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Customer loyalty in green marketing research: a systematic review.

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At present, green marketing attract the attention of academics and professionals around the world. Research on green marketing/sustainable marketing has increased in recent years. Through a systematics review, this study aims to analyze the development and trends of research with the theme customer loyalty within the scope of green marketing/sustainable marketing last 10 years (2013-2023). This study uses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Analysis is carried out based on productive countries, authors, institutions, journals, and distribution phrases. This study also analyzed articles based on the methods and variables used, along with outcomes. 33 selected documents were analysed using Wordstat. The results showed that United States is the most productive country that publishes articles on related topics. Green marketing, customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, green products, green image are phrases that often appear with a frequency limit of 200. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is a method that is often used.

customer loyalty, green marketing, environment, sustainability

Currently, green marketing is a hot topic for companies, consumers, society, and the government in creating sustainable consumption [1]. Global warming, climate change, and air pollution, which are happening today, are some of the reasons that can be attributed to the shift to a “green” economy, which is considered a “policy and conceptual framework for sustainability” [2]. Every sector is required to have a good impact on the environment to create sustainability in the future, including from the business sector. The company, in terms of marketing, implements “green marketing”.

Green marketing encompasses the entire process of addressing environmental concerns, from product planning ideas to product distribution [3]. Its main objective is to promote environmental responsibility and contribute to a sustainable economy. The aim is not solely to enhance the company’s image or maximize profits, but also to encourage eco-friendly, green consumption [4]. The latter is an action where consumers purchase and consume products because the products are environmentally friendly (e.g., recyclable, sustainable, renewable, low energy consumption, low pollution, non-disturbing to the environment) [5].

In the company’s perspective, the application of green marketing is useful for changing the company’s organization, developing technology, helping companies create social responsibility for the environment [6]. In the study, companies oriented towards implementing green marketing have an impact on the creation of green image [7]. In another study, it was said that green marketing has a significant positive effect on brand loyalty [8]. In the perspective of society and government, green marketing can reduce and provide solutions to environment problems, because green marketing integrates the concepts and practices of the environment, ecology, and social activities [1]. The majority of environmental problems are caused by the industrial sector which needs to be controlled [9].

In the business sector, marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customer [10]. Companies that successfully retain consumers will create loyalty which is seen as a commitment from consumers to repurchase products in the future consistently [11]. Loyalty is created from companies that create products according to consumer needs [10].

Consumer loyalty is related to consumer satisfaction with the product, satisfied consumers will create loyalty to the product [12]. Satisfaction relates to the good impression of consumers on the product, because the performance of the product matches or exceeds the expectations of consumers [13]. In another study, it was found that consumer loyalty has an impact on positive Word of Mouth (WOM) [14]. WOM is the most effective from of marketing [15]. Positive WOM can have a good image impact on companies and products, and companies get “free” marketing from consumers.

Based on the explanation above, it is known that consumer loyalty is an important and interesting thing to research. However, there are still few published figures that discuss consumer loyalty in the scope of environmentally friendly/sustainable marketing. Therefore, through a systematics review, this research aims to analyse the development and trends of research on the topic customer loyalty in the scope of green marketing for the past 10 years from 2013 - 2023. The systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive, unbiased synthesis of many relevant studies in a single document [16]. Research developments and trends will be seen based on the number of publications per year, authors, journals that publish, most productive countries, affiliations, and subject areas. The data analyzed in this research was sourced from Scopus database. This study will also specifically explore the following research questions spanning from 2013 to 2013 (RQ):

RQ1: What are the trends of customer loyalty in the scope of green marketing research?

RQ2: Which specific phrases frequently emerge within the realm of customer loyalty in the context of green marketing research?

RQ3: What are the commonly used methods and variables in customer loyalty within the scope of green marketing research?

RQ4: What are the purposes and findings of customer loyalty in the scope of green marketing research?

This research focuses on analyzing research developments and trends with the topic about customer loyalty within the scope of green marketing. The method used in this study is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), with the aim to help the authors improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses [17]. The data in this study is based on internationally accredited articles published in the Scopus database from 2013 to 2023 using a systematic approach to select articles with keywords in the title or abstract. The Scopus database, created in 2004, (a product from Elsevier), is one of the largest curated databases covering scientific journals, books, conference proceedings, etc. [18]. The database of Scopus was utilized as the primary resource of information because academics regard it as a credible resource of scholarly papers [19]. The data obtained was then processed using the Wordstat application for keyword analysis. Furthermore, the process of searching for data is discussed in the subchapter of search strategies.

2.1 Search strategy

The follow were the methodological steps used for this research:

1. The results are filtered via a Boolean search on the basis of their relevance to the objective of this work.

2. Duplicates are eliminated and literature stored as per their respective keywords in titles and abstracts, further introducing restrictions that would limit the search to only the relevant fields based on years, language, etc. (as shown in Table 1).

3. Select articles that are appropriate for the purpose of the study.

4. Complete analyzes of the articles and summarize the results reported by the authors related to customer loyalty in green marketing.

5. Parsing and further elaboration of the findings in the context of the section.

Figure 1 shows “The PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)” used by this study to conduct a systematic literature review. This study utilized the keywords “green marketing”, “sustainable marketing”, “Eco Marketing”, and “customer loyalty” in the title, abstract, and keywords of the author to acquire relevant data from Scopus database. The search query option used in data mining was as follows (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“green marketing” AND “customer loyalty”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“sustainable marketing” AND “customer loyalty”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Eco Marketing” AND “customer loyalty”) AND (LIMIT-TO (Year, “2013-2023”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (Document Type, “Article”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (Source Type, “Journal”) AND LIMIT-TO (Language, “English”). We discovered 33 articles in this stage.

2.2 Study selection

Table 1 describes the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria used in selecting articles in the Scopus database.

Figure 1. PRISMA

Source: Authors

Table 1. Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria

3.1 Publications per year

Figure 2 shows the development of publications about customer loyalty within the scope of sustainable marketing published in Scopus database from 2013-2023.

Based on Figure 2, 2019 registered the highest number of publications (9 publications) on the researched topic. After 2019, the number of publications on customer loyalty within the scope of sustainable marketing on the Scopus database has continued to decline. There was an increase in publications in 2021, from 3 to 5, but after that, the number of publications decreased again. We suspect this to be due to the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic which has affected the research productivity in all fields of knowledge [20]. After the government announced the end of the pandemic period, it is expected that there will be an increase in future publications about green marketing in Indonesia.

Figure 2. Annual publications

Source: Scopus database

3.2 Publications by journal

Table 2 shows the distribution of publications on customer loyalty within the scope of sustainable marketing during the analyzed period.

Sustainability, published by the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland), is the journal with the highest number of publications on related topics, with a total of three publications. After that, two journals that have two publications each with related topics are the International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology from Taylor and Francis Ltd (United Kingdom) and Quality - Access To Success from Societatea Romana Pentru Asigurarea Calitatii (Romania). The data in Table 2 can serve as a valuable journal reference for researchers who are interested in publishing articles within the scope of green marketing, sustainability marketing, or environmental studies.

Table 2. Documents by Journal

Note: TP=Total Publications

3.3 Publications by author and country/territory

Table 3 shows the top five authors who published the most articles in the Scopus database on the topic of customer loyalty within the scope of sustainable marketing spanning the period 2013 - 2023.

Based on the information in Table 3, we can analyze that the productive authors in the field of “customer loyalty” papers in the area of “Green Marketing” are Athanasios Krystallis, Norazah Mohd Suki, Lalinthorn Marakanon, Erifili Papista, and Vinai Panjakajornsak, each with 2 publications. Other authors have produced 1 publication each.

Table 4 provides an explanation of publications related to customer loyalty within the scope of green marketing. These publications are categorized based on countries/territories that have made a significant contribution.

At the top of the list is United States with a total of 6 publications, followed by India, Malaysia, Spain, and Taiwan with 3 publications. Based on this data, it is evident that countries from the Asian continent have the highest number of published articles on related topics. Therefore, exploring research in Asian countries would be intriguing for future investigations [21].

Table 3. Documents by author

Table 4. Documents by country/territory

Table 5. Documents by affiliations

3.4 Publication by affiliations

Table 5 displays the affiliates who publish the highest number of articles on related topics.

The top three affiliates consist of three countries: Malaysia, Greece, and Denmark. Universiti Malaysia Sabah from Malaysia achieved the highest number of publications with 4. Following closely are Athens University of Economics and Business from Greece, and Aarhus Universitet from Denmark, each with 2 publications. There are also other affiliations with 1 publication.

Figure 3. Publications by subject areas

3.5 Publications by subject areas

Figure 3 shows a pie chart that reflects research publications by subject areas.

The chart indicates that the majority (35%) of studies are published in the field of business, management, and accounting. This is followed by the domain of social sciences (23%) and environmental science (13%). Other domains include energy (8%); economics, econometrics, and finance (7%); arts and humanities (3%); computer science (3%); engineering (3%); and other (5%). Based on this data, we can conclude that research discussing “customer loyalty” in the context of “green marketing” can be found in several domains.

3.6 Highly cited articles

Table 6 shows the five most cited from 33 articles based on the Scopus database.

Table 6. Top five most cited articles

Note: TC=Total Citations

The article titled “Customer Loyalty: Exploring Its Antecedents from a Green Marketing Perspective” published by the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management was the most cited article, with 146 citations. Patricia Martinez from University of Cantabria is the author of the article. The main purpose of the study was to examine the relationship of three variables namely, green image, green trust, green satisfaction to green loyalty. The samples taken were hotel customers in Spain. The results showed that green image, green trust, and green satisfaction, have a significant influence on green loyalty. Hoteliers, in particular, must be proactive in promoting an environmentally friendly image. This can be achieved through active participation in ecological events and forums, sponsorship of environmental programs, and an increased presence on social media [22]. These managerial implications can help hoteliers establish and maintain a strong eco-friendly reputation.Furthermore, hotels can enhance their positive image by focusing on environmental aspects and taking tangible actions that consumers can trust.Also, companies, especially those in the hospitality industry, need to enhance employee and customer performance. This includes providing information about the environment to increase environmental trust and satisfaction [22].

The article authored by Chen, Y-S is the second most cited, with 130 citations. This is followed by the article by Hur et al, with 118 citations; Papista & Krystallis, with 91 citations, and Chung, K.C., with 87 citations.

3.7 Distribution phrases

Keyword analysis in this study by looking at the distribution phrases (Table 7 and Figure 3).

Distribution phrases in Table 7 and Figure 4 show phrases that are often used by the authors in their articles.

Figure 4. Distribution phrases

Table 7. Distribution phrases

A total of 33 documents were studied to generate distribution phrases. These phrases are limited in frequency to 200. The top five phrases that frequently appeared were green marketing, customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, green products, and green image. Additionally, other phrases that often appeared included Green Brand, Green Trust, Brand Equity, Social Responsibility, Eco Friendly, and Social Media.

3.8 Documents by methods and variables

Table 8 shows the methods and variables used by 33 research articles.

Based on this data, we can conclude that Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is the most commonly used method in the study, with 28 documents. Researchers can use structural equation modeling (SEM) to specify confirmatory factor analysis models, regression models, and complex path models [23]. SEM is a powerful technique that allows for the combination of complex path models with latent variables, also known as factors. The growing popularity of SEM among academic researchers and social science practitioners is driven by the need for effective methods to understand the structure and interaction of latent phenomena [24]. The research practice in management research is also dominantly based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) [25]. Complex models can be discussed simply through this technique [26].

Apart from the Customer loyalty variable, customer satisfaction is a variable that is often used in these 33 documents. Customer satisfaction is a condition reached whenever product performance meets or exceeds customer expectations [10].

3.9 Research outcomes

Table 9 explains the purposes and findings resulting from the five most cited articles listed in Table 6.

The five articles listed in Table 9 consist of four research articles and one conceptual article. The article titled “Towards Green Loyalty: Driving from Green Perceived Value, Green Satisfaction, And Green Trust”, examines three antecedents of green loyalty. In this research it was found that green perceived value, green satisfaction, and green trust have a significant effect in the creation of green loyalty [11].

The article with the title “Assessing the Effects of Perceived Value and Satisfaction on Customer loyalty: A ‘Green’ Perspective” examined the relationship of customer satisfaction to price consciousness. There is still little research that discusses the relationship between these two variables. This article concludes by saying that as consumers become more satisfied with a product, their price-consciousness tends to decrease [27]. Other findings state that customer satisfaction has an effect on increasing consumer loyalty.

The article with the title “Green Marketing Orientation: Archieving Sustainable Development in Green Hotel Management” discusses the benefits of green hotel management in protecting the earth and establishes a green marketing-oriented model. The study found that stakeholders and executive corporate social responsibility hotels could indirectly increase consumer loyalty to the image of the hotel through green marketing [7].

3.10 Study limitation

This article has limitations that should be acknowledged as part of its systematic review. Firstly, the study only utilized data from the Scopus database, which is just one database. Additionally, the study imposed restrictions on language, year, and selected only a few sources from journals. the data in this study was also only sourced from a few domains as listed in Figure 3. It is important to note that incorporating data from other databases, such as WOS or Google Scholar, would yield different results and conclusions. It is recommended that future studies should include additional databases so as to broaden the scope of their research and ensure wider applicability of the obtained results.Secondly, this study solely focuses on discussing Customer loyalty within the realm of green marketing or sustainable marketing. To enhance its comprehensiveness, future authors may consider incorporating additional variables.

Table 8. Documents by methods and variables

Table 9. Research Outcomes from 5 most cited articles

Source : Authors

This study analyzed research developments and trends on the topic of Customer loyalty within the scope of green marketing using the Scopus database. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude:

i. Publications on related themes reached the highest number in 2019, after which the number of publications with related themes decreased. This is suspected to be due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Sustainability, International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, and Quality Access to Success are the most published journals on related topics. Athanasios Krystallis, Norazah Mohd Suki, Lalinthorn Marakanon, Erifili Papista, and Vinai Panjakajornsak are the authors who published the most articles on such topics. The United States is the most productive country when it comes to producing articles on related topics. Universiti Malaysia Sabah is the affiliation that produces the most articles with related themes. Business, Management, and Accounting is the domain that is most related to such topics.

ii. Green marketing, customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, green products, and green image are the top five phrases that often appear, with a frequency limit of 200.

iii. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is the most widely used research method. Customer satisfaction is the most analyzed variable with regards to relationship to Customer loyalty.

These findings may help future researchers determine the appropriate variables and methods in related themes.

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Green marketing approaches and their impact on consumer behavior towards the environment—a study from the uae.

1. Introduction

• Is there a significant relationship between eco-labeling (EL) and consumer behavior towards the environment?
• Is there a significant relationship between green packaging and branding (GPB) and consumer behavior towards the environment?
• Is there a significant relationship between green product, premium and pricing (GPPP) and consumer behavior towards the environment?
• Is there a significant relationship between environmental concerns and beliefs (ECB) and consumer beliefs towards the environment (CBTE)?

2. Literature Review

3. eco-labeling, 4. green packaging and branding (gpb), 5. green products, premium, and pricing, 6. environmental concerns and beliefs (ecb), 7. research methodology, 8. empirical findings, 9. eco-labeling (el) and consumer belief towards environment (cbte), 10. conclusions and future directions, 11. key limitations and future research.

• We focused on a limited number of consumers who belong to only one region of the UAE.
• We did not provide any evidence regarding the consideration of businesses dealing with green marketing and related product lines.
• Our findings need to be further validated with a broader analysis for the effectiveness of green marketing and related approaches.
• Due to the lack of a definition for green marketing and related patterns, the present study has covered some pre-limited indicators for green marketing.

Author Contributions

Conflicts of interest, abbreviations.

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Shabbir, M.S.; Bait Ali Sulaiman, M.A.; Hasan Al-Kumaim, N.; Mahmood, A.; Abbas, M. Green Marketing Approaches and Their Impact on Consumer Behavior towards the Environment—A Study from the UAE. Sustainability 2020 , 12 , 8977. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218977

Shabbir MS, Bait Ali Sulaiman MA, Hasan Al-Kumaim N, Mahmood A, Abbas M. Green Marketing Approaches and Their Impact on Consumer Behavior towards the Environment—A Study from the UAE. Sustainability . 2020; 12(21):8977. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218977

Shabbir, Muhammad Salman, Mohammed Ali Bait Ali Sulaiman, Nabil Hasan Al-Kumaim, Arshad Mahmood, and Mazhar Abbas. 2020. "Green Marketing Approaches and Their Impact on Consumer Behavior towards the Environment—A Study from the UAE" Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8977. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218977

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Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior toward Green Products: A Systematic Literature Review

Andreea barbu.

1 Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Business Engineering and Management, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania

2 Academy of Romanian Scientists, RO-050044 Bucharest, Romania

Ștefan-Alexandru Catană

3 Faculty of Business and Administration, Department of Business Administration, University of Bucharest, RO-030167 Bucharest, Romania

Dana Corina Deselnicu

Lucian-ionel cioca.

4 Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management Department, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, RO-550025 Sibiu, Romania

Alexandra Ioanid

Associated data.

Not applicable.

In the last few decades, humans have consumed more resources than in all of previous history. Hence, we are living in times in which the topic of environmental protection is a global concern. The paper aims to conduct a systematic literature review on consumer behavior, as well as identifying the main factors that interfere with consumer behavior toward green products. A total of 37 studies were found and systematized using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The papers were selected only if they featured research on consumer perceptions of green products. Using this search strategy, a literature analysis was performed based on papers extracted from Web of Science, Emerald Insights, Springer Link, and Science Direct. As a result, various factors that influence consumer behavior toward green products were identified, such as social norms, natural environmental orientation, the company’s perceived green image, green product characteristics, perceived risks and inconvenience of buying green products, perceived benefits of buying green products, institutional trust, sociodemographic characteristics, and consumer confidence. Even though completing a systematic literature review is not something new in academic research, the novelty of this paper is found in its theme: consumer behavior toward green products. Although the analyzed articles highlight quite varied reasons, the articles emphasize that the green products should take into account the needs, expectations, and perceptions of customers.

1. Introduction

In the last few decades, humans have consumed more resources than in all of previous history. Hence, we are living in times in which the topic of environmental protection is a global concern. There are estimations that almost 70% of the planet’s greenhouse gas footprint depends on which products customers choose and whether they use and dispose of them in a sustainable manner [ 1 ]. Thus, consumers are becoming more interested in environmental topics and reflecting their interest in their decision to buy green products [ 2 ]. The United Nations Environment Programme (2011) [ 3 ] has estimated that the green products market doubles annually. Another international study has indicated that 73% of consumers across 60 countries are determined to pay more for sustainable products [ 4 ]. In a survey developed by Harvard Business Review [ 1 ], 65% of the consumers surveyed said they want to buy eco-friendly products, but only 26% of them do so, thus this is a contradictory desire.

The topic of increasing consumer interest in green products has rapidly expanded globally over the last few years [ 5 ]. The global market for green products is estimated at USD 44 trillion, more than half of global GDP [ 6 ]. The global market for low-carbon environmental goods and services is estimated at EUR 4.2 trillion [ 7 ]. Moreover, the global green technology and sustainability market size was valued at USD 11.49 billion in 2021 and is projected to grow to USD 13.76 billion in 2022 [ 8 ]. This phenomenon is facilitated by the COVID-19 pandemic when the heightened attention to hygiene and wellness led to increasing demand for safe products for both consumers’ families and the environment [ 9 ]. In Romania, a European Union country with an emerging economy, 73% of the consumers state that they are willing to pay more for green food grown without chemical fertilizers and pesticides, 49% would agree to pay more for renewable energy, and 36% would pay more for products with biodegradable components [ 10 ].

The state-of-art review confirms the absence of a universal, effective, and well-structured definition of a green product [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Although there is no internationally recognized definition, a green product (or ecological product/eco-friendly product/sustainable product) is “a sustainable product designed to minimize its environmental impacts during its whole life-cycle and even after it is of no use” [ 15 ]. In essence, a green product has two main characteristics: reducing waste and maximizing resource efficiency [ 16 ]. The literature analyzed focused on green products from a variety of viewpoints, presenting both their benefits and barriers [ 17 ]. Researchers have linked ecological products with environmental protection [ 18 ], sustainability [ 19 ], reduced wastage during production [ 20 ], social quality [ 21 ], economic benefits [ 22 ], low energy consumption [ 23 ], low emissions [ 24 ], less packaging [ 14 ], etc. However, other authors have revealed the negative aspects of sustainable products as follows: higher price [ 25 ], costly green certifications [ 26 ], and the short durability of the product [ 27 ].

Many researchers have explored consumer behavior toward the green products topic and have presented different viewpoints on this subject. First of all, the green products consumers use contribute to the protection of the environment by consumers’ refusal to buy products that are harmful to the environment [ 28 , 29 ]. Secondly, a green consumer can be defined as an individual who adopts environmentally-friendly behaviors and buys green products rather than standard products [ 30 ]. Thirdly, consumers with environmental awareness are not only interested in the consumption process, but also in the production, the scarcity of consumed resources, and post-use processes of products [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].

Against this background, this paper seeks to identify and analyze the factors that influence consumer behavior toward green products. To achieve the aims of the paper, the authors employed a systematic literature review. Even though completing a systematic literature review is not something new in academic research, the novelty of this paper is in its theme: consumer behavior toward green products. Although the analyzed articles highlight quite varied reasons, the topic of green products should take into account the needs, expectations, and perceptions of customers. Moreover, to determine the main factors that influence consumer behavior toward green products, the authors of this paper also analyzed if the factors treated by each of the analyzed paper confirmed the existing correlations between these factors and the consumer behavior toward green products.

This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the Materials and Methods. The Results and Discussion are presented in Section 3 and Section 4 , respectively. Section 5 summarizes this study and illustrates the Conclusions, along with their limitations and research perspectives.

2. Materials and Methods

In order to achieve the aims of the paper, the authors carried out a systematic literature review that encompassed several phases ( Figure 1 ), based on the methodology presented by Glogovețan et al. (2022) [ 34 ]. Firstly, the authors of this paper designed the plan for the scientific research by setting the research objectives. Secondly, they defined the conceptual boundaries. The main identified research directions are composed of consumer behavior regarding green products.

Phases of the systematic literature review.

Thirdly, the authors used the inclusion and exclusion criteria reported by [ 34 , 35 ] and they performed a literature analysis through a combination of the following keywords ( Figure 2 ) in several electronic databases such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer Link, SAGE, and Emerald Insight.

Keywords used for search strategy.

The initial search generated 119 papers, of which 37 titles fit the considered criteria ( Table 1 ); therefore, they were analyzed further. The articles were evaluated to identify if they deal with consumer perception on green products.

The methodological criteria.

Source: [ 34 , 35 ].

The publications were selected only if they featured research on consumer perceptions regarding green products and were retained for further analysis only if they simultaneously fulfilled the eight methodological criteria ( Table 1 ) proposed by [ 34 ] and [ 35 ]. The final set of articles included in the present systematic literature review consists of 37 publications.

To achieve the goal of this paper, the authors divided the results of their analysis into three sections. The first section presents the methodology used in the reviewed studies and other significant information about the analyzed articles. The second section presents the main factors influencing consumer behavior toward green products observed by the authors in the reviewed studies, while the third part contains a brief analysis of each determined dimension.

3.1. Revision of the Studies

Out of the 37 reviewed articles ( Table 2 ), 5 of them were published in 2022, and 13 were published in 2021, while the rest covered the years 2017–2020. These articles were published in journals with the main focus being on business strategy and the environment (14), sustainability (11), consumer services (5), cleaner production (4), environmental psychology, and public health (3). The majority of the papers presented quantitative studies, with some of them also containing qualitative research.

Basic information of the reviewed articles.

Note: * total number of citations on Google Scholar on 1 August 2022.

Out of the 37 papers, 4 of them presented a literature review about different variables that can influence green product purchasing behavior. Moreover, in these papers, a variety of statistical procedures were used, such as the ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test, the Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson’s Chi-square test, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test, personal interview and focus group discussions, multivariate data analysis techniques using structural equation modelling, and multiple regression analyses.

3.2. The Main Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

The analysis of the reviewed papers revealed a series of factors that can influence consumer behavior toward green products. 111 factors were analyzed, with most of them being quite similar in form and meaning. However, the authors of this paper were able to group these factors according to their form and meaning into eight main categories: social norms, natural environmental orientation, a company’s perceived green image, green product characteristics, perceived risks and inconvenience of buying green products, perceived benefits of buying green products, institutional trust, sociodemographic characteristics, and consumer confidence ( Figure 3 ):

Factors influencing consumer behavior toward green products.

Regarding the results of the analyzed studies, the authors of this paper also analyzed if the factors assessed by each paper confirmed the existing correlations and the buying behavior toward green products. Comments based on these correlations will be made in the following subsections, for each main category of identified factors.

3.3. Social Norms and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

The reviewed papers highlighted that in the context of green product consumption, social norms describe the way society views environmental issues [ 47 ]. In addition, social norms refer to how people think and act pro-environmentally [ 72 ]. The reviewed studies present the role of social norms in predicting pro-environmental behavior and changing people’s green behaviors [ 41 , 47 , 53 , 62 , 72 ]. The results indicate that people are significantly influenced by society’s actions regarding pro-environmental issues and the way society presents normality in this context.

The factors that were grouped in this category also refer to green product knowledge [ 40 , 50 , 63 , 65 ], natural environmental orientation [ 67 ], green habit [ 67 ], knowledge about environmental damage and pollution [ 71 ], attitudes toward environmental protection [ 71 ], environmental concern habit [ 40 ], environmental consciousness [ 37 , 58 , 61 , 64 ], attitudes toward environmental issues [ 64 ], green trust [ 40 , 50 , 54 , 66 ] green involvement [ 54 ], environmental beliefs [ 59 , 60 ], environmental awareness [ 5 , 50 , 59 ], environmental concerns [ 36 , 58 , 59 ], green attitudes [ 50 , 61 ], drive for environmental responsibility [ 36 , 42 ], perceived ecological value [ 44 ], green practices [ 46 ], green product awareness [ 44 , 45 ], and consumer social responsibility [ 54 ].

All of the identified factors influence consumer behavior toward green products. Thus, to make positive changes in people’s behavior toward green products, it is necessary to make changes at a societal level regarding the attitudes toward environmental issues and also to educate people in this regard.

3.4. A Company’s Perceived Image and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

Corporate image refers to the overall impressions of the organization’s stakeholders, as well as how stakeholders perceive the firm as a business [ 38 ].

In the last few years, environmental issues such as global warming and environmental damage have represented real concerns for people all over the world [ 73 ]. People have tried to be more responsible with their actions and have attempted to buy environmentally-friendly products [ 74 ]. In this context, companies have been forced to modify their services or products, offering clients solutions that would also meet the environmental protection needs. Thus, they have started to invest in building a strong green image or a green brand for their businesses, and therefore they are trying to influence the consumer behavior of buying green products [ 75 ].

The reviewed papers that addressed this topic also highlighted that a company’s perceived green image is built around several concepts such as eco-certification origin [ 43 ], brand image [ 40 , 48 ], brand love [ 48 ], brand loyalty [ 48 ], brand trust [ 66 ], green brand associations [ 5 ], green brand attitude [ 5 ], green brand knowledge [ 66 ], green communication [ 39 ], social media [ 42 ], and product innovation and segmentation [ 50 ].

However, not all the studies demonstrated that all of these concepts influence consumer behavior toward green products. For example, [ 40 ], as well as [ 69 ], argues that green brand knowledge, environmental knowledge, consumers’ environmental attitudes and green knowledge do not influence attitudes toward using green products, but investing in brand trust and brand image are key actions that influence consumer behavior [ 5 ].

3.5. Green Product Characteristics and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

It is almost impossible to talk about green products without mentioning their characteristics or attributes. Cheung and To (2019) [ 64 ] found out that green product information can be a key determinant of consumers’ green purchase behavior. Zhang and Dong (2020) [ 55 ] claim that a green product needs to be credible in order to be appreciated by potential buyers, so the eco-label can affect the consumers’ buying behavior [ 55 ]. In addition, besides eco-labels, consumers are taking into account other aspects such as the quality of the green products [ 45 , 51 , 55 , 57 , 70 ] or the awareness about green products [ 44 , 45 , 54 , 55 ], with all of them having a significant impact on consumer behavior toward green products.

After analyzing the selected papers, the authors of this research concluded that consumer behavior toward green products can be influenced by the following product characteristics: price [ 45 , 57 ], quality [ 45 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 64 , 70 , 71 ], availability [ 45 , 46 , 55 , 68 ], packaging [ 55 ], eco-label [ 45 , 46 , 55 ], material [ 46 ], functional value [ 46 ], and green product information [ 64 ].

The availability of green products is an important factor that can positively influence consumer behavior toward green products [ 45 ]. This factor can also influence the consumers’ buying behavior, because they can choose between different types of green products or different brand names. In addition, the perceived quality of green products can impact consumers’ green purchasing intentions [ 46 , 64 ], with the packaging also playing an important role in influencing the perceived quality of green products [ 45 ].

3.6. Perceived Risks and Inconvenience of Buying Green Products and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

Perceived risk refers to the subjective evaluation of customers regarding the possible consequences of wrong purchasing decisions [ 70 ], while perceived inconvenience of buying green products refers to aspects such as: the price, difficulty in evaluating them depending on how ecological they are, difficulty in finding green products in regular stores, and additional time and effort to get to the specialized stores where they are marketed [ 60 ].

In their research, Caniëls et al. (2021) [ 60 ] started from the idea that higher perceived inconvenience is associated with a negative attitude towards buying green products. Their paper highlights that green products are more expensive than normal products, they are not easy to find in stores and it is also hard to determine their actual degree of “greenness”. Therefore, consumers need to make an extra effort in order to find green products, to analyze the specifications written on the label and their relevance, and of course, to buy them at a higher price. Furthermore, the analyzed paper also focuses on the relationship between the inconvenience of buying green products, pro-environmental beliefs, and social values. According to the consumers’ pro-environmental beliefs, the green buying behavior of young people who perceive the high inconvenience of buying green products is largely influenced by the social value attached to buying green products [ 60 ]. Moreover, Wasaya et al. (2021) [ 51 ] state that those customers who attach great importance to the environment, who are aware of its problems, have a risk perception in their mind that the product or service they use will not be according to the claims they have made. This situation generates uncertainty and brings negative changes regarding the attitudes of customers regarding the purchase of products or services. Thus, the perceived risk becomes a subjective assessment of potential clients that is associated with the possible consequences of wrong decisions. Regarding the types of perceived risks, Wang (2017) [ 70 ] states that they can refer to product performance, social aspects, psychological aspects, physical aspects, and loss of time.

Regarding this section, by analyzing the selected papers of this study, the authors found out that consumer behavior toward green products can be influenced by the following factors: green perceived risk [ 51 , 70 ], perception of recycled product risk and uncertainty [ 71 ], and perceived inconvenience of buying green products [ 60 ].

Sun et al. (2018) [ 71 ] analyzed the case of recycled products and discovered that the perception of recycled products risk is negatively related to the perception of quality for recycled products and positively to the pro attitude toward environmental protection. Their results showed that concepts such as risk and uncertainty associated with green products negatively influence consumers’ buying behavior. Wasaya et al. (2021) [ 51 ] also highlight that there is a negative and significant relationship between environmental awareness and green perceived risk.

3.7. Perceived Benefits of Buying Green and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

Regarding the attitude toward eco-social benefits, Cheung and To (2019) [ 64 ] claim that this concept measures the degree to which the potential consumers of green products agree that purchasing those products will bring social benefits and have a positive moral value.

When it comes to the relationship between the benefits of green products and consumer behavior toward green products, the authors of this paper extracted from the selected papers some important factors that can be grouped into a single dimension: attitude toward eco-social benefits [ 64 ], company benefit belief, personal benefit belief [ 47 ], and perceived consumer effectiveness [ 38 , 40 ]

Concern for the environment may lead consumers to maximize the eco-social benefits. Buying eco-friendly products brings them more psychological benefits, and they perceive life improvement through using green products [ 64 ]. In addition, as green products consume less energy, consumers believe that green products can bring even more benefits, while their attitude towards environmental protection will also be improved. Therefore, this study asks how a consumer’s target knowledge (the belief that the consumer will benefit from good quality) and agent knowledge (the belief that the company will benefit from it) are associated with their purchase intentions from companies, following environmentally sound practices.

Besides personal benefit beliefs, company benefit beliefs significantly predicted purchase intentions [ 47 ]. In their research, Ham et al. (2022) claim that the company benefit belief is one of the strongest predictors of purchase intentions across all generations. In the case of the companies that use corporate social responsibility and also green marketing, potential customers are more attracted to buy from them and seem to appreciate their efforts to be eco-friendly. Moreover, if a customer believes that a company implements green practices, he/she is willing to support that company and buy green products from it [ 47 ].

Perceived consumer effectiveness becomes an important predictor of green purchase behavior, with it being even more significant than environmental attitudes alone [ 38 ]. Perceived consumer effectiveness positively influences green purchase behavior and also the company’s perceived green image [ 38 ]. Wang et al. (2019) [ 40 ] highlight the fact that companies should attach environmental protection labels to green product packaging to enhance perceived consumer effectiveness. Thus, by specifying such information on the label, such as resources saved or carbon emissions reduced, companies can encourage consumers to contribute to the protection of the environment by purchasing green products.

3.8. Institutional Trust and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

Institutional trust refers to trust in institutions, whether we are considering governments or companies. This is an important aspect to be studied in the case of green product buying behavior, mainly when consumers do not have enough knowledge or time to analyze their options regarding green products [ 68 ].

In the papers selected for this study, the authors found that there is a significant relationship between institutional trust and consumer behavior toward green products, with this relationship being mediated by factors such as institutional trust [ 68 ] and government support [ 44 ].

In their paper, Ricci et al. (2018) studied the trust-to-go-green concept and discovered that institutional trust in food supply chain-related actors influences the attitudes of consumers towards green products and also the concern about the environmental and health-related impacts of agricultural practices. Their results indicate that the more consumers trust supply chain-related actors, the more they would be willing to buy green food [ 68 ].

An important role is played by government support, which should act in the sense of promoting a sustainable market, and positively influencing consumer attitudes toward green products [ 76 ]. Al-Kumaim et al. (2021) [ 44 ] analyzed the relationship between government support and purchase intention toward green products purchase behavior. According to them, one of the government’s roles is to provide guiding principles to consumers that can affect their buying attitudes based on the health and safety values of green products. In addition, the government’s policies regarding the environment positively impact consumers’ attitudes toward green products [ 44 , 77 ] the government’s support and institutional trust play an important role in consumer behavior toward green products.

When green companies manage to raise the consumers’ level of trust in institutions, they can also improve the consumers’ probability to choose green products [ 68 ]. Thus, institutional trust can be considered as an important factor that can be used to promote green acquisitions to consumers who are not particularly involved in eco-friendly behavior [ 68 ].

3.9. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

Sociodemographic characteristic seems to also be an important factor that can influence consumer behavior regarding green product acquisitions [ 52 , 55 ]. This dimension was represented in the specialty literature by items such as age [ 47 ], gender, education, number of children [ 40 ], place of residence, or financial situation [ 40 , 52 ].

When it comes to the influence of gender on green product acquisition, Witek and Kuźniar (2021) [ 52 ] highlighted the fact that women are more sensitive about environmental issues than men, more interested in health and living in a safe environment, and more interested in buying eco-products than men, even if they need to pay higher prices for green products.

Even if some pieces of research have demonstrated that age does not influence green behaviors [ 36 ], the results obtained by Witek and Kuźniar (2021) [ 52 ] show that the older age the of consumers, the greater the social pressure for purchasing green products, and older consumers expressing green purchase intentions [ 47 ]. Thus, older people seem to be more responsible in addressing environmental problems through actions than the younger generation [ 47 ].

Regarding the impact of education on green product acquisition, there is still room for improvement. The results obtained by Witek and Kuźniar (2021) [ 52 ] did not support the hypothesis according to which education has a positive impact on the consumers’ green purchase intentions, while other studies show the opposite [ 40 , 78 , 79 ].

Income [ 40 ] and personal financial situation are factors that can influence green behavior too, as the personal financial situation highly influences the consumers’ willingness to pay more for green products [ 52 ]. The number of children has an impact on the frequency of green product purchases as well, as mothers are very concerned about their children’s health and safety, which is why they tend to buy more green products [ 52 ].

3.10. Consumer Confidence and Consumer Behavior toward Green Products

Consumer self-confidence is associated with buying intention, as well as green product quality and price perceptions [ 57 ]. Self-confidence is related to a positive experience in supermarkets or other marketplaces [ 76 ].

By analyzing the papers selected for this research, the authors of this paper discovered that some similar concepts that can influence consumer behavior toward green products could be grouped into consumer confidence [ 37 ], consumer protection confidence, and consumer self-confidence [ 57 ].

To predict consumers’ purchase decisions, it is necessary to understand consumer confidence, which is an indicator of customers’ evaluations of the national economy and their financial situation [ 80 ]. In their research, Han et al. (2022) [ 37 ] discussed consumer confidence and its positive relationship with green purchase intention. They found that this relationship is partially mediated by environmental and status consciousness. Moreover, they highlighted that the results of their paper can help retailers in developing better marketing tactics by understanding how consumer confidence fluctuations can influence the major economic growth-driven environmental challenges.

In their paper, D’Souza et al. (2020) [ 57 ] discussed the level of the consumers’ perceived ability to make sound decisions and also the ability to acquire and use information by looking at consumer self-confidence and consumer protection self-confidence.

When it comes to consumer self-confidence, manufacturers, and retailers need to analyze the consumers’ confidence in their ability to obtain and understand green product information, their ability to choose the right product based on that information, their confidence regarding how their choices correspond with their expectations, and how they can improve satisfaction [ 57 ].

Similarly, regarding consumer protection self-confidence, it is important to analyze the marketers’ strategies used to persuade consumers to buy green products and also the level of consumers’ confidence in dealing with these strategies and consumers’ rights. Thus, through their paper, D’Souza et al. (2020) [ 57 ] claim that consumer self-confidence moderates the relationship between the price and the quality of green products in the decision to buy green products, highlighting the fact that consumer protection confidence has no moderating effect on these relationships. In addition, consumer self-confidence can modify consumers’ purchasing intentions.

4. Discussion

This systematic review reveals the most important factors influencing consumer behavior of green products. From the analysis of the selected 37 papers, a series of common characteristics were identified, highlighting various representative factors for this field, even if the methodologies used in these studies were different or the results obtained were somewhat contradictory regarding the relationship between the studied variables. Thus, the most used factors in influencing user behavior toward green products could be grouped into eight distinct categories: social norms, a company’s perceived green image, green product characteristics, perceived risks and inconvenience of buying green products, perceived benefits of buying green products, institutional trust, sociodemographic characteristics, and consumer confidence.

This grouping made by the authors of this paper, as well as the establishment of the eight categories of factors, can be seen as a new contribution to the specialty literature, thus coming in as a gap analysis that has the role of both filtering, extracting, and presenting the most representative factors that influence consumer behavior regarding the purchase of green products.

Although in the past, social norms represented one of the most used factors influencing consumers’ environmental behaviors [ 81 ], this concept is still an important one when it comes to making consumers act pro-environmentally [ 41 , 47 , 53 , 62 , 72 , 82 ]. Letting people know how others act regarding the protection of the environment can be the key to how social norms can influence green buying behavior [ 81 ]. Consumers need to choose products that do not harm the environment and take care of their buying behavior as well. Their attitude towards using and buying green products can influence other members of society, which is why they need to be responsible for their actions. Consumer social responsibility is positively related to green purchasing intention [ 54 ], therefore “people must be aware of their role in reducing ecological issues and respond appropriately” [ 83 ].

Even if the majority of the papers from our study have shown that the subjective norms directly affect consumer behavior toward green products [ 36 , 51 , 54 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 71 ], there is evidence to support the fact that this factor does not directly impact green purchase intention, but it indirectly relates to future purchase intention [ 38 , 43 , 66 ]. This relationship is mediated by a company’s perceived green image when a green corporate image is a long-term goal for the management. In a competitive market, the green image could play a key role in building a company’s brand, which can differentiate a company’s offerings from competing ones [ 47 ], with the image of a company being valuable for increasing customer satisfaction [ 84 ]. Thus, companies should focus on communication and green marketing techniques which deliver information that influences consumer behavior to be more eco-friendly [ 85 ].

Also, making consumers aware of green product information can be a key determinant of green purchase behavior [ 64 ]. Most of the time, when customers are concerned about the environment and its preservation, they tend to buy green products if these products have eco-certifications or are produced under eco-certification schemes and respect rigorous regulations [ 45 , 46 , 49 , 55 ].

For the potential customers who find the green product characteristics on the eco-labels, the decision to buy the product is easy to make, with this analysis making them pay even higher prices for green products that might cause less harm to the environment [ 64 ]. Thus, if the information regarding green product characteristics convinces consumers that their attributes, designs, and functions are beneficial to them or the environment [ 45 ], people are willing to pay more for that functional value.

When it comes to green product buying behavior, perceived risk is also a factor that should be analyzed [ 51 , 60 , 70 , 71 ]. This perceived risk is consumers’ valuation, which is associated with the possible consequences of wrong decisions [ 86 ]. The analyzed scientific papers of this research topic highlight that risks and uncertainty regarding green products negatively influence potential customers’ buying behavior, with environmental awareness being an important factor that can affect green perceived risk [ 51 ]. Therefore, in order to reduce risks, consumers can use different strategies, such as pre-purchase deliberation, seeking additional information, reliance on brand image, personal recommendations, or the security of warranties [ 70 ].

Also, the perceived benefits of buying green products can influence consumers’ behavior toward green products [ 38 , 40 , 47 , 64 ]. Perceived consumer effectiveness refers to the consumer’s belief that the efforts of his/her actions can make significant differences in solving environmental problems [ 87 ]. Therefore, consumers who think that their choices to buy green products will bring benefits to the environment tend to buy more green products [ 40 ].

Although trust is considered to be an important factor that can influence consumer behavior [ 88 , 89 ], there is still a lot of debate about how institutional trust can affect consumer behavior toward green products, especially when trust levels may be influenced both positively and negatively [ 90 ]. Ricci et al. (2018) [ 68 ] highlight the fact that institutional trust can influence consumer risk perception and attitudes, with the level of trust negatively affecting those variables [ 91 ]. Concerning the relationship between trust and consumer attitudes, several studies have shown that the higher the level of consumer trust, the higher the probability to develop a positive attitude and, thus, choosing products with eco-friendly characteristics [ 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ].

This research also revealed that sociodemographic characteristics can be important factors that influence consumer behavior toward green products [ 52 , 55 ]. While the results obtained by Witek and Kuźniar (2021) [ 52 ] showed no relationship between the consumers’ education and their buying behavior toward green products, other studies claim the opposite [ 58 , 78 , 79 ]. In addition, sociodemographic characteristics such as gender [ 47 ], age [ 52 ] or personal financial situation [ 47 ] can influence consumer behavior toward green products, while other studies claim they are not important when it comes to the final decision of buying green products [ 63 , 96 , 97 ]. Moreover, our analysis showed that there is a positive relationship between consumer confidence and consumer behavior toward green products [ 37 , 57 ], with this being one of the factors that can significantly influence potential customers’ behavior.

The papers from the specialty literature that separately analyze the interaction between various factors and the attitude of consumers and their behavior regarding the purchase of green products make the mission of researchers, and also merchants, quite difficult in terms of understanding and managing these situations. On one hand, researchers who want to make important contributions to the green products industry should start from a clear set of factors that generally influence the purchase of green products. After understanding these concepts and how they are correlated with the perceptions of potential consumers, they should customize them for specific green product industries and test if the same types of correlations exist in their case. However, if there is not a clear enough basis regarding the main factors from which their analysis must start, then the future results that will be obtained by them could be incomplete or less relevant for all those who want to know more about generic green products. On the other hand, green product traders must research the existing case studies in the specialized literature to analyze the type of variables taken into account for testing the conceptual models presented in the scientific works. They must understand the basic concepts used, check if they all match their types of specialized green products, and if the conclusions and directions formulated by the authors of the papers present information that could be useful to them in the case of the industries in which they are used. The efforts of retailers should first focus on papers that present the basic concepts absolutely necessary in managing the behavior of customers interested in green products, and only then should they focus on specific case studies. Thus, this paper comes as a cornerstone in the green products industry in order to be able to create an overview necessary for both researchers and green product traders in relation to the main factors that can determine the purchase of green products.

5. Conclusions

Considering that in the last few decades humans have consumed more resources than in all of previous history, the topic of environmental protection is a global concern. In this vein, consumers’ interest in green products has witnessed an impressive rise.

From a theoretical point of view, this paper provides valuable new insights into the expansion of the scientific literature on consumer perceptions on green products. In this line, the green products acquisition process should take into account the factors influencing consumer behavior. Moreover, the paper discusses the positive and negative influence of several key factors that influence consumers’ behavior toward green products: social norms, natural environmental orientation, company’s perceived green image, green product characteristics, perceived risks and inconvenience of buying green products, perceived benefits of buying green products, institutional trust, sociodemographic characteristics, and consumer confidence.

From a practical point of view, the topic of green products should take into account the needs, expectations, and perceptions of consumers. Firstly, by taking into consideration all the factors influencing consumer behavior, companies from the ecological sector should design and implement several strategies to target interested consumers. Secondly, government authorities should support and promote a culture of green products. Thirdly, companies should create a good institutional image, highlighting that consumers should choose products that do not harm the environment.

The present study has certain limitations. First of all, considering the research strategy (which takes into account only papers that fit into the mentioned criteria), the authors of this paper may have omitted some pertinent articles. This brings about the possibility that the removed papers include information that could affect our conclusions. Secondly, there is a need for future research related to factors influencing the consumer behavior toward green products, considering the discrepancy between nations or areas. Thirdly, since this study was based on only some of the factors that influence consumer behavior toward green products, future research should be conducted to identify and analyze other important factors.

Funding Statement

The publication of this article has been funded by the University Politehnica of Bucharest (UPB) through the PubArt Programme.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Ș.-A.C. and A.B.; literature review, Ș.-A.C. and A.B.; data curation, Ș.-A.C., A.B., D.C.D., L.-I.C. and A.I.; formal analysis, Ș.-A.C., A.B., D.C.D., L.-I.C. and A.I.; methodology, A.B., D.C.D. and Ș.-A.C.; supervision, L.-I.C. and D.C.D.; writing—original draft, Ș.-A.C. and A.B.; writing—review and editing, Ș.-A.C., A.B., D.C.D., L.-I.C. and A.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, state of green marketing research over 25 years (1990-2014): literature survey and classification.

Marketing Intelligence & Planning

ISSN : 0263-4503

Article publication date: 1 February 2016

Issue publication date: 1 February 2016

The purpose of this paper is to present a literature survey on, and classification for, green marketing research.

Design/methodology/approach

Suitable keywords were used to search peer-reviewed journal articles published in marketing, business and management journals in duration 1990-2014. The articles identified were screened for titles, abstracts, keywords, frameworks, headings and sub-headings that resulted in 161 relevant articles. These articles were classified across thematic categories and their distribution was also presented for year of publication, publication outlets, location of authors, key contributing authors.

The articles were classified across four thematic categories: eco-orientation, green marketing strategy, green marketing functions and green marketing consequences. It outlined the contribution of the earlier work under each theme, illustrated upon their implications for green marketing practice and research and provided directions for future research.

Research limitations/implications

This literature survey provides a source for understanding current state of research on green marketing and to stimulate further interest of researchers in the domain.

Originality/value

The paper provides a comprehensive review of green marketing literature on green marketing, distinctly adding to the contributions made by earlier literature reviews in the domain. It outlines the classifications of the literature, and key concepts and themes related to green marketing that intend to shape future research directions.

• Green marketing
• Literature survey
• Eco-orientation
• Green marketing consequences
• Green marketing functions
• Green marketing strategy

Acknowledgements

Author of this paper would like to acknowledge the comments and suggestions of Professor Micheal Jay Polonsky, Alfred Deakin Professor, Deakin Business School, Deakin University, Australia and Professor Khyati Desai, Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Nirma University, India, and the anonymous reviewers.

Kumar, P. (2016), "State of green marketing research over 25 years (1990-2014): Literature survey and classification", Marketing Intelligence & Planning , Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 137-158. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-03-2015-0061

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Research Paper of Green Marketing

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Innovative Engineering Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2019

5 Pages Posted: 2 Jul 2019

Sri Krishna College of Technology, Students

Sri Krishna College of Technology

Date Written: May 22, 2019

Green marketing is a sensation which has developed in such a way that it happens to come into contact with our contemporary society. The contemporary market has created a lot of problems and hence the concept of green marketing concerns with the protection of ecological environment. Additionally, the process of green marketing has increased in such a way the consumers are indeed ready to invest in the concerned process with the main intention of waste reduction. Green marketing inspires people with pure products and pure methods of producing and disposing of products for purity in production and consumption as well. The important factor for adoption of green marketing in today’s business is acquiring consumer’s consciousness and tendency to prefer eco-credential products. The paper indicates the green marketing concerns with three aspects and traverse the opportunities and challenges that today’s business and environment have with green marketing. The paper also provides detailed description on how to let the contemporary businesses go green and certain guidelines to spread the marketing philosophy to promote production and selling with protection of ecological balance. The paper analyses the type of fertilizers to be used and provided a detailed study on recycling of consumer waste and waste from industrial products. The paper clearly portrays in detail about the 4P’s of marketing which directs and provides opportunities to reduce resource consumption and to increase conservation of scarce resources and concludes that green marketing is a process that has abundant growth and it is about doing the right thing and providing consumers with a clean and green environment with making and marketing of sustainable products.

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Srinithy R (Contact Author)

Sri krishna college of technology, students ( email ).

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641042 India

Sri Krishna College of Technology ( email )

Arivoli Nagar, Perumal Nagar, Kovai Pudur Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641042 India

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17 sustainability initiatives of businesses that are going green.

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Sustainability is no longer a buzzword but a vital ethos shaping corporate decisions. As companies increasingly prioritize eco-conscious practices to meet both environmental and consumer demands, other businesses are wondering how they can undertake a commitment to being eco-friendly.

Below, 17 Forbes Business Council members share the success stories of businesses that have not just embraced the green movement but have a specific initiative they proudly champion. From innovative recycling programs to energy-efficient transformations, discover the inspiring ways businesses are making a positive impact on the planet and how these initiatives were seamlessly integrated into their operations.

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Forbes Business Council is the foremost growth and networking organization for business owners and leaders. Do I qualify?

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Green computing and artificial intelligence safety will be among the focus areas of a new AI research and innovation centre, which is expected to be set up at the NUS School of Computing by 2025.

The proposed centre, a collaboration between IBM and NUS, aims to accelerate scientific research here by tapping the American tech giant’s full-stack AI infrastructure.

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Reforming the US Long-Term Care Insurance Market

• R. Anton Braun
• Karen Kopecky

Nursing home risk is significant and costly. Yet, most Americans pay for long-term care (LTC) expenses out-of-pocket. This chapter examines reforms to both public and private LTCI provision using a structural model of the US LTCI market. Three policies are considered: universal public LTCI, no public LTCI coverage, and a policy that exempts asset holdings from the public insurance asset test on a dollar-for-dollar basis with private LTCI coverage. We find that this third reform enhances social welfare and creates a vibrant private LTCI market while preserving the safety net provided by public insurance to low-income individuals.

Working Papers of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment on research in progress. They may not have been subject to the formal editorial review accorded official Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland publications. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland or the Federal Reserve System.

Suggested Citation

Braun, R. Anton, and Karen Kopecky. 2024. “Reforming the US Long-Term Care Insurance Market.” Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland,  Working Paper  No. 24-17. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202417

Credit Supply, Prices, and Non-price Mechanisms in the Mortgage Market

John Mondragon

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2024-25 | August 12, 2024

I use an episode of relatively tight credit supply in the jumbo mortgage market to quantify the importance of price and non-price credit supply mechanisms in explaining changes in borrowing. Following market disruptions in March 2020, borrowers with jumbo loans saw significantly tighter credit supply conditions relative to borrowers with conforming loans. As a result, jumbo borrowers were 50 percent less likely to refinance and when they refinanced they borrowed 4-6 percent less than counterfactual borrowers facing looser credit conditions. The reduction in borrowing may have been caused by both an increase in the price and a change in a non-price mechanism, a decline in the availability of cash-out refinances. Decomposing the total effect into a price and cash-out channel, I find that that the cash-out channel accounts for two to three times as much of the decline as the price effect, and together both explain 70-80 percent of the total decline. This suggests that non-price mechanisms can be least as important as prices in clearing credit markets, a fact which is not adequately explained by current models of credit markets.

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Mondragon, John. 2024. “Credit Supply, Prices, and Non-price Mechanisms in the Mortgage Market.” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper 2024-25. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2024-25