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HPB - Volume 19, Number 1

Howard F. Fox and Maria L. Cullen

Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz and Mahinda Martínez

Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Dmitry A. German, Klaus Mummenhoff, and Hamid Moazzen i

Thiago E. C. Meneguzzo

Robert L. Dressler and Franco Pupulin

Pedro Luís Rodrigues de Moraes, Sofie De Smedt, and Mats Hjertson

Pedro Luís Rodrigues de Moraes, Sofie De Smedt, Domingos Benício Oliveira Silva Cardoso, and Laura Guglielmone

Pedro Luís Rodrigues de Moraes, Sofie De Smedt, and Laura Guglielmone

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Novel therapeutic activities of dragon blood from palm tree Daemonorops draco for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds

The clinical efficacy of Jinchuang Ointment, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in treating chronic non-healing diabetic wounds has been demonstrated over the past decades. Both in vitro and in vivo angioge...

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Dissecting wheat above-ground architecture for enhanced water use efficiency and grain yield in the subtropics

Growing wheat under climate change scenarios challenges, scientists to develop drought and heat-tolerant genotypes. The adaptive traits should therefore be explored and engineered for this purpose. Thus, this ...

Taxonomic resurrection of Saxifraga lancangensis (Saxifragaceae)

Accurate species delimitation is fundamental for testing evolutionary theory and provides essential implications for conservation management. The arctic-alpine genus Saxifraga L. (Saxifragaceae) is taxonomically ...

The complete chloroplast genome and phylogentic results support the species position of Swertia banzragczii and Swertia marginata (Gentianaceae) in Mongolia

Swertia banzragczii and S. marginata are important medicinal species in Mongolia. However, their taxonomic positions and genetic backgrounds remain unknown. In this study, we explored the complete chloroplast gen...

Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence responses of Camellia sinensis grown under various cultivations in different seasons

Sod culture (SC) and conventional agriculture (CA) represent two distinct field management approaches utilized in the cultivation of tea plants in Taiwan. In this study, we employed gas exchange and chlorophyl...

Dynamic of land use and vegetation change in the eastern bank of Bénoué (North Cameroon)

The eastern part of the Benoue River bank is undergoing degradation marked by a significant decrease in vegetation cover and woody resources due to anthropogenic activities and climatic. The main objective of ...

Hypoglycemic effects of dracorhodin and dragon blood crude extract from Daemonorops draco

Dragon blood is a red fruit resin from the palm tree Daemonorops draco and is a herbal ingredient used in the traditional Chinese medicine, “Jinchuang Ointment,” which is used to treat non-healing diabetic wounds...

An uncut copy of Scleromyceti Sueciae : lost and then found

A copy of Scleromyceti Sueciae , a work on which the nomenclature of many fungi is based was known to occur in Scotland’s Glasgow University Botany Department but the buildings were devastated by fire in 2001 and ...

A comprehensive review on ecology, life cycle and use of Tecoma stans (bignoneaceae)

Tecoma stans is a widely distributed tall ornamental shrub in the plains of Indian subcontinent and is considered an invasive species across Argentina, Australia, South Africa, Pacific Islands and tropical region...

Dynamic organelle changes and autophagic processes in lily pollen germination

Pollen germination is a crucial process in the life cycle of flowering plants, signifying the transition of quiescent pollen grains into active growth. This study delves into the dynamic changes within organel...

Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of green fabricated silver nanoparticles made from Viburnum grandiflorum leaf extract

Recently, researchers are focusing on creating new tools to combat the antibiotic resistant bacteria and malignancy issues, which pose significant threats to humanity. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNP...

A taxonomic revision of the genus Angelica (Apiaceae) in Taiwan with a new species A. aliensis

Angelica L. sensu lato is a taxonomically complex genus, and many studies have utilized morphological and molecular features to resolve its classification issues. In Taiwan, there are six taxa within Angelica , an...

An optimum study on the laser scanning confocal microscopy techniques for BiFC assay using plant protoplast

The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay is commonly used for investigating protein–protein interactions. While several BiFC detection systems have been developed, there is a limited amount of...

Anther-derived microspore embryogenesis in pepper hybrids orobelle and Bomby

Traditional breeding methods have long been employed worldwide for the evaluation and development of pepper cultivars. However, these methods necessitate multiple generations of screening, line development, ev...

Chemical constituents from the medicinal herb-derived fungus Chaetomium globosum Km1226

Endophytic fungi have proven to be a rich source of novel natural products with a wide-array of biological activities and higher levels of structural diversity.

Taxonomic implications of leaf morphology and epidermal anatomy for 14 species of Gagea (Liliaceae) from Xinjiang, China

Leaf morphology and epidermal characters are important for phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of many plants, but there is currently insufficient data to use them to help distinguish species of Gagea , which is a ...

Lopadostoma , Oligostoma , and some Rosellinia specimens from the herbarium of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ZT): the value of early fieldwork and the importance of keeping fungal collections

Morphology, hosts, and collecting sites of fungi assessed from herbarium material of special interest deserve to be brought to the attention of mycologists.

Five new Camillea (Xylariales) species described from French Guiana

The genus Camillea was created in 1849 from collections made in French Guiana with eight species included. Numerous species assigned to Camillea were subsequently discovered, especially in the forests of the Amaz...

Diverse Xylaria in the Ecuadorian Amazon and their mode of wood degradation

Xylaria is a diverse and ecologically important genus in the Ascomycota. This paper describes the xylariaceous fungi present in an Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest and investigates the decay potential of selected Xyl...

Potential of algal-based products for the management of potato brown rot disease

Ralstonia solanacearum causes potato brown rot disease, resulting in lower crop’s production and quality. A sustainable and eco-friendly method for controlling the disease is required. Algae’s bioactive chemicals...

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in organic farming practice and abandoned tea plantation

The restoration of conventional tea plantations and the adoption of organic farming practices could impact soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) stocks. This study investigated the soil properties, SOC an...

The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective

Orchid seeds are 'dust-like.' The seed coat is usually thin, with only one to a few cell layers. It originates from the integuments formed during ovule development. In orchids, the outer integument is primaril...

Climbing strategies of Taiwan climbers

The climbing strategies of lianas and herbaceous vines influence climber competition abilities and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the climbing strategies of each plant species and observe t...

Vegetation diversity pattern during spring season in relation to topographic and edaphic variables in sub-tropical zone

The present study was conducted to explore the diversity pattern of spring vegetation under the influence of topographic and edaphic variables in sub-tropical zone, District Malakand. In the present vegetation...

L-DOPA induces iron accumulation in roots of Ipomoea aquatica and Arabidopsis thaliana in a pH-dependent manner

Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anemia worldwide, particularly in countries with predominant plant-based diets. Plants constitute the main source of dietary iron. Increasing their iron concentration co...

Investigation of phytotherapeutic potential of herbal mixtures and their effects on salbutamol induced cardiotoxicity and hyperlipidemia in rabbits

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of deaths all over the world. The high level of blood cholesterol and oxidative stress are major risk factors for heart diseases. The phytotherapeutics have a...

Using homemade stainless steel dendrometer band for long term tree growth measurements

Dendrometer bands have been proposed as an accurate method for measuring tree growth. However, the constrained observation window and the material used in them hamper long-term tree growth monitoring. This stu...

Xylaria furcata reconsidered and nine resembling species

Xylaria collections from termite nests with dichotomously branched stromata have been identified as X . furcata . However, Léveillé’s original material is no longer available, and the modern interpretation of X . fu...

Management of potato brown rot disease using chemically synthesized CuO-NPs and MgO-NPs

Potatoes are a crucial vegetable crop in Egypt in terms of production and consumption. However, the potato industry suffers significant annual losses due to brown rot disease. This study aimed to suppress Ralston...

Xylaria species associated with fallen leaves and petioles

Xylaria species growing on fallen leaves and petioles have not been treated systematically. One source of confusion in this group of Xylaria species has stemmed from X. filiformis , which is an ancient name publis...

Characterization and the comprehensive expression analysis of tobacco valine-glutamine genes in response to trichomes development and stress tolerance

Valine-glutamine genes (VQ) acted as transcription regulators and played the important roles in plant growth and development, and stress tolerance through interacting with transcription factors and other co-re...

Richer than Gold: the fungal biodiversity of Reserva Los Cedros, a threatened Andean cloud forest

Globally, many undescribed fungal taxa reside in the hyperdiverse, yet undersampled, tropics. These species are under increasing threat from habitat destruction by expanding extractive industry, in addition to...

Variation of growth and transcriptome responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in different foxtail millet lines

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been applied to promote the growth of different crop species, but knowledge about the impacts of symbiosis on foxtail millet at the physiological and molecular levels ha...

Exploring the Xylariaceae and its relatives

The Xylariaceae and its relatives rank as one of the best-known members of the Ascomycota. They are now well recognized for their diversity, global distribution, ecological activities and their outstanding nov...

New insights into polyploid evolution and dynamic nature of Ludwigia section Isnardia (Onagraceae)

While polyploids are common in plants, the evolutionary history and natural dynamics of most polyploid groups are still unclear. Owing to plentiful earlier systematic studies, Ludwigia sect. Isnardia (comprising ...

Correction: MethylC‑analyzer: a comprehensive downstream pipeline for the analysis of genome‑wide DNA methylation

The original article was published in Botanical Studies 2023 64 :1

Transcriptome profiles reveal gene regulation of ginger flowering induced by photoperiod and light quality

Under natural conditions, ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rarely blossom and has seed, which limits new variety breeding of ginger and industry development. In this study, the effects of different photoperiods...

Identification of qBK2.1 , a novel QTL controlling rice resistance against Fusarium fujikuroi

Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi is an increasing threat to rice production. The infected plants show symptoms such as elongation, slenderness, chlorosis, a large leaf angle, and even death. Bakanae d...

Morpho-anatomical, and chemical characterization of some calcareous Mediterranean red algae species

Climatic changes are anticipated to have a detrimental effect on calcifying marine species. Calcareous red algae may be especially vulnerable to seasonal variations since they are common and essential biologic...

Acid scarification as a potent treatment for an in vitro germination of mature endozoochorous Vanilla planifolia seeds

Vanilla planifolia is the most widely cultivated species of vanilla with high economic importance. However, seed germination under artificial conditions is difficult and yields low germination percentages. The se...

Redisposition of apiosporous genera Induratia and Muscodor in the Xylariales, following the discovery of an authentic strain of Induratia apiospora

The genus Induratia is based on Induratia apiospora , a xylarialean pyrenomycete from New Zealand with clypeate uniperitheciate stromata, hyaline apiospores and a nodulisporium-like anamorph. However, because of t...

Morphological characterization of intraspecific variation for trichome traits in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )

Trichomes, the hairlike protuberances in plants, have been well known to act as the first line of defense against herbivores, and abiotic stresses, along with other structural defenses such as spines, thorns, ...

Fungal communities on alpine cheese rinds in Southern Switzerland

The biodiversity of the mycobiota of soft cheese rinds such as Brie or Camembert has been extensively studied, but scant information is available on the fungi colonizing the rinds of cheese produced in the Sou...

Responses of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence during light induction in different seedling ages of Mahonia oiwakensis

The aim of this study was to determine the actual state of the photosynthetic apparatus and exhibit distinguishable differences in the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) components in different seedling ages of M. o...

Alleviation of the adverse effects of NaCl stress on tomato seedlings ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) by Trichoderma viride through the antioxidative defense system

Trichoderma viride are well known for their biocontrol capabilities, but little is known about how they stimulate plant development and increase their resistance to salt stress. One of the main abiotic factors li...

Veronicastrum wulingense (Plantaginaceae), a new species from Southwestern Hubei, China

The genus Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. are mainly distributed in East Asia, and only Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. is disjunctively distributed in eastern North America. The south area of China (extending ...

Living on the edge: morphological, karyological and genetic diversity studies of the Hungarian Plantago maxima populations and established ex situ collection

The analysis of genetic diversity of protected plant species can greatly support conservation efforts. Plantago maxima Juss. ex Jacq. is a perennial species distributed along the Eurasian steppe. The westernmost ...

MethylC-analyzer: a comprehensive downstream pipeline for the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification involved in multiple biological processes and diseases. Current approaches for measuring genome-wide DNA methylation via bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) inclu...

The Correction to this article has been published in Botanical Studies 2023 64 :13

Biostimulation of tomato growth and biocontrol of Fusarium wilt disease using certain endophytic fungi

Tomato plant ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) suffers from numerous fungal pathogens that cause damage to yeild production qualitatively and quantitatively. One of the most destructive disease of tomato is Fusarium wilt...

First report of chemical composition and cytotoxicity evaluation of Foraminispora rugosa basidiomata from Brazil

Foraminispora rugosa is a species reported from Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, Costa Rica and Cuba. It is a basidiomycete in the Ganodermataceae family. In this study, both chemical composition and cytotoxicit...

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2022 Citation Impact 3.4 - 2-year Impact Factor 3.7 - 5-year Impact Factor 1.143 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 0.623 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank)

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Botanical and Plant Biology Research Guide: Article Research

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Article Research at MSUL

Articles contain the most current information published in a field of study.

Most professors and researchers prefer articles that are "scholarly" in nature.  Characteristics of scholarly journals are that they have the following qualities:

• The articles contain original research (such as scientific experiments, surveys and research studies)
• A list of references or sources is provided at the end of each article
• An editorial board, composed of experts in the field, reviews articles to decide whether they should be accepted; this is also known as "refereed," "peer-reviewed," "professional," or "academic".
• Uses a specialized vocabulary for that field.
• Contain few if any advertisements. If included, they are highly specialized and specific to scholarly discipline (i.e. specific laboratory equipment, medical tools and drugs).
• If you are uncertain about the scholarly nature of a journal, you all look up the title or ISSN in the periodical database Ulrichs Periodical Directory (UlrichsWeb) .  This database will tell you about the journal including the nature, it's audience, and in which databases it is indexed and abstracted.

The Library Catalog contains the TITLES to all of the print and electronic format journals to which we have access .  The Catalog does not list the articles within the journals. The individual articles can be found in the many article databases to which we subscribe.

Citation searching:

If you have a citation to an article, the easiest way to locate the article is to look up the title of the journal in the catalog .  Identify whether we own the journal and the format, print or electronic.  If in electronic format, do we have that year/volume? If yes, you can click on the link provided to go directly to the online articles and find the one you need.  If it is not online, do we have it in print?  If so, identify the call number and go to the stacks to find the proper volume and issue.  If we do not own the journal or issue, you can request the article through Interlibrary Services .

Article databases - 2nd choices

• Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" Maps of the ranges of tree species in North America compiled by Elbert Little, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and others (see references below) were digitized for use in USGS' vegetation-climate modeling studies. These digital map files are available as maps in PDF format and also as shapefiles for download.

Plant Sciences Librarian

Herbaria Specimens

JSTOR Global Plants JSTOR Global Plants (formerly JSTOR Plant Science) offers access to botanical and other resources from around the world including: •The world’s largest database of plant type specimens representing the botanical diversity of the planet. More than 600,000 specimens are available today. When complete, there will be an estimated 2.2 million. •Over 175,000 scientific research articles and other content dating back hundreds of years from leading academic journals including Kew Bulletin, Mycologia, International Journal of Plant Sciences, Science, PNAS, and others. •Foundational reference works and books such as The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Flowering Plants of South Africa, and illustrations from Curtis's Botanical Magazine. •A significant set of correspondence, including Kew’s Directors' Correspondence which included hand-written letters and memorandum from the senior staff of Kew from 1841 to 1928. •More than 20,000 paintings, photographs, drawings, and other images.

Print indexes

• Index to American botanical literature, 1886-1966. by Torrey Botanical Club. Call Number: Z5351 .T6 v.1-4 Publication Date: 1969 A reproduction of an index published serially since 1886 in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
• Plant science catalog; botany subject index by National Agricultural Library Call Number: Z5351 .U5 v.1-15 Publication Date: 1958 15 volumes. Title on spine: Botany subject index.
• Bibliography of agriculture. Section D, Plant science.
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Manuscript Preparation

• Article Structure
• Highlight and Abstract
• Keywords and Abbreviations
• Materials and methods
• Tables and Boxes
• Supplementary Data
• Author Contribution
• Conflict of Interest
• Funding Statement
• Data Availability

Return to Information for Authors main page JXB Data Policy

All revised papers should follow the formatting guidelines below.

1. Article Structure

The following sections list the structure that the various article types published in JXB should follow. All revised papers should follow these structures.

Research Papers

• Introduction
• Discussion (or Results and discussion)
• Supplementary data (a brief, single-sentence description for each item, not the actual figures/tables or full legends)
• Acknowledgements
• Author contributions
• Conflict of interest
• Data availability
• Figure legends and (optional) Alt text for accessibility
• Figures, including figure legends (these should be uploaded as a separate file(s). Please find specific guidelines in the Figures section .

Reviews (Including Flowering Newsletter Reviews, Darwin Reviews and Expert Views)

• Main text (please use headings to divide into sections)
• Data availability (for those reviews that include meta-analysis of collated datasets)
• Boxes (optional except for ‘key developments box’ for Expert Views)

Viewpoints and Insights

• Highlights (For Viewpoints)
• Introductory paragraph (please note Viewpoints and Insights do not have abstracts)
• Boxes (optional)
• Figure legends
• Figures, including figure legends (these should be uploaded as a separate file(s)). Guidelines for preparing figures can be found in the Figures section below.

2. Title Page

The title page should contain the title, names of all authors, and names and addresses of the institutions where the work was carried out, and an email address for each author. The date of submission, the number of tables and figures, and the word count (start of the introduction to the start of the acknowledgements, excluding materials and methods) should be listed. If the paper has supplementary data, specify the number of figures, tables or videos.

The title should be concise and informative for a broad scientific audience, with no more than 120 characters including spaces . For research papers, the title should usually state the novel scientific findings being presented. A title that poses a question can be effective. Remember this will be the most frequently read part of your paper. Please avoid abbreviations and include species names (well-known common names are acceptable).

Also add a shorter running title of no more than 60 characters including spaces.

3. Highlight and Abstract

3.1 highlight.

Please provide a statement that, in fewer than 30 words, highlights the novelty of the paper for the non-expert. The highlight should contain the central findings of your work, as well as keywords and phrases, but should not simply repeat the title. For reviews, the highlight should state the primary objective of the review.

Highlights are used in table of content alerts online and via emails, as well as on the advance access page, so they are a useful way to attract readers to your paper..

3.2 Abstract

The abstract should be an engaging and informative 'stand-alone' text (without references) of no more than 200 words. Abstracts for research papers should detail why the research was undertaken; the approach and methodology if appropriate; the main findings; and the key conclusions, including wider implications. Repeat keywords and phrases as appropriate. Abbreviations should only be defined and used within the abstract if they are used three times or more in the abstract itself.

For reviews, abstracts should state the primary objective of the review and the reasoning for focusing on this objective, the principal findings of the review, and any conclusions that might be drawn from it, including implications for further research or practices.

JXB welcomes the inclusion of graphical abstracts with submissions. These will be published in the html and pdf version of published papers. When preparing your graphical abstract, please refer to the journal’s Figure preparation guidance .

4. Keywords and Abbreviations

4.1 keywords.

Please list 6–10 keywords (in alphabetical order) after the abstract. Think of words people might use in searches. The main keywords should also appear in the title, abstract, highlight, and subheadings. Natural, consistent repetition of keywords will aid search engine optimisation so others can more easily find and cite the paper.

4.2 Abbreviations

Please limit the use of non-standard abbreviations, which can make the text harder to read. Generally, only use them for words mentioned more than three times in the text but only where the shortened form will aid readability. Spell out the term on first mention: for example, ‘the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is developing rice varieties…’. If you do have such defined abbreviations, also list them , in alphabetical order, after the keywords.

There are a number of common abbreviations that may be used without definition. The same applies to standard chemical symbols.

Authors are asked to avoid using 'CK' as an abbreviation for 'control' as this abbreviation is more commonly used for 'cytokinin' within plant sciences.

5. Materials and methods

This section should provide a detailed and complete description of the materials and methods adopted in the study. The description should provide sufficient detail to enable the reader to both understand and replicate the experiments performed. If commercial kits or an external service provider are used for sample analysis, the basic principle underlying the measurements or analysis should be described as well as the commercial source or service provider (e.g., "IAA was measured using an ELISA-based kit (Biological Analytics Ltd., Oxford , UK; www.biologicalanalytics.com)". Published articles may be cited instead of giving a full description, as long as authors verify that the cited article contains a reasonably complete description of the respective materials and/or method. Any deviations from the previously published method that could significantly change the outcome of the experiment must be detailed in full. Methods essential to understanding and replicating experiments should not be included in the supplementary data. The inclusion of previously unpublished primary experimental data is not permitted in all types of JXB reviews, and as such, review manuscripts should not contain a materials and methods section.

To facilitate the reproducibility of studies, authors submitting to JXB are encouraged to consider depositing novel protocols to a suitable public repository, such as protocols.io or Zenodo . Similarly, authors whose papers include code should consider uploading their code to a public repository such as GitHub . For authors submitting Technical Innovations and Community Resources that introduce new methods and tools, depositing protocols into an appropriate repository is a pre-submission requirement. Once authors have described the step-by-step protocol on their selected repository, a DOI will be issued. The DOI should be cited in the materials and methods section, enabling editors and reviewers to access the protocol. Authors can choose for their method to be kept private until their paper is published but access to editors and reviewers should be provided where possible, for example, by obtaining a shareable link for the protocol to be accessed before it is published. As well as being searchable and citable, protocols deposited in protocols.io are presented in a clear, formatted form, and new versions can be included as methodologies develop over time. Authors should not simply copy and paste all the text from within their materials and methods section when depositing in a repository.

Authors should divide the materials and methods into appropriate sections and should refer to the Styling Points section of this guide for information on reporting numbers and dates, scientific names, units of measurements ( SI units ), chemicals, genes and proteins, and equations.

The materials and methods section should include a subsection called ‘Statistical Analysis’ providing details of replication and statistical analysis used within the study.

Authors should state the exact sample size (n) for each experimental group. A description of sample collection, including a statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples (biological replicates) or whether the same sample was repeatedly measured ( technical replicates ) should be provided, as well as whether a paired or unpaired study design was followed. Information and advice on replication in plant experiments is available in Rogers et al. (2021) (https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab268). Statistical tests used must be appropriate to the type of data and a description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons should be provided. Details of the statistical methods used should be listed; common tests (t-test, simple χ2 tests, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney tests and one-way and two-way ANOVA) and common post-hoc tests can be identified by name, but more complex techniques must be detailed in full (e.g., multiple linear or nonlinear regression models, multiple logistic regression models). Any software used for statistical analysis should be identified, together with the version used.

It is expected that novel materials used and described in new papers be made available for non-commercial research purposes upon publication. A statement concerning availability, or restrictions on availability, should be included in the data availability section. It is acknowledged that some materials such as enzymes, natural products, and antibodies require substantial effort to generate, and supplies may be limited—a judgement will be made on whether any restrictions on availability are reasonable. For antibodies , also note that full source information must be provided (e.g. company, including sufficient address details to enable contact).

Reverse transcription quantitative PCR experiments should conform to the MIQE guidelines. Please note that normalisation against a single reference gene is only acceptable if clear evidence is presented that confirms its invariant expression under the particular conditions described. Normalisation is usually conducted with at least two validated reference genes. Ideally, authors using RT-qPCR should upload a completed MIQE checklist as part of their supplementary data, providing all ‘essential’ information on the checklist. For further guidance see Graeber et al. (2011) . Please see the Minimum reporting standards section of this guide for full guidance.

6. Tables and Boxes

Each numbered table (e.g. Table 1, Table 2) should have a concise, descriptive heading , with any further essential explanation added as a footnote. The heading should provide enough detail to understand the table without referring to the main text (i.e., it should be 'stand-alone'), although there is no need to redefine abbreviations not specific to the table or give full species names where this information has already been provided. Tables should not exceed two pages of a published paper and should ideally be in portrait orientation. Please create tables using the table tool in Microsoft Word. All tables should be cited in sequence in the main text.

Boxes are a way of expanding on information in a review paper without disrupting the flow of the main text. They could be about the general area (e.g., containing information indirectly related to the paper) or be more spe­cific (e.g., explaining a particular process in detail). Alternatively, boxes can be used to express an opinion or a particular point of view on a controversial topic within a review. Typically, boxes will include some text and an image or explanatory dia­gram and should have a descriptive one-line heading. Text in boxes is not includ­ed in the word limit. Boxes should not run over more than one page.

The inclusion of a ‘ Key Developments Box ’ is an essential element of all Expert View articles. This box should highlight four to six papers from the past two years, each summarised in a couple of sentences. Please see our Expert View guidance for more details. Boxes are optional for other review papers (e.g. Darwin Reviews and Flowering Newsletter Reviews).

7.1 Figure legends

As well as being included underneath each figure, a list of figure legends should appear at the end of the manuscript file, after the tables. Each numbered legend (e.g. Fig. 1, Fig. 2) should begin with a concise, single-sentence description of the figure. It should go on to provide enough detail to understand the figure without referring to the main text. A description of any symbols should be given in full (do not include actual character symbols in the legend) unless a key is included in the figure itself. Micrographs must include a scale bar, ideally with the length provided on the image (but otherwise indicated in the legend).

Figure legends should detail the statistical methods used and state whether tests were one- or two-sided. Common tests (t-test, simple χ2 tests, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney tests and one-way and two-way ANOVA tests) can be identified by name, but more complex techniques must be detailed in full within the materials and methods section. The figure legend should also clearly state the exact sample size (n) for each experimental group. A description of sample collection, including a statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples (biological replicates) or whether the same sample was repeatedly measured ( technical replicates ) should be provided.

Review and other papers that reproduce previously published figures or data, should clearly state this within the figure legend and appropriate permissions must be sought as required. Please consult the Permissions section of this guide for full details.

7.2 Figure accessibility and Alt text

Authors are encouraged to provide alt text (alternative text) with their figures. Good alt text ensures that individuals with visual impairments or those using screen readers can comprehend the content and context of your figures. The aim of alt text is to provide concise and informative descriptions of your figure so that all readers have access to the same level of information and understanding, and that all can engage with and benefit from the visual elements integral to scholarly content. Including alt text demonstrates a commitment to accessibility and enhances the overall impact and reach of your work.

To submit alt text with your manuscript, please include it alongside figure legends in the manuscript file.

Please see the Figure accessibility and alternative text section of our Editorial Policies page for advice and further details about preparing alt text for figures.

7.3 Figure preparation

JXB has clear requirements on the preparation of figures, including the use of composite images, figure manipulation, and data duplication. Please consult the Figure Policy prior to submitting your manuscript.

Please make figures as clear as possible. Figures should not contain more than one panel unless the parts are logically connected. The use of very large figures with numerous panels should be avoided. Add labelling where there are multiple panels using capital letters (A, B, C etc.). In general, use Helvetica Neue or a similar sans serif font for lettering. For other labelling in the figures the font- size should be uniform; between 8 and 10 pt at expected final publication size is ideal. For micrographs, a scale bar with length indicated on the image is best. Line weights should be between 0.5 and 1.5 pt. Preferred symbols, in order, are closed circles, open circles, closed squares, open squares, closed triangles, and open triangles; these should be no smaller than 1 mm (height/diameter) at expected final publication size. Avoid using mathematical symbols. Variables that are italicised within the main text of the manuscript should also be italicised in figures. Use negative exponents to indicate units in the denominator (e.g. mmol m –2 s –1 ).

Resolution at final publication size should be no less than 300 dpi and at no less than 1080 pixel width.

For revised manuscripts, figures should not be included in the (Word/rtf) manuscript file. They should instead be uploaded as a separate file or files. For photographs and composite figures, the preferred format is .tiff; for other figures, such as diagrams and graphs, .eps, .pdf, .doc or .ppt are also acceptable. For initial submission, figures can be uploaded as part of a single PDF file that includes the text, figures and tables.

Each figure should be clearly labelled (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.) and should include the full figure legend. They should all be cited in sequence in the main text.

The use of colour in figures is encouraged, and there is no charge. All figures provided in colour will be published online in colour. Please save colour figures with RGB and always follow friendly practices for those with colour vision deficiencies , for example, by avoiding use of red and green colour coding . Please see the Oxford University Press (OUP) guidance on Making Figures Accessible for more information.

Authors should keep ready access to all original images, which should be high-quality, unedited, uncropped, and high resolution. These may be requested during peer review.

7.4 Preparation of graphs

JXB encourages transparent and detailed presentation of data. Therefore, graphical presentations of quantitative data should use plots that show the distribution of datasets. Simple bar charts showing the mean and error bars should include symbols representing the individual data points when n ≤ 10. Larger datasets (n > 10) should be presented as box plots, violin plots, or in other appropriate forms that illustrate data distribution. The figure legend should describe which features are represented in the box- or other plots used (e.g., mean or median, standard deviation or percentiles). Variables that are italicised within the main text of the manuscript should also be italicised in graphs. Use negative exponents to indicate units in the denominator (e.g. mmol m –2 s –1 ).

Axes scales should include a zero origin unless the parameter represented by the axis cannot have a zero value. A truncated axis is permissible if necessary to illustrate relatively small but statistically significant differences between samples, but the axis should still include a zero origin and a clearly marked axis break to alert the reader to the modified scale.

7.5 Cover Images

Authors are encouraged to submit original images to be considered for the cover of the journal. Cover art may come directly from or be closely related to a paper in the issue. Please provide images in the same final format as a figure: i.e., ideally as a .tiff and at a minimum 300 dpi at publication size. Dimensions for cover images are as follows:

• One image, landscape option: 216mm width x 161mm height
• Two images side-by-side, portrait options: 108mm width x 161mm height (each)

Images may be uploaded as additional supplementary files at submission (initial submission or revision stage) or emailed to the editorial office at any time during the review process or shortly after acceptance. Please provide the manuscript ID number/title and a brief description of the image and the credit.

8. Supplementary Data

Authors may include supplementary data, but because such data do not receive a DOI and are not searchable, we encourage authors to consider instead uploading supplementary data to a public repository in the interests of transparency and accessibility. You can read more about the benefits of submitting data to a public repository, such as Zenodo , in the JXB Data Policy pdf. JXB also encourage all authors to consider uploading the raw data associated with their paper (for example, raw gel images, unedited micrographs, and numerical data used to generate graphs and tables) to a public repository such as Dryad , Zenodo or Figshare . More information can be found in the data deposition section of this guide.

Supplementary data may be submitted if they add valuable information that is not essential to a full understanding of the main paper or cannot practically be included in the paper. Supplementary data may contain figures, tables, datasets, protocols, and/ or videos. Methods essential for understanding the paper should be included in the main manuscript file and not as supplementary data.

To differentiate supplementary data from the figures and tables in the manuscript, please add an S to items in this section and refer to them in your manuscript as follows: Supplementary Fig. S2, Supplementary Table S1, etc. Add labelling where there are multiple panels in figures using capital letters (Supplementary Fig. S1A, Supplementary Fig. S1B, etc.). Within each category (e.g. tables, figures, videos) all items of supplementary data should be cited in sequence in the main text.

Add a supplementary data section, immediately after the discussion in your main paper, giving each item a brief, single-sentence description . For example:

Supplementary data

The following supplementary data are available at JXB online.

• Table S1. Cowpea germplasm lines used in this study.
• Table S2. Primer sequences for the amplification of DNA fragments flanking 20 randomly selected SNPs.
• Fig. S1. Principal component analysis of the cowpea germplasm used in this study, showing the distribution of the eight accessions chosen for the SNP discovery panel.
• Fig. 2. Osmotic stress tolerance phenotypes of independent UP12_8740-OE lines, empty vector-transformed control lines, and wild-type plants under 6% or 10% PEG treatment.
• Dataset S1. Bait library sequence used in Capture-Seq.

Ideally provide all supplementary data as a single PDF file , but complex tables and datasets are preferred as Excel files, and video files as .mov, .mpg, .avi and animated .gif files. Ensure video can be easily viewed with widely available software (e.g. Windows Media Player or QuickTime Player). For easy viewing and downloading, keep the size of the file(s) small where possible, i.e. <10 MB.

Please label each supplementary data file according to its contents, for example:

Supplementary Dataset S1; Supplementary Figure S1–S5; files with various content: Supplementary Figures S1–S2 and Tables S1–S3.

Supplementary data must be fully understandable on their own so full legends must be included in the file(s). Please do not add line numbers to supplementary data files and do not include supplementary data in the main manuscript file. These files should be uploaded in the dedicated supplementary files upload area of the submission site.

Although these data will be subject to full peer review, they are not professionally copy-edited so it is essential that authors check them meticulously.

9. Author Contribution

All research papers must include an author contribution statement, clearly identifying the contribution made by each author. JXB uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy ( CRediT ) for describing individual author contributions to papers. All authors should agree to this statement prior to submission. The author contribution statement should appear after the acknowledgements and before the conflict of interest statement. Please see the Authorship section of this guide for further guidance. An author contribution statement is not required for review papers.

An example of an author statement following the CRediT taxonomy is shown below:

RG-C: conceptualization; YL, DM, MMJ, XZ, and RG-C: methodology; YL, DM, and WY: formal analysis; YL, DM, KB, WY, and MMJ: investigation; RG-C: resources; YL: data curation; DM, and RG-C: writing - original draft; YL, WY, MMJ, and RG-C: writing - review & editing; DM, WY, XZ, and RG-C: visualization; XZ, and RG-C: supervision; RG-C: funding acquisition

10. Conflict of Interest

Authors are required to reveal any financial interests or connections, direct or indirect, or other situations that might raise the question of bias in the work reported or the conclusions, implications or opinions stated. This may include pertinent commercial or other sources of funding for the individual author(s) or for the associated department(s) or organisation(s), personal relationships, or direct academic competition. Existence of a conflict of interest does not preclude publication in the journal.

It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to disclose on submission all pertinent commercial and other relationships of all authors. Any conflict of interest should be declared in a ‘Conflict of interest’ statement to be included in the paper after the acknowledgements and author contribution section. The statement is required for all papers.

When considering whether to declare a conflicting interest or connection, please consider the conflict of interest test: is there any arrangement that would embarrass you or any of your co-authors if it were to become public after publication and you had not previously declared it? In other words, authors should declare perceived conflicts as well as direct conflicts. A detailed definition of conflict of interests can be found on the Oxford University Press Conflict of Interest page .

If authors have no conflict of interest, this should be stated as follows in the conflict section: ‘No conflict of interest declared’.

11. Funding Statement

Authors must name their funding sources, or state if there are none, in a separate section entitled ‘Funding’. This should appear after the Conflict of interest section and is required for all papers.

Funding statements should follow the format described below, unless specified otherwise by a funder:

• The sentence should begin: ‘This work was supported by …’
• The full official funding agency name should be given, e.g., ‘the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health’ or simply, ‘National Institutes of Health,’ not ‘NCI’ (one of the 27 subinstitutions) or ‘NCI at NIH’ (See full RIN-approved list of UK funding agencies.)
• Grant numbers should be complete and accurate and provided in brackets as follows: ‘[grant number ABX CDXXXXXX]’
• Multiple grant numbers should be separated by a comma as follows: ‘[grant numbers ABX CDXXXXXX, EFX GHXXXXXX]’
• Agencies should be separated by a semi-colon (plus ‘and’ before the last funding agency)
• Where individuals need to be specified as the recipient of certain sources of funding, the following text should be added after the relevant agency or grant number ‘to [author initials]’.
• An example is given here: ‘This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [grant agreement XXXXXX] and the National Science Foundation (NSF) [grant XXXXXX to M.P.]

Authors without funding should use the following statement: ‘This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.’

Please see the Funding and Crossref Funding Data Registry section of this guide for further information.

12. Data Availability

To encourage authors to make their primary data available and facilitate the discoverability of such data, all research papers submitted to JXB must have a ‘Data availability’ statement. Primary data are data that have been gathered directly from specific sources (usually experimentation or observation). The primary data are usually used to prepare the figures and tables in a paper. For papers published in JXB, deposition of primary data in a publicly available data repository is mandatory for some types of data and strongly encouraged for others. The ‘Data availability’ statement should clearly identify the locations where all types of deposited primary data can be accessed.

Mandatory deposition of primary data is required for sequence data (nucleic acids or proteins or), omics datasets (e.g. RNA-seq, array data, proteomics mass spectra), molecular interaction data, and any other primary data where there is a field-specific, publicly available database. Deposition of these types of data is required prior to publication. More information about mandatory data deposition requirements and recommended repositories can be found in our Data Deposition Guidelines section.

While JXB does not mandate the deposition of other types of primary data, we strongly encourage authors to submit other primary data associated with their paper, such as raw phenotypic data used for statistical analysis, to a public repository (such as Dryad , Zenodo or Figshare ).

Providing large datasets in supplementary information is strongly discouraged, with authors encouraged instead to make such data available in repositories. The benefits of uploading data to repositories rather than as supplementary material can be found in the JXB Data Policy for Supplementary Data . Extra results presented in the supplementary material that do not feature in the paper must not be referenced within the data availability statement.

The ‘Data availability’ statement should report where the primary data generated within the paper are available, outline the terms of use, and provide accession codes or other unique identifiers where data have been made publicly available. It is expected that novel materials used and described in the paper are made available for non-commercial research purposes and a statement concerning availability, or restrictions on availability, should also be included in the ‘Data availability’ section. The statement should also include details of where to access previously unreported code used to generate results reported within the paper that have been made publicly available in appropriate repositories (e.g. GitHub). Authors should not use the data availability statement to refer to data that were not generated within the paper, with the exception of large-scale collated datasets subject to meta-analysis.

If data are subject to an embargo or other restrictions on availability, such as third-party restrictions, the reason for this must be provided and a release date given. As depositing primary data in a repository is encouraged we recommend authors avoid using such statements unless absolutely necessary.

The ‘Data availability' statement should be included in the manuscript after the funding statement.

The vast majority of JXB review papers do not require a ‘Data availability’ statement, as JXB review articles are prohibited from including previously unpublished experimental data. The only exception to this is reviews that include meta-analysis of previously published data – in this case, the sources of the original data and the locations of any newly compiled datasets should be provided in a ‘Data availability’ statement.

Examples of ‘Data availability’ statements can be found in the table below. Authors may need to combine statements to best describe the availability of primary data (for example, for primary RNA-Seq datasets uploaded to the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and for general phenotypic data uploaded to Dryad).

If you have any concerns or questions about sharing your data, please contact the editorial office at [email protected] .

More information on Data Availability Statements can be can be found on the OUP Research Data page .

13. References

Previously published work must be acknowledged by appropriate citation in the main text and a full reference list. References in research and review papers should be balanced and appropriate for setting context and demonstrating novelty. Reviews may be cited for general background information, but authors should cite original research papers when referencing key advances in the field that underpin the current work. Authors should not cite retracted papers. Citations to preprint papers are allowed but should not be used to support key statements in a manuscript. Restrictions on the number of references apply only to eXtra Botany papers: Insights and Viewpoints should have a maximum of 20 references; Editorials up to 20 references in addition to all the papers included in the issue. Please see our guides for Insights and Viewpoints and Editorials for more details.

Attention to detail when referencing ensures correct crosslinking, enabling links from the reference to the full-text document.

In-text citation style examples:

Chen and Zhu (2015) have shown ... ... towards the root tip (Zhu, 2014; Chen and Zhu, 2015).

Note the use of chronological rather than alphabetical order.

When papers are by more than two authors use et al . (e.g. Zhao et al ., 2015).

If several papers by the same author in the same year are cited, use letters to distinguish between them (e.g. 2016 a, b ).

If several papers by different authors with the same surname and in the same year are cited, use author initials to distinguish between them (Z. Zhang et al., 2017; X.Y. Zhang et al., 2017).

For papers in preprint servers add Preprint (Castel et al ., 2019, Preprint)

We encourage authors to deposit all supporting data either in public repositories or in supplementary data, and hence ‘data not shown’ and ‘unpublished results’ are not permitted.

Reference List

References should be listed in alphabetical order (without numbering). As with citations, references must be accurate and follow journal style (see examples below). Note use of full journal titles (e.g., Journal of Experimental Botany not J.Exp.Bot).

For a paper with up to ten authors, list them all; for more than ten authors, list the first three followed by et al .

Citation of papers from e-journals or from papers available ahead of print should include the DOI or URL rather than volume/page numbers.

Only published papers or preprints should be cited. Papers submitted to journals and those in preparation should not be cited in the reference list.

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Botany Research Paper Topics

• Horticulture
• Photosynthesis
• Phototropism

Divisions of botanical study

Biochemists study the effects of soil, temperature, and light on plants. Plant morphologists study the evolution and development of leaves, roots, and stems, with a special focus on the tissues at various points on stems (called buds) where the cells have the ability to divide. Plant pathologists investigate the causes of plant disease and the effect that pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi, have on forest trees, vegetable crops, grain, and ornamental plants. Economic botanists study the impact of plants as they relate to human needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Plant geneticists study the arrangement and behavior of genes (the physical units of heredity) in plants in order to develop crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. Fossil plants are studied by paleobotanists to determine the earliest appearances of various groups of plants and the conditions under which they existed.

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code, interdependence.

Plants and animals depend on one another for their survival. Plants are primary producers that, through photosynthesis, provide nutrients that animals use to carry out vital body processes. Animals, in turn, contribute to plant distribution, plant pollination, and every other aspect of plant growth and development. Together with zoology (the study of animals), botany is an important aspect of the study of ecology (the interrelationship of living things and their environments).

History of botany

The field of botany began to take form with the work of Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), the first person to classify plants. He divided them into categories according to size and appearance. Many years later, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) contributed greatly to the study of botany by devising a comprehensive classification system for plants that is still used today. In 1753, Linnaeus published his Species Plantarum, in which he classified every known species of plant according to its structure and its similarity to other species. He also gave each plant a two-part name (called binomial nomenclature), consisting of the genus (the biological classification between family and species) and a second descriptive word.

The first scientific experiment in plant nutrition was conducted by Belgian physician Jan Baptista van Helmont (1577–1644). In growing a tree using only water as nourishment, van Helmont proved that the soil in which the tree was planted was not the only source of plant nutrients. English physiologist Stephen Hales (1677–1761) studied plant transpiration (loss of water from the surfaces of plant leaves and stems) and is credited with establishing plant physiology as a science.

During the nineteenth century, advances were made in the study of plant diseases, spurred by the potato blight in Ireland in the 1840s. Caused by a fungus that destroyed the entire potato crop, the potato blight resulted in over one million deaths from starvation and led to a mass migration of Irish to America.

The modern science of plant genetics developed from the work of Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), an Austrian botanist and monk. His breeding experiments with pea plants provided information on the nature of genes and their role in the inheritance of characteristics between generations. He formulated the Mendelian laws of inheritance, which were applied after 1900 to plant breeding.

Research in botany includes developing new and hardier species of crops, controlling plant diseases, discovering new medicines from plants, and studying the effects of human intervention (such as pollution and logging) on plant life. Exploring ways of maintaining an ecological balance that continues to sustain both plant and animal life is an important subject of study as well.

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100+ Botany Research Topics [Updated 2024]

Botany, the scientific study of plants, holds the key to understanding the intricate and fascinating world of flora that surrounds us. As we delve into the realm of botany research, we uncover a vast array of botany research topics that not only contribute specifically to our scientific knowledge but also play an important role in addressing real-world challenges. 

In this blog, we will embark on a journey through the rich landscape of botany research, exploring various captivating topics that researchers are delving into.

How to Select Botany Research Topics?

Table of Contents

Selecting an appropriate and engaging botany research topic is a crucial step in the research process. Whether you are a student working on a thesis, a scientist planning a research project, or someone passionate about exploring the wonders of plant biology, the right choice of topic can significantly impact the success and enjoyment of your research. 

Here are some guidelines on how to select botany research topics:

• Identify Your Interests:
• Start by reflecting on your own personal interests within the field of botany. Consider the aspects of plant biology that fascinate you the most. 
• Whether it’s plant physiology, taxonomy, ecology, genetics, or any other subfield, choosing a topic aligned with your interests can make the research process more enjoyable.
• Review Literature:
• Conduct a thorough review and it will be of existing literature in botany. Explore recent research articles, journals, and books to identify gaps in knowledge, emerging trends, and areas where further investigation is needed. 
• This can help you find inspiration and identify potential research questions.
• Consider Relevance:
• Assess the relevance of your chosen topic to the current state of botany and its applications. Consider how your research could contribute to addressing real-world challenges, advancing scientific knowledge, or informing practical solutions. 
• Relevant research topics often garner more attention and support.
• Evaluate Feasibility:
• Evaluate all possible feasibility of your chosen topic in terms of available resources, time constraints, and research capabilities. 
• Consider the accessibility of study sites, the availability of equipment and materials, and the level of expertise required. A feasible research topic is one that aligns with your resources and constraints.
• Collaborate and Seek Guidance:
• Discuss your ideas with mentors, professors, or colleagues in the field. 
• Collaborative discussions can provide valuable insights, help refine your research questions, and guide you toward topics that align with current research priorities.
• Consider working with a professional academic editor to review your work after you’ve finished writing it.
• Explore Emerging Technologies:
• Consider incorporating emerging technologies and methodologies in your research. This not only adds a contemporary dimension to your study but also opens up new possibilities for exploration. 
• Technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, high-throughput sequencing, and remote sensing have revolutionized botany research.
• Think Interdisciplinary:
• Botany often intersects with various other disciplines, such as ecology, genetics, molecular biology, environmental science, and more. 
• Consider interdisciplinary approaches to your research, as this can lead to innovative and comprehensive insights.
• Address Global Challenges:
• Botany research can play a crucial role in addressing global challenges like climate change, food security, and biodiversity loss. 
• Choosing a topic that contributes to solving or mitigating these challenges adds societal relevance to your work.
• Explore Local Flora:
• If applicable, explore the flora of your local region. Investigating plant species native to your area can have practical implications for local conservation, biodiversity studies, and environmental management.
• Stay Inquisitive and Open-Minded:
• Keep an open mind and stay curious. Scientific research often involves unexpected discoveries, and being open to exploration can lead to novel and exciting findings. 
• Be willing to adapt your research questions based on your findings and new insights.

100+ Botany Research Topics For All Students

Plant physiology.

• The Role of Plant Hormones in Growth and Development
• Mechanisms of Photosynthesis: A Comprehensive Study
• Impact of Environmental Stress on Plant Physiology
• Water Use Efficiency in Plants: Regulation and Adaptation
• Nutrient Uptake and Transport in Plants
• Signaling Pathways in Plant Defense Mechanisms
• Regulation of Flowering Time in Plants
• Physiological Responses of Plants to Climate Change
• Role of Mycorrhizal Associations in Plant Nutrition
• Stress Tolerance Mechanisms in Halophytic Plants

Plant Taxonomy

• Phylogenetic Analysis of a Plant Family: Case Study
• Integrating Molecular Systematics in Plant Taxonomy
• Plant DNA Barcoding for Species Identification
• Revision of a Plant Genus: Taxonomic Challenges
• Cryptic Species in Plant Taxonomy: Detection and Implications
• Floristic Diversity in a Specific Geographic Region
• Evolutionary Trends in Angiosperms
• Ethnobotanical Contributions to Plant Taxonomy
• Application of GIS in Plant Taxonomy
• Conservation Status Assessment of Endangered Plant Species

Plant Ecology

• Ecosystem Services Provided by Plants
• Dynamics of Plant-Animal Interactions in a Habitat
• Impact of Invasive Plant Species on Native Flora
• Plant Community Composition Along Environmental Gradients
• Ecological Consequences of Plant-Pollinator Decline
• Microbial Interactions in the Rhizosphere
• Plant Responses to Fire: Adaptation and Recovery
• Climate Change Effects on Plant Phenology
• Restoration Ecology: Reintroducing Native Plants
• Plant-Soil Feedbacks and Ecosystem Stability

Plant Pathology

• Molecular Mechanisms of Plant-Pathogen Interactions
• Emerging Plant Diseases: Causes and Consequences
• Integrated Disease Management in Agriculture
• Fungal Pathogens: Diversity and Control Strategies
• Plant Immunity and Defense Mechanisms
• Resistance Breeding Against Viral Pathogens
• Bacterial Diseases in Crop Plants: Diagnosis and Management
• Impact of Climate Change on Plant Pathogen Dynamics
• Biocontrol Agents for Plant Disease Management
• Genetic Basis of Host Susceptibility to Plant Pathogens

Ethnobotany

• Traditional Medicinal Plants: Documentation and Validation
• Cultural Significance of Plants in Indigenous Communities
• Ethnobotanical Survey of a Specific Region
• Sustainable Harvesting Practices of Medicinal Plants
• Traditional Plant Use in Rituals and Ceremonies
• Plant-Based Foods in Indigenous Diets
• Ethnopharmacological Studies on Antimicrobial Plants
• Conservation of Ethnobotanical Knowledge
• Ethnobotanical Contributions to Modern Medicine
• Indigenous Perspectives on Plant Conservation

Genetic and Molecular Biology

• CRISPR-Cas9 Applications in Plant Genome Editing
• Epigenetics in Plant Development and Stress Response
• Functional Genomics of Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress
• Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants and its Conservation
• Genetic Mapping and Marker-Assisted Selection in Plant Breeding
• Genome Sequencing of Non-Model Plant Species
• RNA Interference in Plant Gene Regulation
• Comparative Genomics of Plant Evolution
• Genetic Basis of Plant Adaptation to Extreme Environments
• Plant Epigenome Editing: Methods and Applications

Plant Anatomy and Morphology

• Comparative Anatomy of C3 and C4 Plants
• Xylem and Phloem Development in Plants
• Leaf Anatomy and Adaptations to Photosynthesis
• Morphological Diversity in Plant Reproductive Structures
• Evolution of Floral Symmetry in Angiosperms
• Root Architecture and its Functional Significance
• Stem Cell Dynamics in Plant Meristems
• Comparative Morphology of Succulent Plants
• Tissue Regeneration in Plants: Mechanisms and Applications
• Wood Anatomy and Tree-Ring Analysis in Dendrochronology

Climate Change and Plant Responses

• Impact of Global Warming on Alpine Plant Communities
• Plant Responses to Elevated CO2 Levels
• Drought Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants
• Shifts in Plant Phenology Due to Climate Change
• Climate-Induced Changes in Plant-Pollinator Interactions
• Carbon Sequestration Potential of Forest Ecosystems
• Ocean Acidification Effects on Seagrass Physiology
• Plant Responses to Increased Frequency of Extreme Events
• Alpine Plant Adaptations to Harsh Environments
• Climate-Driven Changes in Plant Distribution and Biogeography

Emerging Technologies in Botany Research

• Application of Machine Learning in Plant Phenotyping
• Nanotechnology in Plant Science: Current Status and Future Prospects
• Metagenomics in Studying Plant Microbiomes
• Remote Sensing for Monitoring Plant Health
• High-Throughput Sequencing in Plant Genomics
• CRISPR-Based Gene Drives for Ecological Restoration
• Advances in Plant Imaging Techniques
• Synthetic Biology Approaches in Plant Engineering
• Augmented Reality Applications in Plant Biology Education
• Digital Herbariums: Integrating Technology in Plant Taxonomy

Misc Botany Research Topics

• Metabolic Pathways in Plant Secondary Metabolism: Regulation and Significance
• Population Genomics of Endangered Plant Species: Implications for Conservation
• Impact of Soil Microbes on Plant Health and Productivity
• Evolutionary Dynamics of Plant-Pathogen Coevolution: Insights from Molecular Data
• Application of CRISPR-Based Gene Editing for Improving Crop Traits
• Phytochemical Profiling of Medicinal Plants for Drug Discovery
• Investigating the Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Plant Stress Responses
• Role of Plant Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ecological Interactions
• Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Plant Microbiome Composition
• Molecular Basis of Plant-Microbe Symbiosis: Lessons from Nitrogen-Fixing Associations

How to Make Botany Research Successful?

Conducting successful botany research involves a combination of careful planning, effective execution, and thoughtful analysis. Whether you are a student, a researcher, or someone conducting independent studies, here are key tips to ensure the success of your botany research:

• Establish Clear Objectives: Clearly articulate the goals and objectives of your research. What specific inquiries do you intend to address? A well-defined research focus serves as a guiding framework, ensuring your efforts remain purposeful and on course.
• Conduct an In-Depth Literature Review: Immerse yourself in the existing body of literature within your field of study. Identify gaps, discern trends, and pinpoint areas where your research could contribute significantly. A thorough literature review lays a robust groundwork for shaping your research design.
• Choose an Appropriate Research Topic: Select a research topic that resonates with your interests, aligns with your expertise, and addresses the current needs of the scientific community. Ensure that the chosen topic is not only feasible but also harbors the potential for impactful outcomes.
• Develop a Sound Research Plan: Create a detailed research plan outlining the methodologies, timelines, and resources required. A well-structured plan helps in efficient execution and minimizes the risk of unforeseen challenges.
• Utilize Cutting-Edge Technologies: Stay updated with the latest technologies and methodologies in botany research. Incorporate advanced tools such as high-throughput sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9 , and remote sensing to enhance the precision and efficiency of your research.
• Collaborate and Seek Guidance: Collaborate with experts in the field, seek mentorship, and engage in discussions with colleagues. Networking and collaboration can provide valuable insights, guidance, and potential avenues for collaboration.
• Ensure Ethical Considerations: Adhere to ethical guidelines and standards in your research. Obtain necessary approvals for human subjects, follow ethical practices in plant experimentation, and ensure the responsible use of emerging technologies.
• Implement Robust Experimental Design: Design experiments with attention to detail, ensuring that they are replicable and provide statistically significant results. Address potential confounding variables and incorporate controls to enhance the reliability of your findings.
• Collect and Analyze Data Thoughtfully: Implement systematic data collection methods. Use appropriate statistical analyses to interpret your results and draw meaningful conclusions. Transparent and well-documented data analysis enhances the credibility of your research.
• Regularly Review and Adapt: Periodically review your progress and be open to adapting your research plan based on emerging findings. Flexibility and responsiveness to unexpected results contribute to a dynamic and successful research process.
• Communicate Your Research Effectively: Share your findings through publications, presentations, and other relevant channels. Effective communication of your research results contributes to the broader scientific community and enhances the impact of your work.
• Foster a Collaborative Research Environment: Encourage collaboration within your research team. A collaborative environment fosters creativity, diverse perspectives, and a collective effort towards achieving research goals.
• Contribute to Sustainable Practices: If your research involves fieldwork or plant collection, adhere to sustainable practices. Consider the impact on local ecosystems and strive to minimize any negative consequences.
• Stay Resilient: Research can have its challenges, setbacks, and unforeseen obstacles. Stay resilient, remain focused on your goals, and view challenges as opportunities for growth and learning.
• Celebrate Achievements and Learn from Failures: Acknowledge and celebrate your achievements, no matter how small. Learn from any setbacks or failures and use them as lessons to refine and improve your research approach.

In the vast and diverse field of botany research, scientists are continually unraveling the mysteries of the plant kingdom. From the intricate processes of photosynthesis to the challenges posed by emerging plant diseases and the potential of cutting-edge technologies, botany research is a dynamic and ever-evolving field. 

As we delve deeper into the green secrets of the plant world, our understanding grows, offering not only scientific insights but also solutions to address pressing global challenges such as food security, biodiversity loss, and climate change. 

The exploration of botany research topics is a journey of discovery, paving the way for a sustainable and harmonious coexistence with the plant life that sustains our planet.

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[100+] Botany Research Topics For College Students With Free [Thesis Pdf] 2022

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• Published: 24 June 2024

Bound star clusters observed in a lensed galaxy 460 Myr after the Big Bang

• Angela Adamo   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8192-8091 1 ,
• Larry D. Bradley 2   na1 ,
• Eros Vanzella   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5228-9326 3   na1 ,
• Adélaïde Claeyssens 1 ,
• Brian Welch 4 , 5 ,
• Jose M. Diego   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-3926 6 ,
• Guillaume Mahler 7 , 8 , 9 ,
• Masamune Oguri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-399X 10 , 11 ,
• Keren Sharon   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-0864 12 ,
• Abdurro’uf 2 , 13 ,
• Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao 2 , 13 ,
• Xinfeng Xu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-7051 14 , 15 ,
• Matteo Messa   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-2456 3 ,
• Augusto E. Lassen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-8316 1 , 16 ,
• Erik Zackrisson 17 , 18 ,
• Gabriel Brammer   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-005X 19 , 20 ,
• Dan Coe   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-7669 2 , 13 , 21 ,
• Vasily Kokorev   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9156 22 ,
• Massimo Ricotti 4 ,
• Adi Zitrin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0350-4488 23 ,
• Seiji Fujimoto   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-5066 24 ,
• Akio K. Inoue   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-8677 25 , 26 ,
• Tom Resseguier   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0007-0522-7326 13 ,
• Jane R. Rigby   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7627-6551 5 ,
• Yolanda Jiménez-Teja 27 , 28 ,
• Rogier A. Windhorst 29 ,
• Takuya Hashimoto 30 , 31 &
• Yoichi Tamura   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-8117 32  

Nature ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

• Early universe
• Galaxies and clusters

The Cosmic Gems arc is among the brightest and highly magnified galaxies observed at redshift z ∼ 10.2 1 . However, it is an intrinsically UV faint galaxy, in the range of those now thought to drive the reionization of the universe 2–4 . Hitherto the smallest features resolved in a galaxy at a comparable redshift are between a few hundreds and a few tens of parsecs 5,6 . Here we report JWST observations of the Cosmic Gems. The light of the galaxy is resolved into five star clusters located in a region smaller than 70 parsec. They exhibit minimal dust attenuation and low metallicity, ages younger than 50 Myr and intrinsic masses of ∼ 10 6 M ⊙ . Their lensing-corrected sizes are approximately 1 pc, resulting in stellar surface densities near 10 5 M ⊙ /pc 2 , three orders of magnitude higher than typical young star clusters in the local universe 7 . Despite the uncertainties inherent to the lensing model, they are consistent with being gravitationally bound stellar systems, i.e., proto-globular clusters (proto-GCs). We conclude that star cluster formation and feedback likely contributed to 3 shape the properties of galaxies during the epoch of reionization.

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A highly magnified star at redshift 6.2

Spectroscopic confirmation of a mature galaxy cluster at a redshift of 2

Normal, dust-obscured galaxies in the epoch of reionization

Author information.

These authors contributed equally: Larry D. Bradley, Eros Vanzella

Authors and Affiliations

Astronomy Department, Stockholm University & Oskar Klein Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, Sweden

Angela Adamo, Adélaïde Claeyssens & Augusto E. Lassen

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD, USA

Larry D. Bradley,  Abdurro’uf, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao & Dan Coe

Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, INAF, via Gobetti 93/3, Bologna, Italy

Eros Vanzella & Matteo Messa

Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, 4296 Stadium Drive, College Park, USA

Brian Welch & Massimo Ricotti

Astrophysics Science Division, Code 660, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD, USA

Brian Welch & Jane R. Rigby

Instituto de Física de Cantabria, (CSIC-UC), Avda. Los Castros s/n., Santander, Spain

Jose M. Diego

STAR Institute,Quartier Agora - Allée du six Août, 19c, Liège, Belgium

Guillaume Mahler

Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK

Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK

Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan

Masamune Oguri

Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan

Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Keren Sharon

Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD, USA

Abdurro’uf, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Dan Coe & Tom Resseguier

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA

Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, 1800 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, IL, USA

Instituto de Física, Departamento de Astronomia, Universe Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Augusto E. Lassen

Observational Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala, Sweden

Erik Zackrisson

Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Linneanum, Thunbergsvägen 2, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark

Gabriel Brammer

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, Copenhagen, Denmark

Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) for the European Space Agency (ESA), STScI, Baltimore, MD, USA

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, Groningen, Netherlands

Vasily Kokorev

Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Be’er-Sheva, Israel

Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Seiji Fujimoto

Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

Akio K. Inoue

Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n., Granada, Spain

Yolanda Jiménez-Teja

Observatório Nacional, (MCTI), Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Rogier A. Windhorst

Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Takuya Hashimoto

Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe (TCHoU), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan

Yoichi Tamura

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Correspondence to Angela Adamo .

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Adamo, A., Bradley, L.D., Vanzella, E. et al. Bound star clusters observed in a lensed galaxy 460 Myr after the Big Bang. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07703-7

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