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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

January 16, 2023

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The History of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Brundtland commission.

In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development , later known as the Brundtland Commission . It defined sustainable development as “ meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs “.

UNCED or Earth Summit 1992, Rio De Janeiro Brazil

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) is popularly known as Earth Summit 1992 . It raised public awareness of the need to integrate environment & (sustainable) development .

Significance of Earth Summit 1992

Rio Declaration: Principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development .
Agenda 21 : Non-binding action plan of the United Nations regarding sustainable development .
Forest Principles: Non-legally binding document on the Conservation and Sustainable Development of all types of forests .

UN Agenda 21

Agenda 21 (an agenda for the 21 st century) is a non-binding action plan of the UN related to sustainable development . It aims to achieve global sustainable development.

As a follow-up to UNCED , the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10) was held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa . In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20/Rio Earth Summit 2012) was also held in Rio, Brazil .

Rio+10 (2002) or Earth Summit 2002

Rio+10 affirmed the UN commitment to Agenda 21, alongside the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) . The ensuing Johannesburg Declaration committed the nations of the world towards sustainable development.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015

MGDs had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. The SDGs replaced the MDGs (eight development goals for 2015) in 2016.

Millennium Development Goals aimed to:

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Achieve universal primary education.
Promote gender equality and empower women.
Reduce child mortality.
Improve maternal health.
Combat HIV/aids, malaria, and other diseases.
Ensure environmental sustainability.
Develop a global partnership for development.

Rio+20 (2012) or Earth Summit 2012

Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the Earth Summit 1992 and a 10-year follow-up to the Earth Summit 2002. It is also known as Rio 2012 or Earth Summit 2012. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at Rio+20 . Since 2015, Sustainable Development Goals are included in the Agenda 2030 .

Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE)

PAGE, launched in 2013, is a direct response to the Rio+20 Declaration, The Future We Want . It seeks to assist countries in achieving SDG (2030 Agenda), especially SDG 8: “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment.”

2015, Paris

UN Agenda 2030 – Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDGs are a collection of 17 global goals , and their 169 targets , set by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2015 for the year 2030 (UNGA resolution “2030 Agenda”) . They aim at eradicating poverty in all forms and “seek to realise the human rights of all and achieve gender equality”.

sustainable development goals essay upsc

Goal 1: No Poverty

“End poverty in all its forms everywhere” by

Ensuring equal rights to ownership, essential services, technology, and economic resources.
Building resilience to environmental, economic, and social disasters.

Goal 2: Zero Hunger

“End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture “ by

Doubling agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers (women, tribals, etc.) by increasing access to land and eliminating wastage.
Maintaining the genetic diversity of seeds and improving land and soil quality.
Preventing trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets.

Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being

“Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages” by

Reducing maternal mortality and ending all preventable deaths under five years of age.
Reducing mortality from communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Preventing and treating substance abuse.
Promoting mental health.
Reducing road injuries and deaths.
Granting universal access to sexual and reproductive care , family planning and education.
Achieving universal health coverage.
Reducing illnesses and deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution.
Implementing the Who framework convention on tobacco control.
Supporting research, development and universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines.
Increasing the health financing and workforce in developing countries.
Improving early warning systems for global health risks.

Goal 4: Quality Education

“Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” by

Providing free, equal access to pre-primary, primary and secondary education, and affordable technical, vocational, and higher education.
Expanding higher education scholarships and increasing the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries.

Goal 5: Gender Equality

“Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” by

Ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.
Ending violence and exploitation of women and girls.
Eliminating harmful practices such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.
Increasing the value of unpaid care (domestic chores) and promoting shared domestic responsibilities .
Ensuring full participation of women in leadership and decision-making.
Ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health .
Fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services for women.
Promoting empowerment of women through technology.
Adopting, strengthening policies, and enforcing legislation for gender equality .

Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

“ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” by.

Providing safe and affordable drinking water.
Ending open defecation and providing access to sanitation and hygiene.
Ensuring equitable sanitation for addressing the specific needs of women and girls, disabled, age, etc.
Improving water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse.
Increasing water-use efficiency and ensuring freshwater supplies.
Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) .
Protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems.
IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare equitably without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

“ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all” by increasing the share of renewable energy., goal 8: jobs and growth.

“Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment” by

Improving resource efficiency in consumption and production.
Providing full employment and decent work with equal pay.
Promoting youth employment, education, and training.
Ending modern slavery , trafficking, and child labour.
Protecting labour rights and promoting safe working environments.
Promoting beneficial and sustainable tourism.
Ensuring universal access to banking, insurance, and financial services.

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

“Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation” by

Increasing access to financial services and markets.
Supporting domestic technology development and industrial diversification.
Ensuring universal access to information and communications technology.

Goal 10: Reduced Inequality

“Reduce income inequality within and among countries” by

Promoting universal social, economic and political inclusion.
Ensuring equal opportunities and ending discrimination.
Improving regulation of global financial markets and institutions.
Enhancing representation for developing countries in financial institutions.
Framing responsible and well-managed migration policies.
Reducing transaction costs for migrant remittances.

Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

“Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable” by

Enabling affordable housing, transport systems, and sustainable urbanisation.
Protecting the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
Reducing the adverse effects of natural disasters.
Reducing the environmental impacts and providing access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces.

Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

“Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns” by

Achieving sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.
Reducing by half the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and the reduction of food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
Achieving environmentally sound management of chemicals and wastes throughout their life cycle.
Reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse.
Removing market distortions, like fossil fuel subsidies, that encourage wasteful consumption.

Goal 13: Climate Action

“Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy “ by

Strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters.
Integrating climate change measures into policies and planning.
Building knowledge and capacity to meet climate change.
Implementing the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) .

Goal 14: Life Below Water

“Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development” by

Reducing marine pollution and ocean acidification and protecting and restoring ecosystems.
Supporting sustainable fishing and small-scale fishers .
Ending subsidies contributing to overfishing
Increasing the economic benefits from the sustainable use of marine resources.

Goal 15: Life on Land

“Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss” by

Conserving and restoring terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems.
Ending desertification and restoring degraded land.
Conserving mountain ecosystems, biodiversity , and natural habitats.
Reducing urbanisation .
Protecting access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits .
Eliminating poaching and trafficking of protected species.
Preventing invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems.
Increasing financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystems and biodiversity.
Financing and incentivising sustainable forest management.

Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

“Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels” by

Protecting children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence.
Promoting the rule of law and ensuring equal access to justice.
Combating organised crime and illicit financial and arms flows.
Substantially reducing corruption and bribery.
Developing effective, accountable, and transparent institutions.
Ensuring responsive, inclusive, and representative decision-making.
Providing universal legal identity.
Ensuring public access to information and protecting fundamental freedoms.

Goal 17: Partnership for the Goals

“Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development” by

Assisting developing countries in attaining debt sustainability.
Investing in least-developed countries.
Knowledge sharing and cooperation for access to science, technology, and innovation.
Promoting sustainable technologies to developing countries.
Promoting a universal trading system under the WTO .
Removing trade barriers for least-developed countries.

refers to the maximum levels of the ecological/ services that an ecosystem can offer . Beyond the carrying capacity, the ecosystem is s . Examples: causing it to sink).

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EDITORIAL ANALYSIS : India, its SDG pledge goal, and the strategy to apply

Source: The Hindu

Prelims: Current events of international importance, SDG, covid-19, G20, G7, etc.
Mains GS Paper II: Bilateral, regional and global grouping and agreements involving India or affecting India’s interests, Significance of G20 countries etc

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

He expressed concern that “progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) seems to be slowing down”.

INSIGHTS ON THE ISSUE

Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs):

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) , also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 .
A universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
It is a set of 17 SDGs which recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others and that development must balance social, economic, and environmental sustainability.
Countries have committed to prioritizing progress for those who are furthest behind.
The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women.
The SDGs framework sets targets for 231 unique indicators across 17 SDG goals related to economic development, social welfare and environmental sustainability, to be met by 2030.

India’s progress(On 33 welfare indicators , covering nine SDGs):

neonatal and under-five mortality
full vaccination
improved sanitation
electricity access
They have substantially improved in the last five years.
Neonatal and under-five mortality are currently both ‘On-Target’ for the country, 286 and 208 districts (out of 707 districts), respectively, are not.
Significant progress on access to improved sanitation excludes 129 district s that are not on course to meet this SDG indicator.
Indicators such as eliminating adolescent pregnancy, reducing multidimensional poverty, and women having bank accounts have improved across a vast majority of the districts between the years 2016 and 2021.
Despite a national policy push for clean fuel for cooking, more than two-thirds (479) of districts remain ‘Off-Target’.
Some 415 and 278 districts are ‘Off-Target’ for improved water and handwashing facilities,

Major concerns regarding women:

At the current pace, more than three-fourths (539) of districts will not be able to reduce the prevalence of girl child marriage to the SDG target of 5(zero point five)% by 2030.
Critical and related indicators such as teenage pregnancy (15-19 years) and partner violence (physical and sexual) continues.
Despite the overall expansion of mobile phone access in India (93% of households) , only 56% women report owning a mobile phone, with 567 districts remaining ‘Off-Target’

Lessons from the COVID-19 approach:

Designing and implementing a policy response t o a pressing issue is best viewed as an “optimisation problem” relying on political will, responsive administration, adequate resources, and sound data.
India adopted an “optimisation” approach to the COVID-19 pandemic and thus, it was given the focus and resources necessary to succeed.
It was critical to the success of both India’s COVID-19 vaccination programme and its efficient rollout of a comprehensive relief package.
The political-administrative synergy was willing to learn and undertake course corrections in real-time.
Following these examples, India must put in place a coordinated, public data platform for population health management
By consolidating its many siloed platforms into an integrated digital resource for district administrators, as well as State and national policy makers.
It was a mix of spending to provide direct in-kind and economic support
Measures aimed at revitalizing the economy, small businesses, and agriculture.
This was critical in blunting the adverse effects of COVID-19, especially for vulnerable and the socio-economically disadvantaged groups.
It measurably demonstrated the value of a proactive, government-supported programme specifically aimed at improving people’s well-being.

Way Forward

There is considerable confidence in India becoming the third largest economy in the world over the next decade.
Creating a mission-oriented ethos that is assessment-oriented and which provides adequate support for accomplishing India’s district-level SDGs is now urgently needed.
India needs to innovate a new policy path in order to meet the aspirations of its people in the decade ahead
To succeed in meeting its SDG targets, especially those related to population health and well-being, basic quality infrastructure, and gender equality , a similar concerted, pioneering, nation-wide effort would be the need of the hour.

QUESTION FOR PRACTICE

Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment.(UPSC 2022) (200 WORDS, 10 MARKS)

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Sustainable Development Essay

500+ words essay on sustainable development.

Sustainable development is a central concept. It is a way of understanding the world and a method for solving global problems. The world population continues to rise rapidly. This increasing population needs basic essential things for their survival such as food, safe water, health care and shelter. This is where the concept of sustainable development comes into play. Sustainable development means meeting the needs of people without compromising the ability of future generations. In this essay on sustainable development, students will understand what sustainable development means and how we can practise sustainable development. Students can also access the list of CBSE essay topics to practise more essays.

What Does Sustainable Development Means?

The term “Sustainable Development” is defined as the development that meets the needs of the present generation without excessive use or abuse of natural resources so that they can be preserved for the next generation. There are three aims of sustainable development; first, the “Economic” which will help to attain balanced growth, second, the “Environment”, to preserve the ecosystem, and third, “Society” which will guarantee equal access to resources to all human beings. The key principle of sustainable development is the integration of environmental, social, and economic concerns into all aspects of decision-making.

Need for Sustainable Development?

There are several challenges that need attention in the arena of economic development and environmental depletion. Hence the idea of sustainable development is essential to address these issues. The need for sustainable development arises to curb or prevent environmental degradation. It will check the overexploitation and wastage of natural resources. It will help in finding alternative sources to regenerate renewable energy resources. It ensures a safer human life and a safer future for the next generation.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need to keep sustainable development at the very core of any development strategy. The pandemic has challenged the health infrastructure, adversely impacted livelihoods and exacerbated the inequality in the food and nutritional availability in the country. The immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic enabled the country to focus on sustainable development. In these difficult times, several reform measures have been taken by the Government. The State Governments also responded with several measures to support those affected by the pandemic through various initiatives and reliefs to fight against this pandemic.

How to Practise Sustainable Development?

The concept of sustainable development was born to address the growing and changing environmental challenges that our planet is facing. In order to do this, awareness must be spread among the people with the help of many campaigns and social activities. People can adopt a sustainable lifestyle by taking care of a few things such as switching off the lights when not in use; thus, they save electricity. People must use public transport as it will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. They should save water and not waste food. They build a habit of using eco-friendly products. They should minimise waste generation by adapting to the principle of the 4 R’s which stands for refuse, reduce, reuse and recycle.

The concept of sustainable development must be included in the education system so that students get aware of it and start practising a sustainable lifestyle. With the help of empowered youth and local communities, many educational institutions should be opened to educate people about sustainable development. Thus, adapting to a sustainable lifestyle will help to save our Earth for future generations. Moreover, the Government of India has taken a number of initiatives on both mitigation and adaptation strategies with an emphasis on clean and efficient energy systems; resilient urban infrastructure; water conservation & preservation; safe, smart & sustainable green transportation networks; planned afforestation etc. The Government has also supported various sectors such as agriculture, forestry, coastal and low-lying systems and disaster management.

Students must have found this essay on sustainable development useful for practising their essay writing skills. They can get the study material and the latest updates on CBSE/ICSE/State Board/Competitive Exams, at BYJU’S.

Frequently Asked Questions on Sustainable development Essay

Why is sustainable development a hot topic for discussion.

Environment change and constant usage of renewable energy have become a concern for all of us around the globe. Sustainable development must be inculcated in young adults so that they make the Earth a better place.

What will happen if we do not practise sustainable development?

Landfills with waste products will increase and thereby there will be no space and land for humans and other species/organisms to thrive on.

What are the advantages of sustainable development?

Sustainable development helps secure a proper lifestyle for future generations. It reduces various kinds of pollution on Earth and ensures economic growth and development.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Progress, Impact and Challenges

Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 interrelated goals. Check here all about the India's SDG Progress and associated challenges to SDGs.

Table of Contents

Context : Recently, NITI Aayog released its 4th evaluation report on India’s progress on the 16 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015.

India’s SDG Progress: Key Data from The Report

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Impact and Challenges_4.1

Overall India Score

2023-24 : 71 points out of 100
2020-21: 66 points out of 100

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Impact and Challenges_5.1

Kerala : 79 points out of 100
Uttarakhand : 79 points
Bihar : 57 points
Jharkhand : 62 points
Punjab : Increased by 8 points to 76
Manipur : Increased by 8 points to 72
West Bengal: Increased by 8 points to 70
Assam : Increased by 8 points to 65

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Impact and Challenges_6.1

Decent Work and Economic Growth
Life on Land
Gender Equality
Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
Reduced Inequalities : Decreased from 67 points in 2020-21 to 65 points in 2022-23
Gender Equality: Lowest score of 49 points, increased by 1 point from 2020-21
Zero Poverty : Increased by 8 points to 72
Zero Hunger : Increased by 5 points to 52
Quality of Education: Increased by 4 points to 61.

Related information:

The report noted a slight drop in the ratio of women’s earnings compared to men, from 0.75 in 2020-21 to 0.73.

Read this article below to learn all about the Sustainable Development Goals that were adopted by the United Nations in 2015. SDGs) are a significant topic for the UPSC Syllabus . The UPSC Mock Test can help candidates prepare for the exam with more precision.

Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), commonly referred to as the Global Goals, are a collection of 17 interconnected objectives that serve as a shared framework for world peace and prosperity both now and in the future.

A method called sustainable development tries to meet human development goals while letting natural systems meet human demands for vital ecosystem functions and natural resources. The term “sustainable development” was originally used in the 1987 report Our Common Future by the Brundtland Commission. Sustainable development (SD) refers to a coordinated Endeavour to build an equitable, sustainable, and resilient future for people and the earth.

Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprints for attaining a better, more sustainable future for everyone. In other words, the Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 pointers that all UN members have agreed to work towards to better the future of their respective nations. In the film “Future We Want,” which was shown at the Rio+20 conferences, a post-2015 development agenda was suggested.

As the post-2015 development agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an intergovernmental agreement that takes the role of the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations General Assembly’s Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Objectives established 17 goals with 169 targets and 304 indicators that must be achieved by 2030.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, often known as “Transforming Our World,” was formed during the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit. The SDGs, which are non-binding documents, were developed by the Rio+20 summits in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.

17 Sustainable Development Goals List

The United Nations created the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a list of 17 objectives, as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015. By 2030, the SDGs seek to eradicate poverty, safeguard the environment, and promote prosperity for all. The 17 goals are:


1.	No Poverty
2.	Zero Hunger
3.	Good Health and Well-being
4.	Quality Education
5.	Gender Equality
6.	Clean Water and Sanitation
7.	Affordable and Clean Energy
8.	Decent Work and Economic Growth
9.	Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10.	Reduced Inequalities
11.	Sustainable Cities and Communities
12.	Responsible Consumption and Production
13.	Climate Action
14.	Life Below Water
15.	Life On Land
16.	Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
17.	Partnerships for the Goals

The SDGs are interconnected and are intended to address some of the most important issues facing the globe today, including violence, poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation. Collaboration and engagement between governments, civic society, the private sector, and individuals are necessary to achieve the SDGs.

Sustainable Development Goal Explanations

No Poverty: Put an end to poverty in all its manifestations worldwide.
Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve greater nutrition and food security, and advance sustainable agriculture.
Good Health & well-being: Ensure healthy lifestyles and encourage well-being for everyone of all ages.
Quality Education: Make sure all students have access to high-quality, inclusive education, and encourage possibilities for lifelong learning.
Gender Equality: Obtain gender parity and give all women and girls more power.
Clean Water and Sanitation: Make sure that everyone has access to water and is managed sustainably.
Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure that everyone has access to modern, sustainable, cheap energy.
Decent Work and Economic Growth: Encourage consistent, equitable, and sustainable economic growth, complete and productive employment, and respectable employment for all.
Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Construction of robust infrastructure, encouragement of inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and support of innovation.
Reduced Inequality: Lessen inequality both within and across nations
Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make human settlements and cities inclusive, secure, hardy, and sustainable.
Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable patterns of production and consumption.
Climate Action: To combat climate change and its effects, take immediate action.
Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
Life on land: Protect, restore, and encourage sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably managed forests, fight against desertification, and prevent, reverse, and stop biodiversity loss.
Peace, justice, and strong institutions: Promote inclusive and peaceful societies for sustainable development, ensure that everyone has access to justice, and create inclusive institutions at all levels.
Partnership for the goals: the global collaboration for sustainable development should be strengthened and revitalized.

Sustainable Development Goals Core Elements

In order to build a more sustainable future for all people, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a set of global goals known as the Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs. The main components of these sustainable development objectives are listed below.

Economic Growth

The SDGs seek to advance sustainable economic growth that benefits all people, especially the most marginalized and vulnerable. This includes making sure that economic growth is inclusive, abundant in jobs, and long-term sustainable.

Social Inclusion

By guaranteeing that everyone has an equal opportunity to engage in the economy and society, regardless of their background or circumstances, sustainable development goals seek to promote social inclusion. Addressing challenges like poverty, injustice, and discrimination is part of this.

Environmental Sustainability

By encouraging sustainable development that preserves and regenerates the natural environment, sustainable development goals seek to safeguard the world and its resources for coming generations. Addressing problems like climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and land degradation is part of this.

Sustainable Development Goals in India

India is a UN member and a participant in the UN General Assembly’s SDG project. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index Baseline Report, which examines the nation’s development in detail, was also released by the NITI Aayog. The progress India has made towards achieving these 17 Sustainable Development Goals is detailed here; The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) was implemented across the nation to give unskilled labourers meaningful employment while also raising their level of living.

The National Food Security Act was put into place to guarantee affordable access to food grains for everyone. To end open defecation in India, the government of India established its flagship program, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The target generation of renewable energy is 175 GW. By adopting renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, and others, we can lessen our reliance on non-renewable resources like fossil fuels by the year 2022.

The Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) programs were introduced to enhance the nation’s infrastructure. India has made clear that it is determined to combat climate change after signing the Paris Agreement.

Sustainable Development Goals Significance

The goal of sustainable development is to balance social, economic, and environmental concerns in order to build a more sustainable future. Many factors make sustainable development vital, including In order to reduce the detrimental effects of human activity on natural resources, sustainable development emphasizes sustainable practices.

Additionally, it raises economic growth, creates jobs, and raises people’s standards of living. By minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, boosting resource efficiency, and reducing waste, sustainable development encourages the efficient use of resources. Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and supporting sustainable transportation systems, also combats climate change.

Sustainable Development Goals Impact

By 2030, sustainable development objectives are expected to improve the quality of life on Earth. The plan was approved in 2015, and reports provided by the UNDP up until 2020 show that numerous activities have been made for the benefit of the country and an increase in people’s standard of living worldwide.

The Maternal Mortality Rate has decreased as a result of the Sustainable Development Goals, which have also helped to alleviate poverty, enhance public health, raise awareness of both communicable and non-communicable diseases, as well as the importance of childhood vaccinations. Better medications are being developed, and mental illness is also being prioritized as a serious concern.

Overall, the Sustainable Development Goals aim to improve the quality of life for all by removing poverty, enhancing health, creating jobs, empowering women, reducing inequalities, and adhering to all seventeen targets set by the UN within the allotted time period of 15 years.

Sustainable Development Goals Challenges

Setting larger-scale sustainable development objectives presents some difficulties. The biggest obstacles occasionally prevent the achievement of the objectives for sustainable development.

The achievement of sustainable development goals is hampered by the continuation of inequality in some nations.
The youth unemployment rate.
The acceleration of the growth in CO2 concentrations and global warming.
The deterioration of ocean chemistry

Sustainable Development Goals 2030

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDGs were introduced by the United Nations (UN) in order to mainstream sustainable development. Over the next 15 years, this global, integrated, and revolutionary agenda intends to inspire activities that will end poverty and create a more sustainable society.

By 2030, there are 169 particular goals that must be accomplished. Action is needed on all fronts to achieve the goals; everyone has a part to play, including businesses, governments, civil society organizations, and everyday people.

Sustainable Development Goals UPSC

The UPSC may ask questions related to the SDGs, such as the 17 goals and their targets, the progress made towards achieving the SDGs, challenges in implementing the SDGs, and the role of various stakeholders in achieving the SDGs. To prepare for questions related to the SDGs, it is important to have a clear understanding of each of the 17 goals and their targets, as well as the interlinkages between them. Students can read all the details related to UPSC by visiting the official website of StudyIQ UPSC Online Coaching.

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Sustainable Development Goals FAQs

What are the sustainable development goals.

SDGs are to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all stages.

What is sustainable development goal 15?

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Who first proposed SDG?

The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'.

What are the major goals of sustainable development goals 2030?

The Global Goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development seek to end poverty and hunger, realize the human rights of all, achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.

Who is responsible for SDG in India?

NITI Aayog, the Government of India's premier think tank.

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Summary Of Sustainable Developement

Sustainable development is a multifaceted concept. It can be defined in many ways, but the definition given by the Brundtland Report is most suitable. According to it, “ Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own.” This concept of development tries to strike a balance between economic development, environmental preservation, and social well-being. Sustainability is the end goal, but sustainable development provides the pathways to achieve it. The concept of sustainable development emerged in the 1970s. In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that can serve as a guide to achieving sustainable development at the global level. The SDG framework enables policymakers to align their development priorities with these global goals and address global challenges in a sustainable manner. India has fully adopted this framework and redefined development policies and metrics for monitoring development progress.

1) What is the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for ending hunger ?

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 is to “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”.

2) What is the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for ending poverty ?

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1 is to “End poverty in all its forms everywhere”.

3) What is the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for gender equality ?

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 is to “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”.

4) Who is entrusted with the responsibility of coordinating effort to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ?

In India, NITI aayog is in charge of coordinating efforts in achieving the SDG

5) What is the target year and implementation period for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ?

SDGs are to be achieved with the target year as 2030. Implementation period for SDGs is 2016-2030.

6) What is sustainable development ?

According to the Brundtland Report, “ Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own.”

Background Of Sustainable Developement

In 1972, there was the first major conference on environmental issues organised by the UN in Stockholm, Sweden, known as the Stockholm Conference. In this conference, the theme of sustainable development was brought into focus. This marked a major shift in global environmental politics. Following this, in 1987, the UN released ‘Our Common Future’, popularly known as the Brundtland Report, which defined sustainable development. It proposed that the issues of development and environment must be discussed as one single issue. 13 years later, at the Millennium Conference in the year 2000, world leaders ratified the ‘Millennium Declaration’ and committed to helping achieve the ‘Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)’ by 2015. Although there was a concerted effort to achieve the MDGs before the 2015 deadline, it is largely agreed that the progress made was uneven and inadequate. Therefore, the SDGs were proposed for the post-MDG era as they were more comprehensive in their approach to sustainable development.

Introduction Of Sustainable Developement

Three dimensions of sustainable development are economic development, environmental protection and social well-being. All three must be balanced.

Agenda 21 Of SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Following the Brundtland Report, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Earth Summit, was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Among other major developments, a major framework for sustainable development was charted out, which was called Agenda 21. It was a call for action to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century. It advocated for a comprehensive action plan to be drawn up at the global, national, sub-national, and local levels. It was non-binding for the member nations, but it provided a roadmap for future discourse on the concept of sustainable development.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

8 goals, 21 targets, and 60 indicators to be achieved by 2015.
However these goals were not achieved as the main stakeholders, the developing countries were not consulted during drawing them up. This led to lack of ownership for them at the national level. The goals were also not harmonised, some like gender equity and environmental sustainability were just left behind. And the biggest issue was inadequate funding.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)/ Agenda 2030

In the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, the world leaders decided to build upon the MDGs and a new post MDG framework was developed. The UN approved the Agenda 2030 or SDGs which were an improvement on the MDGs.
Seventeen Goals: The SDG framework contains 17 goals, 169 targets and 232 indicators. They are not legally binding.
Five Pillars: 17 SDGs can be categorised under five pillars namely people, prosperity, planet, peace and partnership.
The SDGs are more inclusive and provide for participation of all including governments, civil society, corporations, etc.

Intragenerational and Intergenerational Equity

Intragenerational equity refers to an approach where there is fairness and justice in the distribution and access to resources. It ensures that there is inclusive development and that no one is left behind in the development process. This concept is also enshrined in our Constitution. Governments, both state and central, aim for intragenerational equity through various social justice schemes and targeted service delivery.
Intergenerational equity, on the other hand, advocates for the fair use of resources by one generation so that they are also available for the next generations. It is the same concept that was enumerated in the Brundtland Commission that there must be restricted and mindful use of resources without compromising current and future developmental needs.

Benefits and Challenges of SDGs

Benefits	and and reducing inequality. of goals.
Challenges	in the West Asia and and between various levels of government. in climate change mitigation and adaptation.

India and SDGs

SDG India Index was also set up and a Second Voluntary National Review (VNR) to present progress of different goals.
National Indicator Framework (NIF), developed by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ( MoSPI ) in consultation with NITI Aayog. It provides an assessment framework for various SDGs at all levels. MoSPI also publishes progress reports on NIF for SDGs based on the latest data provided by the ministries which helps in monitoring progress on SDGs.
State Level Monitoring: States/UTs also monitor the progress of SDGs at the state and sub-state level.
Government of India-United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (UNSCDF) 2023-2027: NITI Aayog and the UN in India signed UNSCDF 2023-2027. It will focus on four interlinked pillars of the SDGs: people, prosperity, planet, and participation. For the first time, GoI-UNSCDF will focus on SDG localisation and South-South cooperation, and India’s model of development will be showcased on the world stage.

Efforts by India to Achieve the SDGs

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Sustainable Development Goals	India’s Policy and Government Schemes addressing SDGs	Progress According to VNR 2020
End poverty in its all forms	(Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna). (Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna) (Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojna) part of Ayushman Bharat	in person days of employment generated: from (1.2 million in 2014-15 to and reducing inequality. bank accounts) opened between 2014 and 2020. are provided with health cover of in wage/salaried jobs increased to (from 13% in 2011-12)
End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture		NFSA beneficiaries in 2018-19. of ration cards. for ration card portability to benefit 1 population. for all rabi and kharif crops. distributed in Agriculture per worker increased to (from INR 57,087 in 2011-12).
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages		Health and Wellness centres. health cover to a family. reduced to (from 130 in 2014-16). improved to
Ensure inclusive education and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all		are formally in Language and Mathematics achieved: at Class 3 at Class 5 at Class 8 trained under PMKVY.
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls		under Mudra Yojna are at birth is at bank-linked SHGs ( ) with an annual credit
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all		of the population has an of drinking water. in rural areas in 2019 (from 38.7% in 2014-15). of school girls have separate toilets.
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all		in rural India are solar power tariff by using plug and play model.
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all		number of was disbursed under the MUDRA scheme.
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation		of construction of National Highways and of road construction in 2018-19. of of major ports in 2019. of the ship improved to in 2018-19. increased to in 2019.
Reduce inequality within among countries		of the allocated for SCs and STs welfare schemes in 2017-18. LFPR of that of Male LFPR. in PRIs held by belong to communities in 2018-19. in state legislative assemblies are occupied by
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable		(USD 26.7 billion) are at various stages of implementation. metro rail lines under construction in 27 cities. completed.
Ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern		in the world in land under of waste in 75% of the municipal wards. distributed .
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts		of the Total Electricity Generated is from renewable sources. in emission intensity of GDP. smart street lights installed.
SDG 2 ZERO HUNGER		area cover in 2019. cover area. in fishing in 2017-18.
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forest, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss		under (one fifth of India’s geographical area). of land to be and achieve
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all the levels		has from in 2018-19 increased to 3246 from 3114 in 2017-18. transactions in 2019-20.
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development		in the last six years, to (USD 23 billion) by using to 64 countries. over a decade to the

Conclusion For Sustainable Developement

Quality of the data collected.
Roadblocks in capacity development.
SDG financing.
Frequent data collection, etc

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Going for gold for SDGs by 2030

Angela Lusigi, Resident Representative at UNDP India

August 13, 2024

Utthaan Ghazipur

With the Olympics in full swing, we celebrate all athletes and nations as they compete for the ultimate prize. Achieving their goals will be the result of years of preparation and steady progress. In the same way, each nation is going for gold in the race to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. With only 6 years left, people, communities, businesses and nations must put their best efforts forward to achieve this Agenda 2030.

We are not on track to reach the SDGs

Yet globally, only 17% of SDG targets are on track to being achieved, bold action is needed. The High-level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development held in July in New York on ‘Reinforcing the 2030 Agenda and eradicating poverty in times of multiple crises’ was an important opportunity to showcase actions that work. For instance, India shared their experience on accelerating SDG progress through localisation and the innovative State SDG Index supported by UNDP and the UN in India.

Key lessons from India’s SDG acceleration

In order to accelerate progress on SDGs the world needs a new international consensus on how to deliver a better present and safeguard the future. The Summit of the future coming up in September aims to accelerate our efforts to meet existing international commitments while responding to emerging threats and opportunities. Three key takeaways from India’s experience in accelerating SDG progress supported by UNDP could help inform the road to the Summit of the Future.

Build capabilities for SDG localisation

First, strengthen systems and institutional capabilities for SDG localisation to accelerate progress. By enhancing SDG monitoring and evidence-based planning at sub-national level, states and union territories in India are now better able to prioritise integrated solutions for SDG acceleration and enhanced service delivery. India is using localised SDG data for monitoring and tracking SDG progress across all states and union territories while targeting aspirational states and lagging SDGs for additional attention. Special attention to health systems strengthening at subnational level is yielding significant dividends including the innovative U-WIN system that is advancing health for all.

Scale interventions to reach the farthest behind first

Second, scale interventions to reach the farthest behind first using digitalisation and innovation. This helps to advance inclusion, sustainable livelihoods and social protection. From placing climate smart agriculture solutions in the hands of farmers and expanding digital access to agricultural credit and insurance , to digital identities for marginalised and vulnerable communities to facilitate access to social services. Harnessing and improving access to digital and technology is helping to overcome exclusion as a pathway to creating sustainable livelihood opportunities for women, youth and marginalised communities and areas.

Cuttack, Odisha

Invest in resilient communities

Finally, invest in marginalised and vulnerable communities to build climate resilience and restore ecosystems. Safeguarding nature-based livelihoods both now and into the future requires significant investment by public and private actors in community based natural resource management. There are excellent examples of empowered communities who are effectively managing forests, wetlands and coastal landscapes. Supporting community based natural resource management and protecting rights is a cost-effective way to uplift communities that depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. It also contributes to climate action .

At the HLPF, the experience of tribal communities in Rajasthan showed how these communities are engaged in promoting sustainability and resilience through crop diversity and climate resilience. Defending the rights of the communities who are custodians of our natural wealth and protecting their farming systems, livelihoods and habitats fosters sustainable development solutions that address poverty and inequality.

Engage in the Summit of the Future to co-create solutions

Going for gold for the SDGs will require us to build strong local institutions, advance inclusion to reach the farthest behind and invest more in local communities. These key lessons emerging from the HLPF will be instrumental in informing the outcome of the Summit of the Future. As noted by the UN Secretary General , after decades of reductions in poverty and hunger, progress has slowed and, in some countries, gone into reverse. And this is fueling resentment and anger. We still have a chance to engage in the Summit of the Future to co-create solutions, inspire action and ramp up investment that will get our world back on track to safety, to prosperity, and peace.

Mental Healthcare for All: Leaving No One Behind

Illustration: UNDP IndiaLast year, Google Search trends for words like stress, anxiety, and relaxation reached their highest recorded levels in the search engine’...

Women at the heart of recovery

India has an opportunity to build climate resilience and address gender equality issues - by Shoko Noda and Atul Bagai

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National Action Plan on Climate Change

19 Sep 2019
19 min read
GS Paper - 2
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Renewable Energy
Government Policies & Interventions

Introduction

The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change.
It aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.
National Solar Mission

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

National mission on sustainable habitat, national water mission, national mission for sustaining the himalayan ecosystem.

National Mission for A Green India

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

National mission on strategic knowledge for climate change, salient features.

Protection of poor and vulnerable sections of society through inclusive and sustainable development strategy, sensitive to climate change.
Achievements of national growth through qualitative changes enhancing ecological sustainability.
Deployment of appropriate technologies for both adaptation and mitigation of GreenHouse Gases emissions extensively and at an accelerated pace.

GreenHouse Gases (GHG)

These are gases that absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
Primary GHGs are water vapour, carbondiaoxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.
Earth’s surface temperature would be −18 °C instead of the present average of 15 °C without GHGs.
GHGs create Green House Effect which is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface.
Regulatory and voluntary mechanisms to promote sustainable development and engineering new and innovative forms of market.
Effective implementation of plans using unique linkages like civil society and local governments through public-private partnership.
Invite international cooperation for research, development, sharing and transfer of data and technologies enabled by sufficient funding and backed up by a global IPR regime under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

UNFCCC Secretariat (UN Climate Change)

It was established in 1992 when countries adopted the UNFCCC.
Located in Bonn, Germany.
Focuses on facilitating intergovernmental climate change negotiations.
Provides technical expertise and assistance on analysis and review of climate change reports presented by the parties.
Plays a crucial role in implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.
NAPCC addresses the country’s critical and urgent needs by directionally shifting the development path and enhancing the current and planned programmes and technologies.
It identifies measures that promote our developmental goals and co-benefits by addressing climate change also.

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

Governed by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
It was launched in 2010 with the primary aim of achieving grid parity by 2022 and with coal-based thermal power by 2030.
Aims to increase the share of solar energy in India's energy mix.
It takes the measures of increasing R&D efforts, promoting decentralised distribution of energy by creating cheaper and more convenient solar power systems.
Emphasis on manufacturing solar panels at the local level and to tie up local research with international efforts.
Seeks to reduce the absolute cost of solar energy to bring it down and make it affordable.

Functions and Goals

Making solar water heaters mandatory in buildings to promote the already proven and commercially viable solar heating systems.
By the remote village electrification programme, using solar power as an off-grid solution to provide power to the power deprived poor.
Creating conditions for research and application in the field of solar technology and support & facilitate the already on-going R&D projects.
The ultimate objective is to develop a solar industry in India, capable of delivering solar energy competitively again the fossil fuel options.
It is hoped that by the end of the third phase, 2022, India should have installed 20,000 MW of solar power.
Governed by the Ministry of Power.
Based on the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
It creates a market based mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of improvements on energy efficiency. Switching to cleaner fuels, commercially viable technology transfers, capacity building needs etc are the way forward for this mission.
Development with energy efficiency as a key criterion.
Spread awareness about the efficacy and efficiency of energy efficient products and create demand.
Ensure adequate supply of energy efficient products, goods, and services by forming a cadre of energy professionals.
Create financing platforms which can make risk guarantee funds, financial derivatives of performance contracts.
Formulate well thought out evaluation and monitoring mechanisms to capture energy savings in a transparent manner.
Overcome market failures through regulatory and policy measures.
Key areas to work upon are Energy, Efficiency, Equity and Environment.
Governed by the Ministry of Urban Development.
Manifold agenda mission because it looks at energy efficiency within buildings, waste disposal from these buildings and betters the public transport system.
Plans to make urban areas more climate friendly and less susceptible to climate change by a multi-pronged approach to mitigate and adapt to it.

Functions and Goals-

To create and adopt a more holistic approach for solid and liquid waste management, ensuring their full potential for energy generation (conversion of solid waste into energy), recycling, reusing and composting.
To encourage alternative transport systems and establish fuel efficiency standards and reduce fuel consumed per passenger travel by the provision of pedestrian pathways.
To provide for adoption and creation of alternative technologies mitigating climate change and to encourage community involvement for it.
Creation of one building code for the entire nation.
A system to enforce law and order.
Establish financial incentives based on green rating.
Reduce need for pumping of water, proper treatment of waste water and use of better designed toilets.
Promote use of natural gas and alternative & renewable fuels.
Comprehensive urban renewal master plan proposals with sustainable designs.

A master plan is a dynamic long-term planning document that provides a conceptual layout to guide future growth and development.

Better enforcement of Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) guidelines.
Governed by the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.
Ensures better integrated water resource management leading to water conservation, less wastage, equitable distribution forming better policies.
Looks into the issues of groundwater and surface water management, domestic and industrial water management, improvement of water storage capacities and protection of wetlands.
Review and data collection on the network of hydrological, automatic weather and automated rain gauge stations.
Expeditiously implement water projects in climate sensitive regions.
Promotion of water purification and desalination techniques.
Enactment of a bill for the regulation and management of groundwater sources.
Research in water use efficiency in industry, agriculture and domestic sectors.
Providing incentives for water neutral & positive technologies.
Review National Water Policy to include integrated water resources management, evaporation management and basin level management.
Water data base in the public domain and the assessment of impact of climate change on water resource
Promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation, augmentation and preservation.
More focused attention to over-exploited areas.
Improving water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory and pricing mechanisms.
Governed by the Department of Science and Technology.
Created to protect the Himalayan ecosystem. The mandate is to evolve measures to sustain and safeguard the Himalayan glaciers, mountain ecosystems, biodiversity and wildlife conservation & protection.
Human and knowledge capacities- appointing trained personnel who can capture, store and apply knowledge relating to vulnerability and changes in the region.
Institutional capacities- creating capability to conduct long term observations, studies to understand and warn of changes in the Himalayan ecosystem
Evidence based policy building and governance- creating a platform for Himalayan states and the Centre to interact with various bodies.
Continuous self learning for balancing between forces of Nature and actions of mankind by creating strong linkages with community based organisations.
Establishing of a modern centre of Glaciology, standardisation of data collection to ensure interoperability and mapping of natural resources in the area.
Identification and training of experts and specialists in the area relevant to sustaining the Himalayan ecosystem.

National Mission for Green India

Governed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
It has the mandate of reviving degraded forest land with a focus on increasing forest cover & density and conserving biodiversity.
Works towards reducing fragmentation of forests, enhancing private public partnerships for plantations, improving schemes based on joint forestry management etc.
Makes plans to tackle the challenges posed by climate change.
Enhancing carbon sinks in sustainably managed forests.
Enhancing the resilience of vulnerable species and ecosystems to adapt to climate change.
Enabling forest dependent communities to adapt to climate variability.
Double the area to be taken up for afforestation.
Increase greenhouse gas removals by Indian forests.
Enhance resilience of forests and ecosystems falling under the mission.
Governed by the Ministry of Agriculture.
It works towards devising strategies to make Indian agriculture less susceptible to climate change.
It would identify and develop new crop varieties, use traditional and modern agricultural techniques.
This mission sees dry land agriculture, risk management, access to information and use of biotechnology as areas of intervention.
Strengthening agricultural insurance, develop a system based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing to map soil resource and land use.
Providing information and collation of off-season crops and preparation of state-level agro-climatic atlases.
Strategise to evolve low input agriculture with enhanced water and nitrogen efficient crops.
Nutritional strategies to manage heat stress in dairy animals.
Using of micro irrigation systems.
Promotion of agricultural techniques like minimum tillage, organic farming and rain water conservation.
Capacity building of farmers and other stakeholders.
Production of bio-fertilizer, compost along with subsidies for chemical fertilizers.
Strengthening of National Agricultural Insurance Scheme.
It identifies challenges and requisite responses to climate change. This will be done through open international collaboration and would ensure sufficient funding for this research.
There is a need for strong strategic knowledge system on climate change.
Develop regional climate science.
Leverage international cooperation.
The efforts undertaken here would feed into the Indian National Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) which is a stock taking exercise conducted every two years as part of the national obligations under UNFCCC.
Creation of a data generation and sharing system by mapping resources on knowledge relevant to climate change.
Identifying knowledge gaps and inspiring from global technological trends to select and test technologies.
Creating new centres dedicated to climate research within existing institutional framework.

Achievements

The World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF) feels that the National Action Plan is fairly comprehensive and has cross-sectoral links through the eight National Level Missions. The focal point is India's impetus on following on a low carbon energy path without impending economic growth and quality of life of people.
NAPCC brings a balanced perspective on mitigation and adaptation through some new dimensions like creation of National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change as this would ensure exchange of knowledge and informed research in India.

Challenges and Suggestions

India has the potential to do things differently because it is in an early stage of development and it contributes very little to the changing climatic conditions. It can leapfrog to a low carbon economy by using high-end and emerging technologies.
The plan report makes no commitment to cut the country's carbon emission which should have been an integral part of it.
The focal point of NAPCC seems to be solar power mission only and the government’s efforts to maximise the solar energy seemingly approve it. Equal emphasis on all missions with equal inputs would have enabled the county to yield fast and visible results.
Missions related to sustainable habitat, water, and agriculture and forestry are multi-sectoral, overlapping, multi-departmental, advisory and very slow moving in nature. Several ongoing activities are in principle aligned with the objectives of these missions which should either be integrated with the missions or scrapped to save the time and cost.
Another challenge is the monitoring systems, which are either ineffective or absent. Progress reports for NSM, NMEEE, and NWM are currently available but mapping of progress for other missions has been difficult due to their cross-cutting nature.
Ministries are required to report progress and have regular meetings with the PM’s Council on Climate Change.
Finally, it can be said that institutional, systemic and process barriers— including financial constraints, inter-ministerial coordination, lack of technical expertise and project clearance delays— stand as major challenges in the efficient implementation of the missions.
The cross-cutting subjects of the missions have not yielded any positive results on grounds yet so a new approach is needed to solve this and bring the agenda of climate change to the mainstream.
While these challenges have drawn criticisms, they also provide us with the opportunity for discussion on the approaches to deal with climate change in India and understand the best way ahead to mainstream climate change.

Way Forward

Recognising that climate change is a global challenge, the plan promises that India will engage actively in multilateral negotiations in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, in a positive, constructive and forward-looking manner.
It is now clear that initiatives to prevent climate change have been started but, most importantly, these initiatives must be continuous and sustainable and every individual of every country will need to contribute to prevent climate change.
By releasing the NAPCC, the Indian government has shown its commitment to address climate change issues and also sent a positive message to the public, industries, and civil society about the government's concern to address the climate change issue through concerted action.
Issues related to the awareness regarding global warming and climate change among the general population and the issue related to agriculture and health hazards due to climate change must be addressed strongly and effectively.

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Smart Cities Mission

Last updated on July 9, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Table of Contents

What is the Smart Cities Mission?

The National Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal mission launched on June 25, 2015, to promote cities to provide core infrastructure, a clean and sustainable environment, and a decent quality of life to their citizens through the application of ‘smart solutions’.

The purpose of the Smart Cities Mission is to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local area development and harnessing technology, especially technology that leads to Smart outcomes.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is the implementing ministry in collaboration with the respective state governments. It is a centrally sponsored scheme that initially included 100 cities to be covered between 2019 and 2023.

Features of the Smart Cities Mission:

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The use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is the major aspect of the mission.

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For this Integrated Command and Control Centres(ICCCs) were set up by the municipalities.
The ICCCs are set up to coordinate traffic management, surveillance, utilities, and grievance redressal.
Out of the 100 municipalities in the Smart Cities Mission, the ICCCs of 70 cities are online or operational.
These ICCCs were converted into CoVID-19 war rooms during the peak of coronavirus pandemic for public areas surveillance, tracking positive cases and health workers, heat mapping, virtual training, etc .

The Ministry of Urban Development has identified 24 key areas that cities must address in their ‘smart cities’ plan.

Out of these 24 key areas, three are directly related and seven are indirectly related to water such as Smart-metre management, leakage identification, preventive maintenance, and water quality modeling.

Smart Cities Mission is one of the mechanisms that will help functionalize the nationwide implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) with priorities like poverty alleviation, employment, and other basic services.

In the context of our country, the six fundamental principles on which the concept of Smart Cities is based are:

Funding and implementation of the mission:

Central Government will give financial support to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over 5 years i.e. on an average Rs.100 crore per city per year. An equal amount on a matching basis is to be provided by the State/Urban Local Bodies (ULB).
Additional resources are to be raised through convergence, from ULBs’ funds, grants under Finance Commission, innovative finance mechanisms such as Municipal Bonds, other government programs, and borrowings.
Emphasis has been given to the participation of the private sector through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP).
Citizens’ aspirations were captured in the Smart City Proposals (SCPs) prepared by the selected cities.

The implementation of the Mission at the City level will be done by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) created for the purpose. The SPV will plan, appraise, approve, release funds, implement, manage, operate, monitor, and evaluate the Smart City development projects.

Each Smart City will have an SPV which will be headed by a full-time CEO and have nominees of Central Government, State Government, and ULB on its Board.

The States/ULBs shall ensure that:

a dedicated and substantial revenue stream is made available to the SPV to make itself sustainable and could evolve its creditworthiness for raising additional resources from the market
Government contribution for Smart City is used only to create an infrastructure that has public benefit outcomes.

The execution of projects may be done through joint ventures, subsidiaries, public-private partnerships (PPP), turnkey contracts, etc. suitably dovetailed with revenue streams.

The selection process of the smart cities:

The selection process of Smart Cities was based on the idea of Competitive and Co-operative Federalism. It is for the first time in the urban history of India that cities were selected based on competition.

A two-stage selection process was followed and 100 smart cities were first distributed amongst the States and UTs based on equitable criteria.

States/UT shortlisted potential smart cities based on certain pre-conditions and scores.
Then each of the potential 100 smart cities prepared their Smart City Proposal (SCP) which contained the model chosen (retrofitting or redevelopment or greenfield development or a mix thereof) and additionally included a Pan-city dimension with smart solutions.

All 100 smart cities have been selected through a City Challenge Process in four rounds as below:

20 Smart Cities selected in Round 1 in January 2016
13 Smart Cities were selected in the Fast Track Round in May 2016
27 Smart Cities selected in Round 2 in September 2016
30 Smart Cities selected in Round 3 in June 2017 and
10 Smart Cities selected in Round 4 in January/June 2018

The Smart City Proposal (SCP) includes core-infrastructure elements such as assured water supply, electricity supply, sanitation, and solid waste management, efficient mobility and public transport, affordable housing, safety and security, health, and education.

Smart Solutions in SCP include services that ensure that service delivery levels are achieved and measured, citizen services are seamlessly delivered, grievances are timely registered and resolved and safety is increased through video surveillance and monitoring.

Each aspiring city competes for selection as a Smart City in what is called a ‘City Challenge’. There are two stages in the selection process.

Key challenges to implementation of mission:

Infrastructure: The use of sophisticated smart technology such as sensors are a costly and high maintenance affair. Major metropolitan areas are already challenged with replacing decades-old infrastructures, such as underground wiring, steam pipes, and transportation tunnels, as well as installing high-speed internet. Broadband wireless service is increasing, but there are still areas in major cities where access is limited.
Security and hackers: As IoT and sensor technology use expands, so does the threat level to security. These systems become more prone to hackers and cyber-attacks. Hence, more money and resources have to be invested in security
Individual privacy: Smart cities need to balance quality of life and invasion of privacy. While citizens can enjoy a more convenient, peaceful, and healthy environment, they would not want to be constantly monitored by cameras.
Engaging and educating citizens: For a Smart City to thrive, it needs smart citizens who are engaged and actively taking advantage of new technologies. Hence part of the implementation process must involve educating the community on its benefits.
Social inclusion: It’s important that Smart City planning involves the consideration of all groups of people, and not just the technologically advanced. Technology should always be working to bring people together, rather than divide them further based on income or education levels. Hence the elderly and low-income groups of people should be integrated into the smart solutions.

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