB) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General February 2016 by Andreana C. Kenrick, Stacey Sinclair, Jennifer Richeson, Sara C. Verosky, and Janetta Lun
- Recognition Without Awareness: Encoding and Retrieval Factors (PDF, 116KB) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition September 2015 by Fergus I. M. Craik, Nathan S. Rose, and Nigel Gopie
- The Tip-of-the-Tongue Heuristic: How Tip-of-the-Tongue States Confer Perceptibility on Inaccessible Words (PDF, 91KB) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition September 2015 by Anne M. Cleary and Alexander B. Claxton
- Cognitive Processes in the Breakfast Task: Planning and Monitoring (PDF, 146KB) Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale September 2015 by Nathan S. Rose, Lin Luo, Ellen Bialystok, Alexandra Hering, Karen Lau, and Fergus I. M. Craik
- Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge (PDF, 138KB) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General June 2015 by Matthew Fisher, Mariel K. Goddu, and Frank C. Keil
- Client Perceptions of Corrective Experiences in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Exploratory Pilot Study (PDF, 62KB) Journal of Psychotherapy Integration March 2017 by Jasmine Khattra, Lynne Angus, Henny Westra, Christianne Macaulay, Kathrin Moertl, and Michael Constantino
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Developmental Trajectories Related to Parental Expressed Emotion (PDF, 160KB) Journal of Abnormal Psychology February 2016 by Erica D. Musser, Sarah L. Karalunas, Nathan Dieckmann, Tara S. Peris, and Joel T. Nigg
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How do I find quantitative research articles?
Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data.
To locate qualitative research articles, use a subject-specific database or a general library database like Academic Search Ultimate or Google Scholar .
Finding this types of research takes a bit of investigation. Try this method.
Begin by entering your keywords and conducting a search. Example: gardening AND mental health AND students
Since quantitative research is based on the collection and analysis of data (like numbers or statistics), you will need to look at article titles and abstracts for clues. If a title or abstract contains terms like these, it's probably a quantitative research article.
- Data Analysis
- Longitudinal Studies
- Statistical Analysis
- Statistical Studies
- Statistical Surveys
You could also experiment with using one of those terms in your search query. Example: gardening AND mental health AND data analysis
See this guide from the University of Texas. Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Download this guide from Winston Salem State University Key Elements of a Research Proposal: Quantitative Design (PDF)
- 4 Campus & community resources
- 5 Campus resources
- 11 Evaluating
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Virginia Tech researchers find potential method to control mosquito populations through genetic breeding
Understanding mosquito genetics for mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue and Zika can lead to better control methods, reducing their spread around the world.
- Max Esterhuizen
25 Jul 2024
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Jiangtao Liang, left, uses a microscope to conduct mosquito research in Igor Sharakhov's lab. Photo by Max Esterhuizen for Virginia Tech.
Virginia Tech researchers have found a new way to identify genetic targets useful for control of mosquito populations, potentially offering an alternative to insecticides.
Their study, published in Communications Biology, focused on the genetic basis of species incompatibility. They crossed Ae. aegypti , a major global arboviral disease vector, and its sibling species, Ae. mascarensis , from the Indian Ocean. When offspring is crossed back with one parent, about 10 percent of the progeny becomes intersex and is unable to reproduce.
The researchers identified abnormalities in the sex determination pathways of these intersex mosquitoes. They found that these mosquitoes are genetic males but express both male and female genes, leading to mixed physical traits.
By understanding these genetic factors, they hope to develop strategies to create all-male mosquito populations, which could help control mosquito numbers by eliminating females. This research also could help identify genes affecting female mosquito behavior, aiding in future vector control methods.
These findings are significant for controlling diseases such as Zika and dengue, as better mosquito control can reduce the spread of these diseases.
Though insecticides have been relatively effective at controlling mosquito populations in the past, they are now being reevaluated as they are significantly decreasing in effectiveness and are not ecologically friendly.
“We studied the hybridization of two mosquito species, found that intersex individuals have disrupted sex determination pathways, and identified sex-specific gene expressions,” said Igor Sharakhov, one of the researchers on the project and professor of entomology and an affiliated faculty with the Fralin Life Sciences Institute . “This study can help identify new sex determination pathway genes that can be used in mosquito control strategies.”
Liang analyzes a mosquito under a microscope. Photo by Max Esterhuizen for Virginia Tech.
The researchers looked at three areas in their study:
- The morphological and anatomical level with these intersexes, including external and internal organs, especially reproductive organs
- Genes involved in the sex determination pathway, specifically three genes: one master regulator to see whether it's expressed or not and two other genes that create male-specific and female-specific splicing variants
- Overall gene expression in those mosquitoes to define what is normal and abnormal in terms of global expression of genes associated with sexual differentiation
“What we found is that the morphological abnormalities start in the pupal stage during development, and in adults, the most severe cases have both testes and ovaries in one individual, which is very unusual for these species,” Sharakhov said. “Now we want to understand what causes these abnormalities.”
The researchers found that intersex mosquitoes express both male and female variants of sex determination genes, leading to mixed morphologies. While female-biased genes are expressed normally in intersexes, male-biased genes show decreased expression in certain male reproductive parts, though testes-related genes remain at normal levels.
The study can aid mosquito control by identifying new sex determination pathway genes to create all-male populations, thereby eliminating females and reducing vector numbers. Additionally, the identification of sex-specific genes can help develop genetic constructs to manipulate traits in wild populations.
“Since the intersex is genetically male but expresses female transcripts, it provides a system to identify genes affecting female behavior, which can be useful for future vector control strategies,” said Jiangtao Liang, a postdoctoral associate in entomology. “Intersexes can serve as a valuable model for the discovery of genetic factors involved in sex determination, sexual differentiation, mating, host-seeking, and blood-biting behaviors in mosquitoes. Finding new sex determination pathway genes and their disruptions in mosquitoes will contribute to the effective control of disease vectors through genetic manipulations based on sex separation.”
For diseases such as Zika and dengue, understanding mosquito genetics can lead to better control methods, reducing the spread of disease around the world.
Tom Soladay
540-232-2501
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute
- Good Health and Well-Being
- National Institutes of Health
- Research Frontiers
- Top News College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Related Content
Best Research Topics | Inspiration & How To Select
Introduction
What makes for the best research paper topics, how do i find a unique research topic, research paper topics by subject.
Selecting a good research paper topic is a critical step in the research process . A well-chosen topic not only reflects your interests but also meets academic standards and contributes to the field. This article aims to provide clear guidance on how to identify and choose the best research paper topics. We'll discuss what makes a topic suitable, methods for finding unique topics, and offer suggestions across various research disciplines. By following these guidelines, you can develop research that is engaging, relevant, and impactful.
Choosing a valuable research paper topic involves several key considerations. A good topic should be engaging, relevant, and manageable. Here are three important aspects to keep in mind:
Relevance to current issues
A research topic that addresses current issues or emerging trends is more likely to be impactful and engaging. Topics that align with ongoing debates or significant societal challenges can attract more attention and offer practical applications. Ensuring your topic is timely and relevant can also increase the chances of your research being cited and discussed within academic and professional circles. Publishers of academic writing look more favorably on research that interests both the scientific community and the general public.
Feasibility and scope
A topic needs to be feasible in terms of available resources, time, and scope. It's important to choose a topic that can be thoroughly explored within the constraints of your project. This means considering the availability of data, the complexity of the research, and the time you have to complete it. A well-defined and manageable topic allows for a more focused and in-depth study, leading to clearer and more substantial findings. With this is mind, think about what areas of interest are within the resources at your disposal in order to determine a topic that can lead to an insightful study.
Personal interest and passion
Your interest and passion for a topic can significantly enhance the quality of your research. When you are genuinely interested in the subject matter, you are more likely to stay motivated and engaged throughout the research process . This personal connection can also lead to more original insights and a more enthusiastic presentation of your findings, making your research more compelling to readers and reviewers.
Finding a unique research topic can be challenging, but there are several strategies you can employ to identify a topic that stands out. While there are no hard and fast rules for determining the best research paper ideas, there are some useful guidelines that will help you identify interesting research topics.
Conducting a literature review
A literature review is an essential first step in finding a unique research topic. Rigorous research typically starts with a robust literature review that surveys the important theories and developments contributing to scientific knowledge. By examining existing research in your field, you can identify gaps in knowledge, unresolved questions, or areas where further exploration is needed. Reviewing current literature helps you understand what has already been studied and highlights opportunities for new research. It also ensures that your topic is relevant and contributes to the ongoing academic conversation.
When conducting a literature review, look for patterns or trends in the research. Pay attention to the conclusions and recommendations for future research provided by other scholars. These suggestions can provide valuable insights into potential research topics. Additionally, consider the methodologies used in previous studies. Exploring different research methods can inspire unique approaches to studying a topic.
Identifying important issues
Identifying important issues within your field or society can lead to compelling research topics. Start by considering current events, policy debates, or social movements that are relevant to your area of study. Topics that address significant issues are likely to be more engaging and impactful. They can also attract more interest from peers, educators, and the public.
To identify important issues, stay informed about developments in your field by reading academic journals, attending conferences, and following relevant news sources. Engage with experts and practitioners to gain insights into pressing challenges and emerging trends. Additionally, consider the broader implications of your research. Topics that have the potential to influence policy, practice, or public opinion can be particularly valuable.
Resonating with your target audience
Understanding and resonating with your target audience is crucial when selecting a research topic. Consider who will be reading your research and what their interests and concerns might be. A topic that resonates with your audience is more likely to be well-received and widely read. It can also enhance the practical relevance of your work.
To resonate with your audience, think about the demographic, professional, or academic groups that are most likely to be interested in your research. Tailor your topic to address their specific needs and interests. Engage with your audience through surveys , interviews , or discussions to gather feedback and refine your topic. This interaction can provide valuable insights and help ensure that your research is relevant and engaging.
Utilizing personal interests
Leveraging your personal interests can lead to a unique and engaging research topic. When you choose a topic that you are passionate about, you are more likely to remain motivated and committed throughout the research process. Personal interest can also inspire original perspectives and innovative approaches, making your research more distinctive.
Consider your hobbies, experiences, and areas of curiosity when selecting a research topic. Reflect on the aspects of your field that excite you the most and think about how you can explore these interests in your research. Personal connections to your topic can also make your research more enjoyable and fulfilling.
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Choosing a research paper topic can be easier when you consider specific subjects. Each field offers a variety of topics that are timely, relevant, and engaging. This section provides topic ideas across several disciplines. By exploring these suggestions, you can find inspiration for your research and identify topics that align with your academic and personal interests.
Psychology research paper topics
Psychology is a diverse field that examines the human mind and behavior, with effects on human health and interpersonal relations. Persuasive research paper topics in this area can cover a wide range of topics, from mental health issues to cognitive processes and social interactions. Here are some potential research topics in psychology:
- The impact of social media on mental health : Investigate how social media usage affects mental health outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, among different age groups.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders : Explore the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating various anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.
- The effects of childhood trauma on adult relationships : Examine how experiences of childhood trauma influence the quality and stability of relationships in adulthood, including romantic relationships and friendships.
- The role of genetics in personality development : Study the extent to which genetic factors contribute to the development of personality traits and how they interact with environmental influences.
- The psychology of decision-making and risk-taking : Analyze the cognitive processes involved in decision-making and risk-taking behavior, focusing on factors like uncertainty, reward, and individual differences.
Sociology research paper topics
Sociology explores the structure, development, and functioning of human society. It addresses issues such as social behavior, institutions, and relationships. Research papers in sociology can shed light on important social issues and contribute to policy development. Here are some potential research topics in sociology:
- The impact of economic inequality on social mobility : Examine how economic disparities affect individuals' ability to move up or down the social ladder, considering factors like education, employment opportunities, and social networks.
- The role of social media in shaping public opinion : Investigate how social media platforms influence public opinion on various issues, including politics, social justice, and health, and how this shapes societal attitudes and behaviors.
- Gender roles and expectations in contemporary society : Explore how traditional gender roles and expectations have evolved over time and their impact on individuals' life choices, career paths, and family dynamics.
- The effects of urbanization on community life : Study the consequences of urbanization on community life, including changes in social cohesion, crime rates, and community policing strategies.
- Racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system : Investigate the causes and consequences of racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system, focusing on areas such as arrest rates, sentencing, and incarceration.
Anthropology research paper topics
Anthropology studies human societies, cultures, and their development. It provides insights into the diversity of human experiences and helps us understand the complexities of different cultures. Here are some potential research topics in anthropology:
- The cultural significance of rituals and ceremonies : Investigate the role of rituals and ceremonies in various cultures, examining their functions, meanings, and impacts on social cohesion and identity.
- The effects of globalization on indigenous cultures : Study how globalization influences indigenous cultures, focusing on changes in traditional practices, languages, and social structures.
- The role of kinship in social organization : Explore how kinship systems shape social organization and relationships in different cultures, considering factors like marriage, inheritance, and social obligations.
- Human adaptation to environmental changes : Examine how human societies adapt to environmental changes, including climate change, natural disasters, and resource scarcity, and the implications for cultural survival and resilience.
- The impact of colonialism on contemporary societies : Investigate the lasting effects of colonialism on contemporary societies, including issues related to identity, economic development, and social inequality.
Education research paper topics
Education is a field that encompasses a wide range of topics related to teaching, learning, and educational systems. Research in education can address pedagogical methods, policy issues, and the social aspects of education. Here are some potential research topics in education:
- The impact of technology on student learning : Investigate how emerging technologies and digital resources affect student engagement, comprehension, and academic performance across various age groups and subjects.
- Inclusive education practices : Explore the effectiveness of inclusive education practices for students with disabilities, considering factors like teacher training, classroom accommodations, and peer interactions.
- The role of parental involvement in academic success : Examine how different forms of parental involvement, such as homework help and attendance at school events, influence elementary and middle school students' academic achievements.
- Teacher burnout and retention : Study the causes and consequences of teacher burnout, and identify strategies to improve teacher retention rates, focusing on factors like work environment, support systems, and professional development opportunities.
- Early childhood education and long-term outcomes : Analyze the long-term effects of early childhood education programs on students' academic, social, and emotional development.
Political science research paper topics
Political science examines the theory and practice of politics and government. It explores topics such as political behavior, institutions, and public policy. Research in political science can provide insights into current political issues and inform policy decisions. Here are some potential research topics in political science:
- The impact of social movements on policy change : Investigate how social movements, such as the Black Lives Matter movement, influence policy changes at local, state, and national levels.
- The role of media in political campaigns : Examine how different forms of media, including social media and traditional news outlets, affect political campaigns and voter behavior.
- Comparative analysis of democratic and authoritarian regimes : Explore the differences and similarities between democratic and authoritarian regimes, focusing on factors like governance, civil liberties, and economic development.
- The effects of political polarization on governance : Study how increasing political polarization impacts legislative processes, policymaking, and public trust in government institutions.
- The role of international organizations in global governance : Analyze the effectiveness of international organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, in addressing global issues and promoting cooperation among member states.
Public health research paper topics
Public health focuses on protecting and improving the health of communities through research, policy, and practice. It addresses a wide range of issues, including disease prevention, health promotion, and health equity. Here are some potential research topics in public health:
- The effectiveness of vaccination programs : Investigate the impact of vaccination programs on public health outcomes, considering factors like vaccine coverage, public perceptions, and disease incidence rates.
- Mental health interventions in communities : Explore the effectiveness of community-based mental health interventions, such as support groups and outreach programs, in improving mental health outcomes.
- The role of social determinants of health : Examine how social determinants, such as income, education, and housing, influence health outcomes and contribute to health disparities.
- The impact of environmental factors on health : Study how environmental factors, such as air pollution and access to green spaces, affect public health, focusing on both short-term and long-term health outcomes.
- Health communication strategies during pandemics : Analyze the effectiveness of different health communication strategies used during pandemics, such as COVID-19, in promoting public compliance with health guidelines and reducing misinformation.
Business research paper topics
Business studies cover a broad range of topics related to the management, organization, and operation of companies. Research in this field can address issues like marketing strategies, organizational behavior, and economic trends. Here are some potential research topics in business:
- The impact of digital marketing on consumer behavior : Investigate how digital marketing strategies, such as social media campaigns and targeted advertising, influence consumer purchasing decisions and brand loyalty.
- Sustainable business practices : Explore the adoption of sustainable practices in businesses, examining the drivers, challenges, and benefits of implementing environmentally friendly policies.
- The role of leadership styles in organizational performance : Study how different leadership styles, such as transformational and transactional leadership, impact employee motivation, productivity, and overall organizational performance.
- The effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on brand image : Analyze how CSR initiatives affect a company's brand image, customer loyalty, and financial performance, focusing on both successful and unsuccessful CSR efforts.
- Globalization and its impact on small businesses : Examine how globalization influences small businesses, considering factors like market access, competition, and cultural differences.
Linguistics research paper topics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing a wide range of topics related to language structure, use, and development. Research in linguistics can address issues like language acquisition, sociolinguistics, and language preservation. Here are some potential research topics in linguistics:
- Language acquisition in bilingual children : Investigate the processes and factors that influence language acquisition in bilingual children, considering both cognitive and environmental aspects.
- The impact of technology on language use : Explore how technology, such as texting and social media, affects language use and communication patterns among different age groups.
- Sociolinguistic variation in urban environments : Study the variations in language use within urban environments, focusing on factors like socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and geographic location.
- Language preservation and revitalization : Examine the efforts to preserve and revitalize endangered languages, considering the challenges and successes of various language preservation initiatives.
- The role of language in shaping cultural identity : Analyze how language contributes to the formation and expression of cultural identity, considering both individual and community perspectives.
Public policy research paper topics
Public policy involves the creation and implementation of policies that address societal issues. Research in this field can cover a variety of topics related to governance, social issues, and economic policies. Here are some potential research topics in public policy:
- The impact of healthcare reform on access to care : Investigate how recent healthcare reforms affect access to healthcare services, focusing on factors like insurance coverage, affordability, and quality of care.
- The effectiveness of criminal justice policies in reducing recidivism : Explore the effectiveness of various criminal justice policies, such as rehabilitation programs and sentencing reforms, in reducing recidivism rates among offenders.
- Education policy and its impact on student outcomes : Study how different education policies, such as funding allocations and curriculum standards, influence student outcomes, including academic achievement and graduation rates.
- Environmental policies and their impact on climate change : Analyze the effectiveness of environmental policies in mitigating climate change, focusing on initiatives like carbon pricing, renewable energy incentives, and conservation efforts.
- The role of public policy in addressing income inequality : Examine how public policies, such as tax reforms and social welfare programs, address income inequality and their impact on economic mobility and social equity.
Biology research paper topics
Biology is a field that studies living organisms and their interactions with the environment. While much of biological research is quantitative , there are many areas where qualitative methods can provide valuable insights. Here are some potential research topics in biology:
- Ethnobotany and traditional medicinal practices : Investigate how indigenous communities use local plants for medicinal purposes, exploring the cultural significance and knowledge transmission of these practices.
- Human-wildlife conflict management : Study the strategies and perceptions of local communities in managing conflicts with wildlife, focusing on conservation efforts and sustainable coexistence.
- Environmental education and community engagement : Examine how environmental education programs influence community attitudes and behaviors towards conservation and sustainability.
- The role of cultural beliefs in biodiversity conservation : Explore how cultural beliefs and practices impact biodiversity conservation efforts, considering both positive and negative influences.
- Qualitative assessments of ecosystem services : Investigate how different communities perceive and value ecosystem services, such as clean water, pollination, and recreational spaces, and their implications for conservation policies.
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Still, Google Books is a great first step to find sources that you can later look for at your campus library. 6. Science.gov. If you're looking for scientific research, Science.gov is a great option. The site provides full-text documents, scientific data, and other resources from federally funded research.
Assessment of weight change patterns following Roux en Y gastric bypass, one anastomosis gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy using change-point analysis. Paria Boustani. Ali Sheidaei. Abdolreza ...
DOAJ: Any document you find on this academic database is open access and can be accessed free of charge. 8. JSTOR. JSTOR is another great resource to find research papers. Any article published before 1924 in the United States is available for free and JSTOR also offers scholarships for independent researchers. Coverage: more than 12 million items
Breaking science news and articles on global warming, extrasolar planets, stem cells, bird flu, autism, nanotechnology, dinosaurs, evolution -- the latest discoveries ...
Read the latest Research articles from Nature. FANCD2-FANCI is a sliding clamp that diffuses on double-stranded DNA but stalls when it reaches a single-stranded gap, providing a unified ...
A 20-page article may perfectly fit a researcher's needs. Sustaining that argument for 200 pages might be unnecessary -- or impossible. The quality of a research article and the legitimacy of its findings are verified by other scholars, prior to publication, through a rigorous evaluation method called peer-review. This seal of approval by other ...
Access 160+ million publications and connect with 25+ million researchers. Join for free and gain visibility by uploading your research.
Search Help. Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more. Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the following options in the left sidebar: click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.
Science News features daily news articles, feature stories, reviews and more in all disciplines of science, as well as Science News magazine archives back to 1924.
To search for scholarly articles in HOLLIS, type your keywords in the box at the top, and select Catalog&Articles from the choices that appear next. On the search results screen, look for the Show Only section on the right and click on Peer-reviewed articles. (Make sure to login in with your HarvardKey to get full-text of the articles that ...
Your research is stuck, and you need to find new sources. Take a look at our compilation of free academic search engines: Google Scholar BASE CORE Science.gov The best research databases for computer science [Update 2024]
Its search feature allows users to explore content, view excerpts, and locate academic publications, making it a valuable resource for scholars, researchers, and students. 10. ProQuest. An extensive digital library offering access to a vast array of scholarly journals, articles, and books across multiple disciplines.
Get the latest research updates, subscribe to our newsletter. Open access publisher of peer-reviewed scientific articles across the entire spectrum of academia. Research network for academics to stay up-to-date with the latest scientific publications, events, blogs and news.
Help finding articles. You can use UC Library Search on the Library homepage to search across various book and article databases simultaneously. To find the best resources for your topic, you might want to go directly to a specific database. Find the best database (s) for your research topic: General article databases are a good place to start ...
ReferenceDesk.org: Dubbed "The Internet's Best Reference Source," this extremely useful web directory provides everything from business and finance information to federal government resources, scholarship details, links to newspapers and calendars, search engines, and more. Ask the Space Expert: NASA's source for space and science research help.
Academic search engine for students and researchers. Locates relevant academic search results from web pages, books, encyclopedias, and journals.
Some tips for getting from this beginning research to finding "good" sources include the following. Make a list of research terms you can use when searching in the library or even online. Start with your core list, but also add other keywords and phrases that you notice as you research. Also, when you find a good source, look to see if it ...
The typical research paper is a highly codified rhetorical form [1, 2]. Knowledge of the rules—some explicit, others implied—goes a long way toward writing a paper that will get accepted in a peer-reviewed journal. Primacy of the research question. A good research paper addresses a specific research question.
"Find More Like" your own rough draft from among thousands of reports from The National Academies Press, or build rich searches for Google, Yahoo, MSN, or the Press. Copy and paste up to 8 pages of content from some other source: an outside article, a rough draft of your own, etc., then select a search option.
A published experiment or research study will therefore look very different from other types of articles (newspaper stories, magazine articles, essays, etc.) found in our library databases. In fact, newspapers, magazines, and websites written by journalists report on psychology research all the time, summarizing published experiments in non ...
To use Google Scholar, enter your topic and the word "journal" in the search box. (You enter the word journal to avoid getting books.) Example: Enter "squid beaks" and "journal" in the Google Scholar box and you will generate a list of journal articles that have something to do with squid beaks from: International Journal of Zoology.
Recently published articles from subdisciplines of psychology covered by more than 90 APA Journals™ publications. For additional free resources (such as article summaries, podcasts, and more), please visit the Highlights in Psychological Research page. Browse and read free articles from APA Journals across the field of psychology, selected by ...
To locate qualitative research articles, use a subject-specific database or a general library database like Academic Search Ultimate or Google Scholar. Finding this types of research takes a bit of investigation. Try this method. Begin by entering your keywords and conducting a search. Since quantitative research is based on the collection and ...
The study can aid mosquito control by identifying new sex determination pathway genes to create all-male populations, thereby eliminating females and reducing vector numbers. Additionally, the identification of sex-specific genes can help develop genetic constructs to manipulate traits in wild populations.
A good topic should be engaging, relevant, and manageable. Here are three important aspects to keep in mind: ... By exploring these suggestions, you can find inspiration for your research and identify topics that align with your academic and personal interests. Psychology research paper topics. Psychology is a diverse field that examines the ...