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Thesis schreiben: Tipps für eine erfolgreiche Bachelorthesis

Veröffentlicht am 18. Februar 2020 von Hannah Bachmann . Aktualisiert am 7. November 2023.

Für den erfolgreichen Abschluss deines Bachelor- oder Masterstudiums ist es Voraussetzung, eine Thesis zu schreiben. Das Schreiben der Bachelorthesis ist für die meisten Studierenden die erste große wissenschaftliche Arbeit .

Im Rahmen der Bachelorthesis müssen die Studierenden eine wissenschaftliche Arbeit zu einem studienrelevanten Thema erstellen. Die Thesis muss innerhalb von 12 Wochen bearbeitet werden und meist einen Umfang von 30 – 40 Seiten aufweisen.

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Was genau man unter ‚Thesis‘ versteht

Die bachelorthesis schreiben – die fakten, die 3 phasen der bachelorthesis, tipps für eine erfolgreiche bachelorthesis, die bachelorthesis auf englisch schreiben, häufig gestellte fragen.

Unter einer Thesis versteht man allgemein eine Studienabschlussarbeit.

Die Bachelorthesis , auch Bachelorarbeit oder Bachelor-Thesis, ist eine Art Studienabschlussarbeit. Sie ist ein wissenschaftlicher Text , den du zum Abschluss deines Bachelorstudiums anfertigst und Voraussetzung, um den akademischen Grad des ‚Bachelors‘ zu erlangen.

Dementsprechend ist die Masterthesis die Studienabschlussarbeit für dein Masterstudium und berechtigt zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des ‚Masters‘.

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Umfang und Bearbeitungszeit der Bachelorthesis hängen von der Hochschule und dem jeweiligen Studiengang ab.

In der Regel beträgt der Umfang einer Bachelorarbeit zwischen 30 und 40 Seiten, das sind im Durchschnitt etwa 11.000 Wörter. Je nach Hochschule bringt die Bachelorthesis zwischen 6 und 12 ECTS-Punkte.

Die Bearbeitungsdauer beläuft sich normalerweise auf 3 Monate, bzw. 12 Wochen. Das bedeutet, dass die Bachelorthesis spätestens 3 Monate nach der Anmeldung im Prüfungsamt, die Bachelorthesis fertig eingereicht werden muss.

Die Bachelorthesis wird meist in der Sprache des Studiengangs erstellt. Mittlerweile ist es jedoch auch üblich, die Abschlussarbeit auf Englisch zu verfassen.

Die Bearbeitung der Bachelorthesis gliedert sich generell in 3 Phasen: Vorbereitung, Schreibphase und Nachbereitung.

1. Vorbereitung

Die ersten Schritte in der Vorbereitungsphase sind die Festlegung eines Themas für deine Bachelorthesis, sowie das Finden einer Betreuungsperson .

Im Anschluss kannst du einen ersten Zeitplan erstellen und mit der Literaturrecherche beginnen. Oftmals wird an dieser Stelle auch ein Exposé verfasst.

2. Schreibphase

Die Schreibphase ist der größte Abschnitt der Bachelorthesis.

Hier erstellst du eine Gliederung und schreibst den Text deiner Bachelorthesis. Darüber hinaus wählst du hier die Zitierweise , die du in deiner Thesis verwenden wirst.

Eine grobe Gliederung sieht in etwa so aus:

• Theoretischer Teil
• Ergebnisse / Diskussion
• Literaturverzeichnis

3. Nachbereitung

Bevor du deine Bachelorthesis abgeben kannst, solltest du Zeit für eine sorgfältige Nachbereitung einplanen.

Vor der Abgabe der Thesis:

• sämtliche Zitate sind überprüft worden
• die Thesis entspricht den Formatierungsrichtlinien
• die eidesstattliche Erklärung ist eingefügt und unterschrieben
• die Thesis wurde Korrektur gelesen
• die Thesis wurde auf Plagiat geprüft

In einem letzten Schritt lässt du deine Thesis drucken und binden .

Um beim Schreiben deiner Bachelorthesis so effektiv wie möglich vorzugehen, können ein paar Tipps helfen.

Mit einem interessanten Thema schreibt es sich leichter

Generell muss das Thema deiner Bachelorthesis natürlich zu deinem Studium passen. Es zahlt sich jedoch aus, ein Thema zu suchen, das du persönlich auch ansprechend findest. So bleibst du eher am Ball und verlierst nicht so leicht die Motivation.

Effizientes Zeitmanagement

Um nicht in Zeitdruck zu geraten, ist es empfehlenswert, sich vor dem Schreiben der Bachelorthesis einen Zeitplan zu erstellen. So hast du während des Schreibens stets eine Orientierungshilfe. Auch Pausen und Freizeit solltest du in deinem Zeitplan berücksichtigen.

Bachelorthesis-Beispiel anschauen

Oftmals ist es hilfreich, sich Beispiele anderer Bachelorthesen anzuschauen. So bekommst du ein Gefühl für einen wissenschaftlichen Schreibstil und kannst dich für deine eigene Bachelorthesis inspirieren lassen.

Beispiele für Bachelorarbeiten aus verschiedenen Studiengängen findest du hier.

Sorgfältige Literaturrecherche

Eine gründliche Literaturrecherche ist der Grundstein einer erfolgreichen Bachelorthesis. Es ist empfehlenswert, bei der Literaturrecherche entsprechende Quellenangaben direkt gemäß der verwendeten Zitierweise aufzuschreiben. So ersparst du dir lästiges Suchen im Nachhinein.

Quellenangaben mit dem Scribbr-Generator erstellen

Mithilfe unserer Scribbr-Generatoren kannst du ganz einfach und kostenlos deine Quellenangaben erstellen und als vollständiges Literaturverzeichnis herunterladen. Du kannst dabei zwischen APA, der Harvard-Zitierweise und der Deutschen Zitierweise wählen.

Korrekturlesen lassen

Nachdem du dich selbst wochenlang mit deiner Bachelorthesis beschäftigt hast, kann es leicht passieren, dass du eventuelle Fehler beim Korrekturlesen übersiehst.

Unsere professionellen Korrektoren und Korrektorinnen können deine Bachelorthesis in kürzester Zeit korrigieren und helfen dir, deinen akademischen Schreibstil zu verbessern.

Wusstest du schon, dass ...

Scribbr durchschnittlich 150 Fehler pro 1000 Wörter korrigiert?

Unsere Sprachexperten verbessern vor Abgabe deiner Abschlussarbeit den akademischen Ausdruck, die Interpunktion und sprachliche Fehler.

Erfahre mehr zur Korrektur

Die Bachelorthesis auf Englisch zu schreiben ist mittlerweile gang und gäbe. Deine englische Bachelorthesis kannst du sowohl ‚ Bachelor Thesis‘  als auch ‚ Bachelor Dissertation‘  nennen.

Das Schreiben auf Englisch bietet einige Vorteile:

• ein Großteil der Fachliteratur ist auf Englisch
• bessere internationale Karrierechancen
• gute Vorbereitung auf ein (englischsprachiges) Masterprogramm
• persönliche Weiterentwicklung

Mehr zur Bachelorarbeit auf Englisch

Die Bachelorarbeit , oder auch Bachelorthesis , ist eine wissenschaftliche Studienabschlussarbeit, die am Ende deines Bachelorstudiums ansteht. Nach erfolgreichem Bestehen verdienst du dir den akademischen Grad des ‚Bachelor‘.

Als Thesis wird generell eine Studienabschlussarbeit verstanden. Das bedeutet, dass sie Voraussetzung für einen erfolgreichen Studienabschluss ist.

Je nach Hochschule bringt die Bachelorthesis zwischen 6 und 12 ECTS-Punkte.

Der Umfang der Bachelorthesis orientiert sich an der Bearbeitungszeit. Standard sind 12 Wochen Bearbeitungszeit und ein entsprechender Durchschnitt von 30 – 40 Seiten Umfang.

Die Bachelorarbeit wird im Englischen meistens ‚Bachelor Thesis”‘ oder „Bachelor Dissertation” genannt.

In den USA wird die Bachelorarbeit oft auch ‚Bachelor Paper‘ oder ‚Final Bachelor Project‘ genannt. Im UK hingegen ist ‚Bachelor Dissertation‘ die gängigste Terminologie.

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Bachmann, H. (2023, 07. November). Thesis schreiben: Tipps für eine erfolgreiche Bachelorthesis. Scribbr. Abgerufen am 14. August 2024, von https://www.scribbr.de/anfang-abschlussarbeit/bachelorthesis/

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Hannah Bachmann

Das hat anderen studierenden noch gefallen, bachelorarbeiten: deutsch vs. englisch - was du beachten musst, das richtige bachelorarbeit-thema finden: anleitung, bachelorarbeit beispiele – bwl, psychologie und mehr, aus versehen plagiiert finde kostenlos heraus.

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Writing the Thesis

Schreiben der Dissertation / Writing the Thesis Image Credit: http://www.istockphoto.com

You can either submit a monograph or a cumulative thesis . As a general rule, both must be comparable/equivalent in terms of type and scope. The thesis must be written in one language throughout either English or German (with the exception of the German and English summary). This also applies to the acknowledgments and any quotes used. In exceptional cases, the doctoral board shall decide whether the requirement for a cumulative work to be entirely in either German or English can be waived if the work consists of articles in both German and English.

When preparing the dissertation, please observe the requirements of the Statute for Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice . If you have any questions about citations, please use the citation consultation hours at the University Library.

Please note: When you are submitting your dissertation to obtain the title "Dr. rer. nat.", the term "Ph.D." should not be used in the acknowledgements (or any other section) - this is a different title, which will not be awarded to you after a successful doctorate.

MONOGRAPH A monograph is a self-contained representation of the research work and its results. It may already be published completely or partially. Any publications related to the thesis have to be submitted separately. They must not be embedded in the thesis.

CUMULATIVE THESIS A cumulative thesis reports the scientific work done during the doctoral thesis using a set of research articles. In a cumulative thesis, the research articles (including supporting information/supplements) are an integral part of the thesis and have to be embedded in the scientific part of the thesis (like the chapters of a monograph). In addition to the research articles, an introduction, a list of references etc., a cumulative thesis must include an extended summary which has to go beyond the summary of the individual papers as it has to give an overarching discussion of the results described in the research articles. Although figures may be taken from the publications, the text should be genuinely new and should not be taken from the text of the individual publications. The contributions of the author must be described for each article individually, according to the requirements of the Statute for Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice.

A cumulative thesis must consist of at least two published or accepted publications. Only publications from journals with a peer review system will be considered. All additional publications might be in an earlier stage (in revision, submitted or in preparation). The version submitted cannot be changed or updated in the further course of the doctoral process, i.e. changes to the content as part of the publication process cannot be taken into account once the dissertation has been submitted. Only those articles qualify in which the doctoral student has made substantial contributions. The substantial contribution of the doctoral student to the respective articles must be confirmed by the supervisor of the thesis. This confirmation is requested by the doctoral office as part of the evaluation process. In case of manuscripts being accepted but not yet published, a confirmation of acceptance must be provided at the time of thesis submission; to this end, it is also possible to submit a separate list with DOI links.

For more information on writing a cumulative thesis, click here .

1) First page = cover sheet

Title Inaugural-Dissertation to obtain the academic degree Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.)

submitted to the Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy of Freie Universität Berlin

year of submission

2) Second page:

Please name the time period, supervisor and institute of your doctoral studies.

1 st reviewer: _____________________ 2 nd reviewer: _____________________

Date of defense: ____________ (please leave the date open)

ATTENTION One reviewer must be research active in one of our departmental research areas. At least one reviewer must be a professor of the Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, whose primary employment is with the university. (Retired, em., apl., hon. professors are not or no longer considered university teachers).

3) Third page: acknowledgment (if desired)

4) Declaration of authorship     Please use the following text:     I hereby declare that I alone am responsible for the content of my doctoral dissertation     and that I have only used the sources or references cited in the dissertation.

If you are writing an English-language dissertation, please note that all texts must be in English (with the exception of the German-language summary), including the acknowledgments and the declaration of authorship.

6) Summary in German and English

7) Main scientific part of the thesis (incl. introduction, method section, bibliography)

8) If applicable: List of publications

9) CV (voluntary)

10) Appendix

Typeface/line distance/formatting Sheet size: DIN A4 Font: an easy-to-read font (such as Arial). Font size: not less than 10 pt Line spacing: 1½ Margin: approx. 2.5 - 3 cm Unilateral and bilateral printing is accepted. The thesis has to be bound (no spiral or ring binding).

Answers to frequently asked questions (FAQ) can be found here.  

Read on for the next topic: Submission of the Thesis

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• Rules | Forms

Was ist eine These?

Was ist eine These? Das beantworten wir dir hier im Beitrag und im Video .

These — einfach erklärt

Wie formuliere ich eine these — schritt für schritt, thesen — beispiele und arten, was ist eine these — häufigste fragen, forschungsfrage formulieren.

Eine These ist eine Behauptung . Sie repräsentiert deine zentrale Idee oder Position in Essays, Diskussionen oder wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten. Im Verlauf des Textes verteidigst du sie dann mit Argumenten , Beweisen und Beispielen .

Grundlage für deine Argumentation sollten nachprüfbare Fakten sein. Nachprüfbar bedeutet, dass sie grundsätzlich auch widerlegbar sein müssen. Deshalb muss eine These so formuliert sein, dass sie entweder wahr oder falsch sein kann.

Eine These zu formulieren ist das Fundament des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens . Sie bildet nämlich den roten Faden deiner Argumentation und weckt beim Leser Interesse. Folge bei der Formulierung deiner These am besten dieser Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung :

• Themenauswahl: Zunächst wählst du ein spezielles Thema oder eine Fragestellung aus, die du gerne näher beleuchten möchtest. Nehmen wir als Thesen Beispiel das Thema „Klimawandel“.  
• Recherche: Nun folgt eine gründliche Recherche . Sammle umfangreiche Fakten über dein Thema. In unserem Beispiel könnten das Daten über CO2-Werte sein oder Informationen über steigende Temperaturen und Klimakatastrophen.  
• Eingrenzung: Du hast dir ein allgemeines Bild über dein Thema gemacht? Sehr gut! Grenze jetzt dein Thema auf einen bestimmten Aspekt ein. Zum Beispiel: „Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Artenvielfalt“.  
• Position beziehen: Denke als nächstes darüber nach, welche Position du zu dem Aspekt einnehmen möchtest. Als Entscheidungshilfe nimmst du die Ergebnisse aus deiner Recherche. Bei uns könnte das die Aussage: „Der Klimawandel hat ernste Auswirkungen auf die Artenvielfalt“ sein.  
• Klare Formulierung: Formuliere deine These in einem klaren und präzisen Satz. Deine endgültige These könnte also lauten: „Der Klimawandel führt aufgrund von Temperaturanstiegen und Lebensraumverlusten zu einem dramatischen Rückgang der Artenvielfalt.“

Übrigens: Zu jeder These gibt es eine Antithese , die die Gegenaussage zu deiner Behauptung trifft. Sie stellt also eine entgegengesetzte Position dar, weshalb du sie in einer Diskussion widerlegen solltest. Hier könnte die Antithese sein: „Der Klimawandel führt nicht zu einem Rückgang der Artenvielfalt.“

Thesen formulieren — Kriterien

Willst du eine erfolgreiche These   formulieren , so solltest du auf folgende Kriterien achten: 

✓    Aussage : Formuliere deine These als Aussage , nicht als Frage.

✓   Klarheit : Eine These sollte immer eindeutig und sachlich formuliert sein. Das hilft dem Leser beim Nachvollziehen deiner Argumentation.

✓    Falsifizierbarkeit : Eine These muss  falsifizierbar sein. Das bedeutet, dass sie von anderen prinzipiell widerlegbar sein muss.

✓    Belege :   Deine These soll auf empirischen Fakten beruhen. Diese präsentierst und erörterst du im Verlauf deiner Arbeit.

✓    Widerspruch : Wenn du mehrere Thesen aufstellst, dann dürfen sie sich nicht gegenseitig widersprechen .

✓    Konsistenz : Im Verlauf deines Textes solltest du deine anfangs geschriebene These nicht selbst widerlegen .

Du unterscheidest  verschiedene Arten von Thesen. Sie kommen in unterschiedlichen Kontexten und Disziplinen vor.

Je nach Fachrichtung solltest du also die Argumentation deiner These anpassen. Achte beim wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten deshalb auch unbedingt auf individuelle Vorgaben deines Faches.

These und Hypothese

Ein Sonderfall der These ist die Hypothese . Sie ist ein zentrales Grundelement des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens. Anders als die These, ist eine Hypothese eine Vermutung , nicht eine Behauptung. Das bedeutet, dass du sie am Ende deines Textes auch widerlegen darfst. Die Hypothese ist also eine vorläufige Annahme , die du auf Basis deiner Recherche formulierst.

Beispiel: „Wenn die Konzentration von Treibhausgasen in der Atmosphäre ansteigt, dann wird die globale Durchschnittstemperatur steigen.“

Im Verlauf der Arbeit testest du sie dann, meist anhand einer eigenen empirischen Studie . Dazu sammelst du selbst empirische Daten und analysierst sie.

Das Ergebnis deiner Studie soll deine aufgestellte Hypothese entweder widerlegen oder belegen . Deshalb ist es wichtig, dass du hier ergebnisoffen arbeitest. 

Merke: Die These ist eine feste Aussage oder Position, während die Hypothese eine vorübergehende Annahme ist.

• Was ist eine These in Deutsch? Eine These ist eine präzise Behauptung. Du nutzt sie in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten oder Diskussionen, um deine Position zu vertreten. Sie ist eine zentrale Aussage, die du durch Argumente und Beweise verteidigst. Die Gegenposition dazu ist die Antithese.   
• Ist eine These eine Frage? Nein, eine These ist keine Frage. Thesen sollten immer als Aussage bzw. Behauptung formuliert werden. Sie geben nämlich eine klare Richtung bzw. Position vor, die du im Verlauf deines Textes erläuterst.

Klasse! Du weißt jetzt, wie du eine These aufstellst. Bevor du Thesen in einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit aufstellst, musst du meist erst eine Forschungsfrage aufstellen. Wie du eine perfekte Forschungsfrage formulierst ,   zeigen wir dir hier.

Beliebte Inhalte aus dem Bereich Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten

• Bachelorarbeit Dauer: 05:26
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Theses and Dissertations

The following resources are general indexes to theses and dissertations on all topics, including those on Germanic Studies. Dissertations are important as they often express the most innovative work on a topic; include comprehensive citations and bibliographies of primary and secondary sources; and provide detailed literature reviews and theoretical discussions.

• ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global This index includes dissertations and masters theses from most North American graduate schools as well as many European universities. Full text is provided for most indexed dissertations from 1997 to the present, while most dissertations from 1980 on include abstracts written by the author. Orders for complete dissertations before 1997 may be placed online, but check UW's Library Catalog first to see if they are owned on campus. Free interlibrary loan may also be a possibility
• Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (ABELL) Covers from 1920 to present. Includes doctoral dissertations about English language, literature, and culture published anywhere in the world
• DART-Europe DART-Europe is a project by research libraries and library consortia to improve global access to European research theses
• Dissonline.de - Digitale Dissertationen im Internet Open access dissertations online, a service of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, integrated into their larger catalog (after entering search, limit to Hochschulschriften and even further to Online Ressourcen ). Instructions, in German, here
• Electronic Theses Online Service (EThOS) OS offers free access to the full text of nearly 100,000 electronically stored UK theses; of the remaining 200,000 records dating back to at least 1800, many are available to be ordered for scanning through the EThOS digitisation-on-demand facility. A rich resource!
• Foreign Dissertations at the Center for Research Libraries (CRL) CRL holds more than 800,000 foreign dissertations and Habilitationsschriften from universities outside of the US and Canada. If you know the exact title of a dissertation and do not find it in the CRL Catalog, CRL has a program to purchase foreign doctoral dissertations for scholars' individual research needs; such requests should be initiated via Interlibrary Loan
• Helveticat The catalog of the Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek; search for dissertations by combining diss with a keyword
• Index to Theses in Great Britain and Ireland A comprehensive listing of theses with abstracts accepted for higher degrees by universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland since 1716. As of 2013, there were 589,028 theses in the collection, with 355,862 having abstracts
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) is an international organization dedicated to promoting the adoption, creation, use, dissemination and preservation of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). NDLTD supports electronic publishing and open access to scholarship in order to enhance the sharing of knowledge worldwide. Try the new Global ETD Search
• Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD) Index of more than 1.5 million electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs), with preference given to records of graduate-level theses freely available online
• Österreichische Dissertationsdatenbank This database references over 99,000 dissertations and theses held at Austrian Universities; about two-thirds are abstracted in both German and English
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List of Master´s Theses Topics

Dear students:

At the end of your studies you will have to write a thesis (master's thesis). To help you find a topic, you will find some general suggestions below, which you can modify or specify according to your interests.

• Sprachkontraste zwischen dem Deutschen und einer oder mehrerer anderer Sprachen: Sprachliche Unterschiede auf allen linguistischen Beschreibungsebenen (Phonetik/Phonologie, Wortschatz, Morphologie und Syntax, Text und Stilistik) und in allen sprachlichen Bereichen (gesprochene oder geschriebene Sprache, Standardsprache, Fachsprachen usw.).
• Analysen zu (deutschen und anderen) Fachsprachen: Qualitative und quantitative Analysen zu Fachsprachen aus verschiedenen horizontalen Bereichen, vertikalen Ebenen oder Textsorten (ggf. können solche Arbeiten an die Entwicklung und Auswertung eines fachsprachlichen Korpus an der Technischen Universität Berlin angeschlossen werden).
• Beurteilung und Entwicklung von Lehr‐/Lernmaterialien und ‐konzeptionen: Berücksichtigung von linguistischen, didaktischen, methodischen, politischen oder historischen Gesichtspunkten, darunter auch Fragen der Fachsprachenlinguistik und ‐didaktik, von Gender oder Landeskunde bzw. Inter‐/Transkulturalität.
• Reflexion von Sprache und Kultur in Kunst und Literatur: Thematisierung von Sprache sowie inter‐ bzw. transkultureller Erfahrungen in Filmen, Dramen, Romanen, Erzählungen, Gedichten, Liedern – Analyse und Interpretation unter systematischen oder historischen Gesichtspunkten (weiterer Teilbereich: Stereotypenforschung).
• Bedarfs‐ und Motivationsanalysen für Deutschen als (fachliche) Fremdsprache: Qualitative und quantitative Analysen von Materialien und Ordnungen, Fragebogenaktionen bei verschiedenen (sprachlichen oder fachlichen) Gruppen oder Sprachkompetenztests.
• Geschichte des Deutschen als fremder Sprache: Historische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Entwicklung, letztlich auch zur Zukunft von Deutsch als Fremd‐ oder Zweitsprache, ggf. als Tertiärsprache und als fachlicher Fremdsprache – auch im Vergleich zu anderen Fremdsprachen.
• Erforschung konzeptioneller und methodischer Grundlagen: Diskussion von Grundbegriffen neuer Modellierungen zentraler Konzepte (wie unter anderem Konzepte wie Fremdsprache, Landeskunde, Transkulturalität, Fachkommunikation, Optimierung usw.).
• Fragen der Landeskunde: Lehr‐ und Lerninhalte, Verhältnis zum Sprachunterricht, Wissen vs. Kompetenz, Inter‐ und Transkulturalität usw. AKTUELL: Sprachliche, berufliche und kulturelle Integration von Flüchtlingen und Asylsuchenden, Unterstützung der heimischen Bevölkerung.
• Individuelle Lernerfaktoren: Qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungen zum Einfluss und Zusammenspiel verschiedener Lernervariablen wie Motivation, Sprachlerneignung, Alter, Geschlecht, Lernstile und Persönlichkeitsfaktoren auf den Sprachlernerfolg (unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Konstrukte und Operationalisierungen von ‚Lernerfolg‘).
• Testen          und        Evaluieren:        Zweckorientiertes           Erstellen              und        Bewerten            von        Test‐         und Aufgabenformaten zur Messung fremd‐ und fachsprachlicher Kompetenzen und Fertigkeiten (unter Bezug auf den Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmen), Varianten (kumulativer) Evaluation von Unterricht, etc.

Feel free to add more ideas to this small list of topics. So please do not hesitate to contact us with more ideas: Please contact the examiners in good time and remember that you have six months to write the master´s thesis after submitting the topic and that it must not exceed 80 pages. Please note that final theses can be handed in at the earliest after half of the processing time. This period begins with the deadline set by the Examinations Office. Early submission dates that deviate from this require a written request from the student stating the reasons and a statement from the first examiner. Early deadlines that differ from this require a written request from the student stating the reasons and an explanation from the primary examiner.

Master’s Theses at Our Chair (a selection)

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About DissOnline

The German National Library houses the largest national collection of online dissertations in Europe. We have been collecting online dissertations and theses since 1998. Since then, the collection has grown to more than 284,000 documents (as of November 2020).

Since these activities began under the aegis of DissOnline more than 20 years ago, electronic publishing has become a part of everyday university life. This is due to the close cooperation between universities, their libraries and computer centres, and representatives of academia as well as the long-standing support provided through projects funded by the German Research Foundation ( DFG ).

The DissOnline project was brought to a successful, sustainable conclusion. Stakeholders whose initiative had supported DissOnline then became free to transfer their commitment to other areas. In June 2012, the DissOnline advisory committee therefore decided to integrate the functions and information on the website www.dissonline.de into the German National Library’s services. This is particularly relevant in terms of the deposit of works with the German National Library. The extended metadata format XMetaDissPlus enables all types of publications and documents available in subject-specific and institutional repositories and on university servers to be deposited in just one fully automated transaction.

Deposit information

The DissOnline portal is also integrated into the German National Library's catalogue as a search option. This means that online dissertations are listed as a component of the German National Library’s collection alongside traditional printed dissertations, other online university publications and academic literature. Our catalogue offers a wide variety of search options that are constantly being developed and optimised further. You will find an explanation of all the available search options here:

Guide to searching dissertations and theses in the German National Library’s catalogue (only available in German)

In order to enhance the international visibility of the collection, the metadata for all German online dissertations is continually delivered to DART , the European portal for online dissertations. NDLTD : Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations is committed to the promotion of electronic publishing in the academic sector beyond Europe. The International Symposium on Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) takes place every year.

Statistical information

Online university publications have been collected, catalogued and archived at the German National Library since 1998. The illustration shows how the percentage of online publications has developed over the years since this work began. Here it must be considered that although dissertations are subject to a mandatory publication obligation and an obligation to be placed on deposit with the German National Library, only an approximate impression of doctoral and publication activities in Germany can be given.

As the statistics refer to the year in which the publication was released rather than the year in which it was deposited, it is quite possible that figures may rise in succeeding years. This applies in particular to the most recent full year.

The DissOnline projects

• 1998–2000 Dissertations Online
• 2003–2004 Establishment of a coordinating body for online university publications
• 2005–2007 DissOnline Tutor
• 2005–2008 Establishment of a portal for online university publications

The intensive cooperation between all partners and sponsors also made it possible to start collecting dissertations and theses on a voluntary basis in 1998, eight years before the amendment to the Law Regarding the German National Library and the provision stipulating the mandatory deposit of online publications.

Last changes: 08.03.2021 Short-URL: https://www.dnb.de/dissonline

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• Submission of Doctoral Theses

Electronic Doctoral Theses

Submission Procedure: just a few steps

1. Enter metadata

Please log in on Refubium . For login information, see Login . Then you can start a new submission . Please select the collection Dissertationen FU . Describe your dissertation in detail in the online form. Mandatory fields are marked in bold. A clickable i provides more details about the fields.

2. Upload file(s)

We recommend that you upload your doctoral thesis or habilitation treatise as one pdf file; however, if that is not possible, there is no limit to the number of files you can upload. The files must be searchable ( optical character recognition ) in order to guarantee a full text search. In addition, the files must not contain password protection nor any document restrictions. Please avoid special characters and blanks in file names.

3. Accepting the publication agreement

By accepting the publication agreement , you allow a long term archiving of your document. Furthermore, you agree to the worldwide availability of your document.

4. Formal examination and e-mail confirmation

After you successfully uploaded your document, it is in our „workflow“ area. Your document is not yet published. The editorial team Dissertation Online will check the metadata and the pdf file and will then inform you about necessary corrections via e-mail (where applicable). For this we will contact you via the e-mail address of your login. As soon as all the requirements on metadata and the pdf file of your dissertation are met, we will ask you to have the required printed copies made and to submit them in our office (along with the imprimatur).

5. Acknowledgement of receipt and online availability

Upon receiving the printed copies and the imprimatur (personally or by post), the editorial team Dissertation Online checks the printed version and the online version for consistency. Provided that all requirements are fulfilled and all the necessary data are complete, we will issue your acknowledgement of receipt, and your thesis will be made available world wide.

Contact: [email protected]

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• What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

Published on September 14, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on April 16, 2024.

A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master’s program or a capstone to a bachelor’s degree.

Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation , it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete. It relies on your ability to conduct research from start to finish: choosing a relevant topic , crafting a proposal , designing your research , collecting data , developing a robust analysis, drawing strong conclusions , and writing concisely .

Thesis template

You can also download our full thesis template in the format of your choice below. Our template includes a ready-made table of contents , as well as guidance for what each chapter should include. It’s easy to make it your own, and can help you get started.

Download Word template Download Google Docs template

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Table of contents

Thesis vs. thesis statement, how to structure a thesis, acknowledgements or preface, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, reference list, proofreading and editing, defending your thesis, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about theses.

You may have heard the word thesis as a standalone term or as a component of academic writing called a thesis statement . Keep in mind that these are two very different things.

• A thesis statement is a very common component of an essay, particularly in the humanities. It usually comprises 1 or 2 sentences in the introduction of your essay , and should clearly and concisely summarize the central points of your academic essay .
• A thesis is a long-form piece of academic writing, often taking more than a full semester to complete. It is generally a degree requirement for Master’s programs, and is also sometimes required to complete a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts colleges.
• In the US, a dissertation is generally written as a final step toward obtaining a PhD.
• In other countries (particularly the UK), a dissertation is generally written at the bachelor’s or master’s level.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

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The final structure of your thesis depends on a variety of components, such as:

• Your discipline
• Your theoretical approach

Humanities theses are often structured more like a longer-form essay . Just like in an essay, you build an argument to support a central thesis.

In both hard and social sciences, theses typically include an introduction , literature review , methodology section ,  results section , discussion section , and conclusion section . These are each presented in their own dedicated section or chapter. In some cases, you might want to add an appendix .

Thesis examples

We’ve compiled a short list of thesis examples to help you get started.

• Example thesis #1:   “Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807” by Suchait Kahlon.
• Example thesis #2: “’A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man’: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947″ by Julian Saint Reiman.

The very first page of your thesis contains all necessary identifying information, including:

• Your full title
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date.

Sometimes the title page also includes your student ID, the name of your supervisor, or the university’s logo. Check out your university’s guidelines if you’re not sure.

Read more about title pages

The acknowledgements section is usually optional. Its main point is to allow you to thank everyone who helped you in your thesis journey, such as supervisors, friends, or family. You can also choose to write a preface , but it’s typically one or the other, not both.

Read more about acknowledgements Read more about prefaces

An abstract is a short summary of your thesis. Usually a maximum of 300 words long, it’s should include brief descriptions of your research objectives , methods, results, and conclusions. Though it may seem short, it introduces your work to your audience, serving as a first impression of your thesis.

Read more about abstracts

A table of contents lists all of your sections, plus their corresponding page numbers and subheadings if you have them. This helps your reader seamlessly navigate your document.

Your table of contents should include all the major parts of your thesis. In particular, don’t forget the the appendices. If you used heading styles, it’s easy to generate an automatic table Microsoft Word.

Read more about tables of contents

While not mandatory, if you used a lot of tables and/or figures, it’s nice to include a list of them to help guide your reader. It’s also easy to generate one of these in Word: just use the “Insert Caption” feature.

Read more about lists of figures and tables

If you have used a lot of industry- or field-specific abbreviations in your thesis, you should include them in an alphabetized list of abbreviations . This way, your readers can easily look up any meanings they aren’t familiar with.

Read more about lists of abbreviations

Relatedly, if you find yourself using a lot of very specialized or field-specific terms that may not be familiar to your reader, consider including a glossary . Alphabetize the terms you want to include with a brief definition.

Read more about glossaries

An introduction sets up the topic, purpose, and relevance of your thesis, as well as expectations for your reader. This should:

• Ground your research topic , sharing any background information your reader may need
• Define the scope of your work
• Introduce any existing research on your topic, situating your work within a broader problem or debate
• State your research question(s)
• Outline (briefly) how the remainder of your work will proceed

In other words, your introduction should clearly and concisely show your reader the “what, why, and how” of your research.

Read more about introductions

A literature review helps you gain a robust understanding of any extant academic work on your topic, encompassing:

• Selecting relevant sources
• Determining the credibility of your sources
• Critically evaluating each of your sources
• Drawing connections between sources, including any themes, patterns, conflicts, or gaps

A literature review is not merely a summary of existing work. Rather, your literature review should ultimately lead to a clear justification for your own research, perhaps via:

• Addressing a gap in the literature
• Building on existing knowledge to draw new conclusions
• Exploring a new theoretical or methodological approach
• Introducing a new solution to an unresolved problem
• Definitively advocating for one side of a theoretical debate

Read more about literature reviews

Theoretical framework

Your literature review can often form the basis for your theoretical framework, but these are not the same thing. A theoretical framework defines and analyzes the concepts and theories that your research hinges on.

Read more about theoretical frameworks

Your methodology chapter shows your reader how you conducted your research. It should be written clearly and methodically, easily allowing your reader to critically assess the credibility of your argument. Furthermore, your methods section should convince your reader that your method was the best way to answer your research question.

A methodology section should generally include:

• Your overall approach ( quantitative vs. qualitative )
• Your research methods (e.g., a longitudinal study )
• Your data collection methods (e.g., interviews or a controlled experiment
• Any tools or materials you used (e.g., computer software)
• The data analysis methods you chose (e.g., statistical analysis , discourse analysis )
• A strong, but not defensive justification of your methods

Read more about methodology sections

Your results section should highlight what your methodology discovered. These two sections work in tandem, but shouldn’t repeat each other. While your results section can include hypotheses or themes, don’t include any speculation or new arguments here.

Your results section should:

• State each (relevant) result with any (relevant) descriptive statistics (e.g., mean , standard deviation ) and inferential statistics (e.g., test statistics , p values )
• Explain how each result relates to the research question
• Determine whether the hypothesis was supported

Additional data (like raw numbers or interview transcripts ) can be included as an appendix . You can include tables and figures, but only if they help the reader better understand your results.

Read more about results sections

Your discussion section is where you can interpret your results in detail. Did they meet your expectations? How well do they fit within the framework that you built? You can refer back to any relevant source material to situate your results within your field, but leave most of that analysis in your literature review.

For any unexpected results, offer explanations or alternative interpretations of your data.

Read more about discussion sections

Your thesis conclusion should concisely answer your main research question. It should leave your reader with an ultra-clear understanding of your central argument, and emphasize what your research specifically has contributed to your field.

Why does your research matter? What recommendations for future research do you have? Lastly, wrap up your work with any concluding remarks.

Read more about conclusions

In order to avoid plagiarism , don’t forget to include a full reference list at the end of your thesis, citing the sources that you used. Choose one citation style and follow it consistently throughout your thesis, taking note of the formatting requirements of each style.

Which style you choose is often set by your department or your field, but common styles include MLA , Chicago , and APA.

Create APA citations Create MLA citations

In order to stay clear and concise, your thesis should include the most essential information needed to answer your research question. However, chances are you have many contributing documents, like interview transcripts or survey questions . These can be added as appendices , to save space in the main body.

Read more about appendices

Once you’re done writing, the next part of your editing process begins. Leave plenty of time for proofreading and editing prior to submission. Nothing looks worse than grammar mistakes or sloppy spelling errors!

Consider using a professional thesis editing service or grammar checker to make sure your final project is perfect.

Once you’ve submitted your final product, it’s common practice to have a thesis defense, an oral component of your finished work. This is scheduled by your advisor or committee, and usually entails a presentation and Q&A session.

After your defense , your committee will meet to determine if you deserve any departmental honors or accolades. However, keep in mind that defenses are usually just a formality. If there are any serious issues with your work, these should be resolved with your advisor way before a defense.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Research bias

• Survivorship bias
• Self-serving bias
• Availability heuristic
• Halo effect
• Hindsight bias
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
• Machine learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

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The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.

If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .

If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.

Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:

• Plan to attend graduate school soon
• Have a particular topic you’d like to study more in-depth
• Are considering a career in research
• Would like a capstone experience to tie up your academic experience

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German Language and Literature: Digital Texts

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• Rare Books, Manuscripts & Archives
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  Online Mediaeval and Classical Library .  A collection of literary works from classical and medieval times. Each text is accompanied by a brief introduction explaining when it first appeared, which language it was originally written in, who wrote it, and which edition the online text was prepared from. Around 40 texts are available. Some of the site's more notable texts include: Orlando Furioso; the works of Chretien de Troyes; a number of pieces by Geoffrey Chaucer; the Song of Roland; the Nibelungenlied; works by Tasso and Ariosto; the Lay of the Cid; and a number of Icelandic sagas in Old Norse. Books & essays for further reading are also recommended, along with details of other translations available.

Albert K. Wimmer Anthology of Medieval German Literature. An online collection of texts, compiled and edited by Professor Albert K Wimmer, with introductions to and commentaries of each text. Spanning the centuries between 750 and 1500, this anthology represents a valuable contribution to the field, updating and building upon its predecesor, 'An Anthology of German Literature 800-1750' by Peter Demetz and WTH Jackson.

The 16th century

CAMENA : Lateinische Texte der Frühen Neuzeit is a website hosted by the University of Mannheim, which makes available Latin poetry by 50 major German writers from the early modern period. It forms part of a larger resource entitled MATEO (see German literature online ).

The Newberry Library (Chicago) Center for Renaissance Studies

Princeton Renaissance Studies

Author-specific collections of German literature online

Bertolt Brecht A searchable online edition of Brecht's complete works, following the Große kommentierte Berliner und Frankfurter Ausgabe .

J. W. von Goethe This database consists primarily of the Weimar Edition of Goethe's works, originally published between 1887-1919 by Hermann Böhlau.

Heinrich Heine A major digitalization project of Heine's works and letters that combines the Düsseldorfer Heine-Ausgabe and the Heine-Säkularausgabe.

Franz Kafka A searchable edition of Kafka's prose works and diaries.

Nietzsche Online  Complete online access to the editions, interpretations and reference works on one of the most important philosophers. Users thus obtain access to a comprehensive database containing the research results of the last forty years. Apart from the authoritative editions of the works (KGW) and the letters (KGB), the database Nietzsche Online contains all De Gruyter publications on Nietzsche. Due to the cross-referencing to the full texts and the further interpretations, the headwords of the Nietzsche dictionary have become an even more indispensable basis for the research and understanding of Nietzsche's work.

Friedrich Nietzsche . Nietzsches Werke: Historisch-Kritische Ausgabe (Past Masters Database)

Friedrich Schiller This electronic edition of the Nationalausgabe of Schiller's works comprises all his writings, from his poetry, plays, translations, and minor prose works to his historical and philosophical writings, letters and conversations.

17th and 18th Centuries Digital Resources

• zvdd: Zentrales Verzeichnis Digitalisierter Drucke A central index of digitized German material from the 15th to the 21st century.
• VD18: Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 18. Jahrhunderts VD18 is a retrospective national bibliography of German printed works from 1701-1800. It offers high-resolution digital scans and is frequently updated by libraries throughout Germany.
• Wolfenbütteler Digitale Bibliothek (WDB) Selected digital facsimile items from the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel. Emphasized are those works which are rare, outstanding, frequently used, or currently most relevant for research. The site is continually updated with new additions.
• VD17:Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 17. Jahrhunderts VD17 is a retrospective national bibliography of 17th century German printed material. The database is based on print holdings in many German libraries. Newly digitized items are listed in the database.
• Retrospektive Digitalisierung wissenschaftlicher Rezensionsorgane und Literaturzeitschriften des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts aus dem deutschen Sprachraum Full text of journals and newspapers of the 18th & 19th centuries from German-speaking regions. This site is an outstanding resource for researchers in German History and German Studies - with tables of contents from the journals and selected scanned articles readily available. The site also has its own search engine to find authors & works. A second platform with full digital scans is also being developed by the same organization: http://ds.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/viewer/
• German Journals of the 18th Century Companion platform to the "Retrospektive Digitalisierung wissenschaftlicher Rezensionsorgane und Literaturzeitschriften des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts." This site offers fully digitized scans and will eventually be merged with the larger collection above.
• DTA: Deutsches Textarchiv The goal of the DTA is to digitize a large cross-section of printed works in modern New High German, ranging from ca. 1600 to 1900. Images and electronic full-text are available online, the latter can be downloaded as HTML, XML or TCF. The DTA presents almost exclusively the first editions of the respective works. Currently (June 2014), there are 1300 texts dating from 1600–1900 online, and about 800 in preparation.
• GJZ18: Scholarly Journals in the Age of Enlightenment Still in progress, this site offers a systematic view of German scholarly review organs of the 18th century. Drawing on the results of the Systematisches Register zu deutschsprachigen Rezensionszeitschriften 1700-1784 the store of material to be made accessible comprises 128 periodicals and contains original contributions, reviews and scholarly news as well as all facets of critique.
• Zedler's Universal-lexikon Zedler's Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste was the greatest encyclopedia developed in 18th century Europe. It was the first encyclopaedia to include biographies of living people, and also the first to be worked on by editors who were specialists. The "Zedlersches Lexikon" comprises 64 volumes + 4 supplements, with about 750,000 articles on 62,571 pages.
• Textgrid Extensive collection of works up to the beginning of the 20th century. Especially strong in literature. Most texts are marked up in XML and TEI.

The 19th century

Dichterhandschriften des Poetischen Realismus is a so-called cyber-index of modern German poetry, which provides a comprehensive global archival research guide to the poetry, personal papers and prose written by German poets from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. Authors are listed in alphabetical order. Each has his or her own page, with links to different institutional collections that preserve their writings. The site is in German and published by Harold B. Lee Library of Brigham Young University, Utah.

19th century German stories (Web editions for language learning & literary study). Collection of 19th & some 18th century German stories, images, and teaching materials.

The 20th & 21st centuries

International Dada archive (University of Iowa). The Archive holds a comprehensive collection of textual documentation related to the Dada movement. Users may access the International Online Bibliography of Dada in order to search the Archive. On the site's Digital Dada Library, users may access scanned versions of original periodicals, books, leaflets & other ephemera related to the movement. Additional details on a number of individual Dadaists are also available: listed here are figures such as Tristan Tzara, Paul Éluard, Max Ernst, and Man Ray. Where possible, links are provided to digital versions of their works held in the Archive.

Literarisches Leben   Literary database & online resource for German language literature from Germany, Austria & Switzerland. The site gives a helpful annual historical chronicle of relevant social & cultural events in these countries from 1945 to 2000. A search engine will bring up publication & personal information on themes & authors according to relevant years. Users can also search for literary events within a particular time span. They can additionally run searches on winners of different literary prizes.

German Literary Expressionism Online . This database provides access to the contributions of 151 journals from the early 20th century in full text. 

General collections of German literature online

Bibliothek deutscher Klassiker Covers the works of major authors spanning eleven centuries and includes historical, philosophical, theological, political and art history texts. Collections of essays, speeches and other non-literary material add context and background material.

Deutsche Gedichte Online database of German poetry hosted by the Universität Freiburg. The site makes available hundreds of poems, all of which are in the public domain and users can browse them by author. Poets whose works are published on the site include: Theodor Fontane; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; Heinrich Heine; Friedrich Hölderlin; Nikolaus Lenau; Christian Morgenstern; Eduard Mörike; Rainer Maria Rilke; Joachim Ringelnatz; Friedrich Rükert; Paul Scheerbart; Friedrich von Schiller; and Theodor Storm.

Die deutsche Lyrik An unparalleled publication of German poetry online. No other single collection covers the same volume of German poetry in electronic format; the collection starts with works from the 15th century and follows the development of German poetry up to the beginning of the 20th century.

German Emblem Book Ongoing project at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign aiming to digitize their internationally renowned collection of over 600 emblem books written from 1540-1800.

German Literature Collections Brings together six individual German literature resources into one searchable portal: Brecht's works , Goethe's works , Kafka's works , Schiller's works , Die Deutsche Lyrik , and Bibliothek deutscher Klassiker .

MDZ: Digital Library of the Bavarian State Library, Munich : Munich Digitization Center (MDZ) handles the digitization and online publication of the cultural heritage preserved by the Bavarian State Library and by other institutions. It provides one of the largest and fastest growing digital collections in Germany, now comprising more than 900,000 titles available online

Projekt Gutenberg-DE Thousands of texts by various German-speaking authors, from all genres and literary periods. Only writings whose copyright has expired, i.e. whose author has been dead for more than 70 years, are represented in this collection. Texts cannot be downloaded, they are only available for online perusal.

Sophie: A digital library of early German women's writing A growing digital library of fiction written by German women between 1740 and 1923.

Textgrid . Extensive collection of works up to the beginning of the 20th century. Especially strong in literature. Most texts are marked up in XML and TEI.

Vorleser.net  Audio presentations of a wide range of literature in German. Users can listen to full-texts or extracts read aloud, downloadable in mp3 format. There are around 500 works by over 150 authors available. Some texts are also available to read online. Some of the authors featured include: Theodor Fontane; Franz Kafka; Theodor Storm; Goethe; Heinrich Heine; and Rainer Maria Rilke. There are also short biographies of authors.

Zeno Searchable full-text portal for world literature by more than 700 authors from Antiquity to the 20th century. Many forgotten authors and out-of-print books.

• Digi20, digitized monographs from the Bavarian State Library Over 4000 digitized monographs, mostly social science and humanities titles, from the second half of the 20th century. In cooperation with several major German academic publishers.

Period-specific collections of German literature online

Bibliothek deutscher Klassiker This series has been in publication since 1981. It covers the works of major authors spanning 11 centuries and includes historical, philosophical, theological, political and art history texts. Collections of essays, speeches and other non-literary material add context and background material.

Lyrikline Internet platform on which contemporary poems can be read and listened to both in their original languages and various translations. At the moment lyrikline.org presents 690 poets, 6238 poems, 55 mother tongues and 7589 translations into 52 languages.

Manuscripta Mediaevalia: digitalisierte Handschriften Browsable manuscripts (page images) from the Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg and other German libraries.

MATEO : Mannheimer Texte online Digital versions of Early Modern primary sources held at the University of Mannheim (site not updated since 2008).

18 th Century German Literature Online Full-text online access to first editions and first published complete editions by more than 600 German-speaking authors of the 18th century.

Freiburger Anthologie (Lyrik der Klassik ) An online anthology of German poetry written during the "Classical period" (1720-1890). Goethe, H ölderlin and Schiller are some of the names represented particularly well in this collection.

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Karl Marx 1845

Theses On Feuerbach

Written : by Marx in Brussels in the spring of 1845, under the title “1) ad Feuerbach”; Marx’s original text was first published in 1924, in German and in Russian translation, by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism in Marx-Engels Archives, Book I, Moscow. The English translation was first published in the Lawrence and Wishart edition of The German Ideology   in 1938. The most widely known version of the Theses is that based on Engels’ edited version, published as an appendix to his Ludwig Feuerbach in 1888, where he gave it the title Theses on Feuerbach ; Translated : by Cyril Smith 2002, based on work done jointly with Don Cuckson.

The main defect of all hitherto-existing materialism — that of Feuerbach included — is that the Object [ der Gegenstand ] , actuality, sensuousness, are conceived only in the form of the object [ Objekts ] , or of contemplation [ Anschauung ] , but not as human sensuous activity, practice [ Praxis ] , not subjectively. Hence it happened that the active side, in opposition to materialism, was developed by idealism — but only abstractly, since, of course, idealism does not know real, sensuous activity as such. Feuerbach wants sensuous objects [ Objekte ] , differentiated from thought-objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective [ gegenst�ndliche ] activity. In The Essence of Christianity [ Das Wesen des Christenthums ] , he therefore regards the theoretical attitude as the only genuinely human attitude, while practice [ Praxis ] is conceived and defined only in its dirty-Jewish form of appearance [ Erscheinungsform ] [1] . Hence he does not grasp the significance of ‘revolutionary’, of ‘practical-critical’, activity.

The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question. Man must prove the truth, i.e. , the reality and power, the this-sidedness [ Diesseitigkeit ] of his thinking, in practice. The dispute over the reality or non-reality of thinking which is isolated from practice is a purely scholastic question.

The materialist doctrine that men are products of circumstances and upbringing, and that, therefore, changed men are products of changed circumstances and changed upbringing, forgets that it is men who change circumstances and that the educator must himself be educated. Hence this doctrine is bound to divide society into two parts, one of which is superior to society. The coincidence of the changing of circumstances and of human activity or self-change [ Selbstver�nderung ] can be conceived and rationally understood only as revolutionary practice .

Feuerbach starts off from the fact of religious self-estrangement [ Selbstentfremdung ] , of the duplication of the world into a religious, imaginary world, and a secular [ weltliche ] one. His work consists in resolving the religious world into its secular basis. He overlooks the fact that after completing this work, the chief thing still remains to be done. For the fact that the secular basis lifts off from itself and establishes itself in the clouds as an independent realm can only be explained by the inner strife and intrinsic contradictoriness of this secular basis. The latter must itself be understood in its contradiction and then, by the removal of the contradiction, revolutionised. Thus, for instance, once the earthly family is discovered to be the secret of the holy family, the former must itself be annihilated [ vernichtet ] theoretically and practically.

Feuerbach, not satisfied with abstract thinking , wants sensuous contemplation [ Anschauung ] ; but he does not conceive sensuousness as practical , human-sensuous activity.

Feuerbach resolves the essence of religion into the essence of man [ menschliche Wesen = ‘human nature’] . But the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In reality, it is the ensemble of the social relations. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence is hence obliged:

1. To abstract from the historical process and to define the religious sentiment regarded by itself, and to presuppose an abstract — isolated - human individual.

2. The essence therefore can by him only be regarded as ‘species’, as an inner ‘dumb’ generality which unites many individuals only in a natural way.

Feuerbach consequently does not see that the ‘religious sentiment’ is itself a social product , and that the abstract individual that he analyses belongs in reality to a particular social form.

All social life is essentially practical . All mysteries which lead theory to mysticism find their rational solution in human practice and in the comprehension of this practice.

The highest point reached by contemplative [ anschauende ] materialism, that is, materialism which does not comprehend sensuousness as practical activity, is the contemplation of single individuals and of civil society [ b�rgerlichen Gesellschaft ] .

The standpoint of the old materialism is civil society; the standpoint of the new is human society or social humanity.

Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.

1. “Dirty-Jewish” — according to Marshall Berman, this is an allusion to the Jewish God of the Old Testament, who had to ‘get his hands dirty’ making the world, tied up with a symbolic contrast between the Christian God of the Word, and the God of the Deed, symbolising practical life. See Feuerbach, The Significance of the Creation in Judaism , Essence of Christianity 1841

Deutsch | 1938 translation of Marx’s original | 1969 Selected Works translation | Engels’ 1888 version

Study Guide | Engels on Feuerbach | Image of Thesis 11 Marx/Engels Works Archive | Works Index

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What is a thesis | A Complete Guide with Examples

Table of Contents

A thesis is a comprehensive academic paper based on your original research that presents new findings, arguments, and ideas of your study. It’s typically submitted at the end of your master’s degree or as a capstone of your bachelor’s degree.

However, writing a thesis can be laborious, especially for beginners. From the initial challenge of pinpointing a compelling research topic to organizing and presenting findings, the process is filled with potential pitfalls.

Therefore, to help you, this guide talks about what is a thesis. Additionally, it offers revelations and methodologies to transform it from an overwhelming task to a manageable and rewarding academic milestone.

What is a thesis?

A thesis is an in-depth research study that identifies a particular topic of inquiry and presents a clear argument or perspective about that topic using evidence and logic.

Writing a thesis showcases your ability of critical thinking, gathering evidence, and making a compelling argument. Integral to these competencies is thorough research, which not only fortifies your propositions but also confers credibility to your entire study.

Furthermore, there's another phenomenon you might often confuse with the thesis: the ' working thesis .' However, they aren't similar and shouldn't be used interchangeably.

A working thesis, often referred to as a preliminary or tentative thesis, is an initial version of your thesis statement. It serves as a draft or a starting point that guides your research in its early stages.

As you research more and gather more evidence, your initial thesis (aka working thesis) might change. It's like a starting point that can be adjusted as you learn more. It's normal for your main topic to change a few times before you finalize it.

While a thesis identifies and provides an overarching argument, the key to clearly communicating the central point of that argument lies in writing a strong thesis statement.

What is a thesis statement?

A strong thesis statement (aka thesis sentence) is a concise summary of the main argument or claim of the paper. It serves as a critical anchor in any academic work, succinctly encapsulating the primary argument or main idea of the entire paper.

Typically found within the introductory section, a strong thesis statement acts as a roadmap of your thesis, directing readers through your arguments and findings. By delineating the core focus of your investigation, it offers readers an immediate understanding of the context and the gravity of your study.

Furthermore, an effectively crafted thesis statement can set forth the boundaries of your research, helping readers anticipate the specific areas of inquiry you are addressing.

Different types of thesis statements

A good thesis statement is clear, specific, and arguable. Therefore, it is necessary for you to choose the right type of thesis statement for your academic papers.

Thesis statements can be classified based on their purpose and structure. Here are the primary types of thesis statements:

Argumentative (or Persuasive) thesis statement

Purpose : To convince the reader of a particular stance or point of view by presenting evidence and formulating a compelling argument.

Example : Reducing plastic use in daily life is essential for environmental health.

Analytical thesis statement

Purpose : To break down an idea or issue into its components and evaluate it.

Example : By examining the long-term effects, social implications, and economic impact of climate change, it becomes evident that immediate global action is necessary.

Expository (or Descriptive) thesis statement

Purpose : To explain a topic or subject to the reader.

Example : The Great Depression, spanning the 1930s, was a severe worldwide economic downturn triggered by a stock market crash, bank failures, and reduced consumer spending.

Cause and effect thesis statement

Purpose : To demonstrate a cause and its resulting effect.

Example : Overuse of smartphones can lead to impaired sleep patterns, reduced face-to-face social interactions, and increased levels of anxiety.

Compare and contrast thesis statement

Purpose : To highlight similarities and differences between two subjects.

Example : "While both novels '1984' and 'Brave New World' delve into dystopian futures, they differ in their portrayal of individual freedom, societal control, and the role of technology."

When you write a thesis statement , it's important to ensure clarity and precision, so the reader immediately understands the central focus of your work.

What is the difference between a thesis and a thesis statement?

While both terms are frequently used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings.

A thesis refers to the entire research document, encompassing all its chapters and sections. In contrast, a thesis statement is a brief assertion that encapsulates the central argument of the research.

Here’s an in-depth differentiation table of a thesis and a thesis statement.

Now, to craft a compelling thesis, it's crucial to adhere to a specific structure. Let’s break down these essential components that make up a thesis structure

15 components of a thesis structure

Navigating a thesis can be daunting. However, understanding its structure can make the process more manageable.

Here are the key components or different sections of a thesis structure:

Your thesis begins with the title page. It's not just a formality but the gateway to your research.

Here, you'll prominently display the necessary information about you (the author) and your institutional details.

• Title of your thesis
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date
• Your Supervisor's name (in some cases)
• Your Department or faculty (in some cases)
• Your University's logo (in some cases)
• Your Student ID (in some cases)

In a concise manner, you'll have to summarize the critical aspects of your research in typically no more than 200-300 words.

This includes the problem statement, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. For many, the abstract will determine if they delve deeper into your work, so ensure it's clear and compelling.

Acknowledgments

Research is rarely a solitary endeavor. In the acknowledgments section, you have the chance to express gratitude to those who've supported your journey.

This might include advisors, peers, institutions, or even personal sources of inspiration and support. It's a personal touch, reflecting the humanity behind the academic rigor.

Table of contents

A roadmap for your readers, the table of contents lists the chapters, sections, and subsections of your thesis.

By providing page numbers, you allow readers to navigate your work easily, jumping to sections that pique their interest.

List of figures and tables

Research often involves data, and presenting this data visually can enhance understanding. This section provides an organized listing of all figures and tables in your thesis.

It's a visual index, ensuring that readers can quickly locate and reference your graphical data.

Introduction

Here's where you introduce your research topic, articulate the research question or objective, and outline the significance of your study.

• Present the research topic : Clearly articulate the central theme or subject of your research.
• Background information : Ground your research topic, providing any necessary context or background information your readers might need to understand the significance of your study.
• Define the scope : Clearly delineate the boundaries of your research, indicating what will and won't be covered.
• Literature review : Introduce any relevant existing research on your topic, situating your work within the broader academic conversation and highlighting where your research fits in.
• State the research Question(s) or objective(s) : Clearly articulate the primary questions or objectives your research aims to address.
• Outline the study's structure : Give a brief overview of how the subsequent sections of your work will unfold, guiding your readers through the journey ahead.

The introduction should captivate your readers, making them eager to delve deeper into your research journey.

Literature review section

Your study correlates with existing research. Therefore, in the literature review section, you'll engage in a dialogue with existing knowledge, highlighting relevant studies, theories, and findings.

It's here that you identify gaps in the current knowledge, positioning your research as a bridge to new insights.

To streamline this process, consider leveraging AI tools. For example, the SciSpace literature review tool enables you to efficiently explore and delve into research papers, simplifying your literature review journey.

Methodology

In the research methodology section, you’ll detail the tools, techniques, and processes you employed to gather and analyze data. This section will inform the readers about how you approached your research questions and ensures the reproducibility of your study.

Here's a breakdown of what it should encompass:

• Research Design : Describe the overall structure and approach of your research. Are you conducting a qualitative study with in-depth interviews? Or is it a quantitative study using statistical analysis? Perhaps it's a mixed-methods approach?
• Data Collection : Detail the methods you used to gather data. This could include surveys, experiments, observations, interviews, archival research, etc. Mention where you sourced your data, the duration of data collection, and any tools or instruments used.
• Sampling : If applicable, explain how you selected participants or data sources for your study. Discuss the size of your sample and the rationale behind choosing it.
• Data Analysis : Describe the techniques and tools you used to process and analyze the data. This could range from statistical tests in quantitative research to thematic analysis in qualitative research.
• Validity and Reliability : Address the steps you took to ensure the validity and reliability of your findings to ensure that your results are both accurate and consistent.
• Ethical Considerations : Highlight any ethical issues related to your research and the measures you took to address them, including — informed consent, confidentiality, and data storage and protection measures.

Moreover, different research questions necessitate different types of methodologies. For instance:

• Experimental methodology : Often used in sciences, this involves a controlled experiment to discern causality.
• Qualitative methodology : Employed when exploring patterns or phenomena without numerical data. Methods can include interviews, focus groups, or content analysis.
• Quantitative methodology : Concerned with measurable data and often involves statistical analysis. Surveys and structured observations are common tools here.
• Mixed methods : As the name implies, this combines both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

The Methodology section isn’t just about detailing the methods but also justifying why they were chosen. The appropriateness of the methods in addressing your research question can significantly impact the credibility of your findings.

Results (or Findings)

This section presents the outcomes of your research. It's crucial to note that the nature of your results may vary; they could be quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both.

Quantitative results often present statistical data, showcasing measurable outcomes, and they benefit from tables, graphs, and figures to depict these data points.

Qualitative results , on the other hand, might delve into patterns, themes, or narratives derived from non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations.

Regardless of the nature of your results, clarity is essential. This section is purely about presenting the data without offering interpretations — that comes later in the discussion.

In the discussion section, the raw data transforms into valuable insights.

Start by revisiting your research question and contrast it with the findings. How do your results expand, constrict, or challenge current academic conversations?

Dive into the intricacies of the data, guiding the reader through its implications. Detail potential limitations transparently, signaling your awareness of the research's boundaries. This is where your academic voice should be resonant and confident.

Practical implications (Recommendation) section

Based on the insights derived from your research, this section provides actionable suggestions or proposed solutions.

Whether aimed at industry professionals or the general public, recommendations translate your academic findings into potential real-world actions. They help readers understand the practical implications of your work and how it can be applied to effect change or improvement in a given field.

When crafting recommendations, it's essential to ensure they're feasible and rooted in the evidence provided by your research. They shouldn't merely be aspirational but should offer a clear path forward, grounded in your findings.

The conclusion provides closure to your research narrative.

It's not merely a recap but a synthesis of your main findings and their broader implications. Reconnect with the research questions or hypotheses posited at the beginning, offering clear answers based on your findings.

Reflect on the broader contributions of your study, considering its impact on the academic community and potential real-world applications.

Lastly, the conclusion should leave your readers with a clear understanding of the value and impact of your study.

References (or Bibliography)

Every theory you've expounded upon, every data point you've cited, and every methodological precedent you've followed finds its acknowledgment here.

In references, it's crucial to ensure meticulous consistency in formatting, mirroring the specific guidelines of the chosen citation style .

Proper referencing helps to avoid plagiarism , gives credit to original ideas, and allows readers to explore topics of interest. Moreover, it situates your work within the continuum of academic knowledge.

To properly cite the sources used in the study, you can rely on online citation generator tools  to generate accurate citations!

Here’s more on how you can cite your sources.

Often, the depth of research produces a wealth of material that, while crucial, can make the core content of the thesis cumbersome. The appendix is where you mention extra information that supports your research but isn't central to the main text.

Whether it's raw datasets, detailed procedural methodologies, extended case studies, or any other ancillary material, the appendices ensure that these elements are archived for reference without breaking the main narrative's flow.

For thorough researchers and readers keen on meticulous details, the appendices provide a treasure trove of insights.

Glossary (optional)

In academics, specialized terminologies, and jargon are inevitable. However, not every reader is versed in every term.

The glossary, while optional, is a critical tool for accessibility. It's a bridge ensuring that even readers from outside the discipline can access, understand, and appreciate your work.

By defining complex terms and providing context, you're inviting a wider audience to engage with your research, enhancing its reach and impact.

Remember, while these components provide a structured framework, the essence of your thesis lies in the originality of your ideas, the rigor of your research, and the clarity of your presentation.

As you craft each section, keep your readers in mind, ensuring that your passion and dedication shine through every page.

Thesis examples

To further elucidate the concept of a thesis, here are illustrative examples from various fields:

Example 1 (History): Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807 by Suchait Kahlon.

Example 2 (Climate Dynamics): Influence of external forcings on abrupt millennial-scale climate changes: a statistical modelling study by Takahito Mitsui · Michel Crucifix

Checklist for your thesis evaluation

Evaluating your thesis ensures that your research meets the standards of academia. Here's an elaborate checklist to guide you through this critical process.

Content and structure

• Is the thesis statement clear, concise, and debatable?
• Does the introduction provide sufficient background and context?
• Is the literature review comprehensive, relevant, and well-organized?
• Does the methodology section clearly describe and justify the research methods?
• Are the results/findings presented clearly and logically?
• Does the discussion interpret the results in light of the research question and existing literature?
• Is the conclusion summarizing the research and suggesting future directions or implications?

Clarity and coherence

• Is the writing clear and free of jargon?
• Are ideas and sections logically connected and flowing?
• Is there a clear narrative or argument throughout the thesis?

Research quality

• Is the research question significant and relevant?
• Are the research methods appropriate for the question?
• Is the sample size (if applicable) adequate?
• Are the data analysis techniques appropriate and correctly applied?
• Are potential biases or limitations addressed?

Originality and significance

• Does the thesis contribute new knowledge or insights to the field?
• Is the research grounded in existing literature while offering fresh perspectives?

Formatting and presentation

• Is the thesis formatted according to institutional guidelines?
• Are figures, tables, and charts clear, labeled, and referenced in the text?
• Is the bibliography or reference list complete and consistently formatted?
• Are appendices relevant and appropriately referenced in the main text?

Grammar and language

• Is the thesis free of grammatical and spelling errors?
• Is the language professional, consistent, and appropriate for an academic audience?
• Are quotations and paraphrased material correctly cited?

Feedback and revision

• Have you sought feedback from peers, advisors, or experts in the field?
• Have you addressed the feedback and made the necessary revisions?

Overall assessment

• Does the thesis as a whole feel cohesive and comprehensive?
• Would the thesis be understandable and valuable to someone in your field?

Ensure to use this checklist to leave no ground for doubt or missed information in your thesis.

After writing your thesis, the next step is to discuss and defend your findings verbally in front of a knowledgeable panel. You’ve to be well prepared as your professors may grade your presentation abilities.

Preparing your thesis defense

A thesis defense, also known as "defending the thesis," is the culmination of a scholar's research journey. It's the final frontier, where you’ll present their findings and face scrutiny from a panel of experts.

Typically, the defense involves a public presentation where you’ll have to outline your study, followed by a question-and-answer session with a committee of experts. This committee assesses the validity, originality, and significance of the research.

The defense serves as a rite of passage for scholars. It's an opportunity to showcase expertise, address criticisms, and refine arguments. A successful defense not only validates the research but also establishes your authority as a researcher in your field.

Here’s how you can effectively prepare for your thesis defense .

Now, having touched upon the process of defending a thesis, it's worth noting that scholarly work can take various forms, depending on academic and regional practices.

One such form, often paralleled with the thesis, is the 'dissertation.' But what differentiates the two?

Dissertation vs. Thesis

Often used interchangeably in casual discourse, they refer to distinct research projects undertaken at different levels of higher education.

To the uninitiated, understanding their meaning might be elusive. So, let's demystify these terms and delve into their core differences.

Here's a table differentiating between the two.

Wrapping up

From understanding the foundational concept of a thesis to navigating its various components, differentiating it from a dissertation, and recognizing the importance of proper citation — this guide covers it all.

As scholars and readers, understanding these nuances not only aids in academic pursuits but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the relentless quest for knowledge that drives academia.

It’s important to remember that every thesis is a testament to curiosity, dedication, and the indomitable spirit of discovery.

Good luck with your thesis writing!

Frequently Asked Questions

A thesis typically ranges between 40-80 pages, but its length can vary based on the research topic, institution guidelines, and level of study.

A PhD thesis usually spans 200-300 pages, though this can vary based on the discipline, complexity of the research, and institutional requirements.

To identify a thesis topic, consider current trends in your field, gaps in existing literature, personal interests, and discussions with advisors or mentors. Additionally, reviewing related journals and conference proceedings can provide insights into potential areas of exploration.

The conceptual framework is often situated in the literature review or theoretical framework section of a thesis. It helps set the stage by providing the context, defining key concepts, and explaining the relationships between variables.

A thesis statement should be concise, clear, and specific. It should state the main argument or point of your research. Start by pinpointing the central question or issue your research addresses, then condense that into a single statement, ensuring it reflects the essence of your paper.

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Karl Marx. Thesen über Feuerbach. Theses on Feuerbach. German Text with a Facing Page English Translation. By Carlos Bendaña-Pedroza

2022, Karl_Marx_Thesen_über_Feuerbach_Theses_on_Feuerbach_German_Text_English_Translation_Carlos_Bendaña-Pedroza_Bonn_2019

German Text of the Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA,1932) and the Marx-Engels Werke (MEW, 1958). English translation based on the textual and contextual analysis, which the translator has outlined in El manifiesto del método (Manifesto of Method, 2015 [1981])

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A journey through the legacy of Karl Marx, time use studies and, the goal of universal literacy. Karl Marx's critique of political economy is a sublation or Aufhebung of classical political economy, for opening up the frontiers of its future as a science, aimed at self-emancipation of the wage-labourer. He divided his corresponding task into 6 topics: capital, landed property, wage-labour; the state, foreign trade and, world market. His output in this and in the other areas are being published within the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA) I-IV: http://mega.bbaw.de/struktur

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The following is a critical reconstruction of the collaboration between Bauer and Marx between 1839 and 1842. The turbulences in the period in question reveal themselves in Marx’s thought as well as in his relationship with Bruno Bauer. Correspondingly, Marx’s detours, false paths, dead ends and abandoned work are therefore made the focus of this study. The ambivalent initial relations between the two of them, which both made their collaboration possible and hindered it, clearly go back further than 1841, when Bauer was not yet an atheist and was still a proponent of church doctrine. This was the Bruno Bauer that Marx had come to know in the Doctor’s Club. We then meet Bauer the atheist at the end of 1839 or perhaps the beginning of 1840, as he was planning a comprehensive attack on orthodox theology and wanted Marx to fight on his side. This attack continued in Bauer’s Trumpet and in Hegel’s Doctrine. https://brill.com/view/journals/hima/aop/article-10.1163-1569206X-12341901/article-10.1163-1569206X-12341901.xml

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the project of a ‘second’ MEGA , designed to reproduce all the writings of the two thinkers together with an extensive critical apparatus, got under way in 1975 in East Germany. Following the fall of the Berlin wall, however, this too was interrupted. A diffi cult period of reorganization ensued, in which new editorial principles were developed and approved, and the publication of MEGA2 recommenced only in 1998. Since then twenty- six volumes have appeared in print – others are in the course of preparation – containing new versions of certain of Marx’s works; all the preparatory manuscripts of Capital; correspondence from important periods of his life including a number of letters received; and approximately two hundred notebooks. ! e latter contain excerpts from books that Marx read over the years and the refl ections to which they gave rise. ! ey constitute his critical theoretical workshop, indicating the complex itinerary he followed in the development of his thought and the sources on which he drew in working out his own ideas. these priceless materials – many of which are available only in German and therefore intended for small circles of researchers – show us an author very different from the one that numerous critics or self- styled followers presented for such a long time. Indeed, the new textual acquisitions in MEGA 2 make it possible to say that, of the classics of political and philosophical thought, Marx is the author whose profi le has changed the most in recent years. The political landscape following the implosion of the Soviet Union has helped to free Marx from the role of fi gurehead of the state apparatus that was accorded to him there. Research advances, together with the changed political conditions, therefore suggest that the renewal in the interpretation of Marx’s thought is a phenomenon destined to continue.

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Voter registration scams are now everywhere. Here's how to spot them.

• Officials are warning about voter registration scams ahead of the 2024 presidential election.
• Scammers are posing as get-out-the-vote groups in fake text messages.
• Experts suggest verifying communications from local election officials.

Did you get a text message saying you aren't registered to vote? It could be a scam.

With the 2024 presidential election fast approaching , officials in several states are warning about scammers pretending to be voter registration agencies.

Voter registration fraud is one of the three most common scams during an election cycle, alongside cons involving political donations and fake polls, according to the National Association of Secretaries of State . Scammers typically contact victims by phone, text, or email — and sometimes in person — to say they need personal information to update voter registration forms.

In Shasta County, California, the county clerk and election officials warned last week that a text message asking recipients to click a link to register to vote was a scam. Officials said clicking the link could trigger malware and put the victim's personal information at risk.

On the other side of the country, election officials in Lake County, Florida, issued a similar warning in March. County Supervisor Alan Hays told residents to "be vigilant this election cycle for political scams that can mislead unsuspecting individuals into a frightful experience that can be difficult to overcome," local media reported .

Clerks in Salt Lake City and San Francisco have issued similar warnings as well.

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The National Association of Secretaries of State says voters should check to see if the communication is coming from local or state election officials and be wary if anyone asks for payment to complete voter registration documents.

The Federal Trade Commission recommends reporting any unsolicited texts or calls from someone who says they need your Social Security number or personal or financial information to register you to vote. If you send your personal information to someone you don't know and think you may be the victim of a scam, you can visit the FTC's identity theft recovery page to report the fraud.

The FTC recommends contacting your local election office or checking the US Election Assistance Commission's National Voter Registration Form to determine whether your state requires your Social Security number for voter registration.

Watch: How scam call centers work, according to a 'scambaiter'

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