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Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition - 2nd Edition

(13 reviews)

Catherine Anderson, Hamilton, Ontario

Bronwyn Bjorkman, Kingston, Ontario

Derek Denis, Mississauga, Ontario

ISBN 13: 9781927565506

Publisher: eCampusOntario

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Ivy Hauser, Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Arlington on 3/15/24

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

Very comprehensive introduction to linguistics textbook. The 4/5 is because I think some parts are too comprehensive (at least for the one-semester course where I teach intro ling). I've been using it for several courses now, including the first edition. As a phonologist, I appreciate the revisions in the second edition on the phonetics and phonology sections. They removed some of the more technical/theoretical elements that I typically reserve for upper-level courses (e.g. distinctive features). The only exception is the syntax chapter, which is much more comprehensive than needed for an introductory textbook in my opinion. That chapter feels more like a textbook for an undergraduate syntax class, not a chapter for the two weeks I can spend on syntax in my intro course. I don't cover 90% of it and typically give the students additional resources on the basics that I wish were covered in more detail (phrase structure rules/trees, etc.).

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The technical content is accurate and up to date with current developments in the field.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The book is highly relevant for introductory linguistics courses in more theory oriented program (as opposed to applied/TESOL introduction to linguistics). Some of the examples are specific to the Canadian context, but my American students can easily understand them. The approaches taken are standard and unlikely to become outdated quickly.

Clarity rating: 5

Prose is clear and easy to understand for intro students. I receive multiple comments each semester about how the students appreciate the videos and clear prose.

Consistency rating: 5

We haven't found any inconsistencies in terminology or formalism (which is a commendable feat for a linguistics resource!). Some of the formalism used switched between edition 1 and 2, so just a heads up to anyone switching from one edition to another. Occasionally my students will find links to the first edition and read that instead.

Modularity rating: 5

Modularity is excellent. We link the exact assigned sections from the Canvas page and students never have trouble finding the reading or figuring out what is assigned. Very easy to navigate.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

It follows the standard order of topics for intro linguistics. Many chapters seem to follow a data-first approach and only introduce formalism and analytical tools at the end of the chapter. I like this and try to do the same in my own teaching but in some chapters the formalism and analysis parts came very late and I had to assign readings in a different order than presented in the text to ensure students had the analytical skills needed for homeworks.

Interface rating: 5

Interface is good and easy to navigate.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

We haven't found any major grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The book does an great job using examples from different languages and social groups. This has been expanded in the second edition with much more sign language content and sections devoted to cultural impacts of language science.

Thank you Essentials of Linguistics creators for this resource! It has worked well in my courses and provided those ~100 students with a no-cost textbook.

Reviewed by Senyung Lee, Assistant Professor, Northeastern Illinois University on 4/24/23

The book covers the major branches of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. The book does not include a chapter on pragmatics, which is one branch of linguistics. In this regard, the book does not fully cover all 6 branches of linguistics. For an undergraduate level, introductory linguistics course, the book’s coverage seems enough. However, this book is probably not appropriate for graduate-level introductory linguistics courses, in terms of comprehensiveness.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

The content seems accurate. It should be noted that this book covers Canadian English, and the author makes it very clear about it, so there is no confusion. In Chapter 8: Forming Sentences, which covers syntax, the content is greatly simplified to the extent that it is easily accessible to undergraduate students. Even though the content generally seems error-free, given the depth and breadth of knowledge in each branch of linguistics, it does seem a bit too simplified. Nevertheless, it seems appropriate for undergraduate students who have never studied linguistics before.

The content seems up-to-date. This is a second edition of the book, which was published in 2022. Thus, it doesn’t seem that the text will become obsolete within any short period of time. In addition, each branch of linguistics that was covered in this book is a fairly well-established area, and even if it needs updates in the near future, I don’t think the updates will have any significant departures from the current contents.

Clarity seems to be one of the strengths of this textbook. The language used in this textbook is very clear and accessible. There is no jargon, and whenever the author introduces a new topic, she gives further explanation using simple language. This makes linguistics, a field of study that can be quite comprehensive and intimidating to undergraduate students, easily accessible.

The text is consistent in terms of language and terminology in linguistics. Students will not be confused with any of the terms being used across chapters and framework of the contents.

Modularity is another strength of this textbook. The book is highly modularized. Each chapter consists of short, small sections, so students will not be overwhelmed. Also, each page has enough margins, and the texts are not too small, which makes reading easier and pleasant. That is, the text is not condensed or dense to the extent that it overwhelms students.

The organization of the topics is another strength. The book starts with an introduction chapter, then introduces sounds (phonetics and phonology), words (morphology), sentence structures (syntax), then meaning (semantics). This organization seems logical and reasonable because it starts from the smallest language unit of analysis and moves to larger units of analysis. This is how I have been teaching the introductory-level linguistics course as well.

I think the interface is the biggest strength of this textbook. First of all, there are three different formats available: eBook, PDF, and online. Having three options seems great because students can choose whatever format that works best for their learning styles. No matter the format, it’s very easy to navigate from one chapter to another, and from one section to another. There’s no distortion of any images or charts in the text.

The text is free from grammatical errors or unclear language. The author herself is a linguist, and the language is clear, accurate, and professional.

The text does not have any insensitive or offensive contents. The author makes it very clear from the beginning of the book (and throughout the book) that the book uses examples of Canadian English, and the fact that there are differences among different varieties of English. Examples are neutral and appropriate, and I don’t see any potential issues of any particular group of readers being offended by insensitiveness.

I think this textbook is a good choice for an undergraduate, introductory linguistics course, especially for students who are not majoring in linguistics.

One thing that I’d like to comment on is about exercises. There are exercise questions at the end of each chapter, but there are only a few of them. It’s still great that there are exercise questions and answers available at the end of the book for students’ self-study. However, linguistics can be quite technical, and needs a lot of practice. I wish there were more exercise questions so that students could check their comprehension as they read along each section of the chapter.

In addition, I wish there was a chapter on “pragmatics” at the end of the book. Pragmatics is also an important branch of linguistics that should not be overlooked. I understand that covering all the contents in the book can be quite a lot as it is, but I think it’s important to let readers know that linguistics also covers a study of the “use” of language in context.

Reviewed by John Hellermann, Professor, Portland State University on 9/1/22

Essentials of Linguistics is a fine online textbook to introduce the basics of linguistics to any university-level student without prior knowledge of linguistics and I thank the author for making it available at no cost to students. The coverage... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

The coverage of the five key areas (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics) is all pretty complete for an introductory textbook. The section on Gricean Maxims and indexicality are better than many other introductory textbooks, (except for the one odd comment about what counts as personal deixis). The bias against language use (like many other introductory textbooks) is seen here with no mention of speech act theory or interaction. Introductory textbooks often attempt to have a chapter on all areas of linguistics and those texts can serve as reference books for students. But what can actually be learned in one class of all that material is questionable. We have 10-week terms and find that in that amount of time we can only use about one third of the material in many introductory textbooks. Rather than treating topics like psycholinguistics or language acquisition in separate chapters, EOL has those topics interspersed throughout the textbook in relevant places. That said, I like the fact that there is a separate chapter on indigenous languages of North America. The text provides an effective index. There could be more exercises at the end of each chapter but I have plenty of supplementary problems and that is likely what the author intended.

Although in an introductory textbook, we cannot expect a range of theoretical perspectives to be even outlined but the theoretical grounding should be made explicit because students want to know. This text is grounded in an individualist, brain-centered approach to linguistics. The author does not state that theoretical bias explicitly but that is common practice in linguistics.

The content is accurate. The question of bias is tricky. It is grounded in a particular theoretical perspective of language and is consistent. I sometimes refer to that as a bias but I do not mean that in a pejorative sense.

The content is up-to-date but not overly trendy and this will not be dated in the near future.

The language is very accessible for someone without prior knowledge of linguistics. Technical jargon is necessary and it is explained.

The text is consistent in the claims made about how language works.

In general, the textbook has a flat structure (which is helpful for many students) breaking out key concepts into several chapters. For example, in a topic like ‘phonetics’, we have one chapter with sound production mechanisms and articulation and a second on IPA, suprasegmentals, and articulatory processes. To cover the five main topics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics) is done in 10 chapters, rather than five.

The organization is logical.

Interface rating: 4

It was easy to navigate through the text both online and in pdf format with clear chapter names, headings, and subheadings. The only reason I give this section 4 rather than 5 is that I believe the online text could have used animation more to illustrate concepts, for example articulation, movement in syntax etc

I saw no infelicities regarding register, spelling conventions, etc

The text is not culturally insensitive or offensive in any way that I could see. There are few visual images of people but of those, people of color are represented. Names used have come from a range of ethnicities/histories.

I thank the author again. Unfortunately, regarding my wish for more animation in the online version, I cannot offer any help.

Reviewed by Ariana Bancu, Assistant Professor, Northeastern Illinois University on 5/7/20

The areas and ideas presented in each chapter are covered appropriately and accurately. The text is comprehensive and accessible to students without prior knowledge of linguistics. Main theoretical areas of linguistics, i.e. phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, are covered in-depth, while some areas that are arguably essential to linguistics such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, language contact, etc., are only touched upon, but there are no chapters dedicated to them.

The content is accurate and error-free. The content is slightly biased towards Canadian English and Canadian linguistic diversity, but the author uses examples from various languages as well.

The content is up-to-date and relies on widely accepted theoretical approaches in linguistics that are unlikely to change anytime soon.

The book is very clear and accessible. Technical terminology and new concepts are well explained and supported with examples.

The terminology and frameworks presented in the book are consistent throughout the text.

Each chapter is divided into subchapters, which, in turn, are accompanied by a video lecture that is a narration of the text in the subchapter. Thus, students are able to obtain information either by reading the text or by watching the video lecture. Each subchapter has a short quiz so that students can check their knowledge of the covered material.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

The book is well organized; the different topics are covered in a cohesive manner. The last chapter on indigenous languages in Canada covers very important topics related to linguistic diversity and language policies that are relevant to students outside of Canada as well. The last chapter adds to the more theoretical topics that have already been covered by discussing the link between language and society, but the transition into this chapter seems a bit abrupt.

The text is free of interface issues, videos, images, and charts presented in the text appear to be clear and work well in the online format. Links to video lectures are provided in the PDF version and images and charts are clear.

The text is free of grammatical errors.

It is somewhat obvious through various examples in the text that the book is meant for Canadian students. However, the text draws on examples from a variety of widely known and lesser-known languages from different continents and it highlights the fact that all languages are equivalent from a linguistic point of view.

This is a great textbook for linguistics classes that are oriented towards linguistic analysis meant for students without any prior knowledge in linguistics. It is a good introductory text to linguistics, but it doesn't cover some of the topics (e.g. origins of language, human language vs. animal communication, language and society, language and identity, language and cognition) that students tend to enjoy more than linguistic analysis in an introductory class.

Reviewed by Tatiana Nekrasova-Beker, Assistant Professor , Colorado State University on 11/18/19

The textbook offers a general overview of the major topics in linguistics, including phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. The textbook also includes a chapter on indigenous languages in Canada, which could be an interesting addition to the typical content covered in introductory level linguistics courses offered at institutions in Canada. I am a bit surprised the textbook does not address the topics of pragmatics or language variation, which, in my opinion, would have offered a more comprehensive treatment of topics in linguistics.

Pages 131-132 of a printed version (section 4.1) include a note about an error in the video. Otherwise, I did not notice any factual errors in this text.

The online version of the textbook includes video components in which the author is delivering mini-lectures with clear explanations and interesting examples. Considering the potential target audience for this textbook, the manner of content delivery is very relevant and will be appealing to students with various learning styles.

Clarity rating: 4

The content of some of the chapters might be confusing if students are working with a pdf version of the textbook, as the script does not include any visuals and it is hard to understand what the lecturer is referring to without any visual support (e.g., in chapter 10 when the author discussed the elements of word meaning). Also, there are very few references to empirical studies that are included directly in the text. In some sections, the findings are discussed but the research is referred to as “one study” or “researchers” without a clear indication of when those studies were conducted and by whom (e.g., p. 334 — a study in Montreal, also research discussed in section 10.3). This would make it difficult to track down the original work, in addition to not providing proper credits to the researchers.

Most chapters are developed following the same format: an overview of unit objectives, a lecture component for each chapter section (a video with a script in the online version) followed by a quiz, a set of activities to apply concepts to real-world scenarios, and a brief summary of the unit at the end. Because the content is presented in a very consistent manner, it would be easy to assign chapters for independent student work.

Each chapter is organized as a stand-alone unit. While the content is presented following a typical sequence (i.e., general introduction to the study of language - speech sounds - word forms, etc.), some chapters can also be assigned separately (e.g., as an additional resource to supplement instruction).

In the pdf version of the textbook, each section of each chapter is numbered (in addition to the traditional numbering, such as, Chapter 2, section 2.1, etc.). This double-numbering (for example, a section in chapter 2 is numbered as “8. 2.2 Articulation”) is a bit confusing. Each chapter is organized following the same format. It would be helpful if the chapters included a glossary and a list of key words covered in the chapter as well as a list of additional readings and/or useful resources to explore further. I am not sure how the reference section was composed, because some of the research work mentioned in the chapters is not cited in the references (e.g., research on how babies distinguish sounds in chapter 5).

Back Matter: includes two sections (Testing Keys and Keys) that present identical content… I am not sure if this is done intentionally. Once you select a chapter to view (online), the content panel disappears, so it is not very easy to go between sections of the book (and within a single chapter too), as a reader would need to scroll back to the content and then open that menu again to select a different section. I appreciated that a student is able to read the transcript of the recorded text (in case if the internet connection is not available). Also, a link to the answer sections makes it easy to check the answers as one is listening to the video and going through the questions. At some point when I was viewing the videos from the textbook site, one of the videos for chapter 1 went mute (and I had good internet connection). I had to go to the youtube channel to continue watching the video. In the pdf version, some tables are cut off (e.g., p.161, ex. 3; p.205; p.257).

The text is free of grammatical errors. The language is clear and accessible.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

The last chapter on indigenous languages in Canada offers interesting cultural information, but this content might not be relevant to pedagogical contexts outside of Canada (as several previous reviewers have noted already). A logical addition to this text would be a chapter on cross-linguistic pragmatics or language variation to make it more appealing to a wider audience.

Reviewed by Jane Hardy, Associate Professor, Wabash College on 8/18/19

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

The text provides a comprehensive introduction to phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. However, it does not adequately cover sociolinguistics or historical linguistics, which are usually included in introductory linguistics courses. "Accent" is discussed in Chapter 2, but other features of language variation are not included. I did not see an index or glossary, both of which would be welcome additions.

The linguistic content is accurate and I did not perceive any bias.

The content is up-to-date and should remain relevant for some time. There are a few examples that will eventually become outdated (such as hockey players or the prime minister), but these are minor and can easily be updated.

The text is very clearly written and will be highly accessible to undergraduate students. The author builds gradually on new concepts, and new terminology is explained with examples.

Consistency rating: 4

The text is consistent in the organization of chapters and use of terminology. However, I agree with an earlier reviewer that the section on indigenous languages, while interesting and relevant, feels somewhat disconnected since it does not incorporate many of the formal features of linguistics covered in the earlier sections.

The textbook is divided into relatively short, self-contained sections, each with its own comprehension checks. It would be easy for an instructor to assign sections in a different order.

Topics are presented in the standard order, starting with phonetics and phonology, and then moving to morphology and syntax. As noted above on modularity, an instructor could easily assign chapters in a different order if desired.

For the most part, it is easy to navigate among the text, videos, questions, and answer keys. The only exceptions are a few places in the text where the reader is directed to materials from How Language Works: The Cognitive Science of Linguistics. At these points, the reader is directed to a table of contents and has to search for the corresponding sections.

I detected a few minor typos, but otherwise the writing is grammatical.

The text is culturally sensitive. The section on indigenous languages in Canada provides a much needed viewpoint on linguistic diversity, minority languages, and government oppression of indigenous peoples and language rights.

This is a clear and highly accessible introductory text for undergraduate students. The presentation of basic concepts in phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax are clearly presented and easy to follow. The modularity of the chapters and the inclusion of video lectures that are fully transcribed make the text flexible and appropriate for use in different instructional formats. Comprehension exercises are interspersed throughout the text, although I would probably want to supplement these with additional practice. One drawback of the book is that it does not include chapters on sociolinguistics or historical linguistics. For those of us who teach in the United States, the focus on Canadian English and indigenous languages of Canada might make the book less appealing to our U.S students. Overall, however, this is an outstanding introductory text that could easily suit the needs of students outside of Canada with some occasional explanation and supplemental materials.

Reviewed by Walter Sistrunk, Assistant Professor, LaGuardia Community College (LAGCC ) on 5/14/19, updated 7/2/19

The textbook covers the major areas of linguistics which are essential to understanding other subareas of the field such as historical linguistics and sociolinguistics. However, the aforementioned are not covered in this textbook. Despite omission, author successfully intersperses aspects of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, language acquisition, and second language acquisitions in the chapters that cover phonology, morphology and syntax. Also, the author directly deals social issues such as language contact, linguistic discrimination, language preservation, revitalization, documentation, and alludes to issues involving race and social justice which is a developing area of raciolinguistics.

The content of this textbook is very accessible to first year students who are interested in linguistics or who have to take a Science or liberal arts elective. The textbook provides information that is accurate and consistent with current theory.

The textbook presents current research on indigenous languages of North America, which is an underserved areas of study, uses modern theories of linguistics, and provides illustration that are relevant and up to date.

The language of this textbook is accessible to first year students and the style in which the author writes is conducive to the colloquial speech used in the modern day classroom.

The textbook is easy to navigate and features hypertext links through out. The chapters are evenly divided into palpable sections with activities to complete at the end of each.

The textbook is easy to navigate, it features hypertext links through out. Chapters as evenly divided into palable sections with activities to complete at the end of each.

The topics in the textbook proceed in the order commonly taken up in linguistics, which follows the order in which language is acquired beginning with phonetic, phonology, morphology, syntax, and ends with semantics.

The textbook does not contain any insensitive or offensive use of language. It provides a much needed treatment of indigenous languages in the Canadian North American region.

To my knowledge, there are no grammatical errors present in the textbook.

The textbook does not contain in insentive or offensive use of language. It provides a much need treatment of indigenous languages in the Canadian North American regions.

This is a great introductory textbook for Linguistics.

Reviewed by Sandra Leonard, Assistant Professor, Kuztown University on 5/4/19, updated 11/9/20

Very useful introduction to the main subcategories of linguistics. Some additional units on sociolinguistics, pragmatics, writing systems, and sign language would be useful. read more

Very useful introduction to the main subcategories of linguistics. Some additional units on sociolinguistics, pragmatics, writing systems, and sign language would be useful.

The book seems to be accurate as far as I can discern.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

Very relevant. Some references are geared towards this current moment with exercises referencing current geopolitics and famous people.

Very easy to read and understand with a clear organizational structure. All terms are fully introduced.

Excellent consistency.

Excellent use of short sections, breaking up subjects and checking knowledge with frequent exercises.

Fantastic organization, all topics clearly presented.

No problems with interface that I can detect. I appreciate the fact that most charts are machine-readable for students with disabilities.

No grammatical "errors" that I can detect.

Very inclusive, though focused on Canadian English.

This is a well-presented introduction to linguistics that is very accessible for introductory students. The text is extremely well-organized, making use of multiple modes of presentation that compliment one another. I particularly appreciate the accessibility of this text with fully-transcribed video lectures, charts that are able to be text-selected and machine-read. Each section is complimented by a few exercises with a link to answers so students can check their understanding as they read. The one possible problem that I can see (at least in my case, since I am American) is that the book focuses on Canadian English. Fortunately, there are plenty of American resources for linguistics, so I will still be using this textbook with just a few resources to compliment it. This is a fantastic find!

Reviewed by Gonzalo Campos-Dintrans, Assistant Professor, University of Mary Washington on 4/30/19

The explanations are very clear and adequate as an introductory source. The comprehension exercises help the reader and can also help the instructor check for students' comprehension. The video segments facilitate understanding as well. read more

The content is clear throughout. The book has a cognitive approach to language and it focuses on generative linguistics. For linguists who work on other approaches to language, some sections will still prove very useful, especially the section on native languages.

It provides the essentials of generative linguistics. The section of phonology will stay updated for a long time, the contents of syntax might be outdated but only because generative syntax theory is dynamic.

It is very clear and scaffolded

It is an introductory book to generative linguistics with a strong emphasis on phonology and phonetics. However, the last section of the book is on indigenous languages in Canada, which adds value to the book but it in a way that feels a bit disconnected from the rest, since it does not include many of the formal aspects previously seen and it is mostly the transcript of an interview. Nonetheless, there are exercises that make the student/reader put into practice what they have previously learned.

Each section is written and organized in such a way that it is possible to assign only certain sections, that is, specific chapters. The only odd thing is that each chapter is also called a "Part", e.g., "Part X. Chapter 10: Word Meaning", instead of simply "Chapter 10". In future editions, it might be useful to add commonly used names in linguistics to each chapter, e.g., "syntax" for chapter 8.

The book follows the conventional sequence: sounds, words, phrases, sentences.

The link to the videos work well once the book is downloaded from the pdf. The preset volume level is low for some videos The message "A YouTube element has been excluded from this version of the text" is a little odd. Overall, I had no issues reading it from my computer. The table on p. 205 seems chopped.

It is well written, I saw no grammatical errors.

The text is not culturally insensitive as far as I could see

This is a very useful introductory book to generative linguistics. However, the first part is inclusive of many linguistics approaches to language, especially tackling common misconceptions about what linguists do. The section on phonetics and phonology are well developed, but much more so than other sections of the book. The last section, on indigenous languages, can also be used for approaches other than generative. The explanations on parts of speech are very clear and intuitive, and can be used for L2 teaching or basic grammar courses. The fact that it is an electronic book allows for some nice features: jumping between sections, searching for terms, and links to short videos. All videos come with a script so the reader can choose to watch or read them. The comprehension exercises and the accessibility of the answers make it user friendly. It is a very good supplementary textbook. In describing verb agreement (p.192), where both Spanish and French are mentioned, only the French forms are used to illustrate agreement, but this is a bit odd because orally, Spanish has more differences than French, and can indeed, drop subject pronouns.

Reviewed by Leslie Cochrane, Senior Lecturer of English and Linguistics, College of William & Mary on 4/26/19

As the author's summary and other reviews have stated, this textbook covers several subfields of linguistics but not all. Sociolinguistics is mentioned by name precisely once. Some attention is paid to variation, but the discussion is mostly under the term "accent" and within the English language, rather than highlighting that all languages have varieties that differ in morphology, syntax, and lexicon as well as in "accent". While not every topic can be covered in depth, a linguistics textbook that doesn't include this major subfield wouldn't work by itself for my introductory course. There is also nothing about signed languages. The section on indigenous languages and language revitalisation (focusing on Mohawk) is a valuable unit, though more specific than the rest of the text.

The content is accurate and written from a disciplinary perspective.

The content is up-to-date and should remain relevant.

The book is clearly and engagingly written. The conversational tone is a major strength in an introductory textbook.

The chapters are well-structured and important terms are consistently bolded.

The chapters are a good length to be assigned as class readings. Some explanations are ordered differently than how I would assign them. For example, in the syntax chapter, tree diagrams are explained before the concept of constituents is introduced. However, it would be relatively straightforward to tailor readings by assigning specific sections of chapters.

The chapter order makes sense. A glossary and/or index would be helpful.

The interface seemed clear and easy to use. I was able to watch the embedded videos.

As the author's summary states, the book is aimed at anglophone Canadian students. It could be assigned to students in the United States without any changes beyond mentioning this fact and bringing local examples up in class.

On the whole, this is a valuable resource for an introductory linguistics course that could be supplemented with readings on sociolinguistics and signed languages.

Reviewed by Monika Ekiert, Associate Professor, LaGuardia CC, City University of New York on 1/10/19

The textbook's strength lies in the comprehensive review of the following areas of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. The textbook does not sufficiently address other areas typically covered in introductory... read more

Linguistic content is accurate in the textbook.

The textbook content is relevant in 2019 and will not age any time soon. The main topic deals with the foundations of linguistics as a science and will stand the test of time. The Canadian references are both the strength and the weakness of this text: they contextualize the usage within Canadian English but also limit the usability of the textbook outside of Canada/North America.

This is a very clearly written text with enough examples to introduce, situate, and contextualize linguistic terminology. It is written with a lay audience in mind and can be used successfully in introductory courses in linguistics.

The chapters and the units are very consistently organized with video and practice supplements guiding the reader.

Modularity rating: 4

The text is easily adaptable thanks to the modular organization. The chapter lengths are very appropriate for college students in introductory courses. The units within chapters allow some reordering. For example, I would have liked the chapters on language acquisition to be more condensed, but with some reordering personal preferences of the instructors can be easily accommodated.

The content in the textbook is ordered in a canonical and predictable ways for any instructor of linguistics. Textbook modularity allows for easy reordering and supplementation.

The text worked well for me both online and as a PDF. One needs a reliable Internet access to use the YouTube videos which contain important complementary additions to the printed text.

Text presentation is free of language errors.

As mentioned earlier, the Canadian references are both the strength and the weakness of this text: they contextualize the usage within Canadian English but also limit the usability of the textbook outside of Canada/North America.

The textbook can serve as the main text in an introductory course in linguistics, but, depending on the syllabus, some supplemental materials may be needed for the topics that may not be considered as interesting by generative linguists, such as social use of language (discourse analysis, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, and language literacy). It is very effective in explaining the topics that it does address. The text is aimed at the Canadian learner with a focus on Canadian English. Some adaptation is needed to use it in the United States, for example. Overall, this is an excellent introductory text in linguistics and first of its kind on the Open Textbook Network.

Reviewed by Nick Dobson, Adjunct Assistant Professor, Augustana College on 11/13/18

The text doesn't aim to be comprehensive, omitting, for example, historical linguistics, pragmatics, and conversation structures. As far as I can tell, there is no index and no glossary. read more

The text doesn't aim to be comprehensive, omitting, for example, historical linguistics, pragmatics, and conversation structures. As far as I can tell, there is no index and no glossary.

The few errors I observed were already noted in the text.

The text is current. I can imagine updates that would supplement the material by expanding the topics discussed, but I don't think material will go out of date.

The text is very approachable for a general audience, & I can imagine it working well even with students in their 1st or 2nd years.

The chapters are all structured in similar ways, and chapters look forward to new material & backward to learned material effectively.

The chapter lengths are reasonable for college students, and material in each chapter can easily be covered in 1 or 2 class periods. The materials follow a logical sequence that would still allow some reordering.

The text follows a logical order, starting with phonetics and working toward ever larger units of meaning.

The text worked well for me both online and as a PDF. The only significant issue I can foresee would involve using the PDF without access to the internet. The YouTube videos contain some explanatory material not present in the transcriptions of the videos, so lack of access to the internet would reduce the effectiveness of the explanations.

I didn't notice any grammatical errors.

The text explicitly addresses indigenous languages of Canada and how other non-Western languages can be approached by Western observers.

The text doesn't set out to be comprehensive. It is very effective in explaining the topics that it does address. My biggest concern for classroom use as a main text is that it doesn't include many problem sets for students to work through.

Reviewed by Rosa Maria Castaneda, Associate Professor , Fort Hays State University on 10/27/18

The text provides videos and audio scripts to illustrate aspects relevant to the topic in discussion. read more

The text provides videos and audio scripts to illustrate aspects relevant to the topic in discussion.

To the best of my knowledge, the information presented in the text is accurate. Indigenous languages cover only those from Canada.

It is unlikely that the text will become obsolete since the main topic deals with the foundations of linguistics as a science.

The text is written with clarity and provides many examples too illustrates the main ideas.

The text is consistent in its presentation of the topic, followed by an audio and audio script, practice exercises and answers.

The text is divided between thirteen chapters, each of the chapters contains subchapters of smaller easier to read and follow sections.

Very well organized and didactic in my opinion.

The interface of the book does not display features that may distract the reader. Images and charts are clear and well presented.

No noticeable grammatical errors.

The section of indigenous languages covers indigenous languages of Canada only.

The text is an excellent resource for an introductory course in linguistics at the beginner or intermediate level. Every chapter in the text contains clear and didactic videos with video scripts, illustrations, IPA charts, that better illustrate the topics under examination. The text is aimed at the Canadian learner with a focus on Canadian English, however, the material can be used for any type of linguistics learner. In addition, this resource can be useful as a standalone or as a supplemental teaching material.

About the Authors
Acknowledgements
A Note to Instructors
Chapter 1: Human Language and Language Science
Chapter 2: Language, Power, and Privilege
Chapter 3: Phonetics
Chapter 4: Phonology
Chapter 5: Morphology
Chapter 6: Syntax
Chapter 7: Semantics
Chapter 8: Pragmatics
Chapter 9: Reclaiming Indigenous Languages
Chapter 10: Language Variation and Change
Chapter 11: Child Language Acquisition
Chapter 12: Adult Language Learning
[In progress] Chapter 13: Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
Appendix 1: PSRs and Flat Tree Structures
Check Yourself Questions

Ancillary Material

About the book.

This Second Edition of Essentials of Linguistics is considerably revised and expanded, including several new chapters, diverse language examples from signed and spoken languages, enhanced accessibility features, and an orientation towards equity and justice. While the primary audience is Canadian students of Introduction to Linguistics, it is also suitable for learners elsewhere, in online, hybrid, or in-person courses.

About the Contributors

Catherine Anderson (she/her) is an Associate Professor, Teaching Stream, in the Department of Linguistics & Languages and the Director of the Gender & Social Justice program at McMaster University. She earned a PhD in Linguistics from Northwestern University in 2004, and a BA from McMaster in the department where she is now a faculty member. The thread that connects her wide-ranging teaching and research interests is partnership: collaborating with learners and colleagues to further justice and to make learning accessible and enjoyable. Catherine lives with her wife and their twin teenage sons in Hamilton, on the territory governed by the Dish With One Spoon wampum agreement between the Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabe Nations.

Bronwyn Bjorkman (she/her) is an Associate Professor, Research Stream, in the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at Queen’s University, located in the traditional shared territories of the Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabe peoples. She received her PhD from MIT in 2011. Her research explores the interfaces between phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, focusing on how how information is represented and transferred between formal modules of grammar. Her research has appeared in journals such as Linguistic Inquiry, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, and Glossa. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted her belief in the value of virtual and remote community into ongoing work on building meaningful social connection into hybrid and virtual events both inside and outside academia.

Derek Denis (he/him) is a tenure-stream, Assistant Professor, in the Department of Language Studies at the University of Toronto Mississauga, located within Dish With One Spoon territory and the treaty lands of the Mississaugas of the Credit. He received his PhD from the University of Toronto in 2015. His research examines language change and innovation from variationist and sociocultural linguistic perspectives, most recently focussing on the influence of immigrant youth in the emergence of a multiethnolect in Toronto. His work has appeared in Language, Language Variation and Change, American Speech, and the Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development among venues. He lives in Toronto but spends as much time as possible at the cottage with his partner.

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How to Study Linguistics

A Guide to Understanding Language

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Geoffrey Finch

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Theory of language: a taxonomy

Introduction

English Language Studies from Rhetoric to Applied English

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Table of contents (7 chapters)

Front matter, beginning linguistics, the linguistic context, studying sound, studying syntax, studying meaning, studying linguistics further, how to write a linguistics essay, back matter, about the author, bibliographic information.

Book Title : How to Study Linguistics

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Writing Essays in English Language and Linguistics

Writing Essays in English Language and Linguistics

Principles, tips and strategies for undergraduates.

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Book description

English language and linguistics shares many of its writing conventions with those of other disciplines, but there are certain features and expectations that distinguish it as a subject. This book is written specifically to help undergraduate students of English language and linguistics develop the art of writing essays, projects and reports. Written by an author with over 30 years' experience of lecturing in the subject, it is a comprehensive and very readable resource and contains numerous discipline-related examples, practice exercises and an answer key. It includes chapters on referencing (including plagiarism, paraphrase and guidance on referencing styles), stylistic issues that often get overlooked, and writing a dissertation. The book offers practical guidance and a layout that guides students as they work though their project. It will be an invaluable reference tool that students can read cover to cover or dip into as and when required.

'This book is essential for any student of linguistics. It combines clear, cogent advice about how to write effectively in linguistics at both graduate and undergraduate level.'

Anthony J. Liddicoat - Research Centre for Languages and Cultures, University of South Australia

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Frontmatter pp i-vi

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Contents pp vii-x

Acknowledgements pp xi-xii, introduction pp 1-2, a guide to the book's icons: what do they mean pp 3-4, part 1 - the basics pp 5-6, chapter 1 - writing at school and writing at university: are they really so different pp 7-13, chapter 2 - fundamental principles pp 14-42, part 2 - getting down to writing pp 43-44, chapter 3 - analysing and answering the question pp 45-71, chapter 4 - the writing process pp 72-88, chapter 5 - writing an introduction pp 89-99, chapter 6 - writing the body of your essay pp 100-107, chapter 7 - writing summaries and conclusions pp 108-116, chapter 8 - referencing and quotations pp 117-135, chapter 9 - stylistic issues pp 136-158, chapter 10 - writing up small-scale research projects or dissertations pp 159-197, frequently asked questions pp 198-204, linguistics glossary pp 205-217, task key pp 218-227, references pp 228-231, index pp 232-236, altmetric attention score, full text views.

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Browse Course Material

Course info.

Prof. Norvin W. Richards

Departments

Linguistics and Philosophy

As Taught In

Linguistics

Learning Resource Types

Introduction to linguistics, lecture notes.

Lecture 1: Introduction (PDF)

Lecture 2: Morphology (Part 1) (PDF)

Lecture 3: Morphology (Part 2) (PDF)

Lecture 4: Morphology (Part 3) (PDF)

Lecture 5: Phonetics (Part 1) (PDF)

Lecture 6: Phonetics (Part 2) (PDF)

Lecture 7: Phonetics (Part 3) (PDF)

Lecture 8: Phonology (Part 1) (PDF)

Lecture 9: Phonology (Part 2) (PDF)

Lecture 10: Phonology (Part 3) (PDF)

Lecture 11: Syntax (Part 1) (PDF)

Lecture 12: Syntax (Part 2) (PDF)

Lecture 13: Syntax (Part 3) (PDF)

Lecture 14: Syntax (Part 4) (PDF)

Lecture 15: Syntax (Part 5) (PDF)

Lecture 16: Syntax (Part 6) (PDF)

Lecture 17: Syntax (Part 7); Semantics (Part 1) (PDF)

Lecture 18: Semantics (Part 2) (PDF)

Lecture 19: Semantics (Part 3) (PDF)

Lecture 20: Semantics (Part 4) (PDF)

Lecture 21: Semantics (Part 5) (PDF)

Lecture 22: Dialects (PDF)

Lecture 23: Historical Linguistics (PDF - 1 MB)

Lecture 24: Endangered Languages (PDF - 1.5 MB)

Lecture 25: Language Acquisition (PDF)

Lecture 26: Signed Languages (PDF)

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Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics

These guidelines for in-text citations and references grew out of discussions among a group of editors of linguistics journals during 2005-2006, primarily elaborated by Stan Dubinsky, and were approved by the LSA on January 7, 2007.

For guidance with other aspects of formatting linguistics papers, see The Generic Style Rules for Linguistics . For presenting data, follow the Leipzig Glossing Rules . The Linguistics Program faculty recommends that students follow these guidelines when writing term papers for classes and when writing the M.A. essay.

For in-text references, use the last name of the author(s) and year of publication, followed by a colon and page number(s) where necessary: (Chomsky 1999: 203-204). If Chomsky published more than one thing in 1999, refer to them (both in the text and in the references) as Chomsky 1999a and Chomsky 1999b. If you mention Chomsky by name in your sentence, only the year of publication and page number(s) are necessary: "As made clear by Chomsky (1999: 203-204), . . . "

Make sure that all in-text references are included in your references list at the end of the paper, and that your references list only includes works referred to in the body of your paper.

Style considerations

Superfluous font-styles should be omitted.

Do not use small caps for author/editor names, since they do not help to distinguish these from any other bits of information in the citation. In contrast, italics are worthwhile for distinguishing volume (book, journal, dissertation) titles [+ital] from article and chapter titles [-ital].

Superfluous punctuation should be left out

Once italic is adopted to distinguish volumes from articles/chapters (as above), then single or double quotations around article titles are superfluous and only add visual clutter.

Differing capitalization styles should be used to make category distinctions

Use capitalization of all lexical words for journal titles and capitalize only the first word (plus proper names and the first word after a colon) for book/dissertation titles and article/chapter titles. This is a useful diagnostic for discriminating between titles that are recurring and those that are not. The journal style for capitalization should also be applied to the title of book series. Thus, the citation of an SNLLT volume would be punctuated: Objects and other subjects: Grammatical functions, functional categories, and configurationality (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 52).

All author/editor first names should be spelled out

Not doing so only serves to make the citation less informative. Without full first names, the 20th-century index for Language alone would conflate five different people as 'J. Smith', four as 'J. Harris', three each under 'A. Cohen' and 'P. Lee', two each under 'R. Kent', 'J. Anderson', 'H. Klein' and 'J. Klein'.

The ampersand is useful

Use ampersand to distinguish higher and lower order conjuncts, i.e. [W & X] and [Y & Z], as in Culicover & Wilkins and Koster & May. It is relatively easy to see that reference is made here to two pairs of authors here (cf. Culicover and Wilkins and Koster and May).

Name repetitions are good

While using a line ____ may save a little space, or a few characters, it also makes each such citation referentially dependent on an antecedent, and the effort of calculating such antecedents is more than what it saved typographically. Each citation should be internally complete.

Four-digit year plus period only

Extra parentheses are visual clutter and superfluous.

Commas and periods and other punctuation

Separate citation components with periods (e.g., Author. Year. Title.) and subcomponents with commas (e.g., Author1, Author2 & Author3). Please note the ampersand (&), rather than the word "and" before the name of the last author, and no comma before the "&". The use of the colon between title and subtitle and between place and publisher is traditional, but we do not use it between journal volume number and page numbers.

Parentheses around ed. makes sense

Commas and periods should be used exclusively to separate citation components (e.g., "Author. Year."), or subcomponents (e.g. "author1, author2 & author3). Since "ed." is neither a component nor a subcomponent, but a modifier of a component, it should not be separated from the name by a comma:

surname, first name = author surname, first name (ed.). = editor (NOT surname, first name, ed.) surname, first name & first name surname (eds.) = editors

For conference proceedings, working papers, etc.

For conference proceedings published with an ISSN, treat the proceedings as a journal: Include both the full conference name and any commonly used acronym for the conference (BLS, WCCFL, etc.) in the journal-title position. For proceedings not published with an ISSN, treat the proceedings as any other book, using the full title as listed on the front cover or title page. If the title (and subtitle if there is one) only includes an acronym for the conference name, expand the acronym in square brackets or parentheses following the acronym. If the title does not include an acronym which is commonly used for the conference name, include the acronym in square brackets or parentheses following the conference name. The advantage of including the acronym after the society title is that it makes the entry much more identifiable in a list of references.

Use "edn." as an abbreviation for "edition", thus "2nd edn."

This avoids ambiguity and confusion with "ed." (editor).

Names with "von", "van", "de", etc.

If the "van" (or the "de" or other patronymic) is lower case and separated from the rest by a space (e.g. Elly van Gelderen), then alphabetize by the first upper-case element: Gelderen, Elly van. The addition of "see ..." in comprehensive indices and lists might be helpful for clarification: van Gelderen, Elly (see Gelderen)

Names with "Jr.", "IV.", etc.

Following library practice, list elements such as "Jr." as a subelement after names, separated by a comma. Smith, Sean, Jr.

Use "In" to designate chapters in collections

This makes the book's format maximally similar to the standard citation format. This, in turn, would be time-saving when the author or the editor notice that more than one article is cited from a given collection and hence that that book's details should be set out as a separate entry in the references (and the full details deleted from the articles' entries).

author. year. chapter title. In editor name (ed.), collection title, page numbers. publisher.

Journal volume numbers

We favor: volume number(volume issue). starting page-ending page. Thus: 22(1). 135-169. Note the space between volume number/issue and page numbers. Special formatting (e.g., bold for volume number) is superfluous. Issue numbers are a parenthetical modifier (cf. "ed." above) of the volume number. While it is not NECESSARY information for identifying the article, it is extremely USEFUL information.

Dissertations/theses.

These conform to the already-widespread Place: Publisher format and fit readily into the rest of the standard: Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation. Instead of archaic state abbreviations, use the official two-letter postal abbreviations. Note that national and other traditions vary in exactly what is labeled 'thesis' versus 'dissertation' and in distinguishing 'Ph.D.' from 'doctoral' dissertations.

Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation. Chapel Hill: UNC MA thesis.

Online materials

The basic information here author, date, title remains the same, and the URL where the resource was found takes the place of the publisher or journal. We urge authors to include the date the material was accessed, in parentheses after the URL, since new versions often replace old ones. For a .pdf file, this would be the date of downloading, but for a resource like an on-line dictionary consulted repeatedly, a range of dates may be needed.

For additional discussion of handling online citations, authors may want to consult this guide: Walker, Janice R. & Todd Taylor. 1998. The Columbia Guide to Online Style . New York: Columbia University Press.

Example references (indent the second and subsequent lines of a reference by one-half inch:

Blevins, Juliette. 2004. Evolutionary phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Casali, Roderic F. 1998. Predicting ATR activity. Chicago Linguistic Society ( CLS ) 34(1). 55-68.

Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Knowledge of language . New York: Praeger.

Coetsem, Frans van. 2000. A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Heidelberg: Winter.

Franks, Steven. 2005. Bulgarian clitics are positioned in the syntax. http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/people/homepages/franks/Bg_clitics_remark_dense.pdf (17 May, 2006.)

Iverson, Gregory K. 1983. Korean /s/. Journal of Phonetics 11. 191-200.

Iverson, Gregory K. 1989. On the category supralaryngeal. Phonology 6. 285-303.

Johnson, Kyle, Mark Baker & Ian Roberts. 1989. Passive arguments raised. Linguistic Inquiry 20. 219-251.

Lahiri, Aditi (ed.). 2000. Analogy, leveling, markedness: Principles of change in phonology and morphology (Trends in Linguistics 127). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

McCarthy, John J. & Alan S. Prince. 1999. Prosodic morphology. In John A. Goldsmith (ed.), Phonological theory: The essential readings , 238-288. Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell.

Murray, Robert W. & Theo Vennemann. 1983. Sound change and syllable structure in Germanic phonology. Language 59(3). 514-528.

Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edn. 1989. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pedersen, Johan. 2005. The Spanish impersonal se -construction: Constructional variation and change. Constructions 1, http://www.constructions-online.de. (3 April, 2007.)

Rissanen, Matti. 1999. Syntax. In Roger Lass (ed.), Cambridge History of the English Language , vol. 3, 187-331. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.

Stewart, Thomas W., Jr. 2000. Mutation as morphology: Bases, stems, and shapes in Scottish Gaelic. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University dissertation.

Webelhuth, Gert (ed.). 1995. Government and binding theory and the minimalist program: Principles and parameters in syntactic theory. Oxford: Blackwell.

Yu, Alan C. L. 2003. The morphology and phonology of infixation. Berkeley, CA: University of California dissertation.

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