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Impact of Science Technology and Innovation (STI) on Economic Growth and Development: A Case Study of Pakistan

Visiting Academic, Alliance Manchester Business School / Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, The University of Manchester, UK, [email protected] Associate Professor, FUUAST School of Economics, Federal Urdu University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Senior Lecturer, Alliance Manchester Business School / Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, The University of Manchester, UK Principal Research Officer, Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

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This paper concentrates on the significance of Research and Development (R&D) for economic growth in the developing economy of Pakistan. The paper also questioned the major macro determinants of R&D in Pakistan. The study used time series data for the period 1971-2008. The results obtained from the Ordinary Squares Method showed that R&D significantly affects the Real GDP per capita in Pakistan. Health, labour force , and Physical capital are among the other determinants of Real GDP per capita. The results further show that real GDP per capita and quality of educational institutions are the significant factors which affect R&D. The Johansen Cointegration test confirmed the existence of long run relationship between R&D and economic growth. Similarly, R&D and its determinants were also found in long run relationship. It is therefore recommended to increase investment in R&D to achieve sustained economic growth. It is also recommended to collect and record quality R&D data for effecti...

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Purpose-Science and technology parks (STP) are established to facilitate innovation and the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies. The innovation performance of tenants is the primary feature of all successful STPs globally. The purpose of this study is to investigate firms' innovation and economic performance at the National Science and Technology Park (NSTP), Islamabad, Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach-The CDM (the acronym of the three authors' names, Cr epon, Duguet and Mairesse) model following a two-stage approach was used to analyze the survey data of 105 tenants. The innovation performance of tenants was estimated through probit regression at Stage 1, and the economic performance of tenants given their innovation performance was examined at Stage II using Tobit regression and the Heckman model. Findings-The findings suggest that compatibility of innovation with the existing competitive advantage of a firm increases the innovation performance of firms, whereas collaboration of firms with NUST for research and development has only a marginal effect on innovation performance. However, the tenant's business and social networking were weak, possibly due to the short time spent on NSTP. Originality/value-These STPs are expected to be hubs of technology development and transfer by fostering open innovation through internal and external collaborations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the innovation performance of tenants at NSTP, the first fully integrated STP in Pakistan. Despite shortcomings, the innovation and economic performance of NSTP tenants warrant further public policy support to inculcate open innovation culture.

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At a time of rapid technological advancements in every field, Pakistan must develop a comprehensive strategy for harnessing science and technology to promote economic growth on a sustained basis. In recent decades, successful economies have moved away from factor accumulation models of economic growth to productivity led growth that is underpinned by technological advancements and innovations. Using the endogenous growth theory as a framework of analysis, the paper will provide a macroeconomic perspective on the importance of technology and innovation for sustainable economic growth. We argue that public policy must be geared to generate robust growth by encouraging investment in research and development (R&D) and human capital. The paper will conceptualize the role of technology in the process of economic growth and identify policy areas that can be instrumental in promoting technological modernization and innovations.

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Science Education in Pakistan: Existing Situation and Perspectives for Planner

First Online: 18 January 2022

Cite this chapter

Muhammad Yasir Mustafa 13 ,
Ali Gohar Qazi 14 &
Afaq Ahmed 14

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Educational Technology ((LNET))

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The original version of the book was revised. In this chapter, order of the authors “Muhammad Yasir Mustafa, Afaq Ahmed, Ali Gohar Qazi” are changed to “Muhammad Yasir Mustafa, Ali Gohar Qazi, Afaq Ahmed”. The erratum to this chapter can be available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6955-2_31

This chapter provides a picture of science education, from past to present, in Pakistan, and examines how science education has developed so far in the wider context of educational research and development. Technology’s impact on developing national capacity, in emerging science and technology fields, is highlighted through various scientific and technological programs, international collaborations, government, and research organizations that are operating to develop human capital in sciences. Lastly, few ways in which existing issues in science education in Pakistan might be resolved are proposed.

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Mustafa, M.Y., Qazi, A.G., Ahmed, A. (2022). Science Education in Pakistan: Existing Situation and Perspectives for Planner. In: Huang, R., et al. Science Education in Countries Along the Belt & Road. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6955-2_19

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Published: 07 December 2012

Pakistan’s new science policy raises hopes

Faisal Raza Khan

Nature ( 2012 ) Cite this article

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Developing world

First ever research strategy hailed as a milestone for country's development.

An article by SciDev.Net.

As they hail Pakistan's first comprehensive national science, technology and innovation (ST&I) policy, the country's science leaders are hopeful of effective implementation and funding.

The 'National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy–2012', launched last month (23 November) with support from the Pakistan Council for Science and Technology and the ministry of science and technology, is expected to help Pakistan emerge as a scientifically sensitive nation.

Describing the policy, at the launch, as "demand-driven and people-centric ", Changez Khan Jamali, federal minister for science and technology, said it was a milestone in Pakistan's self-reliant development strategy.

Jamali said the new policy was focused on improving the quality of life for common people through the creation of a conducive industrial and economic environment.

Pakistan has an ambitious plan to increase its science budget to 1 and 2 per cent of annual gross domestic product spending by 2015 and 2020 respectively, against the present 0.6 per cent.

Akhlaq Ahmed Tarar, secretary in the ministry, told SciDev.Net that he looked forward to "having close to 1 per cent allocation in the 2013 budget."

"The only fuel to make this policy a success is real political and fiscal support, which government is committed to provide – so there are hopes for an innovative and technologically advanced future for Pakistan," Tarar said.

A national policy for ST&I has been in the making since 1960 when the National Science Commission of Pakistan was constituted and tasked with finding ways to promote scientific research.

However, various hurdles stood in the way, the chief among them in more recent years being funding cuts forced by the recession and natural disasters.

The new policy focuses on environment science, biotechnology, energy, water, minerals, ocean-sciences and engineering as critical areas demanding priority.

It recognises innovation as an integral part of the S&T system while emphasising development of human resources, training and education.

Manzoor Soomro, chairman of the Pakistan Science Foundation, an autonomous body under the science ministry, told SciDev.Net that to make the new policy serve the country's socio-economic development better, public-private partnerships and academia-industry linkages would need to be forged.

"Higher Education Commission and the well-developed offices of research, innovation and commercialisation that already maintain R&D links with different public-private organisations, would be the beneficiaries of this policy," Soomro said.

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This article was originally published by SciDev.Net on 7 December 2012.

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Khan, F. Pakistan’s new science policy raises hopes. Nature (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.11987

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Pakistan Journal of Computer and Information Systems (PJCIS) is an online, open access, peer-reviewed journal published twice a year by Pakistan Scientific and Technological Information Centre (PASTIC). It publishes original research articles, short communications and review articles on Computer Science, Computer System Engineering and Information Systems. The mission of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers to debate and discuss interdisciplinary issues in all areas of Computer Science, Computer System Engineering and Information Systems.

Pakistan Journal of Computer and Information Systems (PJCIS) is an online, open access, peer-reviewed journal published twice a year by Pakistan Scientific and Technological Information Centre (PASTIC). It publishes original research articles, short communications and review articles on Computer Science, Computer System Engineering and Information Systems. The mission of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers to debate and discuss interdisciplinary issues in all areas of Computer Science, Computer System Engineering and Information Systems.


BUJICT is an international peer reviewed, Open Access bi-annual (June and December) journal that focuses articles which contribute new results in all domain of information and communication technologies. More specifically, BUJICT takes regular submissions from academic professionals and researcher belongs to Electrical, Electronics, Computer, Telecom, Software Engineering, Computer Sciences and related disciplines. Currently, BUJICT is recognized as HEC “Y” Category Journal.

BUJICT is an international peer reviewed, Open Access bi-annual (June and December) journal that focuses articles which contribute new results in all domain of information and communication technologies. More specifically, BUJICT takes regular submissions from academic professionals and researcher belongs to Electrical, Electronics, Computer, Telecom, Software Engineering, Computer Sciences and related disciplines. Currently, BUJICT is recognized as HEC “Y” Category Journal.


Journal of Information & Communication Technology is a biannual journal in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology that offers platform for researchers, scholars & scientist to publish their original and to date research of high scientific value. It is a double blind peer review open access academic journal, published bi-annually by Ilma University – Formerly IBT. Articles published in the journal illustrate innovations, development and achievements in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology. The journal is being published electronically as well as in print form.

Journal of Information & Communication Technology is a biannual journal in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology that offers platform for researchers, scholars & scientist to publish their original and to date research of high scientific value. It is a double blind peer review open access academic journal, published bi-annually by Ilma University – Formerly IBT. Articles published in the journal illustrate innovations, development and achievements in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology. The journal is being published electronically as well as in print form.


International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS) is a scholarly peer reviewed international scientific journal published three times (April, August, December) in a year, focusing on theories, methods, and applications in networks and information security. It provides a challenging forum for researchers, industrial professionals, engineers, managers, and policy makers working in the field to contribute and disseminate innovative new work on networks and information security.

International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS) is a scholarly peer reviewed international scientific journal published three times (April, August, December) in a year, focusing on theories, methods, and applications in networks and information security. It provides a challenging forum for researchers, industrial professionals, engineers, managers, and policy makers working in the field to contribute and disseminate innovative new work on networks and information security.


Pakistan Council for Science and Technology is in the process of revising its journal titled "Science, Technology, and Development" and expanding its scope to encompass all areas of Science, Technology, Innovation and Public Policy. The Journal has been recognized by HEC and is placed in Category 'Z'. Researchers are invited to submit their articles which will be sent to panel of International and National referees for evaluation and subsequent publication. The journal will soon be abstracted and indexed by International agencies. We will strive to acquire Impact Factor rating by maintaining a high standard of the articles within.

Pakistan Council for Science and Technology is in the process of revising its journal titled "Science, Technology, and Development" and expanding its scope to encompass all areas of Science, Technology, Innovation and Public Policy. The Journal has been recognized by HEC and is placed in Category 'Z'. Researchers are invited to submit their articles which will be sent to panel of International and National referees for evaluation and subsequent publication. The journal will soon be abstracted and indexed by International agencies. We will strive to acquire Impact Factor rating by maintaining a high standard of the articles within.


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Journal of Science and Technology is the official Journal of the University of Peshawar being published by the Office of Dean, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences. The Journal is multidisciplinary and published bi-annually. Manuscripts describing original research findings and in-depth critical evaluation are accepted. The journal does not accept case studies, review articles, short communication, and letter to the editor. The total length of a manuscript including figures, tables and references must not exceed 8000 words. Multi-part papers are not to be considered. Papers that are requested by the editors to be revised must be returned within 4 weeks or they will be regarded as withdrawn.


Journal of Innovative Sciences (JIS), a peer reviewed journal, is published bi annually by the Society for Promotion of Science and Technology (SPST). It publishes original research and review articles on all aspects of sciences and other related subjects. Manuscripts are accepted for publication on the understanding that they have not been published and are not being considered for publication elsewhere. The Editor will assume that all named authors agree with the contents and form of the paper. The copyright of papers accepted for publication belongs to Journal of Innovative Sciences. All contributions are subject to editorial revision and Editor's decision will be final.

Journal of Innovative Sciences (JIS), a peer reviewed journal, is published bi annually by the Society for Promotion of Science and Technology (SPST). It publishes original research and review articles on all aspects of sciences and other related subjects. Manuscripts are accepted for publication on the understanding that they have not been published and are not being considered for publication elsewhere. The Editor will assume that all named authors agree with the contents and form of the paper. The copyright of papers accepted for publication belongs to Journal of Innovative Sciences. All contributions are subject to editorial revision and Editor's decision will be final.


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Journal of Information & Communication Technologies and Robotic Applications is a biannual journal in the field of Computer Science, Information Technology and Robotic Applications that offers platform for researchers, scholars & scientist to publish their original and to date research of high scientific value. It is, published bi-annually by Newports Institute of Communications and Economics (NICE). Articles published in the journal illustrate innovations, development and achievements in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology. The journal is being published electronically as well as in print form.

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Strauss, I., O’Reilly, T., Mazzucato, M., & Schulte, J. (2024). Monetization risks in AI systems: A Bing Copilot case study . Submission to the European Commission. April 2024: https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/about/europes-digital-future_en

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Earlier work on algorithmic rents and disclosures.

Strauss, I., O’Reilly, T., and Mazzucato, M. (2024). Amazon’s Algorithmic Rents: The economics of information on Amazon . UC Law Science and Technology Journal , forthcoming.

O’Reilly, T. (2023). Breaking Bad: The journey from collective intelligence to algorithmic rents . Minderoo Centre Lecture, Cambridge University, October 10, 2023.

Rock, R., Strauss, I., O’Reilly, T., and Mazzucato, M. (2023). Behind the Clicks: Can Amazon allocate user attention as it pleases? . Information Economics and Policy . [R&R]

O’Reilly, T., Strauss, I., and Mazzucato, M. (2024). Algorithmic Attention Rents: A theory of digital platform market power . Data & Policy , Volume 6, e6.

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Productive Scientists of Pakistan 2019

Pakistan Council for Science and Technology (PCST) is the only organization that maintains a national database of productive scientists of Pakistan. These data organized by PCST, along with the numerical scoring of scientists, are widely employed by R&D organizations and Universities/ Institutions for keen assessment of potential candidates with respect to appointments and promotions. Moreover, these data are also made available for medals, awards and nomination of prestigious scientific bodies on request of MoST and other concerned agencies.

This document provides complete information on the productive scientists of Pakistan and is based on a credible and transparent process, using a wide range of bibliometric parameters with ownership both in the scientific community and the Government (details of individual parameters of profile of each scientist shared openly at the PCST website and accessible to public before final publication).

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Last Updated	April 4, 2021, 19:42 (UTC)
Created	December 18, 2019, 09:10 (UTC)
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Data Source	Secondary Research
Organization Type	Educational institution
Category	Science & Technology

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Decarbonizing pakistan’s cement sector: the role of carbon capture and storage (ccs) technologies †.

1. Introduction

Significance of ccs in decarbonizing pakistan’s cement industry, 2. methodology, 4. discussion.

Long-term planning, monitoring, development and regulatory support : The government can establish clear and ambitious targets for emissions reduction and CCS deployment within the cement sector along with other industrial sector targets, which should be aligned with national climate goals, such as net-zero emissions, by mid-century. This should involve developing monitoring and reporting mechanisms to track CO 2 emissions, capture rates, and storage integrity. Moreover, this should be supported with robust regulatory frameworks that provide certainty and stability for CCS investments. This includes streamlined permitting processes for CCS projects, clear guidelines for CO 2 storage site selection and operation, and frameworks for liability and monitoring.
Role of finance and investment : CCS projects, including those in the cement sector, are capital-intensive due to the costs associated with capturing, transporting, and storing CO 2 . Financial support is essential to bridging the gap between upfront investment costs and long-term operational savings and environmental benefits. This implies the crucial role of various financial instruments, such as direct funds in the form of grants, incentives, and subsidies, and implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems, in creating financial incentives to help offset the high initial costs and encourage early adopters in the cement industry. Similarly, the government should harness the potential of carbon pricing mechanisms such as carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems. CCS projects can generate revenue streams through carbon offset credits or enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. Cement manufacturers can monetize captured CO 2 by selling carbon credits or using CO 2 for EOR, providing additional financial incentives for CCS deployment. These mechanisms encourage industries to reduce emissions and invest in low-carbon technologies like CCS. Governments and international financial institutions can offer risk mitigation instruments, such as guarantees or insurance, to reduce the perceived financial risks associated with CCS investments. This helps attract private-sector capital and facilitates project financing. This includes attracting investments from financial institutions, venture capital firms, and private equity funds that recognize the potential long-term returns from CCS technology development and deployment.
International collaboration : Given the techno-economic nature and implications of CCS, it is imperative to engage in international collaboration to share experiences, best practices, and lessons learned from CCS projects in other countries. Participating in knowledge-sharing platforms and partnerships to accelerate technology development and deployment can help build the capacity of human resources. This includes educating engineers, technicians, and policymakers on CCS technologies, operational best practices, and regulatory compliance.
Technology innovation and R&D support : This refers to the need to invest in research and development (R&D) to advance CCS technologies tailored to the cement industry’s specific needs. It is critical to support pilot projects and demonstrations to validate technologies and scale them up for commercial deployment.
Public–private partnerships : These can help share risks, leverage expertise, and accelerate technology development and deployment. Hence, it remains significant to foster collaboration between government, industry stakeholders (including cement manufacturers), research institutions, and international organizations to allow for the better integration of R&D, policies, regulations and the mobilization of finances and investment.

5. Conclusions

Supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

Anika, O.C.; Nnabuife, S.G.; Bello, A.; Okoroafor, E.R.; Kuang, B.; Villa, R. Prospects of low and zero-carbon renewable fuels in 1.5-degree net zero emission actualisation by 2050: A critical review. Carbon Capture Sci. Technol. 2022 , 5 , 100072. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
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Shen, M.; Kong, F.; Tong, L.; Luo, Y.; Yin, S.; Liu, C.; Zhang, P.; Wang, L.; Chu, P.K.; Ding, Y. Carbon capture and storage (CCS): Development path based on carbon neutrality and economic policy. Carbon Neutrality 2022 , 1 , 37. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
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Click here to enlarge figure

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
Thermal Energy Consumption for Cement	3.9 GJ/t-cl	Electrical Energy Consumption for cement	90 kWh/t Cement
Clinker-to-Cement Ratio	0.95	Emission Intensity	0.79 t-CO /t-cl
Energy Mix (2022)	Coal (80%), Natural Gas (12%), Electricity (1.2%), Others (6.8%)	Share of Cement in Industrial Emissions	61%
Economic Growth	4.3% (as per IGCEP)	Population Growth Rate	2%
Energy Demand (2022)	7.1 Mtoe	Commercial Floor-Space Increase	Direct Index of GDP

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Share and Cite

Zia, U.; Qureshi, S.; Aslam, H.; Zulfiqar, M. Decarbonizing Pakistan’s Cement Sector: The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies. Eng. Proc. 2024 , 75 , 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075007

Zia U, Qureshi S, Aslam H, Zulfiqar M. Decarbonizing Pakistan’s Cement Sector: The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies. Engineering Proceedings . 2024; 75(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075007

Zia, Ubaid, Saleha Qureshi, Hina Aslam, and Muhammad Zulfiqar. 2024. "Decarbonizing Pakistan’s Cement Sector: The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies" Engineering Proceedings 75, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024075007

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Minister for Science and Technology Dr Kahlid Maqbool Siddiqui chairing the 3rd Meeting of BoG of PCST on the August 15, 2024, Islamabad

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