History of Medicine, PhD

School of medicine.

The PhD program in the History of Medicine is part of the broader Program on the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology jointly run by the Department of the History of Medicine (SOM) and the Department of the History of Science and Technology (KSAS).

The work of the PhD program extends over all phases and dimensions of the development of medicine and related sciences, the history of disease, and the historical analysis of related conceptual, cultural, and social problems. Students acquire facility in the methods of historical research and gain a wide acquaintance with the available literature in the history of medicine, science, and related fields of history. Departmental offerings are particularly strong in the history of medicine and science in early modern Europe and the Islamic world; medicine, science, and technology in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries, including genetics; history of disease and public health; and studies of health and society in Latin America and Africa. The program offers coverage of racism and gender in the history of medicine, how medical and scientific knowledge is created, and medical practices of the body.

Students enter the PhD program with diverse backgrounds including medicine, science, and history. The PhD program prepares students for scholarly careers in teaching, research, and in non-academic fields. For further information, see our  website . Students interested in the history of medicine should apply to the Program through the School of Medicine. Those interested in the history of science and technology should apply through the History of Science and Technology Department of the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences.

Students who wish to combine medical training with academic training in the history of medicine may also inquire about the M.D.-PhD program by visiting the MD/PhD admissions website:  https://mdphd.johnshopkins.edu/admissions/ 

Financial Aid

The regular department fellowships include tuition, stipend, research allowance and medical insurance.

Admission Requirements

Candidates must be at the post-baccalaureate level. Preference will be given to applicants with training in some aspect of the health sciences or history. For further information applicants should access the following website for contact information:  Contact – Department of the History of Medicine (hopkinshistoryofmedicine.org) .

Program Requirements  

The student must satisfy the requirements of the University, the School of Medicine, and the Program.

The principal requirement for the PhD degree in the history of medicine is the writing of a dissertation based upon original research and of publishable quality. Prior to embarking on full-time dissertation research, candidates will prepare themselves by a variety of courses, seminars, and guided reading. During the first year of study, students receive a general introduction to historical research and complete a year-long survey in the history of medicine. In their second and third years, candidates prepare three fields of study: one in the Department of the History of Medicine; one in the History Department; and a third field to be determined by the student and the advisor. The specific requirements for such fields are set by the faculty member directing the field, in consultation with the student. These fields entail both broad and intensive reading, and the passing of a comprehensive examination and/or preparation of several historiographic essays. Towards the end of the third year, students must prepare and defend a dissertation prospectus. Candidates must also demonstrate a reading knowledge of two foreign languages before being admitted to formal candidacy for the degree. The final requirement for the PhD degree is completion of a dissertation that is an original contribution to historical knowledge and of a standard suitable for publication. More detailed information can be found on the department  website .

Course List
Code Title Credits
Ethics for Medical Historians1
Outline of History of Medicine I: Antiquity to Scientific Revolution4
The History of Modern Medicine4
Oral History Theory and Practice4
The Work of Healing: Medicine and Materiality2
Medicine, Race, and Colonialism: A Critical History3
Research in the History of Medicine: Dissertation1 - 18
Directed Readings4
History of Public Health3
History of International Health and Development2
Life and Death in Charm City: Histories of Public Health in Baltimore, 1750 to the Present3
Methods in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology3
Media of Science, Medicine, and Technology3
Metaphors in Science and Medicine3
Space and Place in the History of Science, Medicine and Technology3
Departmental Colloquium2
Histories of Reproduction3
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  • History of Science, Medicine and Technology, PhD

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One of the oldest, most prestigious academic programs of its kind in the United States, History of Science, Medicine, and Technology (HSMT) draws together faculty members in History and in  Medical History & Bioethics . Collectively, we offer broad coverage of the field, with expertise that spans Europe, the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean, stretches from the Middle Ages to the recent past, and ranges across the physical, biological, and social sciences to medicine and technology.

Our degree program in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology is designed to meet the needs of the PhD candidate, and we offer funding only to students who intend to pursue the PhD. However, we also welcome applications from students who wish to earn only the MA. if they have external funding or are self-funded. Students with doctoral training in one of the health professions may earn an MA in History of Medicine. It is also possible to earn a combined MD/PhD degree through the School of Medicine & Public Health’s Medical Scientist Training Program and the HSMT degree program.

History of Science, Medicine, and Technology at UW–Madison is known for the strength and diversity of its areas of study and its warm, collegial environment. All historical aspects of science, medicine, and technology receive attention—from their internal development to their broader institutional, philosophical, religious, and literary contexts, as well as their relationships with print culture, visual culture, and material culture. Students and faculty regularly participate in the program’s weekly Brown Bag and monthly colloquium series, both of which provide opportunities to present work, discuss professional issues, and engage with a wide range of on-campus and outside speakers.

Graduate students come to the HSMT degree program from a variety of backgrounds in the sciences and humanities and with diverse professional goals. The program maintains a policy of maximum flexibility and, insofar as possible, tailors the work required for the degree to fit the individual. Students are encouraged to undertake work in related programs such as history, philosophy, science and technology studies, and the various sciences. Joint degrees in HSMT and another degree program are also possible (see below). Our graduates pursue research and teaching careers in the history of science, medical history, history of technology, intellectual and cultural history, science in general education programs, science writing, and museum work.

Joint PhD in History and History of Science, Medicine, and Technology

Students who wish to obtain a joint PhD in History and the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology are initially admitted to one of the degree programs, and should indicate interest in the joint PhD program at that time. After completion of a master’s degree in History or History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, the student applies for admission to the other degree program and, at the same time, to a standing committee of the two programs for admission to the joint program.

Having been admitted to the other degree program and to the joint PhD program, the student then applies to the Graduate School for approval of the joint PhD (see the Graduate School's academic policy regarding  joint degrees  for more information and deadlines). The student’s application to the standing committee should take the same form as required by the Graduate School and should be prepared in close consultation with department faculty/staff.

Students in the joint PhD program are assigned a home degree program and follow the regulations of that degree program with regard to seminar requirements, language requirements, financial aid, and regulations for satisfactory progress. Since the joint PhD meets the doctoral minor requirement of the Graduate School, no formal minor is required of students receiving a joint PhD. However, students who wish to have a minor field recorded on the transcript may complete a regular Option A or Option B minor, or the internal minor of the department.

The joint PhD student’s work is supervised by a committee consisting of three faculty members (two from the home degree program). The preliminary examinations test the student’s competence in both history and history of science, medicine, and technology, balancing the material and fields between the two departments (e.g. two in each, or three in one and two in the other). The number of prelim fields must equal the number required of students majoring exclusively in history or in history of science, medicine, and technology, plus one. Preparation of the PhD dissertation is guided by the student's supervising committee. Satisfactory completion and defense of the dissertation constitute the final requirements for the joint PhD degree.

Joint PhD with other degree programs

Students in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology degree program who wish to pursue a joint PhD (one degree, two majors) with another degree program must first be admitted to the other degree program. The proposal for the degree must be approved by the Department of History's Graduate Council before it is submitted to the Graduate School. Students admitted to a joint PhD will satisfy all the normal requirements of their field in History except the minor requirement.

In past years, HSMT students have successfully completed a joint PhD with the Philosophy, Classics, Psychology, History, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics degree programs.

For more information on joint PhD options, please contact the graduate program coordinator.

Program in Gender and Women's History (PGWH)

Working under the supervision of a PGWH faculty member, History of Science, Medicine, and Technology students may organize their studies to emphasize gender, women’s history, or sexuality. They meet all their HSMT requirements, take the PGWH core seminar on transnational gender history, and take at least two additional History or HSMT graduate seminars that are gender-specific.

Applicants to the HSMT degree program who wish to be considered for the concentration in gender and women's history should indicate this on their Graduate School application.

For more details, see  Program in Gender and Women's History  or contact the graduate program coordinator.

Please consult the table below for key information about this degree program’s admissions requirements. The program may have more detailed admissions requirements, which can be found below the table or on the program’s website.

Graduate admissions is a two-step process between academic programs and the Graduate School. Applicants must meet the minimum requirements of the Graduate School as well as the program(s). Once you have researched the graduate program(s) you are interested in, apply online .

Graduate Admissions Requirements
Requirements Detail
Fall Deadline December 1
Spring Deadline This program does not admit in the spring.
Summer Deadline This program does not admit in the summer.
GRE (Graduate Record Examinations) Not required.
English Proficiency Test Every applicant whose native language is not English, or whose undergraduate instruction was not exclusively in English, must provide an English proficiency test score earned within two years of the anticipated term of enrollment. Refer to the Graduate School: Minimum Requirements for Admission policy: .
Other Test(s) (e.g., GMAT, MCAT) n/a
Letters of Recommendation Required 3

Application Materials

To apply, applicants must submit or declare the following in the  online application :

History Supplemental Application

This section of the application asks you to provide information about your research interests, declare your preferred faculty advisors, and outline your prior language preparation (if any). 

Writing Sample

Provide a sample that best illustrates the quality of your written work (optimally no more than 50 pages, double-spaced; maximum file size 6 MB).

Transcripts

Upload an unofficial copy of your transcript from all institutions attended, showing any undergraduate and graduate degrees awarded. If accepted, the Graduate School will ask for official transcripts from each institution.

CV or Resumé

This should highlight your accomplishments and qualifications including academic honors or distinctions; professional, research, and/or teaching experience; and any publications.

Letters of Recommendation

Provide contact information for the three individuals who will furnish recommendations on your behalf (they will receive an upload link by email). Your letter writers need not be historians, but they should be able to speak to your academic preparation to pursue historical studies at the graduate level.

Statement of Purpose

The statement of purpose (2–3 pages, double-spaced) explains your reasons for graduate study. It may be the hardest part of the application to write, but it is also the most important. While you will likely include some autobiographical information, its primary purpose is to acquaint us with how your mind works. We want to know, for example, what kinds of intellectual problems and issues interest you, whose stories intrigue you, what sorts of analytical or narrative approaches you like to pursue, which historical writings you admire—and your reasons for these various preferences. Please help us understand your decision to enter the historical profession, especially at a time when the academic job market is in decline, and how you see your own role in it. There is no single right way to approach this part of the application, but we suggest that you bear in mind the usual cautions for personal writing: speak straightforwardly, in your own voice, and write as well as you know how.

International Applicants

All international applicants must also meet the English Proficiency requirements set forth by the Graduate School.

For additional detail about the admissions process, please visit the  Prospective Student  pages on our website.

Graduate School Resources

Resources to help you afford graduate study might include assistantships, fellowships, traineeships, and financial aid.  Further funding information is available from the Graduate School. Be sure to check with your program for individual policies and restrictions related to funding.

Program Resources

We offer funding only to students who intend to pursue the PhD—an application for admission to our PhD program, therefore, is an application for funding. We also welcome applications from students who have external funding or are self-funded, including those pursuing the MA only.*

Multi-Year Funding Package

If you apply to the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology (HSMT) PhD degree program without external or self-funding and are accepted, you will be offered a multi-year support package, which begins in your first year. The details of our support guarantees may vary by funding source, field of study, and other circumstances, and the guarantee is, of course, contingent on satisfactory progress and performance. Most of our support packages offer 5 years of support and begin with a fellowship year from the UW–Madison Graduate School, generously funded by the  Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation . Our most distinguished packages include two years of fellowships:

  • Graduate Research Scholar fellowships  for underrepresented students or first-generation college students—offered annually
  • John A. Neu Fellowship in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology—offered as endowment income permits

Additional years of guaranteed funding will come from employment as teaching assistants or project assistants or additional fellowships. 

Competing For Additional Support

All students in good standing can apply for writing prizes, conference travel awards, and supplements to external awards. Once graduate students have passed their preliminary examination and advanced to candidacy, they may apply for various departmental fellowships and research travel funding.

Further funding opportunities are available to students who have reached the advanced stages of dissertation writing. Our advanced dissertators may apply for teaching fellowships that give them the opportunity to design and teach an undergraduate course—the  Merle Curti Teaching Fellowship  (open field), the  George L. Mosse Teaching Fellowship in European History , and the William J. Courtenay Teaching Fellowship in ancient, medieval, or early modern European history. The  William Coleman Dissertation Fellowship in the History of Science  supports one semester of advanced dissertation writing, as does the David and Greta Lindberg Distinguished Graduate Fellowship. (These fellowships are offered as often as endowment income permits.) Thanks to funding provided by the  Doris G. Quinn Foundation , we are also pleased to offer a dissertator Fellowship, which supports the final year of dissertation writing in any field.

In addition, UW–Madison offers a wealth of other opportunities to compete for funding offered, for example, by the  International Division , the  Institute for Research in the Humanities , and the UW Graduate School ( research and conference travel awards ).

More details on our funding for current/continuing students are available  here .

* If you wish to apply only for the HSMT MA (also known as the terminal MA) or for the MA in History of Medicine for Health Professionals, please describe your sources of support on the History Supplemental Application. For information on the cost of graduate study at UW–Madison, see this link .

Minimum Graduate School Requirements

Major requirements.

Review the Graduate School minimum academic progress and degree requirements , in addition to the program requirements listed below.

Mode of Instruction

Mode of Instruction
Face to Face Evening/Weekend Online Hybrid Accelerated
Yes No No No No

Mode of Instruction Definitions

Accelerated: Accelerated programs are offered at a fast pace that condenses the time to completion. Students typically take enough credits aimed at completing the program in a year or two.

Evening/Weekend: ​Courses meet on the UW–Madison campus only in evenings and/or on weekends to accommodate typical business schedules.  Students have the advantages of face-to-face courses with the flexibility to keep work and other life commitments.

Face-to-Face: Courses typically meet during weekdays on the UW-Madison Campus.

Hybrid: These programs combine face-to-face and online learning formats.  Contact the program for more specific information.

Online: These programs are offered 100% online.  Some programs may require an on-campus orientation or residency experience, but the courses will be facilitated in an online format.

Curricular Requirements

University General Education Requirements
Requirements Detail
Minimum Credit Requirement 51 credits
Minimum Residence Credit Requirement 32 credits
Minimum Graduate Coursework Requirement 26 credits must be graduate-level coursework. Refer to the Graduate School: Minimum Graduate Coursework (50%) Requirement policy: .
Overall Graduate GPA Requirement 3.25 GPA required.
Other Grade Requirements n/a
Assessments and Examinations In order to receive the History PhD, all students must pass the preliminary exam and the PhD dissertation defense.

Preliminary Examination: Each field of study has its own exact requirements for prelims, but all include written exams and an oral defense of the student's research proposal and knowledge of the field.

PhD Dissertation Defense: Two-hour oral exam focusing on the student's written dissertation.
Language Requirements The program requires proficiency in a foreign language and either a second foreign language or the use of an analytical tool as described below. Students who are working toward a degree as part of a combined MD/PhD program only need to demonstrate proficiency in one foreign language.

Students must demonstrate proficiency in a language other than English in order to pass the Second-Year Review. Students must also demonstrate proficiency in either a second language other than English or the use of an analytical tool (e.g. statistical methods, visual culture methods, ethnography) before achieving dissertator (ABD) status.

If a student chooses the option of an analytical tool, the student must submit a proposal to be approved by the HSMT faculty. Once approved, the student must complete 9 credits appropriate to gaining competency in the use of this set of tools. Students must make at least a 3.0 (B grade or better) in these courses. Credits taken towards a graduate minor may not be used towards the completion of the analytical tool option.

Dissertator status, with its attendant reduction in tuition, is contingent upon satisfying these two requirements.
Graduate School Breadth Requirement All doctoral students are required to complete a doctoral minor or graduate/professional certificate. Refer to the Graduate School: Breadth Requirement in Doctoral Training policy: .

Required Courses

Course List
Code Title Credits
Core
Students must complete the following courses.
History in a Global Perspective1
Proseminar: Historiography and Methods3
Research Seminar in History3
Six Distribution Areas12
Students must complete courses in each of the following distribution areas. Courses may fulfill more than one distribution area.
Temporal
Topical
Geographic
Electives11
Work with your advisors to complete additional elective credits in courses numbered 700 and above.
Seminars
Students must complete two seminars numbered 700 and above.
Breadth9
Language Requirement
Students must gain proficiency in a second foreign language prior to taking the preliminary examination. Courses are chosen in consultation with advisor.
Research
After passing the preliminary examination, students register for the following course each semester until they deposit their dissertation.
Research and Thesis1-9
Total Credits51

Students are also recommended to take HISTORY 999 Independent Work and HISTORY 710 Professional Development Seminar .

Distribution Areas

Temporal distribution area courses.

Course List
Code Title Credits
1. Pre 1800

The Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton
and Studies in Early Modern Science
4
History of Pharmacy2
Seminar: Medieval, Renaissance, and 17th Century Science (Early Modern Translation)3
Seminar-Eighteenth Century Science (Early Modern Translation)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Flesh and Metal: A History of Bodies, Race, Labor, and Capital)3
2. 1800 to the Present
A History of Disease3-4
Health, Disease and Healing II3-4
Race, American Medicine and Public Health3
Women and Health in American History3
The History of the (American) Body3
Disease, Medicine and Public Health in the History of Latin America and the Caribbean3
The Development of Public Health in America3

International Health and Global Society
and International Health and Global Society
4
Undergraduate Seminar in History of Science (Digital Capitalism)3
Drug History: Dangerous Drugs and Magic Bullets2
Psychedelic History: Sacred Plants, Science & Psychotherapy3
Seminar: History of Technology (Technology, Power, and Democracy)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Life and Death in American History)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Foucault for Historians)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science from the South)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science and Empire)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science, Race and Nature)3

Topical Distribution Area Courses

Course List
Code Title Credits
3. Science/Technology

The Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton
and Studies in Early Modern Science
4
Undergraduate Seminar in History of Science3
Psychedelic History: Sacred Plants, Science & Psychotherapy3
Seminar: Medieval, Renaissance, and 17th Century Science (Early Modern Translation)3
Seminar-Eighteenth Century Science (Early Modern Translation)3
Seminar: History of Technology (Technology, Power, and Democracy)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science and Empire)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science from the South)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science, Race, and Nature)3
4. Medicine/Public Health
History of Pharmacy2
A History of Disease3-4
Health, Disease and Healing II3-4
The Development of Public Health in America3
Race, American Medicine and Public Health3
Women and Health in American History3
The History of the (American) Body3

International Health and Global Society
and International Health and Global Society
4
Drug History: Dangerous Drugs and Magic Bullets2
Disease, Medicine and Public Health in the History of Latin America and the Caribbean3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Life and Death in American History)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Flesh and Metal: A History of Bodies, Race, Labor, and Capital)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Foucault for Historians)3

Geographic Distribution Area Courses

Course List
Code Title Credits
5. Global/Non-Western

The Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton
and Studies in Early Modern Science
4
History of Pharmacy2

International Health and Global Society
and International Health and Global Society
4
Disease, Medicine and Public Health in the History of Latin America and the Caribbean3
Seminar: Medieval, Renaissance, and 17th Century Science (Early Modern Translation)3
Seminar-Eighteenth Century Science (Early Modern Translation)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Flesh and Metal: A History of Bodies, Race, Labor, and Capital)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science from the South)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science and Empire)3
Seminar-Special Topics (Science, Race, and Nature)3
6. Euro-American
A History of Disease3-4
Health, Disease and Healing II3-4
The Development of Public Health in America3
Race, American Medicine and Public Health3
Women and Health in American History3
The History of the (American) Body3
Undergraduate Seminar in History of Science3
Drug History: Dangerous Drugs and Magic Bullets2
Psychedelic History: Sacred Plants, Science & Psychotherapy3
Seminar: History of Technology (Technology, Power, and Democracy)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Life and Death in American History)3
Graduate Studies in Medical History (Foucault for Historians)3

History of Medicine Pathway 1

This pathway is intended for students with doctoral training in one of the health professions.

Course List
Code Title Credits
Students must complete the following courses.
Proseminar: Historiography and Methods3
Health, Disease and Healing I3-4
Health, Disease and Healing II3-4
The Development of Public Health in America3
Science, Technology and Medicine in Society3
Additional History of Medicine Course3
Electives9
Seminars
Students must complete two seminars numbered 700 and above.
Breadth9
Language Requirement
Students must gain proficiency in a second foreign language prior to taking the preliminary examination. Courses are chosen in consultation with advisor.
Research
After passing the preliminary examination, students register for the following course each semester until they deposit their dissertation.
Research and Thesis1-9
Total Credits51

These pathways are internal to the program and represent different curricular paths a student can follow to earn this degree. Pathway names do not appear in the Graduate School admissions application, and they will not appear on the transcript.

  • Professional Development

Take advantage of the Graduate School's  professional development resources to build skills, thrive academically, and launch your career. 

The Department of History is committed to training our students to develop skills required for a variety of careers both in and outside the academy. Although a large network of our alumni teach at colleges and universities in the U.S. and across the world, a number of our PhDs have enjoyed considerable success outside the academy. They include recent graduates who are currently a museum curator, teachers at prestigious preparatory academies, a historian with the U.S. Secretary of Defense's POW/Missing Persons Agency, a CEO of an investment firm, an analyst for a defense contractor, an editor at a small press, and consultants working with non-profits in the human services, education, and public policy fields. In recent years we have undertaken a number of initiatives, detailed below, to broaden the training of our students for a wide array of careers.

Much of the preparation for the job market occurs informally and over the course of the student's graduate career—in the mentoring relationship between faculty advisor and student, in the presentation of student research in department venues, in the student's participation in professional conferences, and in early forms of professional publication. Coursework, such as for the minor requirement or certificates, can be an avenue to expanded competencies. The Center for Humanities, for example, offers a  Public Humanities certificate . Be sure to explore the Graduate School's resources such as " The Versatile PhD " and its  Professional Development pages .

Whatever career paths interest you, we encourage you to plan ahead and discuss your options—early and often—with your faculty advisor(s), with the Director of Graduate Studies, or with the Graduate Program Manager.

Professional Development Seminars

Professional development events, preliminary examination workshop.

This offers a discussion of the various requirements for preliminary examinations: how to assemble committees, compiling reading lists, Graduate School requirements, and more.

Curriculum Vitae Workshops

These workshops are designed for students at all levels, ranging from first-year students writing CVs for campus positions to advanced dissertators on the job market.

Mock Interviews

The Graduate Program offers a series of opportunities to practice with a committee of our faculty for AHA interviews and on-campus job talks. They are open to a limited number of students who expect to be actively on the job market in the fall.

Careers in History Workshops

Our program is committed to helping its graduates seek and secure employment following the completion of their PhDs. Since the financial crisis in 2008, the academic job market has softened markedly. While the Graduate Program continues to provide outstanding preparation for academic jobs, we also encourage our students to think more broadly about their career prospects and the transferability of their skills. As funds permit, we occasionally bring to campus History graduates who are working in the non-profit, private, or public sector to meet with current graduate students and share their experiences. We also offer opportunities to learn best practices for post-doctoral fellowship applications.

  • Learning Outcomes
  • Articulates research problems clearly and understands the limits of current theories, knowledge, or practices within HSMT.
  • Pushes the boundaries of current knowledge in HSMT in formulating research questions, in the selection or use of primary sources, or in interpreting evidence.
  • Demonstrates breadth within their learning experiences.
  • Communicates complex ideas in a clear and understandable manner.
  • Gains appropriate experience relating to designing and teaching university-level courses.
  • Is able to articulate the broader significance of their work and the discipline of HSMT to scholars in other fields or disciplines and to the wider public.
  • Fosters ethical and professional conduct.

Graduate School Policies

The  Graduate School’s Academic Policies and Procedures  provide essential information regarding general university policies. Program authority to set degree policies beyond the minimum required by the Graduate School lies with the degree program faculty. Policies set by the academic degree program can be found below.

Major-Specific Policies

Prior coursework, graduate credits earned at other institutions.

Total credits transferred for the PhD requirements, including those approved for the MA, may not exceed 19 credits. No credits earned more than ten years before admission to the PhD program may be used. A maximum of 5 credits earned between five and ten years before admission to the PhD program may transfer. No credits carrying a grade below B may be applied toward graduate credit requirements.

Undergraduate Credits Earned at Other Institutions or UW-Madison

No credits from a previous undergraduate degree are allowed to transfer.

Credits Earned as a Professional Student at UW-Madison (Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and Veterinary careers)

Refer to the Graduate School: Transfer Credits for Prior Coursework policy.

Credits Earned as a University Special Student at UW–Madison

With program approval, students are allowed to transfer no more than 9 credits of coursework numbered 300 or above taken as a University Special student. Coursework earned ten or more years prior to admission to a doctoral degree is not allowed to satisfy requirements. No credits carrying a grade below B are transferable.

Refer to the Graduate School: Probation policy.

Advisor / Committee

Refer to the Graduate School: Advisor and Graduate School: Committees (Doctoral/Master’s/MFA) policies.

Credits Per Term Allowed

Time limits.

Refer to the Graduate School: Time Limits policy.

Grievances and Appeals

These resources may be helpful in addressing your concerns:

  • Bias or Hate Reporting  
  • Graduate Assistantship Policies and Procedures
  • Office of the Provost for Faculty and Staff Affairs
  • Employee Assistance (for personal counseling and workplace consultation around communication and conflict involving graduate assistants and other employees, post-doctoral students, faculty and staff)
  • Employee Disability Resource Office (for qualified employees or applicants with disabilities to have equal employment opportunities)
  • Graduate School (for informal advice at any level of review and for official appeals of program/departmental or school/college grievance decisions)
  • Office of Compliance (for class harassment and discrimination, including sexual harassment and sexual violence)
  • Office Student Assistance and Support (OSAS)  (for all students to seek grievance assistance and support)
  • Office of Student Conduct and Community Standards (for conflicts involving students)
  • Ombuds Office for Faculty and Staff (for employed graduate students and post-docs, as well as faculty and staff)
  • Title IX (for concerns about discrimination)

Students should contact the department chair or program director with questions about grievances. They may also contact the L&S Academic Divisional Associate Deans, the L&S Associate Dean for Teaching and Learning Administration, or the L&S Director of Human Resources.

See the History department webpage for a full directory of faculty .

Also see our faculty affiliate and teaching associate profiles.

  • Requirements

Contact Information

History College of Letters & Science History of Science, Medicine and Technology, PhD 608-263-1800 Website maps.wisc.edu/s/wjmlvr3g

Charles Kim, Director of Graduate Studies [email protected] 608 263-1831 4122 Mosse Humanities 455 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706

Susan Nelson, Graduate Program Manager [email protected] 608 263-1961 4219 Mosse Humanities 455 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706

Lisa Normand, Graduate Advisor/Admissions Coordinator [email protected] 608 263-1960 4217 Mosse Humanities 455 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706

Graduate Program Handbook View here

Graduate School grad.wisc.edu

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Program in the History of Medicine

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Dedicated to research and teaching in the history of disease, healthcare, and medical science

UMN Program in the History of Science and Medicine Graduate Degrees

We offer MA and Ph.D. degrees through the Program in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine (HSTM). The Program in HSTM is a joint graduate program of the Program in the History of Medicine (Medical School) and the Program in the History of Science and Technology (College of Science and Engineering).

UMN Program in the History of Science and Medicine Undergraduate Degrees

We offer a variety of HMED courses each semester, and an undergraduate minor through the minor in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. The history of medicine is excellent preparation for undergraduate students interested in careers in the health professions, journalism, public policy, public history, and a range of academic careers.

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The Program in the History of Medicine has been dedicated to research and teaching in the history of disease, healthcare, and medical science. Founded in 1967, the Program is located in the Medical School and the Department of Surgery. The Program gives students a historical perspective on the role of health, medicine, and disease in society today. By equipping students with the tools to analyze textual, visual, and statistical materials relating to the history of medicine, students learn to think critically about historical and contemporary health issues across the globe.

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Our faculty have a wide variety of research and teaching interests. We teach courses ranging from the history of healthcare, medicine, and society in the premodern and modern eras, the history of women, gender, and medicine, technology and medicine in modern America, medical humanities and literature, the history of medicine and diseases in East Asia, and demography, data, and healthcare.

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Section of the History of Medicine

The Section of the History of Medicine is a freestanding unit in the Yale University School of Medicine engaged with research and teaching in the history of medicine, the life sciences, and public health. In addition to instruction for medical students, including mentoring M.D. theses , the faculty collaborates with colleagues in the History Department, in the Program in the History of Science and Medicine , which offers graduate programs leading to the M.A., Ph.D., and combined M.D./Ph.D. degrees and an undergraduate major in the History of Science/History of Medicine. The Section contributes to the Program's colloquia , and Distinguished Annual Lectures, workshops , and symposia in medical history. Through research and teaching , the faculty seeks to understand medical ideas, practices, and institutions in their broad social and cultural contexts, and to provide intellectual tools to engage with the challenges faced by contemporary medicine.

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Elias E. Manuelidis Memorial Fund Research Grant 2024-2025

The Section of the History of Medicine at Yale School of Medicine invites applications for the Elias E. Manuelidis Memorial Fund Research Grant. This is a program, open to all Yale undergraduate and graduate students in any school, to support research in the history of medicine with an emphasis on issues of discrimination and social justice. Application submission deadline is October 12, 2024.

Ayah Nuriddin Wins the 2024 Pressman-Burroughs Wellcome Award

The annual award was announced at the American Association for the History of Medicine Conference in May.

Fostering Equity and Inclusion in Infectious Diseases at Yale

The Infectious Disease Diversity, Equity, and Anti-Racism Committee (ID2EA) was formed in March 2020 as a joint effort by faculty from the Yale Section of Infectious Diseases, the Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning, and faculty in Yale School of Medicine’s Section of the History of Medicine. ID2EA aims to take a multi-pronged approach towards incorporating a focus on equity and antiracism into the education and professional development initiatives within the Department of Internal Medicine’s Section of Infectious Diseases.

Medical Scarcity: A Tour

The Elias E. Manuelidis Lecture in the History of Medicine Monday, February 5th 4:30 PM The Medical Historical Library, 333 Cedar Street

Beyond Human Meaning: A Conversation with Gary Tomlinson, featuring History of Medicine Professor Joanna Radin

On January 25th, as part of The Franke Program in Science and the Humanities, History of Medicine Professor Joanna Radin will participate in a discussion with Gary Tomlinson about his new book, The Machines of Evolution and the Scope of Meaning. The talk will take place in the Humanities Quadrangle, Room 136 at 4:30 PM.

‘A different spirit’ of research: Yale clinic seeks to unravel the mystery of long Covid

Dr. Naomi Rogers spoke to the Yale Daily News about the similarities between post-polio syndrome, seen in some patients during the polio outbreaks in the mid-20th century, and long COVID today.

Body weight: A love/hate relationship

Marco Ramos on CT Public Radio’s “Where We Live”

Dr. Marco Ramos speaks with NPR about the harrowing history of eugenics, the role Yale played in developing this psuedoscience, and its many lingering "afterlives".

Disability Futures and Modern Epidemics

October 23, 2023 at 4:30 PM

How to Do History as a Clinician: A Panel Featuring Current Medical Students and Early Career Clinicians

Friday, October 20, 2023 12:00 - 1:30 PM EDT Via Zoom

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Generation to reproduction.

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Philosophy of Science

Plaster model of a human head, 19th century (Whipple Museum)

The Department of History and Philosophy of Science is a major centre for research, teaching and public engagement in history of medicine.

The distinctive feature of our programme is that medical historians work in the largest and most distinguished department of history and philosophy of science in the UK. So students and researchers can both focus on history of medicine and take advantage of intellectual exchange with historians of physical sciences, sociologists and philosophers of science, staff in the Whipple Museum and bioethicists.

Expertise in medical history covers an exceptionally wide range, from antiquity to the present day. We have special strength in the area of Generation to Reproduction and participate in the University-wide Strategic Research Initiative on Reproduction.

The Department provides training in history of medicine at every level. We also welcome inquiries about postdoctoral research, including short-term visits and affiliate status .

History of Medicine news

'Hanna Rion and The Weekly Dispatch 's twilight sleep crusade' Congratulations to Eleanor Taylor on her article in the latest issue of Medical Humanities . It is based on the dissertation Eleanor wrote as a Part II HPS student in 2022.

Congratulations to Yijie Huang PhD student Yijie Huang's article 'Anatomizing the pulse: Edmund King's analogy, observation and conception of the tubular body' has been published in Annals of Science as winner of the journal's best paper prize.

'Health for All?: Histories of International and Global Health' Mary Brazelton has published a new article in History Compass .

Reproduction: Antiquity to the Present Day Cambridge University Press has published Reproduction: Antiquity to the Present Day , the major output of the Wellcome-funded Generation to Reproduction project.

Ucam-histmed is an email list for people in the Cambridge area interested in history of medicine.

Subscribe to Ucam-histmed

Main image: Plaster model of a human head, 19th century. This model, which can be taken apart, would have been a less gruesome, and cheaper, alternative to human dissection for medical students and teachers. (T50) Image credit: Whipple Museum of the History of Science, University of Cambridge

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phd in medical history

Cambridge historians of medicine and biology are taking a long-term, cross-disciplinary approach to the history of reproduction.

Making Visible Embryos

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phd in medical history

Explore our online exhibition on the history of embryo images.

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phd in medical history

Browse and search Simon Forman's and Richard Napier's records of thousands of consultations.

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History of Medicine

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The Department of the History of Medicine is the oldest such academic department in North America. We are dedicated to scholarship in the history of medicine, disease and the health sciences, and their relation to society. The Department seeks to bring historical perspectives to bear on contemporary health issues. Faculty members conduct research on a broad range of topics, time periods, and geographic areas. The Department offers a PhD in the History of Medicine.

View the History of Medicine Site

Department of History

Ph.d. programs.

The Department of History’s doctoral degree program seeks to train talented historians for careers in scholarship, teaching, and beyond the academy. The department typically accepts 22 Ph.D. students per year. Additional students are enrolled through various combined programs and through HSHM.  All admitted Ph.D. students receive a  full  financial aid package  from the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. 

History of Science and Medicine

The  Program in the History of Science and Medicine  (HSHM)  is a semi-autonomous graduate track within the Department of History. HSHM students receive degrees in History, with a concentration in the History of Science and Medicine.  There is a separate admissions process for students interested in the History of Science and Medicine. For more information, please see the  HSHM website . 

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Joint ph.d. programs.

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History of Medicine

eram alam

Areas of Research:  History of Medicine; History of Social Sciences; Global Health; Postcolonial Studies; Immigration... Read more about Eram Alam

Allan M. Brandt

Allan M. Brandt

Areas of Research: Global Health / Public Health, History of Medicine, Medical Humanities, Science Policy... Read more about Allan M. Brandt

Hammonds

Evelynn Hammonds

Areas of Research: African & African-American Studies, History of Medicine, Science & Race, Science & Technology Studies, Women & Gender Studies ... Read more about Evelynn Hammonds

Anne Harrington

Anne Harrington

Areas of Research: History of Medicine, Human Sciences, Medical Humanities, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mind-Body Medicine, Neuroscience, Consciousness Studies ... Read more about Anne Harrington

David S. Jones

David S. Jones

Areas of Research: Science & Race, Global Health / Public Health, History of Biology, History of Medicine, Medical Humanities, Psychology & Theories of Mind, Science & Technology Studies, Technology & Society

... Read more about David S. Jones

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Michelle LaBonte

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Gabriela Soto Laveaga

Areas of Research: Modern Latin America; intersection of science and culture; public health; scientific and medical exchange in the Global South ... Read more about Gabriela Soto Laveaga

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  • History of Science & Medicine

The Graduate Program in the History of Science & Medicine is a semi-autonomous graduate track within the Department of History. The program’s students are awarded degrees in History, with a concentration in the History of Science and Medicine. Fields of study include all subjects and periods in the history of science and history of medicine, especially the modern era. Special fields represented include American and European science and medicine; disease, therapeutics, psychiatry, drug abuse, and public health; science and national security; science and law, science and religion, life sciences, human genetics, eugenics, biotechnology, gender, race, and science/medicine; bioethics and medical research; environmental sciences; human and social sciences; physical and earth sciences.

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Joanna Radin

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Admission Requirements

Standardized testing requirements.

GRE is optional.

Program-Specific Application Requirements

A writing sample is required by this program.

English Language Requirement

TOEFL iBT or IELTS Academic is required of most applicants whose native language is not English.

You may be exempt from this requirement if you have received (or will receive) an undergraduate degree from a college or university where English is the primary language of instruction, and if you have studied in residence at that institution for at least three years.

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The Graduate School's academic calendar lists important dates and deadlines related to coursework, registration, financial processes, and milestone events such as graduation.

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Registration Information and Dates

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Students must register every term in which they are enrolled in the Graduate School. Registration for a given term takes place the semester prior, and so it's important to stay on top of your academic plan. The University Registrar's Office oversees the systems that students use to register. Instructions about how to use those systems and the dates during which registration occurs can be found on their registration website.

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Phd stipend & funding.

PhD students at Yale are normally fully-funded. During their programs, our students receive a twelve-month stipend to cover living expenses and a fellowship that covers the full cost of tuition and student healthcare.

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While Master's programs are not generally funded, there are resources available to students to help navigate financial responsibilities during graduate school.

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Alumni Insights

Below you will find alumni placement data for our departments and programs.

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Program in the History of Medicine

The Cedars-Sinai History of Medicine Program explores the evolution of medical knowledge and practice from antiquity to the present. Bringing together historians, clinicians, scientists and ethicists, we combine historical methods with contemporary biomedical knowledge to advance our understanding of the relationship between medicine, science and technology, the nature and experience of disease, healthcare ethics, medical education, and the changing roles of institutions, practitioners and patients in the world of medicine. Our programming, including a monthly speaker series that hosts international authorities and a variety of six-week courses offered throughout the year, emphasizes the social and institutional contexts of medicine and biomedical science, inequities in healthcare, and the many ways in which developments in anatomy, physiology and pathology have influenced the prevention of disease. The program serves as a hub for historical research, where historians collaborate in a unique “laboratory” for the study of medical and scientific history.

Program Content

Program curriculum.

How to Participate

Anyone within Cedars-Sinai or the Southern California healthcare community is welcome to participate in our programming. Our online programming is open to audiences beyond Southern California as well.

Program participants have the opportunity to reflect on the nature of medical practice through the lens of the past. Of particular interest to attendees is seeking to understand how the social, cultural, intellectual and institutional context of medicine shaped its evolution into what it is today.

Send us a message to sign up for our History of Medicine Program email. 

Faculty & Administration

Primary and affiliated faculty, alongside our Fellows in the History of Medicine and visiting faculty, all bring their passion and expertise to deliver exceptional programming and educational opportunities.

phd in medical history

The History of Medicine Program hosts a regular series of seminars, lectures and roundtables for the medical center community.

phd in medical history

Career Opportunities

The History of Medicine Program at Cedars-Sinai  occasionally has unique career opportunities available for outstanding candidates in this field. Typical job features include challenging teaching assignments and substantial time to pursue research.

Courses in the history of medicine at Cedars-Sinai.

The Cedars-Sinai History of Medicine Program offers a variety of six-week courses on historical topics open to the Cedars-Sinai community and other interested students.

Inside Tsitsernakaberd - The Armenian Genocide memorial complex

Medicine, Holocaust and Genocide Studies

The Center for Medicine, Holocaust and Genocide Studies is an interdisciplinary research center affiliated with the History of Medicine Program.

image-Miracles on the Beach: The Medicine of D-Day – A Lecture by Affiliate Faculty member Leo A. Gordon, MD

Have Questions or Need Help?

Contact us if you have questions or would like additional information about the History of Medicine Program.

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MPhil/PhD Medical History

MA/MPhil/PhD Study in Medical History

Research topics.

Centre staff are willing to provide supervision for an MA in Medical History , MA in Cultures and Environments of Health and  MPhil/PhD in Medical History  in many areas of research. These include:

More detailed information about the areas of research supervision offered in medical history is available to view from  individual staff profile pages .

Programme specification

The  programme page  for the MPhil/PhD in Medical History gives full details of the programme requirements, and learning and assessment methods, etc.

You can also visit the programme pages for  MA in Medical History  and  MA in Cultures and Environments of Health .

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Making Medical History Relevant to Medical Students: The First Fifty Years of the Calgary History of Medicine Program and History of Medicine Days Conferences

Frank w stahnisch.

University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Medical historians and educators have long lamented that the integration of the study of the history of medicine into the educational curricula of medical schools and clinic-based teaching has been protractedly troubled. Employing the development of the history of medicine program at the University of Calgary as a case study, this article emphasizes the importance of integrating medical history with teaching schedules to further students’ insights into changing health care settings, the social contingency of disease concepts, and socio-economic dependences of medical decision-making. History of medicine programs can furnish plentiful opportunities for research training through summer projects, insight courses, and field practica. This article explores the first fifty years of the History of Medicine and Health Care Program in Calgary and considers the impact of interdisciplinary cooperation as well as the role of interprofessional undergraduate and clinical medical education. Through this exploration, I argue that medical history should be a central part of study curricula, that a historical understanding can provide a robust background for physicians in a fast-changing world in the clinic, and that through their disciplinary expertise, medical historians play a fruitful role in scholarly and teaching exchanges with medical students and clinicians in the modern medical humanities.

Karl Sudhoff’s (1853–1938) institute for the history of medicine, which opened in 1906 at the University of Leipzig in Germany, has long been considered a gold standard for history of medicine programs affiliated with medical faculties. 1 The Leipzig program considered the history of medicine to be firmly within the realm of medical students and clinical trainees themselves. Medical history has since become an inspirational academic field in medical schools across Europe, North America, and around the world. 2 It enthralled medical students, fostering work by graduate students, as well as initiating collaborations among clinical faculty, biomedical researchers, and public health workers. 3 One such program is the thriving history of medicine community at the University of Calgary with its History of Medicine and Health Care Program (HOMHCP) in Canada, established with the help of the Jason A. Hannah Foundation – now known as Associated Medical Services (AMS) – and the Alberta Medical Foundation (AMF). 4

A statue of Hippocrates stands in the Health Sciences Centre (HSC) of the University of Calgary’s (UofC’s) Cumming School of Medicine (CSM). It is a legacy of Peter J. E.Cruse’s (1927–2006) history of medicine courses and was a gift from the sizeable Greek-Canadian population to the UofC’s new medical school. 5 This marble statue arrived from Greece in 1973 (see figure 1 ) and was installed at a prominent place in the foyer of the HSC, where it remains a popular meeting location, a site of educational commemoration, as well as a place that sees rites of passage in medical students and residents happening to this day.

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Queens Group of Medical Students at the Hippocrates Statue, HMDs, 2015. Courtesy of Dr. Jacalyn Duffin, Queen’s University, Kingston.

A NEW MEDICAL SCHOOL IN CALGARY

Founding faculty member Dr. Cruse pushed for the inclusion of medical history in the schedule of Calgary’s new medical school (1970–1971), from which workshops emerged for residents in surgery and staff surgeons. 6 It began with 7:00 AM discussions on clinical topics, such as physicianship, the development of operational techniques, and infection control in historical contexts. Cruse’s charismatic advocacy for the subject matter rendered the sessions into an appealing event. 7 The discussions evolved into a popular elective, that realized Cruse’s intention to fuse the art and science of medicine by teaching about past exemplars, such as the French surgeons of the eighteenth century, advances in surgical technique by late nineteenth-century German surgeons, or the creators of specialized surgical fields in twentieth-century America. 8 The program was gradually extended to all medical students by the end of the 1970s and expanded nationally in 1991 with the two-day History of Medicine Day Conferences (HMDs) (see table 4 ). 9 In 1996, a third day was added, when the students travelled to the scenic Rocky Mountains after the conference deliberations. 10

Percentage of Countries from which Speakers have Historically Come from to Attend HMDs.

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Calgary’s founding physician-historian Cruse was born in Stellenbosch, South Africa. His father, Henri P. Cruse (1894–1950) was a university professor specializing in the history of pedagogy at Stellenbosch University, while his mother Aletta (1897–1965?) worked as a schoolteacher. 11 After his studies at the University of Cape Town, his M.B. Ch.B. graduation in 1951, and completion of the FRCS(E) in Edinburgh, UK, the family moved to Canada. 12 Earle P. Scarlett (1896–1982), who had received his training at the Universities of Manitoba and Toronto and completed his residency with William Osler (1849–1919) in Montreal, became Cruse’s mentor in Calgary. 13 When the new Foothills Medical Centre (FMC) opened, Cruse received a surgery position there and eventually rose through the ranks of the newly founded medical school, becoming a full professor in 1975. 14 Even with his time-intensive work in medical history and infection control research, his main career focus was that of a prolific surgeon as evidenced through his role as head of the surgery department from 1981 to 1988. 15 Additionally, he continued his academic interchanges with Scarlett, who was by that time a board member of the hospital. 16 Cruse shared Scarlett’s expectation that participating students in the history of medicine course would write a research paper on a subject related to their academic work and join excursions related to the course in Calgary, from which they would get insights into the social and historical contexts of medical practice. They would write scholarly papers under supervision of faculty preceptors and gain experience in speaking in front of their classmates, large crowds at the HMDs conferences, and at gatherings of the annual general meetings of the Alberta Medical Association (AMA). 17 This process enabled journal publication of the projects, continuing the tradition of Scarlett’s The Calgary Associate Clinic’s Historical Bulletin . The Bulletin, as it was previously called, was published between 1936 and 1958, focusing greatly on the history of medicine in Alberta, but also on the history of medicine in general, in 22 volumes comprising 88 issues. 18 Scarlett’s Bulletin also influenced the early founders of the flagship Canadian Bulletin of Medical History ( CBMH) when it was created as the newsletter of the Canadian Society for the History of Medicine in 1979. Published twice a year for the Canadian Society for the History of Medicine, originally by Wilfrid Laurier University Press and now through the University of Toronto Press, the CBMH has prominently featured several research articles from faculty and trainees participating in Calgary’s HOMHCP. 19

Cruse himself successfully rendered history of medicine even more popular by arranging to take his medical students to the meetings of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC), where they gave short history of medicine presentations to the assembly. 20 In acknowledgment of his achievements, AMS recognized him as the Canadian Medical Historian of the Year in 1989. 21 That summer he also approached the AMF to sponsor a HMD at the UofC, which would showcase presentations of the best papers from the history of medicine course. This accomplished, Cruse’s students were soon joined by the medical history students of Laurie Clein (d. 1996) at the nearby University of Saskatchewan, which has continued to this day with strong regional contributions from the Universities of Manitoba, Regina, Lethbridge, Alberta, British Columbia, and Mount Royal University. Financial support from AMS in Toronto and AMF in Edmonton eventually permitted the creation of the AMF/Hannah Professorship in the History of Medicine and Health Care in 1995. 22 With Cruse’s decreasing health situation, the helm was passed on to McGill-trained internist and history aficionado Bill Whitelaw, who headed the conference until 2007 (see figure 2 ). 23

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The two founders of the Calgary history of medicine program: surgeon Dr. Peter J. E. Cruse (on the left) and internist Dr. William A. Whitelaw (on the right) at a monthly meeting of CHOMS (1990s). Photograph courtesy of the late Dr. Peter Warren (1940–2011), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

Presentation topics at the HMDs have covered areas such as the classics (including the Hippocratic Oath and changes in the social standing of the physician), history of public health (e.g., different measures against epidemics, training, and human resources), nursing (including the interdisciplinary nature of modern medicine and the physician-nurse relationship), veterinary medicine (e.g., the status and ethics of animal experimentation and collaborations in laboratory science), as well as neuroscience (including the clinical and scientific implications of the mind-body dualism) (see table 2 ). Prizes, which have also emphasized the clinical relevance of the presentations, have been awarded in different categories that fostered medical students’ interest in the history of medicine and enticed them further to produce high-quality presentations and posters. These awards included history of surgery (Dr. Peter Cruse Award), internal medicine (Dr. Bill Whitelaw Award), women in medicine and public health (Dr. Clara Christie Award), best poster award, best audiovisual presentation, and the best overall conference presentation (see table 3 ). 24 Medical students and residents, with their clinical experiences from the hospital wards, have been specifically targeted and requested to present original historical research with new methodological perspectives. The conference sections have been moderated by historians of medicine and psychology, classicists, as well as historically interested clinical faculty and surgeons from the FMC, the Peter Lougheed Hospital, the Rockyview General Hospital, and the Alberta Children’s Hospital, who have all been eager to engage with the medical students and to integrate the insights gained from the history of medicine sessions in their own clinical work. 25 Internationally renowned speakers, with a balanced proportion between clinician-historians and professional medical historians, are invited to give keynote lectures and engage with trainee presenters at the conferences. 26 Beginning in 2009, a specialized, reviewed series with Cambridge Scholars Publishing in Britain has emerged to document the conference proceedings and include the best peer-reviewed research papers given at the conferences. These publications combine the submitted and accepted papers regarding clinical medical history topics, as well as those topics in health care history by other interested undergraduate and graduate students from across Canada. It is also a welcome opportunity for medical residents to write and publish some of the first papers in their clinical careers. Of all the submitted conference papers, up to fifteen of the best papers are considered for publication in the conference proceedings, often making substantive contributions to our medical understanding and the existing historiography, including for example original work on the early ambulatory and mobile clinical stations in Atlantic Canada, the introduction of super glue into modern surgery, and assessments of the economy of material culture of menstruation products in public health and gynaecology to mention here only a few. 27

Percentage of Topics Presented at the HMDs.

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Percentage of Previous Prizes (Incl. Follower-up Status) Awarded to Students from Various Universities.

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The review process and the selection of high-quality papers is made by a local committee, which receives further input from the board of advisors, as well as from external historians of medicine. These selection processes have engendered a significant academic appeal for the HMDs at the UofC. 28 The individual volumes of the Proceedings of the Calgary HMDs, appearing since 1996, provide a unique publishing format to students and clinical presenters from multiple perspectives, and include all conference keynotes. 29

INCORPORATING THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE INTO MEDICAL EDUCATION

Medical school instructors have long pondered the challenges of incorporating history of medicine teaching in student and clinical education, seeking ways to furbish insights into the humanities, social contextualization, and create ethical awareness in the curricula. 30 In Germany, for example, history of medicine has had a continuous presence in the medical core curriculum since the 1920s. 31 In North America, however, medical history has been integrated in a rather disjointed fashion into educational curricula, depending often on introductory lectures in discipline-based courses or elective courses for interested students. 32 Of course, the administrative leadership of medical schools plays an important role in the determination where in students’ and clinicians’ schedules medical history content can be taught. 33 At the relatively young medical school in Calgary, which hired its founding dean William Cochrane (1926–2017) in 1967 and was set up based on a tight three-year curriculum, it was decided that the history of medicine course had to take place as an elective course during the lunch hour and in evening workshops, while the goals of teaching centered around historical insights informing medical practice in the future as well as fostering professional virtues such as diagnostic humility, developing a broad knowledge basis, and awareness for the contingency of medical ethics issues and principles. 34 The principles of the course and program had been founded on seeing medicine as a constituent part of science and technology studies, as well as gaining structural competency by examining the contingent and contextual development of medical practices and policies, including an understanding of the implications of political agendas for medical achievements and successes. Calgary, as a three-year school, differed from the standard four-year model – together with the Université de Sherbrooke (1961) and McMaster University (1969) at the time – with an emphasis on problem-based learning and early clinical immersion on the hospital wards from the very first day of classes. 35 This early immersion of students in clinical training has translated into the historical revision of many clinical topics from day one of the course in medical history, including the physician’s role in modern hospitals, the influence of disease on medical thought and practice, as well as important changes in clinical diagnostics and nosology. These values of including historical perspectives in the training of young physicians are represented in the extended motto of the HOMHC program, which characterizes the UofC’s particular approach to the medical history:

(1) To attract students and faculty from interdisciplinary backgrounds and cross-departmental affiliation to engage in and contribute to the Program’s activities…; (2) to develop and expand the profile and standing of the Program within medical and interdisciplinary communities engaging in historical research and teaching medicine and health care across Canada and abroad; (3) to relate to the university, the local community and the public at large explaining and interpreting topics from the history of medicine, the life sciences and neuroscience…; (4) to conduct interdisciplinary teaching and research in the CSM and beyond by integrating views from the History and Philosophy of Science, Science and Technology Studies, Cultural and Media Studies. 36

This directional statement emphasizes the importance of engaging with the social, cultural, political, and economic contexts of clinical training and medical knowledge. Today, the half-time validity of medical knowledge is getting increasingly shorter and 50% of medicine’s knowledge basis is revised every 5 years. 37 Hence, it is important to broaden students’ and clinicians’ understanding of the time-dependence of medical diagnoses and pathologies, the contingency of medical knowledge, and the personal, cultural, and religious views which patients bring to the health care field. Ethical conundrums and legal questions in medicine are time-dependent and necessitate rational assessments that take the historical traditions honestly and soberly into account. 38

Building a wider understanding of the central task and function of history in current medical curricula remains attractive to students, since it provides a valuable foundation to them. 39 Its firm inclusion into medical education programs helps students appreciating the critical stance and ethical perspectives necessary to make sense of health care approaches in today’s fast-changing world. 40 In Calgary, such an agenda has been sustained through the satisfactory endowment of a research chair first internationally advertised in 2007. Since the recruitment of an AMF/Hannah Professor in the History of Medicine and Health Care at the CSM, the teaching offerings in the history of medicine, psychiatry, and the life sciences have become more diversified. 41 The History of Medicine and Health Care course has since received “a fresh hands on approach to integrating an understanding of the past with a vision of the future.” 42 The help and support of the UofC’s Faculty of Arts, the Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, the Arts and Science Honours Academy, the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and the O’Brien Institute for Public Health have been instrumental in curriculum design and in establishing meaningful research collaborations among faculties, programs, groups of clinicians, and public health researchers. At the UofC, the program development has resulted in a specific concept of medical history education, built upon the tradition in the city of Calgary of research and writing on the history of medicine as described above. 43

Furthermore, a significant number of the history of medicine books from the former Calgary Associate Clinic were later donated to the UofC’s Health Sciences Library. There, the collection was merged with the “Dr. Peter J. Cruse Collection” and the “Mackie Family Collection in the History of Neuroscience.” 44 Combined, they form the basis for a significant medical history research library. 45 Students are attracted to history of medicine courses in part because of the active library sessions and field practica offered, which make extensive use of the Dr. Cruse Collection and Mackie Collection for their research projects and presentations concerning medical history. 46

HISTORY AND ACTIVITIES OF THE UOFC HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE PROGRAM

Enticing collaborations in research and education among physicians, medical scientists, historians, sociologists, and anthropologists has been, and continues to be, a foundational motivation for the UofC HOMHCP. To this end, meeting and exchange platforms, the history of medicine library collection, as well as interest groups and specialized colloquia, have been established to foster the interaction between the humanities and health sciences. Since 2012, the mutual interaction in the wider field of the medical humanities has also become institutionalized through the collaboration with other members of the CSM’s Health Care Humanities Committee.

In their previous article “Making the Case for History in Medical Education” in this journal, David S. Jones et al. have argued that they see both chances as well as challenges with integrating medical history within the medical humanities, while making “the case for history as an essential component of medical knowledge, reasoning, and practice.” 47 While these authors emphasize the challenges posed by aligning the medical humanities with medical history, the Calgary experience has shown rather a positive interaction, particularly medical students’ participation, interdisciplinary contributions to mutual workshops, as well as research collaboration regarding knowledge-based and epistemology-oriented projects. The Health Care Humanities Committee coordinates educational opportunities for medical students, clinical residents, and health care professionals and furthers active participation in the use of health care humanities in education. One useful example is the self-directed electives opportunity during medical students’ clerkship periods that explore a problem in medicine while working closely with a health humanities preceptor, including the available historians of medicine, and using humanities tools and learning about patient-centered perception using narrative analysis. 48 Such activities have led to an increasing collaborative network among professors in the Faculty of Arts with faculty in the CSM, Nursing, and Science, as international historians of medicine have previously advocated. 49 Since my arrival in Calgary as the AMF/Hannah Professor in the History of Medicine and Health Care, I have worked with students in both the department of community health sciences and the history department, including much of graduate student training – both on the Master’s and the PhD level – as well as the supervision of scores of undergraduate students with honors theses, summer research students, and clinical residents. Medical students prepare for the annual HMDs to present their term projects to the conference audiences as part of their course requirements. The conferences attract over 300 students and faculty to attend or present abstracts on the History of Medicine and Health Care (see table 1 ). 50 The UofC HOMHCP has two core components: History of Medicine courses and the annual HMDs. The courses run for two terms from fall to spring each year and most of the students present their historical research projects at the conferences. This provides students with excellent experiences in preparing their work for the field and ample networking opportunities with medical students from across the country, and often international students and faculty as well. 51

Medical Schools and Universitites of Origin of Active HMDs Presenters (above), including Numbers of Years Participated (below).

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The history of medicine courses are comprised of a series of lectures and seminars held on Mondays from 12:30 to 1:20 PM throughout the full academic year, which highlight particular themes, episodes, controversies, people, and events in the history of medicine. The types of history taught in these courses include the social history of medicine, the history of medical ideas, laboratory history, the relationship of the history of medicine with the history of science and the Science and Technology Studies (STS), elements from public health history, as well as the relationship between the history of medical technologies and modern media studies. These lectures and seminars, attended by medical students, residents, postdocs, and interested clinical faculty, provide an overview of history of medicine and are taught by both historians and medical faculty actively publishing in the history of pathology, pediatrics, geriatrics, public health, as well as complementary and alternative medicine. 52 During the latter half of the course, there is abundant opportunity for students to give presentations on their topics and to engage in mutually profitable discussions. Students are provided with forums, which are also advertised to and attended by medical residents, clinical fellows, and postdocs, to develop their individual speaking skills at public events and share ideas about how they might arrange materials for their presentations. These interactions push medical students to emphasize the archival source bases of their projects, critically reflect on their practical experiences prior to or during their medical studies, and engage with real conversations about their future medical career aims in light of what they have learned about historical traditions and developments that have markedly changed the clinical context of physicians’ work today (including such aspects as economic pressures, the introduction of information technologies, and the burden of chronic diseases). Particularly, the series of discussion-based Thursday evening workshops from 17:30 to 19:20 PM, attended by the same clientèle as the Monday lectures, offer practical instruction and experience on various topics, ranging from skills for public presentation, academic discussion, history research methodology, to history of medical techniques with some hands-on experiential learning. The course offers thereby a good chance for medical students to establish informal relationships with faculty, who later serve as faculty preceptors in students’ disciplines of interest for individual research projects and even as collaborators on mutual publications. 53 This also extends to informal exchanges between mentors and mentees about the reality of various clinical and research contexts, informed by senior mentors’ personal experiences from having lived through decades of medical transformations and changes in the health care system.

At the end of each academic year, the associate dean for undergraduate medical education receives a letter about each student’s participation in the course and spin-off activities, including archival work, presentations, and publications, as these are always seen as valuable additions to a student’s curriculum vitae as well as their electronic Canadian Resident Matching Service portfolios. 54 Interested history students are eligible to take the history of medicine course too, while a numerical cap guarantees a ratio of two-thirds medical and health sciences students to one-third history students. If more than the eligible number of students sign up for the course, a selection criterion measures certain prior competency largely based around the ability to bring inter-professional perspectives to the course. 55 A few weeks after the beginning of the course, interviews are set up for individual students to choose an area of research interest and be matched with a preceptor. It is expected that all students in the course must prepare and give a presentation of about thirty minutes on a topic they have researched, and they need to complete a methodological group assignment on “Heroes, Rogues, and Charlatans in the History of Medicine.” 56 At the end of the course, all students are asked to submit a research paper of 15–20 pages on their topic, which may be later published in the Proceedings of the Annual History of Medicine Days . 57 The social aspect of the HMDs can thereby not be underestimated in building a continuing community of history of medicine-endorsing and -enjoying physicians, faculty, and trainees, who locally and regionally continue to interact about the relevance of medical history in medical education over many years.

This content of the UofC’s HOMHCP is hence fully aligned with most of the strategies for history at medical schools in the US and Canada as pointed out in “Making the Case for History in Medical Education.” The concerns articulated in their article regarding resource competition between the medical humanities and history of medicine would not necessarily lead to antagonism but can also be overcome through mutual forms of collaboration and the emphasis of interdisciplinary strengths. Furthermore, Jones et al.’s focus on reframing history of medicine as a field that is based in science studies and history of science, discussing questions of paradigms, biopolitics, discourses, and postmodernism, can also be widened to include valuable public health perspectives, areas of comparative and global history, along with important aspects of intersectionality and indigeneity regarding the history of medicine and health care. 58 And since 2015 such developments have indeed been renewed and refurbished in wider medical humanities and medical education perspectives, for example in teaching and research programs such as that at the UofC’s HOMHCP. Yet the main tenants of Jones et al., which encompassed several claims relevant for clinical medicine, have likewise been incorporated into the educational and research activities in UofC’s HOMHCP: “The burden of disease changes over time,” “the contingency of disease concepts,” “medical therapeutics are dynamic,” “knowledge is produced through socioeconomic processes,” “health inequalities have persisted,” “medicine has influenced notions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and class,” “medical education takes place across social disparities,” “medical technologies exist as part of broader social systems,” “the roles of physicians,” “hospitals are the by-product of political struggles,” “health-seeking behaviours have changed,” “medicine is one of many societal responses to disease,” and “historical study has shown that individuals’ experiences have changed over time.” 59

Students could also submit abstracts on medical topics to the Royal College of Family Physicians of Canada for their student prize competition. 60 And a number of presenters at HMDs have been invited to present their work at the Margaret Hutton Lectures of the AMA. 61 Some outstanding students and clinician participants have sought additional opportunities to publish their manuscripts in high-end international history of medicine journals. 62 They further submitted them to the William Osler Medal competition of the American Association for the History of Medicine. 63 In the past, several participants gave external interviews on their topics to CBC Radio. 64 Advanced students could choose history of medicine as an option in their research elective during the summer of the second year of the medical education program. 65 Occasionally, students from other universities are residents in the program and work on specific research projects over the summer, while priority is given to students who investigate similar subjects as the Calgary faculty. 66 Workplaces are provided during the summer season in both the departments of community health sciences and history, while residents are required to give one presentation on their topic to the program associates, sometimes resulting in publishable work. 67 The following pursuits comprise the core objective of the program for students: the development of an understanding of the general history of medicine, the selection of a specific area of the history of medicine for more detailed study, the cultivation of a critical perspective on medicine and the doctor-patient relationship, and the development of historical research skills.

Although the Calgary History of Medicine and Health Care course has changed in nature and scope since it was started by Peter Cruse, students remain committed to the experience of the program, which offers them insight from various faculty members into their specific areas of interest. 68 The intriguing character of the field is likewise reflected in the research exchanges during the Calgary HMDs, which have now grown into the only singular national event for students and trainees – strongly supported by the eight Canadian Hannah Chairs in the History of Medicine (many associated with the referenced medical history programs in the next section of this article). 69 Canadian Hannah Chairs have been sending their own students and trainees or provided lectures to the program – at which both undergraduate, early graduate students, and postgraduate students in medical history can meet and actively practice humanism in medicine with likeminded peers. 70 This gives testament to Cruse’s hope that medical history would elevate itself when he referred to the aperçu : “art always outlasts science.” 71 One may find this further reflected in the outstanding publications by medical students that have derived from the UofC courses and the HMDs, with many Canadian, American, and international physicians having started their careers in or through the program. 72 These activities certainly align with discussions by professional medical historians in North America and with the values promoted by the Association of American Medical Colleges. The program is undergirded by the belief that “history acts as a unifying force connecting a variety of scientific and humanistic disciplines and, by providing a historical perspective, serves to promote the student as a professional.” 73

CONNECTING CANADA’S HISTORY OF MEDICINE PROGRAMS

Comparatively few North American medical schools include medical historians and history of medicine courses. At the UofC’s CSM, the muse of history is nevertheless seen as integrative to medical teaching, research, and collaboration, as this case study submitted to Clio in the Clinic emphasizes. The current analysis of the local history of medicine program can offer useful insights into the proliferation of the program along with the available resources and history of medicine collections. Education studies have frequently examined history of medicine programs to elicit how medicine is perceived, understood, and taught with a critical perspective to its historical development and socio-cultural context. This article has examined the historical steps that led to the foundation of the UofC’s HOMHCP and its context in the reform education initiatives at this younger medical school in Canada. The support of external funding agencies, the AMF and the Hannah Foundation (now the AMS), was instrumental in bringing a medical history perspective into the educational setting in Calgary. Rather being wedded to contingent local settings, the UofC has tried to reach out to other medical schools, nursing schools, and history of medicine programs, to stimulate active exchanges and place history of medicine in a wider communicative network.

Further networking opportunities were woven into the fabric of many of the history of medicine courses, including exchanges with colleagues from clinical education, and interdisciplinary collaboration with other historians, philosophers, anthropologists, and ethicists, as well as inter-professional panels.

This collaborative community is locally supported by the planning committees, the award committees, and a pool of volunteering judges and conference moderators. The program is presently supported by Melanie Stapleton, a gastroenterologist as first co-chair and Lesley Bolton, a classicist, as second co-chair; Stephen Pow, who arrived from the Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, as an AMS-funded postdoc; sessional history instructor Susan McMahon as a research associate; and Marcia Garcia as the course and conference coordinator; along with physician-historian Robert Lampard holding an adjunct position in the department of community health sciences. Previous postdocs have included Fedir Razumenko from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Aleksandra Loewenau from Oxford, UK; Will Pratt from Edmonton, Canada; and Matt Oram from Christchurch, New Zealand. The program is administratively located in the CSM and can be found on the third floor of the Cal Wenzel Precision Health Building, while the Science, Technology, Environment, and Medicine Studies laboratory is housed on the eighth floor of the Faculty of Arts, and the History of Medicine Room in the library being located on the first floor of the HSC. The following individuals or administrators serve on the advisory committee: the chair is the associate dean, research (CSM), Bill Whitelaw as former HOMHCP chair, the head of the department of community health sciences, the head of the department of history, the associate dean for undergraduate medical education (CSM), the director of the O’Brien Institute for Public Health, the director of the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, classicist Peter Toohey, the dean of the Faculty of Arts, a student representative, and the CEO of AMS. The current state of the history of medicine curriculum at the UofC has further been exported to other schools, most visibly at the UofA’s medical school in Edmonton, where the history of medicine interest program was restarted and revitalized by Jamil Kassam, a historian trained at the University of Chicago with (see table 5 ) a specialization in the history of Arabic-Islamic medicine. Content from the UofC’s HOMHCP has been woven into the fabric of the Edmonton curriculum, and the course syllabi developed at the UofC been used as a basis for the teaching of medical students there, while their history of medicine interest group supports the sessions of the Calgary History of Medicine Society (CHOMS), comprising physicians, clinical faculty, as well as medical students and residents in Calgary with its own research contributions in an active and successful way. 74

History of Medicine-Related Course Offerings Across the University of Calgary.

HTST493.38History of Medicine and Health Care IMedical Students
Year 1-2
Full Course
HTST493.39History of Medicine and Health Care IIMedical Students
Year 1-2
Full Course
No Number
Assigned Yet
Elective Research Project CourseGraduate Students with Previous Health Care-Related DegreesAn MA in Humanities in Health Care is Currently in Planning (in Collaboration with the Humanities in Health Care Committee)
HTST791.20Medicine and its Intersections: Historical Origins and Foundations of Western Medicine and Health CareGraduate Students
(including the MA in History and Philosophy of Science)
Full Course
MDCH680Foundations of Population and Public HealthGraduate Students
(Health Sciences)
1 Introductory Lecture on the History of Public Health
GRST601.62A Social and Cultural History of Mental Health and Psychiatry since the Classical PeriodGraduate Students
(Classics and Religious Studies and MA in History and Philosophy of Science)
Full Course
HTST541.2History of Medicine and Psychiatry in the Western ContextHistory, Philosophy, and Health Sciences Students
Year 3-4
Full Course
ASHA501The Nature of ResearchArts and Science Honors Academy
Year 4
Full Course
HTST476
A Cultural History of the Biomedical Sciences
History, Philosophy, and Health Sciences Students
Year 3-4
Full Course
NEURO421Neuroscience: History, Ethics, and SocietyNeuroscience and Psychology Students
Year 2-3
33% of
Full Course
HTST372 : Science, Technology, and Medicine in Historical PerspectivesHistory, Philosophy, and Health Sciences Students
Year 2-3
Full Course
GRST323Ancient Medicine and the MindClassics and Religious Studies Students
Year 3
Full Course
GRST321Ancient TechnologyClassics and Religious Studies Students
Year 3
Full Course
GRST211Technical Terms of Medicine and the Life SciencesMaster of Pathologists’ Assistants and Classics and Religious Studies Students Year 2Full Course

Reviewing the structure and function of the HOMHCP reveals similarities, differences, and cooperation features with other history of medicine programs that developed around the same time across Canada. Many students and trainees from these centres have attended the HMDs conferences in Calgary:

Dalhousie University

Its program in the medical humanities is located in the faculty of medicine and was led for four decades by physician-historian Jock Murray, who had been the former dean of the faculty. The program is primarily addressed to undergraduate medical students. Staff members include medical humanities scholar Wendy Stewart, historian of medicine Ronald Stewart, Marc Gilbert as postdoc, and Ana Sardinha as administrator.

McGill University

The department of social studies of medicine was founded in 1966 by Donald G. Bates (1933–2001). It is situated in the medical faculty, but members are cross-appointed in the departments of their home discipline. A lecture on the history of medicine and seminar-style block courses are taught in the medical faculty, yet most of the undergraduate teaching occurs within the disciplinary departments. McGill’s is a research-intensive department, staffed by architectural historian Annmarie Adams as chair, sociologist of science Alberto Cambrosio, bioethicist Jennifer Fishman, medical ethicist Phoebe Friesen, bioethicist Jonathan Kimmelman, medical ethicist Nicholas King, historian of medicine Thomas Schlich, anthropologist Margaret Lock, medical historian Andrea Tone, medievalist Faith Wallis, historian of medicine George Weisz, and anthropologist Todd Meyers.

University of Toronto

The Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology was created in 1967 as a graduate studies and research institute. As an autonomous unit, it remains outside the medical faculty, with close relations to other UofT faculties. Academic staff include philosopher of science Brian Baigrie, philosopher of science Hakob Barseghyan, philosopher of science Joseph Berkovitz, historian of medicine Lucia Dacome, religious studies scholar Yiftach Fehige, historian of mathematics Craig Fraser, historian of biology Nikolai Kremensov, philosopher of sociology Mark Solovey, medical anthropologist Wen-Ching Sung, historian of biology Marga Vicedo, philosopher of biology Denis Walsh, historian of technology Rebecca Woods, and historian of physics Chen-Pang Yeang.

Furthermore, the other seven Hannah Chairs continue to send students and participate themselves regularly in the HMDs, as organized by the UofC’s own Hannah Chair. 75 These are Darrel Manitowabi at the Northern Ontario Medical School, Shelley McKellar at the Schulich School of Medicine, Jenna Healey at Queen’s University, Edward Shorter at the University of Toronto, Ellen Amster at McMaster University, Susan Lamb at the University of Ottawa, and George Weisz at McGill.

A particular aim of many history of medicine programs is the reinterpretation of Western culture, medicine, and science in critical, epistemological, constructivist, and other perspectives through teaching and research in medicine. 76 When taking the development of the UofC HOMHCP as an example, it becomes clear that the personal leadership of individual academics, historical contingencies, and resource availability have shaped this program too:

[The Introduction of the teaching of history of medicine] is unlikely to occur in a “top-down” fashion…, it is much more likely to occur in a “ground-up” fashion, whereby energetic, committed, politically adroit historians will take advantage of local circumstances and opportunities at their own institutions, succeed in their work, and thereby facilitate the growth and spread of the effort. 77

History of medicine programs actively further interdisciplinary collaboration between departments, faculties, and beyond – and, what is perhaps one of the greatest benefits of all, teaching faculty are available to meet with individual students to discuss their interests, provide feedback on history of medicine and career path questions, and offer research preceptorships for projects. Most medical schools, with their rather large budgets, could afford to finance medical history positions and would derive significant profit from them. The study of the history of medicine is central to the training of future doctors – from day one of their classes, while offering a space for insightful reflection of their work on the clinical wards and clerkship periods – through the medical humanities and within the (ever) ongoing reform activities in medical education. 78

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

For their detailed feedback, I am grateful to Laura Hirshbein, Jacob Steere-Williams, and two anonymous reviewers who have commented painstakingly on earlier manuscript versions. I further thank Scott Assen, Marcia Garcia, Will Pratt, and Lesley Bolton for the provision of information necessary for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of this article, as well as Joe Trigueiro for his meticulous adjustment of the English language. For access to historical materials, I thank Diana Cruse and the Cruse family archives, the Archives and Special Collections, Health Sciences Library, the Glenbow Western Research Centre, and archival collections of the HOMHCP at the UofC, Alberta, Canada.

1 Ingrid Kaestner, “Two Institutions and Two Eras: Reflections on the Field of Medical History – An Interview: Owsei Temkin questioned by Gert Brieger,” NTM Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine 7 (1999), 2-12.

2 Maria Szlatky, “A Vision of History: The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine,” Medical History 31 (1987), 102-103; Owsei Temkin, “Introduction,” in The Double Face of Janus and Other Essays in the History of Medicine , ed. Owsei Temkin (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 3-37.

3 Frank Huisman and John Harley Warner, “Medical Histories,” in Locating Medical History: The Stories and their Meanings , ed. Frank Huisman and John Harley Warner (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 7.

4 Editorial, “Jason A. Hannah and the Hannah Chairs for the History of Medicine,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 52 (1978), 125-127.

5 Peter Cruse, “Preface,” in The Proceedings of the 7th Annual History of Medicine Days held on 26-27 March 1998 in the Libin Theatre , ed. UofC Faculty of Medicine (Calgary: University of Calgary, 1998), vii.

6 Scott Assen and Robert Lampard, “Dr. Peter Cruse and the Reduction of Surgical Site Infections,” Canadian Journal of Infection Control 30 (2015), 143-150. Among recent significant research scholarship by clinical residents from Calgary see, for example, Nathaniel Gamble, Benjamin Holler, Stephen Thomson, Stephen Murata, Frank W. Stahnisch and Guel A. Russell, “Is the Writing on the Wall for Current Medical Oaths? A Brief Historical Review of Oath Taking at Medical Schools,” Medical Science Educator 9 (2019), 603-607; Aravind Ganesh and Frank W. Stahnisch, “‘The Gray Degeneration of the Brain and Spinal Cord’ – A Story of the Once Favored Diagnosis With Subsequent Vessel-Based Etiopathological Studies in Multiple Sclerosis,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 207 (2019), 505-514.

7 Peter Cruse, “Preface to the Collection of Papers” (lectures, history of medicine, UofC, AB, 1984–1985) (copy in the Cruse family archives).

8 Following a thematic outline of his mentor, Dr. Scarlett: William Musselwhite, Earle Scarlett: A Study in Scarlett (Toronto: Dundurn Press and Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine, 1991), 94.

9 Lorne S. Williams, “University of Calgary Marks 25 Years of Medical Training,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 153 (1995), 984-985.

10 Robert A. Lampard, “Peter Joseph Erasmus Cruse, MB ChB, FRCS (C), FRCS (Edin.), FACS (1927–2006),” in The Proceedings of the 20th Anniversary History of Medicine Days Conference 2011 , ed. Aleksandra Loewenau, Kelsey Lucyk, and Frank W. Stahnisch (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015), 1-30.

11 Editorial, “Henri Pierre Cruse, and Surviving Spouse, Aletta,” Government Gazette – South Africa 162 (1950), 125.

12 Luis H. Toledo-Pereya, “Historical Note: Christiaan Barnard,” Journal of Investigative Surgery 23 (2010), 72-78; Peter Cruse, “Surgical Wound Infection and Quality Control – The Last 25 Years” (lecture, 25 th anniversary of the Infection Research Laboratories, Dudley Road 10, 1989 (copy in the Cruse family archives).

13 John S. Garnder, “Earle Parkhill Scarlett of Calgary: 1896–1982,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 1 (1984), 107-114.

14 Robert Lampard, David Hogan, Frank W. Stahnisch, and James R. Wright, Jr., Creating the Future of Health: The History of the Cumming School of Medicine at the University of Calgary, 1967–2012 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2021), 78-79.

15 Jack Peach, A Shelter from the Winds of Illness: Foothills Hospital, 1966–1991: Celebrating a Quarter Century (Calgary: Foothills Hospital, 1991), 57.

16 D. Robert Wilson, William B. Parsons, Carl F. Bethke, and Heber C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta: 75th Anniversary (Edmonton: Alberta Medical Foundation, 1993), 67-71.

17 This approach proves to be still usable now, while some of the required scholarly readings today include: Larence I. Conrad, Michael Neve and Vivian Nutton, eds., The Western Medical Tradition 800 BC to 1800 AD (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Deborah Brunton, ed., Medicine Transformed. Health, Disease and Society in Europe 1800–1930 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004); Frank W. Stahnisch. Medicine, Life and Function: Experimental Strategies and Medical Modernity at the Intersection of Pathology and Physiology (Bochum: Projektverlag, 2012).

18 Calgary Associate Clinic, ed., Historical Bulletin: Notes and Abstracts Dealing with Medical History (Calgary: Calgary Associate Clinic, 1944–1957); Hugh Ernest MacDermot, “The Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 78 (1958), 792.

19 See an overview provided by: Peter L. Twohig, “Recent Writing on Health Care History in Canada,” Scientia Canadensis 26 (2002), 7-28.

20 Jacques Robichon, “Meeting Highlights – Points saillants du congrès annuel,” Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 13 (1980), 8.

21 John B. Neilson and G. R. Paterson, Associated Medical Services, Incorporated: A History (Toronto: Associated Medical Services and the Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine, 1987), 211-216.

22 On further background of the historical funding initiatives of AMS, see in: Charles G. Roland, “The Magnate of Medical History: The Prickly Dr Jason A Hannah Established One of the First Health Insurance Schemes in Ontario, but He is Best Remembered for the Institute of the History of Medicine Founded in His Name [Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine],” Medical Post, Chicago 34 (1998), 18.

23 William A. Whitelaw, ed., The Proceedings of the Annual History of Medicine Days held in the Libin Theatre (Calgary: University of Calgary, 1999–2007), 9 vols.

24 Ian A. Cameron, “History of Medicine Days, Calgary 2003,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 20 (2003), 452.

25 Jock Murray, “Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days, University of Calgary,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 21 (2004), 185. Of particular worth mentioning is that the HMDs have been accredited for 11 years for Continued Medical Education credit points under Section 1 of the Framework of continuing professional development Options of the Maintenance of Certification program of the RCPSC ( https://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/cpd/maintenance-of-certification-program-e ). This enticed further clinicians to join the HOMHC program and has led to excellent systematic and requisite program evaluations demonstrating student buy-in, regarding the broadening of clinicians’ historical horizons, better understanding of the contingencies of current-day medical policies, and specific insights into topics in physicianship (including bedside manners, whitecoat ceremonies, and topics in medical ethics), fully in line with the Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists’ Roles Framework, adopted in 1996 ( https://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/canmeds/canmeds-framework-e ).

26 Frank W. Stahnisch, “Preface and Acknowledgements,” in Selected Papers on the History of Medicine and Healthcare (2014) , ed. William J. Pratt, Lesley Bolton, and Frank W. Stahnisch (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019), xvii-xxiv.

27 Peter Cruse, “University of Calgary Students Keen to Revisit Medical History,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 156 (1997), 628.

28 Frank W. Stahnisch (with co-editors), The Proceedings of the Annual History of Medicine Days Conferences – A Series in the History of Medicine and Health Care (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009–ongoing).

29 The volumes further contain the collated abstracts of the respective conferences for documentation purposes and are well-illustrated with diagrams and images pertaining to the history of medicine. Ian A. Cameron, “History of Medicine Days, Calgary 2004,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 22 (2005), 418-419.

30 Huisman and Warner, Locating Medical History , 1-30.

31 Heiner Fangerau and Maria Carla Gadebusch-Bondio, “Spannungen in der juengeren Medizingeschichte: Legitimations­strategien und Zielkonflikte – ein Beitrag zur Diskussion,” NTM Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine 23 (2015), 33-52.

32 Jonathan Fuller and Margaret M. Olszewski, “Medical History in Canadian Undergraduate Medical Education, 1939–2012,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 30 (2013), 199-209.

33 For the Calgary situation, see in: Henry Mandin, Peter Harasym, Chris Eagle, and Mo Watanabe, “Developing a Clinical Presentation Curriculum at the University of Calgary,” Academic Medicine 70 (1995), 186-193.

34 Frank W. Stahnisch, “The Faculty of Medicine and its Response to the Changing Health-Care Context in the Province of Alberta, 1966–2016,” in Fifty Years of Health Care Research at the University of Calgary in Alberta , ed. Diana Mansell, Frank W. Stahnisch, and Paula Larsson (Calgary: University of Calgary Press 2020), 13-45.

35 William A, Cochrane, “Philosophy and Program for Medical Education,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 98 (1968), 500-505.

36 Cruse drafted the earlier mission statement for the program as “Seek out that which is noble in our past and make it a living ideal in our lives” (Calgary: University of Calgary and Health Care Program, 1997), 1.

37 John P. A. Ioannides, “Why Most Published Research Findings are False,” Public Library of Science Medicine 10 (2005), 1418-1422.

38 Joel D. Howell, “Some Thoughts on History and ‘Healing Relationships,’” American Journal of Bioethics 6 (2006), 80-82.

39 Andrew Dickson, John H. Read, John W. Dawson, and William A. Cochrane, “Planning for Medical Education at University of Calgary,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 100 (1969), 665-666. The appreciation by medical students and young clinicians is further highlighted in the evaluation comments returned at the end of each course as well as the Universal Student Ratings of Instructions, including responses such as that “the presentations were very well organized and very detailed,” that “the lectures were very knowledgeable and helpful for appreciating clinical practice changes,” and “it is important to use research ethics boards to approve all research projects,” ibid. (copies in the HOMHCP archives).

40 Aaron Michelfelder, “Preparing Medical Students for an Ever-Changing World,” Health Progress 95 (2014), 44-47.

41 Lampard, Hogan, Stahnisch, and Wright, Creating the Future of Health , ix.

42 Introduction slides (September 2009–ongoing), from the UofC’s HTST493.38 course (Calgary: University of Calgary, 2009–ongoing).

43 Nicola A. Bobey and Robert Lampard, “The Ram’s Horn: The Commonplace Book of Dr. Earle Parkhill Scarlett,” Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 30 (1997), 292-295.

44 Robert M. Gordon, “A Book Collector’s Perspective,” in A Short History of Neurology: The British Contribution (1660–1910) , ed. Frank Clifford Rose (Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1999): 237-74. Many books of the Mackie Family Collection have now been digitized with the help of gracious external donations received for this purpose, greatly benefitting the research endeavors of medical students and clinician researchers alike ( http://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/digital/collection/hstns/search/searchterm/Mackie%20Family%20History%20of%20Neuroscience/field/subcol/mode/exact/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc ).

45 Nicole LeFebvre, “The Mackie Family Collection in the History of Neuroscience at the University of Calgary: Presenting a Critical Cataloguing Project of this New Acquisition in the Health Sciences Library,” in The Proceedings of the 20th Anniversary History of Medicine Days Conference 2011: The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada , ed. Aleksandra Loewenau, Kelsey Lucyk, and Frank W. Stahnisch (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015), 287-304.

46 National Library of Medicine, ed., Directory of History of Medicine Collections (Bethesda: National Library of Medicine, 1980–ongoing), https://hmddirectory.nlm.nih.gov .

47 David S. Jones, Jeremy A. Greene, Jacalyn Duffin, and John Harley Warner, “Making the Case for History in Medical Education,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 70 (2015), 623-652, 623.

48 Several opportunities for interactions between the HOMHCP and the Health Care Humanities Committee emerge from the elective description online at: https://ucalgary.ca/groups/health-humanities/activities/med-440-self-directed-elective .

49 Howard I. Kushner, “The Art of Medicine – Medical Historians and the History of Medicine,” Lancet 372 (2008), 710-711.

50 William A. Whitelaw, “History of Medicine Days, Calgary 2004,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 21 (2004), 418-419.

51 Geoffrey Hudson, “Students attend History of Medicine Conference,” Northern Passages (Spring 2008), 4.

52 John V. Pickstone, “Medical History as a Way of Life,” Social History of Medicine 18 (2005), 307-323.

53 Cf. Stéphane R. Duchesne, Christopher Naugler, and James R. Wright, Jr., “Benjamin Terry and His Rapid Razor Section Method for Intraoperative Diagnosis,” Journal of Medical Biography 26 (2018), 156-164.

54 Brendan W. Munzer, Max Griffith, Whitney A. Townsend, and Jesse Burk-Rafel, “Medical Student- and Resident-Authored Publications in Academic Medicine from 2002 to 2016: A Growing Trend and Its Implications,” Academic Medicine 94 (2019), 404-411.

55 Paul N. Uhlig, Joy Doll, and Kristy Brandon, “Interprofessional Practice and Education in Clinical Learning Environments: Frontlines Perspective,” Academic Medicine 93 (2018), 1441-1444.

56 Jacalyn Duffin, History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction , 3rd. ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021), 1-6.

57 Pratt, Bolton and Stahnisch, ed., Selected Papers from the 23rd History of Medicine Days Conference (2014).

58 Jane Nicholas, “Body, Medicine, and Gender in Canadian History,” Acadiensis 44 (2015), 161-170.

59 Jones et al., “Making the Case for History in Medical Education,” 638.

60 For example, Malika Ladha and Aravind Ganesh received the related Charles Peter W. Warren History of Medicine Essay Prize. Editorial, “Dr. Charles Peter William Warren, M.A., M.B., B.Chir. (Cantab.), F.R.C.P, F.R.C.P.C.,” Winnipeg Free Press (14 May 2011), 1.

61 Award recipients of these AMA student lectureships included, for example, Steven Thomson, Scott Assen, Siddarth Shinde, Aravind Ganesh, and Sarah Erem, among many others.

62 Cf. Fedir Razumenko, “The Beginnings of the Canadian Cooperative Clinical Cancer Trials Program and the American Influences, 1962–76,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 37 (2020), 23-49; Anzo Nguyen and Frank W. Stahnisch, “From Interned Refugee to Neuropathologist and Psychiatrist,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 28 (2019), 351-360; James R. Wright, Jr., “The Radicalization of Breast Cancer Surgery: Joseph Colt Bloodgood’s Role in William Stewart Halsted’s Legacy,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 92 (2018), 141-171.

63 Daniel Huang presented his topic at the 2019 HMDs conference in Calgary, receiving the Dr. Bill Whitelaw Award, and consecutively was awarded the Osler Medal in 2020 for his paper, entitled “Cyber Solace: Historicizing an Online Forum for Depression 1990–1999.”

64 Morgan Haigler, “Canada’s Forgotten Medical Past,” The Gauntlet 33 (19 March 2009), 1.

65 See the elective offers posted online at: https://ucalgary.ca/groups/health-humanities/activities/med-440-self-directed-elective .

66 In accordance with some principles shared in: Francine Smith, Peter Harasym, Henry Mandin; and Fritz Lorscheider, “Development and Evaluation of a Research Project Program for Medical Students at the University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine,” Academic Medicine 76 (2001), 189-194.

67 Aravind Ganesh, “An Enduring Mystery – A Brief History of Multiple Sclerosis in Canada, 1850–1950,” Alberta Doctor’s Digest 37 (2012), 14.

68 David B. Hogan, “History of Geriatrics in Canada,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 23 (2007), 131-150.

69 https://www.ams-inc.on.ca/team/hannah-chair/ .

70 George E. Thibault, “Humanism in Medicine: What Does It Mean and Why Is It More Important Than Ever?” Academic Medicine 94 (2019), 1074-1077.

71 Philipp M. Teigen, “Why Historians of Medicine are Wary of History of Bibliography,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 13 (1996), 181-186.

72 Previous program versions can be found online through the archives of the UofC’s HOMHCP at: https://www.ucalgary.ca/programs/history-medicine/hmd/past-hmds .

73 Erich H. Loewy, “Teaching the History of Medicine to Medical Students,” Journal of Medical Education 60 (1985), 692-695, 692.

74 A sense of the program activities in the History of Medicine at the University of Alberta in Edmonton can be gleaned from: https://www.ualberta.ca/medicine/programs/md/our-program/curriculum/electives-catalogue-year-1-2/history-of-medicine-across-worlds-and-time.html .

75 The past keynote speakers since 2008, for example, included Dawna Gilchrist (University of Alberta), Garland Allen (Washington University in St. Louis), Geertje Boschma (University of British Columbia), George Weisz (McGill University), Theodore M. Brown (Rochester University), Guel A. Russell (Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University), Thomas Schlich (McGill University), Peter L. Twohig (St. Mary’s University), Fernando Vidal (Autonomous University of Barcelona), Paul J. Weindling (Oxford Brookes University), Thomas Soederqvist (University of Copenhagen), Paul Potter (Schulich School of Medicine), Geoffrey Hudson (Northern School of Medicine), and Larry Zeidman (Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine).

76 Dorothy Porter and Frank W. Stahnisch, “Introduction,” in Boundary Work and Trading Zones in the History of Medicine and Medical Humanities , ed. Frank W. Stahnisch and Dorothy Porter (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2015), 4-24.

77 Kenneth M. Ludmerer, “The History of Medicine in Medical Education,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 70 (2015), 656-660, 660.

78 Jon Arrizabalaga, “Does History Matter? Commentary on ‘Making the Case for History in Medical Education’,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 70 (2015), 653-655.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author works at the University of Calgary, where the History of Medicine and Health Care Program is located, which is described in this article. The author also discloses that funding for the program and the History of Medicine Days Conferences has been received from the Cumming School of Medicine and the Faculty of Arts in Calgary, the Alberta Medical Association in Edmonton, AB, as well as Associated Medical Services in Toronto, ON.

Funding for research for this article was received from Associated Medical Services (formerly known as the Hannah Foundation) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada is thanked for (grant no. RT757424).

NLM logo

NLM History Talks : Past

Woman beside a podium facing forward.

2012 to 2019

In 2020 the History of Medicine Lecture Series public program was renamed NLM History Talks.

Thursday, February 28, 2019

“Fantastic Voyages through the Historical Audio-Visual Collections at the National Library of Medicine” Oliver Gaycken, PhD — Associate Professor, Department of English, Core Faculty, Film and Comparative Literature Programs, University of Maryland 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Oliver Gaycken on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

The National Library of Medicine houses an extraordinary collection of audio-visual materials numbering nearly 40,00 items. Many of these materials, which range from films to videocassettes to sound recordings and beyond, are rare or unique. Taken together, the collection attests to the presence of a largely unknown history of the twentieth century, where medical media educated and persuaded untold millions of patients and doctors, and documented diseases, innovations, and procedures. This talk will present three case studies that illustrate the range of the NLM’s collections—a voyage through the history of human anatomy with Frank Armitage, Disney animator and medical illustrator; a series of training films for medical students about sexual dysfunction; and a sampling of films by Virginia-based Airlie Productions, which made many films for the United States Agency for International Development. Together, these films demonstrate a variety of approaches to communicating medical knowledge and the enduring value of the medical profession’s audio-visual records.

Thursday, April 4, 2019 — Special Program

This program will be live-streamed globally, and archived , by NIH VideoCasting and is co-sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, Office of Digital Humanities.  | Watch on YouTube

About the Participants

Patricia Flatley Brennan, RN, PhD —   Director, National Library of Medicine Welcome & Opening Remarks

Christopher J. Phillips, PhD — Assistant Professor, Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University A Network of Number Doctors: Biostatistics at the NIH

Between roughly 1930 and 1980, statistical analysis became a central component of clinical medicine. Long used in public health and epidemiology, biostatistical tools and concepts were increasingly deployed to answer the most basic of clinical inquiries: Is this therapy effective? How long will this patient survive? Is this substance carcinogenic? Biometricians and biostatisticians at the National Institutes of Health were central to this transformation, both establishing and promoting new techniques. In this presentation I will combine traditional historical tools with newer digital tools to argue that one important way NIH statisticians were able to effect such change was through networks of influence, including project consultation, expert review panels, and co-publication practices. By thinking of statisticians as a network constituted both inside and outside the NIH, we can better understand the rapid transformation of clinical medicine into a field where probabilities, inference tests, and meta-analyses now play decisive roles.

Read an interview with Christopher Phillips on our blog Circulating Now

Andrew R. Ruis, PhD — Associate Director for Research of the Epistemic Analytics Lab, Wisconsin Center for Education Research, and Fellow of the Medical History and Bioethics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison Networked History: Developing Quantitative Models of Qualitative Phenomena

Scholars in the humanities and social sciences are newly confronted with staggering amounts of source material. From digitized collections of historical records to the cyberarchives of online communities, traditional research methods are difficult if not impossible to apply when the volume of data exceeds what a human can reasonably read and evaluate. But as scholars turn to computational techniques designed for distant reading and adapt analytic approaches from other contexts, such as computational linguistics and machine learning, it raises questions about the nature of historical research and criteria by which we evaluate the quality of historical arguments. In this presentation, I explore the use of a network analytic technique, epistemic network analysis, for modeling and investigating the ontological foundations of nutrition over two centuries. Using this case study as a worked example, I examine the strengths and limitations of such an approach and the implications of outsourcing some of our analytic thinking to machines.

Read an interview with Andrew Ruis on our blog Circulating Now

Sarah Runcie, PhD — Assistant Professor of African History, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Naming, Networks, and Power in Histories of Medicine in Africa

This presentation will explore how scholars can bring together digital tools and network analysis with key questions of power in histories of medicine in Africa. It will take a particular focus on the potential for digital tools to highlight the role of Africans in biomedical practice during the colonial period.

Read an interview with Sarah Runcie on our blog Circulating Now

Commentators

Brett Bobley — Director, Official of Digital Humanities, National Endowment for Humanities E. Thomas Ewing, PhD — Associate Dean, College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, Professor, Department of History, Virginia Tech Katherine Randall — Virginia Tech, doctoral candidate in rhetoric and writing, Department of English, Virginia Tech

Thursday, May 23, 2019 — 3rd Annual Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine

“Dr. Michael E. DeBakey and His Influence in the Changing Business of Healthcare and the Delivery of American Medicine” Andrew T. Simpson, PhD — 2017 NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellow in the History of Medicine, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Andrew T. Simpson on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

During his lifetime, Dr. Michael E. DeBakey developed a reputation as a leading voice decrying the growing commercialization of American medicine. At the same time, as the leader of a major medical school and as a clinical and technological innovator, Dr. DeBakey helped to transform how academic medicine and the commercial health care marketplace interacted in Houston and across the globe by working to expand the footprint of cardiovascular surgery in the United States and overseas through program building and consulting agreements as well as developing partnerships between the government, medical schools, and private industry to create and market new medical technologies and devices. Drawing from his papers held by the National Library of Medicine, this lecture will explore how Dr. DeBakey negotiated the tension between the academic mission and commercial imperative of American medicine during the late 20th century, and how his actions helped to build Houston, and Baylor College of Medicine, into global centers for health care innovation and models for navigating the changing currents of the American healthcare system.

Thursday, September 19, 2019 — 11th Annual James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture in the History of Medicine

“Mind-Body Problems: Lobotomy, Science, and the Digital Humanities” Miriam Posner, PhD — Assistant Professor, Information Studies Department, University of California Los Angeles 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Miriam Posner on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

This lecture will examine the career of Walter J. Freeman II, MD (1895–1972), who was the world’s foremost exponent of lobotomy. Freeman was also an avid photographer who almost invariably captured before-and-after images of his patients. The talk explains how Freeman’s apparently eccentric practice fit into the larger picture of science and medicine in the mid-20th century, and how methods of the digital humanities have helped give context and nuance to Freeman’s work. It concludes with a consideration of what digital humanities methods might offer to historians of medicine in the twenty-first century.

About James H. Cassedy

Thursday, October 17, 2019 — Special Lecture in Honor and Memory of Elizabeth Fee (1946–2018)

“The World Health Organization’s Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978: What Was It Then, Where Is It Now?” Ted Brown, PhD — Professor of History and Medical Humanities, University of Rochester 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Ted Brown on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

The adoption of the Alma-Ata Declaration in September 1978 has been regarded by many as one of the shining moments in the history of international and global health. It was the occasion for the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s Fund, and 134 signatory nations to declare the goal of “Health for All by 2000” along with strong commitments to “development in the spirit of social justice” and to “essential health care” that was “universally accessible” and an integral part of “the overall social and economic development of the community.” This lecture will review the pre-history and history of the Alma-Ata declaration and will assess recent developments in the early twenty-first century in an attempt to offer a prognosis for the future role of Alma-Ata principles in the world of global health.

About Elizabeth Fee (1946–2018)

Monday, January 29, 2018

“The Evolution of Viral Networks: H1N1, Ebola, and Zika” Theresa MacPhail, PhD — Assistant Professor Science and Technology Studies, Stevens Institute of Technology 11:00 a.m. to noon in the NIH Natcher Conference Center, Building 45, Balcony B Auditorium Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an interview with Theresa MacPhail on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

Author of The Viral Network: A Pathography of the H1N1 Influenza Pandemic (Cornell University Press, 2014), Dr. MacPhail will address the culture of public health, the production of scientific knowledge, networks of expertise, information sharing, and everyday experiences of epidemiologists, microbiologists, biomedical scientists, and medical practitioners. Her lecture is the keynote address of Viral Networks: An Advanced Workshop in Digital Humanities and Medical History , which brings together scholars from various fields of medical history whose innovative research shows promise through the use of methods, tools, and data from the digital humanities. The event is supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) through a grant to Virginia Tech , and is a collaborative outcome of the NLM’s ongoing partnership with the NEH .

Thursday, March 1, 2018 — Special Program

“A Conversation about Graphic Medicine” Panel Discussion Moderated by Patricia Flatley Brennan, RN, PhD, Director, National Library of Medicine 2:00 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived conversation at NIH VideoCasting. Read an interview with MK Czerwiec on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

A special public program in conjunction with Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn , a new NLM special display, traveling banner exhibition, and online exhibition launching in January 2018, will explore the meaning of graphic medicine, an emerging genre of medical literature that combines the art of comics and personal illness narrative.

Dr. Brennan assumed the directorship of the NLM in August 2016.

Dr. Brennan came to NIH from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she was the Lillian L. Moehlman Bascom Professor at the School of Nursing and College of Engineering. She also led the Living Environments Laboratory at the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, which develops new ways for effective visualization of high dimensional data.

She received a master of science in nursing from the University of Pennsylvania and a PhD in industrial engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Following seven years of clinical practice in critical care nursing and psychiatric nursing, Dr. Brennan held several academic positions at Marquette University, Milwaukee; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Ellen Forney — Guest Curator of the National Library of Medicine exhibition Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn Website , Twitter

Cartoonist Ellen Forney is the guest curator of Graphic Medicine: Ill-conceived and Well-Drawn! , a new exhibition project for the NLM, and author of New York Times bestseller Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me. She is currently working on Rock Steady: Brilliant Advice From My Bipolar Life , a sequel to Marbles .

Ms. Forney has collaborated with Sherman Alexie on the National Book Award-winning novel The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, created the Eisner-nominated comic books I Love Led Zeppelin and Monkey Food , and has taught comics at Cornish College of the Arts since 2002. Ms. Forney is a MacDowell Colony and Civitella Ranieri Fellow.

MK Czerwiec Website , Twitter

MK Czerwiec (pronounced sir-wick) is a nurse and Artist-in-Residence at Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine and a Senior Fellow of the George Washington School of Nursing Center for Health Policy Media Engagement. Her clinical experience is in HIV/AIDS care and hospice care. She co-runs Graphic Medicine, a website that explores the interaction between the medium of comics and the discourse of health care. She is the creator of Taking Turns: Stories from HIV/AIDS Care Unit 371 . Today, Graphic Medicine is the primary content of her teaching and academic writing. She gives lectures and workshops on drawing in the health care context.

Michael Green, MD Website

Michael Green MD, MS is a physician and bioethicist at the Penn State University’s Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. He is interim chair of the Department of Humanities, chair of the Hospital Ethics Committee, and director of the Program in Bioethics.

Dr Green is currently professor in the Departments of Humanities and Internal Medicine, where he cares for patients, teaches medical students and residents, and conducts research in bioethics. He is a pioneer in the field of graphic medicine and has published several landmark articles on the topic including the foundational article in the BMJ titled “ Graphic medicine: use of comics in medical education and patient care ”. With MK Czerwiec and others, Dr Green wrote Graphic Medicine Manifesto, described in one review as “something remarkable and game changing is being sparked by the alliance between comics and medicine.” Dr Green guest edits the Graphic Medicine section of the Annals of Internal Medicine, and since 2009 has taught a course on Comics and Medicine to 4th-year medical students, whose comics can be viewed online.

Thursday, April 5, 2018

“Hard Drives, Databases, and Blogs: Preservation Intent and Source Criticism in the Digital History of Science, Technology and Medicine” Trevor Owens — Head of Digital Content Management, Library of Congress 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting.  | Watch on YouTube Read an interview with Trevor Owens on our blog Circulating Now .

Carl Sagan’s WordPerfect files, simulations emailed to Edward Lorenz, a database application from the National Library of Medicine, a collection of science blogs, a database of interstellar distances; each of these digital artifacts has been acquired by archives and special collections. Born digital primary sources are no longer a future concern for archivists, librarians, curators and historians. As historians of science turn their attention to the late 20th and early 21st century, they will need to work from these born-digital primary sources. We have already accumulated a significant born digital past and it’s time for work with born digital primary sources to become mainstream. This presentation will give a quick tour of individual born-digital artifacts toward two goals: arguing for the need for archivists, curators and librarians to develop reflexively approaches to establishing preservation intent for digital content grounded in a dialog with the nature of a given set of digital objects and its future research use; and suggesting how trends in computational analysis of information in the digital humanities should be combined with approaches from digital forensics and new media studies to establish historiographic practices for born-digital source criticism. Owens will conclude by suggesting the kinds of technical skills archivists, librarians, curators and historians working with these materials are going to need to develop. Just as historians working with premodern documents require language and paleography skills, historians working with digital artefacts will increasingly need to understand the inscription processes of hard drives, the provenance created by web crawlers, and how to read relational databases of varying vintages.

Owens is author of three books, the most recent of which, The Theory and Craft of Digital Preservation , is in press with Johns Hopkins University Press. Learn more about this book, and read a preprint of the draft, here .

Thursday, May 24, 2018 — 2nd Annual Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine

“Transplanting Technology: Dr. Michael DeBakey and Cold War Technology Transfer” Heidi Morefield, MSc — 2017 NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellow in the History of Medicine, Doctoral Candidate, Department of the History of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A  | Watch on YouTube Read an interview with Heidi Morefield on our blog Circulating Now .

At the height of the Cold War, Dr. Michael E. DeBakey, one of the most prolific American surgeons of the 20th century, made several trips to China and the USSR to survey the medical landscape on the other side of the Iron Curtain. DeBakey became a broker of valuable medical information, teaching new techniques and introducing new machines in the USSR and China, while reporting on the conditions of Chinese and Soviet medical institutions back home to the American public. His diplomatic success was possible in part because of his willingness to take less high-tech medical systems seriously—he praised the barefoot doctors and was “impressed” with Russian medical inventions that were showcased during his visits. With rich diary entries describing his visits, DeBakey understood medical technology as being appropriate only in context. He situated both the Western technology he helped transplant to the East as well as that which he encountered there within the topography of the Soviet and Chinese medical systems. In reflecting upon DeBakey’s Cold War travels, this talk will interrogate how his influence and mobility shaped perceptions of both American and communist-sphere medical technology. Read Heidi Morefield’s contribution to the NLM History of Medicine blog Circulating Now to learn more about the research she completed during her tenure as an NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellow in the History of Medicine.

Thursday, September 20, 2018 — 10th Annual James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture in the History of Medicine

“Making the Case for History in Medical Education” David S. Jones, MD, PhD — A. Bernard Ackerman Professor of the Culture of Medicine, Faculty of Arts and Sciences and the Faculty of Medicine, Harvard University 2:00 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting.  | Watch on YouTube Read an interview with David Jones on our blog Circulating Now .

Historians of medicine have struggled for centuries to make the case for history in medical education. They have developed many arguments about the value of historical perspective, but their efforts have faced persistent obstacles, from limited resources to curricular time constraints and skepticism about whether history actually is essential for physicians. Recent proposals have suggested that history should ally itself with the other medical humanities and make the case that together they can foster medical professionalism. We articulate a different approach and make the case for history as an essential component of medical knowledge, reasoning, and practice. History offers essential insights about the causes of disease, the nature of efficacy, and the contingency of medical knowledge and practice amid the social, economic, and political contexts of medicine. These are all things that physicians must know in order to be effective diagnosticians and caregivers, just as they must learn anatomy or pathophysiology.

Tuesday, February 14, 2017

“Collaboration and Curation: Creating the Exhibition Collaboration and Care” Loren Miller , PhD, Curatorial Assistant, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NIH Natcher Conference Center, Building 45, Room E1/E2 Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an interview with Loren Miller on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

In 1967, when the first three physician assistants (PAs) graduated from Duke University, it marked the birth of a new profession. In honor of the field’s 50th anniversary, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Physician Assistant Historical Society (PAHx) partnered to create an exhibition commemorating and celebrating the history of PAs. This lecture will discuss the process of developing the exhibition, Physician Assistants: Collaboration and Care , as a joint endeavor and the importance of shared authority in creating a successful exhibit. It will explore how the organizational partnership combined NLM and PAHx’s resources, knowledge, and archives in order to create the strongest exhibition possible, which represented both organizations’ needs and goals. By practicing shared authority, NLM and PAHx combined the profession’s history and prominent themes to produce an engaging exhibit that will appeal to experts and general audiences, and perhaps inspire a new generation of PAs.

Tuesday, March 21, 2017 – The Inaugural Michael E. DeBakey Lecture

““Intentional Impact:” The Legacy of Michael E. DeBakey Beyond the Operating Room” Shelley McKellar , PhD, The Jason A. Hannah Chair in the History of Medicine, Associate Professor with Joint Appointment with the Department of Surgery, Western University, Canada “A Brief Look at Michael E. DeBakey's Role in Establishing the National Library of Medicine as It Is Today” George P. Noon , MD, Professor of Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine 2:00 - 3:30 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting.  | Watch on YouTube Read an interview with Shelley McKellar on our blog Circulating Now . Read an interview with George Noon on our blog Circulating Now .

Join us on this special occasion to learn about the legacy of Michael E. DeBakey as it exists in modern medical practice and in the ongoing public service of the National Library of Medicine.

The Michael E. DeBakey Lecture in the History of Medicine, is supported by a generous gift to the NLM by the Michael E. DeBakey Medical Foundation

Thursday, April 6, 2017

“World War I Centenary Forum: Stories from the Collections of the National Library of Medicine” Masking Devastation: Inside Anna Ladd’s Paris Studio Sarah Eilers , Archivist, Historical Audiovisuals, NLM History of Medicine Division The Frances Dupuy Fletcher Photo Album Stephen J. Greenberg , PhD, Head of Rare Books & Early Manuscripts, NLM History of Medicine Division A Call to Service: Red Cross Posters and Postcards During World War I Ginny Roth , Archivist, Prints & Photographs, NLM History of Medicine Division 2:00 - 3:30 p.m. in the NIH Natcher Conference Center, Building 45, Room E1/E2 Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting.  | Watch on YouTube Read about the Great War on our blog Circulating Now .

On April 2, 1917, US President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare was against German, stating that: “The world must be made safe for democracy.” Four days later, on April 6, Congress voted overwhelmingly in favor of a war declaration. The National Library of Medicine marks this important occasion with a forum that spotlights some its rich collections related to the war and the American experience of the period. Join us to hear a variety of stories drawn from these collections, as shared by our colleagues in the NLM’s History of Medicine Division.

Tuesday, June 27, 2017 – Special Event: Celebrating 20 Years of Harry Potter, Part 1

“A Look into the Pensieve: Reflections on Harry Potter at Twenty Years” Elizabeth Bland , Curator of the Library’s exhibition Harry Potter’s World and independent writer and illustrator 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NIH Natcher Conference Center, Building 45, Room E1/E2 Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an interview with Elizabeth Bland on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

On June 26th, 1997, London-based publisher Bloomsbury released Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone , the first novel in the Harry Potter series. Twenty years on, the ever-popular series continues to resonate with new readers. To mark the 20th Anniversary of the Harry Potter series, “A Look into the Pensieve” will revisit the Library’s exhibition Harry Potter’s World: Renaissance, Science, Magic, and Medicine , including links between author Rowling’s fictional world and writings featured in the collections of the Library; themes from the series that have continued relevance today; and the works’ impact on a now-adult fandom who matured right alongside The Boy Who Lived.

As part of a week-long celebration of the 20th anniversary of the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone , the National Library of Medicine presents two special lectures. The celebration will also include a special display of the 15th, 16th, and 17th century books that influenced the Harry Potter series along with the six-banner traveling exhibition, Harry Potter’s World: Renaissance Science, Magic, and Medicine . Visit this special exhibition in the History of Medicine Reading Room, June 26 – 30, 2017.

Thursday, June 29, 2017 – Special Event: Celebrating 20 Years of Harry Potter, Part 2

“Monsters in the Stacks: How Harry Potter Came to NLM” Stephen J. Greenberg , PhD, Head of Rare Books & Early Manuscripts, NLM History of Medicine Division 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NIH Natcher Conference Center, Building 45, Room E1/E2 Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an interview with Stephen Greenberg on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

Join us to learn how staff at the National Library of Medicine became inspired to undertake an exhibition about Harry Potter, drawing on collections of the Library, including works by real historical figures such as the alchemist Nicholas Flamel, who is a key figure in the first Harry Potter novel; the naturalist Conrad Gesner, who wrote about dragons and unicorns; and the mystic and toxicologist Paracelsus, whose potions and prophecies would have made him an excellent addition to the Hogwarts faculty.

Thursday, July 13, 2017 – Special Event: Publication of a New Illustrated History of the National Library of Medicine

“Introducing Images of America: US National Library of Medicine ” Panel Discussion Moderated by Dr. Jeffrey S. Reznick, Chief, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine 2:30 - 4:00 p.m. in Lipsett Amphitheater, Building 10 Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read a serialzed version of the book on our blog Circulating Now .

June 26, 2017, marked the publication of a new, illustrated history of the National Library of Medicine . The book appears in the popular Images of America series by Arcadia Publishing, and was arranged through a public-private partnership with that publisher. Simultaneously, the complete book and original versions of the 170+ images , which appear in it in black and white, are archived and freely available in NLM Digital Collections . A hardback version of the book is available from booksellers.

Co-edited by Jeffrey S. Reznick, PhD, and Kenneth M. Koyle, chief and deputy chief of the NLM History of Medicine Division, Images of America: US National Library of Medicine was made possible through the collaborative research, writing, editing, and technical expertise of staff from across the Library, and many colleagues and friends.

Many individuals have written about the National Library of Medicine and its origins as the Library of the Office of the U.S. Army Surgeon General. However, this new book is unlike previous publications because it is intended for a general audience, and it illustrates the broad history of the Library from the early 19th century through the late 20th century through over 170 images from its own rich collections, along with a handful of other images from the collections of the National Archives, the National Museum of Health and Medicine, the Smithsonian Institution Archives, and the Rudolph Matas Library of the Health Sciences at Tulane University. The book reveals the work of generations of visionary leaders and dedicated individuals who experienced the American Civil War, the world wars, the Cold War, and the dawn of the Information Age.

Images of America: US National Library of Medicine is a welcome companion to Hidden Treasure: The National Library of Medicine , produced by the Library in 2011. We hope readers of all ages and backgrounds will appreciate this new broad history of the Library as much as we have appreciated crafting it and making it publicly available in cooperation with so many colleagues and friends here at the NLM and beyond. And we hope this book will inspire readers to learn more about the development of the Library and visit for a tour or conduct research in our world-renowned collections which span ten centuries and represent nearly every part of the globe. As with Hidden Treasure , the Intramural Research Program of the US National Institutes of Health , National Library of Medicine, supported the collaborative research, writing, and editing of Images of America: US National Library of Medicine .

Speakers at the July 13 symposium will include:

Patricia Flatley Brennan , RN, PhD Director, National Library of Medicine Interim Associate NIH Director for Data Science National Institutes of Health

Jeffrey S. Reznick, PhD Chief, History of Medicine Division National Library of Medicine

Kenneth M. Koyle Deputy Chief, History of Medicine Division National Library of Medicine

Stephen J. Greenberg , PhD, MSLS Head, Rare Books & Early Manuscripts History of Medicine Division National Library of Medicine

Susan L. Speaker , PhD Historian, History of Medicine Division National Library of Medicine

Thursday, February 18, 2016

“In the Belly of the Beast: A History of Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health” Eric W. Boyle , PhD, Chief Archivist, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Silver Spring, MD 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an Interview with Eric Boyle on our blog Circulating Now .

In this presentation, Dr. Boyle will provide an overview of his current book project. The story he will tell begins in earnest in 1991, the same year that Time proclaimed the “New Age of Alternative Medicine.” That year, a Senate Appropriations Committee responsible for the budget of the National Institutes of Health reported that it was not satisfied that the mainstream medical community had fully explored the potential that existed in unconventional medical practices. In response, Congress mandated the creation of an unprecedented new office to investigate, evaluate, and validate unconventional health care systems and practices. The original Office for the Study of Unconventional Medical Practices, the renamed Office of Alternative Medicine, subsequently the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), and today the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) have all sought to obtain and disseminate knowledge about alternative medicine to practitioners and the public. But as one advocate and practitioner of alternative medicine noted at a strategic planning session for NCCAM in September 2009, the challenges of studying CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) at the NIH might be likened to working “in the belly of the beast.” While skeptics have doubted the feasibility of this kind of research, practitioner-advocates have persistently warned about the dangers of alternative medicine being swallowed whole by the research behemoth. The central question of “In the Belly of the Beast” is: how did the NIH meet its multifaceted mandate, and how did it tackle the challenges of investigating the field while addressing the priorities and demands of its harshest critics and most sympathetic supporters?

Dr. Boyle’s presentation is co-sponsored by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health , and the Office of NIH History .

Thursday, March 10, 2016

“Future Historical Collections: Archiving the 2014 Ebola Outbreak” Christie Moffatt , Archivist & Manager, Digital Manuscripts Program National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Christie Moffatt on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

When future researchers look back at the recent Ebola outbreak, what resources will they want to explore? What will they want to know? Of the news and information about Ebola that is still being created and shared digitally over the web, what will remain to be examined one, ten, or even fifty years from now? Public health information, first hand experiences, and news about global health events like Ebola are shared moment by moment on websites, blogs, Twitter, YouTube, and more, documenting the personal, national, and international response to the outbreak. This content about the human experience of disease remains in a constant state of change and at high risk for loss. The original intent of these resources is to share news and information—and reaction to this news and information—about the crisis in real time, but it is also likely that this content will have enduring value as historical resources for the future study and understanding of the 2014 Ebola outbreak.

This presentation will spotlight the development of the National Library of Medicine’s Ebola web archive collection , which has grown since October 2014 when the library took the initiative to capture and preserve selected born-digital web content documenting the 2014 Ebola outbreak. The collection reflects a diversity of perspectives on this health crisis and includes websites and social media from Government and non-government organizations, journalists, healthcare workers, and scientists in the United States and around the world. The presentation will cover how Library staff selected this content and continues to grow the collection, how the collection fits within NLM’s larger web archiving efforts and collection development policy, and how this collecting effort overall advances the objectives of the National Digital Stewardship Alliance, of which the Library is a partner.

Tuesday, April 12, 2016 – Special Program

“The Analog Patient: Imagining Medicine at a Distance in the Television Era” Jeremy Greene , MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine and History, Elizabeth Treide and A. McGehee Harvey Chair in the History of Medicine, Institute of the History of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 11:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. in the Ruth L. Kirschstein Auditorium, Natcher Conference Center, NIH Building 45 Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Jeremy Greene on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

Most histories of medical technology focus on heroic diagnostic and therapeutic innovations—like X-rays and artificial hearts—which stand as visible symbols of medical modernity. Dr. Greene’s research is focused on recapturing how more mundane technologies of communication enabled and altered the production, circulation, and consumption of medical knowledge, from telegraph to text pager, telephone to telemedicine, fax machine to Facebook.

In this presentation, Dr. Greene examines the particular hopes and fears surrounding the incorporation of the television into medicine. His interest here is not to study the historical representation of medicine on television shows from Marcus Welby to House M.D., but instead to ask how the television became recruited as a new high-tech tool for clinical practice, medical research, and physician education, to explore how the television was briefly situated at the center of attempts to create visual networks of medical knowledge, linking providers and patients in dreams of a “wired nation” several decades before the creation of the internet. The setting is the 20 year period between 1959 and 1979, where hopes and fears for networked televisions—specifically prompted through new technological systems like satellite transmission and the cable system—became grounds for hopes and fears of a new group of technological futurists in medicine, including tele psychiatry activists in the Midwest, Picturephone promoters in the South Side of Chicago, and would be media theorists practicing at Harvard teaching hospitals.

Dr. Greene’s presentation is part of his current research project, Medicine at a Distance, which examines how changing expectations of instantaneous communications through electric, electronic, and digital media transformed the nature of medical knowledge and also constitutes the keynote address of Images & Texts in Medical History: A Workshop in Methods, Tools, & Data from the Digital Humanities , a program hosted by the NLM, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and made possible through a multi-institutional collaboration involving the NEH, Virginia Tech, the Wellcome Library, and the Wellcome Trust.

Wednesday, June 22 2016 — The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture

“The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International ‘Medical Mecca’” W. Bruce Fye , MD, MA, Emeritus Professor of Medicine and the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Bruce Fye on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

This presentation will describe the origins and international impact of the Mayo Clinic through 1939, the year that William J. and Charles H. Mayo died. Multispecialty group practice was invented at Mayo at the beginning of the twentieth century. A visiting Canadian surgeon wrote in 1906, “Specialization and cooperation, with the best that can be had in each department, is here the motto. Cannot these principles be tried elsewhere?” Dr. Fye will address the Mayo Clinic’s major (and underappreciated) role in the development of rigorous postgraduate (specialty) training. Unlike traditional academic medical centers that emphasize research, Mayo’s main mission has always been patient care. This patient-centered activity has been undertaken in an environment enriched by extensive programs devoted to specialty training and clinical research. The clinic’s long-standing culture of collaboration is cited as one of the key ingredients of its success.

Thursday, September 20, 2016

“International Big Data Research in the Humanities & Social Sciences: Collaboration, Opportunity, and Outcomes” Brett Bobley , Director, Office of Digital Humanities, National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, DC 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Brett Bobley on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

In 2009, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) launched a new, international research competition called the Digging into Data Challenge . The program aimed to bring together interdisciplinary teams to explore how big data approaches in research could be brought to bear on questions of the humanities and social sciences. Since the launch of the program, Digging into Data grantees have explored how large databases of digital music, images, and texts can be examined computationally in pursuit of humanistic questions. The program has grown enormously in scale and is currently sponsored by sixteen international funders, including the NEH, National Science Foundation, and the Institute for Library and Museum Services in the United States, and research organizations from ten other nations. Join the NEH’s Director, Office of Digital Humanities, Brett Bobley, as he provides an overview of Digging into Data , and discusses its intersections with medical research, joint activities with NLM, and other digital humanities endeavors at the NEH.

The National Endowment for the Humanities is an executive-branch, independent grant-making agency of the United States of America dedicated to supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities and in those social sciences that use humanistic methods. NEH accomplishes this mission by providing grants for high-quality humanities projects to cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, public television and radio stations, and to individual scholars.

In August 2015 , the NLM and the NEH reaffirmed their partnership, originally established in 2012, and following on the visit of NEH Chairman William D. Adams to the NLM , to continue to develop initiatives that bring together specialists from the humanities, medicine, and information sciences to share expertise and develop new research agendas.

Learn more about the collaboration between the NLM and the NEH from: “ Interagency Collaboration: Synergy for the Greater Good, ” The Public Manager , July 2016, co-authored by Bobley and Jeffrey S. Reznick, Chief, NLM History of Medicine Division, Images & Texts in Medical History , a series of posts on the NLM History of Medicine Division’s blog Circulating Now .

Tuesday, October 4, 2016

“A Personal Perspective on Race, Opportunity and the U.S. Health System” Louis W. Sullivan , MD, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 1989–1993 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in Lipsett Auditorium, Building 10 on the NIH Campus Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Louis Sullivan on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

In this presentation, Dr. Sullivan relates his life story, growing up in rural Georgia during the period of legally-sanctioned and enforced racial segregation and the impact it had on him, his family, and on the black community.

He was inspired to become a physician when, at age 5, he met the only black physician in Southwest Georgia.

After becoming a hematologist and professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine, he went on to found the Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, followed by an appointment as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services in the administration of George H.W. Bush.

Dr. Sullivan developed a number of initiatives to increase racial, ethnic and gender diversity in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and in the nation’s health workforce.

Throughout his career, Sullivan has worked to improve the effectiveness of the U.S. health system, and the diversity of its workforce. The elimination of disparities in health care, which exists between whites and the nation’s underserved minorities is an on-going priority of Dr. Sullivan. Progress to-date and remaining challenges will be discussed.

Thursday, November 3, 2016

“Fire and Freedom: Food and Enslavement in Early America” Psyche Williams-Forson , PhD, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of American Studies, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Read an Interview with Psyche Williams-Forson on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

What stories can meals tell us about people and places? Meals can tell us how power is exchanged between and among different peoples, races, genders, and classes.

In the Chesapeake region, during the early colonial era, European settlers survived by relying upon indentured servants, Native Americans, and African slave labor for life-saving knowledge of farming and food acquisition. Without this knowledge, Europeans suffered poor nutrition, in addition to widespread illness caused by the lack of medical care.

Despite their perilous position, the colonists used human resources, the natural environment, and maritime trade to gain economic prosperity.

But it is through the labor of slaves that we can learn about the ways that meals transcend taste and sustenance. Dr. Williams-Forson’s lecture will examine how these factors interacted, affecting all sides, a subject further highlighted by a new special display in the History of Medicine Division entitled: Fire and Freedom: Food and Enslavement in Early America , a project developed with research assistance provided by staff at The Washington Library at George Washington’ Mount Vernon.

Wednesday, January 28, 2015

“The Apotheosis of the Dissected Plate: Spectacles of Layering and Transparency in 19th- and 20th-Century Anatomy” Michael Sappol , PhD, Historian, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an Interview with Michael Sappol on our blog Circulating Now .

This is a story about “topographical anatomy”—a tradition of slicing and sawing rather than cutting and carving—and its procedures for converting bodies from three dimensions to two dimensions and back again. In topographical cross-section anatomy, the frozen or mummified body is cut into successive layers that are then transcribed and reproduced as pages of a book or a sequence of prints or slides (sometimes with the original slices preserved as a sequence of specimens for the anatomical museum). The topographical method influenced, and was in turn influenced by, flap anatomy (the technique of cutting out printed anatomical parts on paper or cardboard and assembling the parts into a layered representation of the human body). In the 20th century, medical illustrators and publishers developed a new technique of three-dimensional anatomical layering: the anatomical transparency—an epistemological/heuristic device which in the postmodern era has come to enchant artists as well as anatomists. This talk features photographs of materials in the NLM collection by artist Mark Kessell.

Wednesday, February 18, 2015 – African-American History Month

Laura Bothwell , PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow in Pharmaceutical Law and Health Services Research, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an Interview with Laura Bothwell on our blog Circulating Now .

This lecture will examine how race has been embedded in the history of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Clinical trial research policies and norms have grown increasingly attentive to the inclusion of racial minorities in RCT subject populations. This lecture will consider when race has been measured in RCTs and why, exploring the question of whether racial groups have been fairly represented in RCTs. Relying on broad collections of historical trials and archival materials in the collections of the NLM’s History of Medicine Division, it will include a timeline of racial trends in RCT research subject populations, accompanied by discussion of the role of the NIH in key historic developments related racial diversity in clinical trials.

Tuesday, March 17, 2015 – Special Program

“A Tribute to Marshall Nirenberg” Myrna M Weissman , PhD, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health. Frank Portugal , PhD, The Catholic University of America David Serlin , PhD, University of California, San Diego George Thoma , PhD, National Library of Medicine 1:00 - 3:30 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Watch the archived lecture at NIH VideoCasting. Learn more on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

This special two-and-a-half-hour public program will formally mark the donation of Marshall Nirenberg’s Nobel Prize and certificate to the NLM, newly given through the generosity of his wife, Dr. Myrna Weissman, who will offer brief remarks at the program highlighting Dr. Nirenberg’s thoughts and feelings about science and about his life at NIH. The program will also recognize the publication of Dr. Frank Portugal’s new book about Dr. Nirenberg, and formally announce the release of a new NLM Turning the Pages project involving the Nirenberg genetic code charts held in the NLM historical collections. This event will be webcast for those who are unable to attend in person. See the NIH VideoCast site for more details and to test your computer for compatibility.

Thursday, May 7, 2015

“A History of the Food and Drugs Act Notices of Judgment – From the First Case of 1908 to the Digital Archive of 2014” John Rees , Archivist and Digital Resources Manager, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine Suzanne Junod , PhD, Historian, FDA History Office John Swann , PhD, Historian, FDA History Office 1:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Learn more on our blog Circulating Now .

A special two-hour program held in collaboration with the FDA History Office of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and in conjunction with the NLM’s recent release of the FDA Notices of Judgment Collection, a digital archive of the published notices judgment for products seized under authority of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

In 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Pure Food and Drugs Act, one of many Progressive Era legislative efforts giving the federal government the authority to intervene in economic and social affairs to improve the health, safety, and well-being of the American populace. Under the Act, the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry, which later became the Food and Drug Administration, was directed to inspect food and drugs for misbranding and adulteration; medical devices and cosmetics were added under the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Violators were prosecuted in federal courts and the proceedings summarized and published as Notices of Judgment. In 2004, over 2,000 boxes of evidence files used to prosecute these court cases were donated to the National Library of Medicine. John Rees of the National Library of Medicine and Suzanne Junod and John Swann of the FDA History Office will discuss the history of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and subsequent acts, the Notices of Judgment which resulted from prosecutions under them, and efforts over the last decade to preserve and provide access to these records. They will also provide insight into the medical marketplace of the 20th century that these published and unpublished collections can provide to researchers and scholars.

Tuesday, June 23, 2015 – The 2015 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture

“Caring for Foreign Bodies: Healthcare’s Role in Immigrant Assimilation, 1890–1945” Alan Kraut , PhD, American University 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Alan Kraut on our blog Circulating Now .

In 1914, during a peak era of immigration to the United States, E. A. Ross, a professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin insisted that the “foreign blood being injected into the blood of ‘our people’ is ‘subcommon.’ He scoffed at the unassimilable foreigners, taking aim at Southern Italians, Slavs, and Eastern European Jews. Others targeted Latinos and Asians. Newcomers and their advocates disagreed. Foreign bodies became contested terrain in the battle over whether newcomers’ bodies were fit for America. Because migration has been and continues to be so central to the America’s peopling, the subsequent process of integrating newcomers into American society has been an essential and recurring aspect of the American narrative. However, in every era there have been those who doubt that foreign bodies can be assimilated. This presentation demonstrates how in the period from 1890 to 1945 physicians, many of them immigrants themselves, became cultural mediators in the assimilation negotiation, encouraging newcomers to forge robust bodies even as their respective ethnic or religious groups organized and supported healthcare institutions responsive to both newcomers’ medical requirements and cultural preferences, a pattern that remains a dimension of the current dialogue over assimilation of the foreign-born.

Tuesday, August 25, 2015

“Medical Identity and Ethnicity in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans” Amy Wiese Forbes , PhD, Associate Professor and Chair of History Director of European Studies Millsaps College 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Amy Wiese Forbes on our blog Circulating Now .

This lecture will explore the development of New Orleans physicians’ understanding of their responsibilities, both medical and social, during the 19th century. Professionalization in New Orleans involved disputes, with both words and weapons, between French- and American-trained physicians, battles over French and English language medical societies and journals, institutionalizing medical practice and education, and creating legitimacy in the eyes of the American government. A range of NLM materials document physicians’ ambitions and obstacles, and efforts to drive the public from medical debates. They suggest the advantages and disadvantages for what might be called a medical “habit of mind.”

Thursday, September 17 – Special Program

“From Private Matter to Public Health Crisis: Nursing and the Intervention into Domestic Violence” Catherine Jacquet , PhD, Louisiana State University 1:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Catherine Jacquet on our blog Circulating Now .  | Watch on YouTube

The late 20th century witnessed a significant shift in how the medical community responds to victims of domestic violence. Once a “private matter” that doctors shied away from, domestic violence became recognized as a public health crisis requiring serious medical attention. This change came as a result of the tireless efforts of reformers within the medical profession, a substantial number of whom were nurses. In this talk, Dr. Jacquet will focus on the work of pioneer nurses who made it their life’s work to properly identify and treat victims of violence and to prevent further harm to them. In so doing these nurses were critical figures in reforming a once negligent medical system and, ultimately, improving the lives of thousands of women nationwide.

Dr. Jacquet’s lecture coincides with the opening of Confronting Violence, Improving Women’s Lives , a new special display curated by her, which will open in the NLM History of Medicine reading room on Monday, September 14, accompanied by a website and traveling banner exhibition.

This special program will include an overview by exhibition curator Dr. Catherine Jacquet, assistant professor of history and women’s and gender studies at Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge), as well as remarks by nurses who figure prominently in the exhibition, including Dr. Jacquelyn Campbell, professor at the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) School of Nursing (Baltimore), and former JHU professor Dr. Daniel Sheridan, currently professor at the Goldfarb School of Nursing at Barnes-Jewish College (St. Louis). Kimberly Suiters, consumer investigator for ABC 7/WJLA-TV, will serve as master of ceremonies.

Thursday, November 5, 2015

“Gathering and Spreading Knowledge: Publications and the Army Medical Library around World War I” Sanders Marble , PhD, Senior Historian US Army Office of Medical History 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Sanders Marble on our blog Circulating Now .

Dr. Marble will provide a brief overview of the Army Medical Library and Museum, their post-Civil War work in acquiring and disseminating knowledge, involvement in the Spanish American War, and analysis of why WWI is distinct and meaningful for the Library and their efforts to collect, create, and share military medical information.

Wednesday, January 15, 2014

“Sir John Pringle, MD, Early Scottish Enlightenment Thought & the Origins of Modern Military Medicine” Stephen Craig , MD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Stephen Craig on our blog Circulating Now .

Military medicine as an academic discipline consists of preventive modalities to maintain the health of an army and clinical therapeutics, both medical and surgical, to restore sick and injured service members to full duty. Although the practice of military medicine has been made more efficient and effective by technological and scientific advancements, the theoretical foundation of that practice has not changed since John (later Sir John) Pringle, MD established it in his Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Camp and Garrison published in April 1752.

Thursday, March 13, 2014 – Women’s History Month

“‘Medicine is a Man’s Game?’ – Women Doctors in the Movies” Patricia Gallagher , MLS, MA, National Library of Medicine, NICHSR 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Patricia Gallagher on our blog Circulating Now .

In 1952, the first biographical film about a woman physician, The Girl in White , was released by MGM. What at first glance seems like a unique achievement in Hollywood, the story of Emily Dunning Barringer, a woman doctor who chooses career and husband rather than just opting to be a housewife, The Girl in White was actually one in a number of films in which women physicians opt to remain on the job after marriage. While other career women in film were giving up their careers, what made movie MDs fall into a different category? Why did Hollywood opt to portray women who could have both a home life and a career, when films portraying other jobs sternly showed that they could not? This paper will discuss this phenomenon, and what makes medicine a totally different career choice.

Tuesday, June 17, 2014

“Losing The Miracle? Agriculture, the FDA, and the Controversy Over Farm Antibiotics” Maryn McKenna , MSJ, Senior Fellow, Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism, Brandeis University 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Maryn McKenna on our blog Circulating Now .

The discovery that antibiotics could improve yield in livestock production was made in 1948, at the start of the antibiotic era, and within a decade, the drugs’ administration became routine. By 1969, the first alarms had been raised that antibiotic resistance was moving off farms to undermine the drugs’ usefulness to society, and in 1977, the US Food and Drug Administration proposed withdrawing its approval for farm use. It was never successful; agricultural antibiotic use continued. Fifty years later, non-therapeutic use of antibiotics remains common in US agriculture; meanwhile, public health and medical, and even Congressional, opposition have risen—and so has the rate of emergence of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Will the dispute ever be resolved?

Tuesday, July 15, 2014 – The 2014 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture

“Anatomy Acts and the Shaping of the American Medical Profession’s Social Contract” Dale Smith , PhD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Dale Smith on our blog Circulating Now .

A profession is a self-regulating community of experts given special privileges by a society in return for meeting special obligations, the members do socially significant work that the average person cannot do for themselves. This relationship has often been called a social contract. Great physician leaders since the time of the Hippocratics had been offering society a profession—a community of practitioners committed to patient care, high moral values, and lifelong learning—but societies across the ancient world and early modern Europe were reluctant to set physicians apart, only doing so in very limited ways and, commonly, only for the well to do.

Tuesday, September 2, 2014

“Pictures of Nursing: The Zwerdling Postcard Collection” Julia Hallam , PhD, University of Liverpool 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Julia Hallam on our blog Circulating Now .

Dr. Hallam will discuss her curatorial work with the NLM’s Zwerdling collection of postcards about nurses and nursing, which is the centerpiece of Pictures of Nursing, a new special display, future traveling banner exhibition, online presence with education resources, and a digital gallery highlighting nearly 600 postcards from this unique collection.

Wednesday, October 8, 2014 – Hispanic Heritage Month

“Early Latin American Medicine in the NLM Collections” Michael North , MS, MSLS, Head, Rare Books and Early Manuscripts Section, NLM 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Michael North on our blog Circulating Now .

The NLM collections contain a number of pre-1880 Latin American publications, with such imprints as Mexico City and Lima, Peru. This lecture will provide an introduction to these items, and place them in the larger context of medical printing and publishing in the hand-press era.

Wednesday, November 5, 2014

“Antibiotic Pasts and Futures: Seven Decades of Reform and Resistance” Scott Podolsky , MD, Director of Center for the History of Medicine, Countway Library, Harvard University 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Visitors’ Center, Building 38A Read an interview with Scott Podolsky on our blog Circulating Now .

Antibiotics served as the leading edge of the post-World War II wonder drug revolution. But from the beginning, they also served as the leading edge of concerns regarding the irrational development and use of the wonder drugs. Rising apprehension over antibiotic resistance and the prospect of a post-antibiotic era have drawn attention to the possible means of preventing such an “apocalypse.” Making extensive use the Archives & Modern Manuscripts Collections at NLM, including the papers of James Goddard, Herbert Ley, and John Barlow Youman, this talk narrates the history of antibiotic reform from the 1940s onward, and it explores the evolving relationships between industry and academia, town and gown, and education and regulation, as reformers have attempted to promote a rational and enduring antimicrobial therapeutics. Dr. Podolsky’s book on the subject, The Antibiotic Era: Reform, Resistance, and the Pursuit of a Rational Therapeutics , is forthcoming from The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Monday, December 1, 2014

“Surviving and Thriving: The Making of an Exhibition” Jennifer Brier , PhD, Director of Gender & Women’s Studies and Associate Professor of Gender & Women’s Studies/History at the University of Illinois-Chicago; Guest Curator, “Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an interview with Jennifer Brier on our blog Circulating Now .

In 1981, a new disease appeared in the United States. As it spread, fear and confusion pervaded the country. The infectious “rare cancer” bewildered researchers and bred suspicion, but the worry was not the same for everyone. Many feared contact with those who were ill. Others, particularly but not exclusively gay men, feared for their lives and the lives of loved ones. In 2013, to record and remember these moments, and to examine the current status of AIDS and HIV in America, NLM’s History of Medicine Division created “Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture,” a banner and web exhibition, to highlight where we are, where we’ve been, and where we’re going in the social and clinical understanding of HIV/AIDS. This lecture will examine the process of building the exhibition.

Tuesday, February 12, 2013 – African American History Month Lecture

“Oak Leaves on his Shoulders: Discovering African American Civil War Surgeons in the NLM Collections” Jill L. Newmark , National Library of Medicine 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Thursday, February 21, 2013

“Calculating with Mortalities in Restoration London: John Graunt and his Natural and Political Observations” Kristin Heitman , PhD; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Tuesday, March 12, 2013 – Women’s History Month Lecture

Dr. Sarah Loguen Fraser’s Legacy of Social Justice in Medicine” Sarah Berry , PhD; Hobart and William Smith Colleges 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A

Tuesday, April 30, 2013

“‘Scourge on Wane; Fatalities Fewer’: Interpreting Newspaper Coverage of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic” E. Thomas Ewing , PhD; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Visitor Center, Building 38A This lecture will be held in cooperation with the National Endowment for the Humanities , as part of NLM’s 2012 Memorandum of Understanding with that agency. View the Poster

Wednesday, May 29, 2013

“Ink and Silver: Medicine, Photography, and the Printed Book, 1845–1880” Stephen Greenberg , PhD; National Library of Medicine 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Friday, June 28, 2013 – LGBTQ Awareness Month Lecture

“A history of Salutaris.” Panel TBA from Salutaris: The National Institutes of Health Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Employees’ Forum 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A This lecture, to be held on the anniversary of the Stonewall riots, will recognize June as LGTBQ Awareness Month and draw attention to history of Salutaris, the organization of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender (GLBT) and allied NIH employees whose mission is to foster an atmosphere at NIH that is open and inclusive of all employees regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. View the Poster

Wednesday, July 10, 2013 – The 2013 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture

“When a Masterpiece Becomes a Chameleon: Re-Making a Popular Medical Book in the 1830s and 40s.” Mary Fissel , PhD; The Johns Hopkins University 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Tuesday, September 3, 2013

“The Civil War, The Army Medical Museum, and the Surgeon General’s Library: Medical Practice and the Science of American Medicine” Shauna Devine , PhD; Western University, London, Ontario 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A Read an Interview with Shauna Devine on Circulating Now

Tuesday, November 19, 2013

“Vessels, Tubes and Tanks: Historic Biotechnologies at the Smithsonian” Diane Wendt , Associate Curator, National Museum of American History 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Visitor Center, Building 38A Read an Interview with Diane Wendt on Circulating Now

Thursday, February 2, 2012

“Introducing Dr. Charles Whitten: Scientist, Humanitarian, Family Man Introducing Dr. Charles Whitten: Scientist, Humanitarian, Family Man” Dr. Wanda Whitten-Shurney , CEO/Medical Director, Sickle Cell Disease Association of America, Inc., Michigan Chapter 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Tuesday, February 28, 2012

“Shrew Taming and Other Tales of the Four Humors” Gail Kern Paster , Ph.D., Folger Shakespeare Library 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Thursday, March 22, 2012

“Nursing History and Health Policy: Moving from Advocacy to Analysis” A panel discussion with Julie Fairman , PhD, RN, FAAN; Cynthia Anne Connolly , PhD, RN, FAAN; and Barbra Mann Wall , PhD, RN, FAAN, of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Thursday, April 19, 2012

“The Future for Books in a Digital Age” Michael F. Suarez , S.J., D.Phil., Director, Rare Book School, University of Virginia 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Tuesday, May 1, 2012

“Digitizing the Foundations of Modern Genetics: Challenges and Opportunities” Simon Chaplin , Director, Wellcome Library 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Wednesday, May 30, 2012 – Wednesday, May 30, 2012

“Model Minority Myth: Health Disparities in Asian American Communities” Sunmin Lee , PhD, School of Public Health/Asian-American Studies Program, University of Maryland – College Park 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Monday, June 18, 2012 – LGBTQ Awareness Month

“AIDS Research and the Gay Community” Victoria Harden , PhD (retired NIH Historian) 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Friday, July 13, 2012 – Cassedy Memorial Lecture

“Pharmacology and Folklore: The Arsenic Eaters of Styria” John Parascandola , PhD (retired chief, HMD; Adjunct Professor, Dept. of History, University of Maryland, College Park). 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Wednesday, September 26, 2012

“The Venoms Doo Cure the Diseases”: Separating Poison and Medicine in Early Modern Europe Frederick W. Gibbs , PhD; Assistant Professor of History, Department of History and Art History Director of Digital Scholarship, Center for History and New Media George Mason University 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Lister Hill Auditorium, Building 38A View the Poster

Wednesday, October 17, 2012

“Fred L. Soper and the First 50 Years of International Health Campaigns in the Americas” Susan Speaker , PhD; Historian, HMD Digital Manuscripts Program 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Visitor Center, Building 38A View the Poster

Tuesday, November 20, 2012 – Native American Heritage Month

“Researching the Gold Book: The Indian Health Service 50th Anniversary History Project” James Rife , History Associates and Alan Dellapenna, BS, MPH, USPHS Commission Corps (ret). 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Visitor Center, Building 38A View the Poster

Wednesday, December 5, 2012

“The Romantic Imagination Revisited: The Physiological Imagination and Imagined Physiology” Richard Sha , PhD, Professor of Literature, American University 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. in the NLM Visitor Center, Building 38A View the Poster

Last Reviewed: August 28, 2023

The Online History of Medicine Program offers an MA Degree for students who want to deepen their knowledge in the history of medicine and develop research skills in the field. Prior to application, please be sure to first review the information below.

The MA Degree provides a wide-ranging and in-depth overview of the history of medicine and offers the opportunity to focus on specific areas of interest. Students work closely with Department faculty to sharpen skills in historical research and writing over a series of twelve courses, culminating in the submission of an original thesis. All courses (except Directed Reading and Directed Research) are 3 credits each for a total of 36 required, plus a thesis. Directed Reading and Directed Research are 1 credit courses; each is taken 3 times. By completion of the degree, students will acquire and be able to demonstrate the following core competencies.

Core Competencies

phd in medical history

Admission requirements

Degree Requirements

Current online students (any students who have taken a course before Feb. 1 2020) count time to completion from acceptance into the Master’s program.  MA students have 5 years from acceptance to complete. Should a student switch from Certificate to Master’s, or vice-versa, they will complete according to the timeline of the new program.

Going forward, students who have taken their first course after Feb. 1 2020 will count time to completion from the very first course they do in the program, before acceptance to the Master’s program. MA students have 8 years to complete their degree. Should a student switch from one program to the other, they will complete according to the timeline of the new program.

Students are allowed to repeat any failed course only once. Failure in two courses will result in dismissal from the program.  The list of scheduled courses can be found here to help plan your curricular requirements.

All MA Degree students must complete a free, no credit, online course on research ethics (the Responsible Conduct of Research), as well as an onsite Module as part of the Research Practicum. For the Responsible Conduct of Research (CITI) Online Course : Registration is available through the  myLearning JHU portal . This online course, developed by the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI), is comprised of 7 sections.  Completion of all sections is required.

ONLINE PROGRAM

COMMENTS

  1. History of Medicine, PhD < Johns Hopkins University

    Students enter the PhD program with diverse backgrounds including medicine, science, and history. The PhD program prepares students for scholarly careers in teaching, research, and in non-academic fields. ... History of Public Health: 3: PH.221.605: History of International Health and Development: 2: PH.550.609:

  2. Doctoral Program

    Department of the History of Medicine 1900 East Monument Street Baltimore, MD 21205-2113. Graduate Program: Dr. Graham Mooney Director of Graduate Studies [email protected]. Historical Collection: Michael Seminara Curator 410-955-3159 [email protected]. General Inquiries: Maggie Cogswell Administrative Manager 410-955-3178 maggiecogswell ...

  3. Ph.D. and M.D-Ph.D < History of Medicine

    Yale University offers an interdepartmental Program in the History of Medicine and Science leading to the M.A., Ph.D., J.D./Ph.D., or M.D./Ph.D degrees. The Program's full-time faculty are members of the Department of History in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and of the Section of History of Medicine in the School of Medicine.

  4. History of Science, Medicine and Technology, PhD

    One of the oldest, most prestigious academic programs of its kind in the United States, History of Science, Medicine, and Technology (HSMT) draws together faculty members in History and in Medical History & Bioethics.Collectively, we offer broad coverage of the field, with expertise that spans Europe, the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean, stretches from the Middle Ages to the recent ...

  5. History of Medicine

    Research Interests: History of medicine and science in and beyond Europe and America; history of chronic diseases such as heart diseases, neurological disorders and cancers, of therapeutics such as cardiology, cardiac surgery, and coronary revascularization, of neurology and neurosurgery, of specialty training and education, of global health, and of medical ethics in sub-Saharan Africa; and ...

  6. History of Medicine

    The Harvard Program in the History of Medicine is an inter-faculty program jointly sponsored by the Harvard Medical School and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS). At Harvard Medical School, teaching and research is based in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine. At FAS, the Program is based in the Department of the History of Science, a department offering undergraduate ...

  7. Program in the History of Medicine

    Founded in 1967, the Program is located in the Medical School and the Department of Surgery. The Program gives students a historical perspective on the role of health, medicine, and disease in society today. By equipping students with the tools to analyze textual, visual, and statistical materials relating to the history of medicine, students ...

  8. Section of the History of Medicine < History of Medicine

    In addition to instruction for medical students, including mentoring M.D. theses, the faculty collaborates with colleagues in the History Department, in the Program in the History of Science and Medicine, which offers graduate programs leading to the M.A., Ph.D., and combined M.D./Ph.D. degrees and an undergraduate major in the History of ...

  9. History of Medicine

    The Department of History and Philosophy of Science is a major centre for research, teaching and public engagement in history of medicine. The distinctive feature of our programme is that medical historians work in the largest and most distinguished department of history and philosophy of science in the UK. So students and researchers can both ...

  10. History of Medicine

    History of Medicine. The Department of the History of Medicine is the oldest such academic department in North America. We are dedicated to scholarship in the history of medicine, disease and the health sciences, and their relation to society. The Department seeks to bring historical perspectives to bear on contemporary health issues.

  11. Doctoral Students

    Sofia joined the History of Medicine PhD program in Fall 2023. She is from Colorado Springs, Colorado, and received a B.A. in Anthropology, Humanities, and Neuroscience from the University of Colorado Boulder, where she wrote an honors thesis that combined perspectives from anthropology and narratology to analyze the portrayal of diagnosis on two medical shows.

  12. Ph.D. Programs

    The Department of History's doctoral degree program seeks to train talented historians for careers in scholarship, teaching, and beyond the academy. The department typically accepts 22 Ph.D. students per year. Additional students are enrolled through various combined programs and through HSHM.

  13. Online Program in the History of Medicine

    Department of the History of Medicine 1900 East Monument Street Baltimore, MD 21205-2113. Graduate Program: Dr. Graham Mooney Director of Graduate Studies [email protected]. Historical Collection: Michael Seminara Curator 410-955-3159 [email protected]. General Inquiries: Maggie Cogswell Administrative Manager 410-955-3178 maggiecogswell ...

  14. History of Medicine

    Allan M. Brandt. Professor of the History of Science. Amalie Moses Kass Professor of the History of Medicine. ON LEAVE FALL 2023 / SPRING 2024. Areas of Research: Global Health / Public Health, History of Medicine, Medical Humanities, Science Policy... Read more. Faculty Assistant: Ellen Guarente. [email protected]. p: (617) 495-3532.

  15. History of Science & Medicine

    The Graduate Program in the History of Science & Medicine is a semi-autonomous graduate track within the Department of History. The program's students are awarded degrees in History, with a concentration in the History of Science and Medicine. Fields of study include all subjects and periods in the history of science and history of medicine, especially the modern era.

  16. PhD Degree Programs

    The Division of Medical Sciences is the administrative centralized home for all Harvard PhD students located at HMS. There are many resources available to these students on the the DMS website.

  17. History of Medicine Program

    The Cedars-Sinai History of Medicine Program explores the evolution of medical knowledge and practice from antiquity to the present. Bringing together historians, clinicians, scientists and ethicists, we combine historical methods with contemporary biomedical knowledge to advance our understanding of the relationship between medicine, science and technology, the nature and experience of ...

  18. Department of the History of Medicine

    The Bulletin of the History of Medicine is the official publication of the Johns Hopkins Institute of the History of Medicine and the American Association for the History of Medicine (AAHM) and is published by The Johns Hopkins University Press.A leading journal in its field for more than three quarters of a century, the Bulletin spans the social, cultural, and scientific aspects of the ...

  19. MPhil/PhD Medical History

    Centre staff are willing to provide supervision for an MA in Medical History, MA in Cultures and Environments of Health and MPhil/PhD in Medical History in many areas of research. These include: More detailed information about the areas of research supervision offered in medical history is available to view from individual staff profile pages.

  20. Making Medical History Relevant to Medical Students: The First Fifty

    Medical history has since become an inspirational academic field in medical schools across Europe, North America, and around the world. 2 It enthralled medical students, fostering work by graduate students, as well as initiating collaborations among clinical faculty, biomedical researchers, and public health workers. 3 One such program is the ...

  21. History of Health Sciences PhD

    The History of Health Sciences (HHS) program trains students to examine the history of health sciences - medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, alternative healing, and biomedical research - from a variety of critical approaches. With an emphasis on modern (late 19th to 21st century) contexts, the program's faculty and students ...

  22. History of Medicine Lecture Series- Archive

    Thursday, September 20, 2018 — 10th Annual James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture in the History of Medicine. — A. Bernard Ackerman Professor of the Culture of Medicine, Faculty of Arts and Sciences and the Faculty of Medicine, Harvard University. Historians of medicine have struggled for centuries to make the case for history in medical education.

  23. MA Degree

    Department of the History of Medicine 1900 East Monument Street Baltimore, MD 21205-2113. Graduate Program: Dr. Graham Mooney Director of Graduate Studies [email protected]. Historical Collection: Michael Seminara Curator 410-955-3159 [email protected]. General Inquiries: Maggie Cogswell Administrative Manager 410-955-3178 maggiecogswell ...