anthesis botany definition

The opening of a flower bud is called Anthesis

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X Y

Abaxial.   Away from the axis; the lower surface of the leaf; dorsal

.   Falling off or separating at a specific separation (abcission) layer, as in most deciduous plants

.   No carpels or carpellate whorl; no pistil

. Buds lateral to or above axillary buds; Accessory Organs - The calyx and corolla

.   Growing after flowering or bud development has occurred, as the sepals in Hypericum and bud scales in Carya

.   Reclinate with cotyledon edges against hypocotyl

.   Needle-shaped; sharp

.   A one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with seed attached to fruit wall at one point only, derived from a one-loculed superior ovary

.   An aggregation of achenes, as in Ranunculus

.   Without perianth

.   Needlelike, round or grooved in cross section

.   Finely marked as with pin pricks, fine lines usually randomly arranged

.   With terminal branches

.   One that dehisces through terminal slits, or fissures, as in Staphylea

.   With two or more primary or strongly developed secondary veins diverging at or above the base of the blade and running in convergent arches toward the apex over some or all of the blade length, the arches not basally curved

.   Developing upward, toward apex

.   Leaves terminal, near apex of branch

.   Facing apically

.   With three or more primary veins diverging radially from a single point at or above the base of the blade and running toward the margin, reaching it or not

   With floral parts radiate from center like spokes on wheel

.   A protostele having a xylem core in the form of radiating ribs, as viewed in transverse section

.   Prickly

(Base narrowly cuneate).   Margins straight to convex forming a terminal angle of less than 45

(Base cuneate).   Margins straight to convex forming a terminal angle 45-90

.   Next to the axis; facing the stem; ventral

.  With unlike parts of organs joined, but only superficially and without actual histological continuity

.   With unlike parts or organs integrally fused to one another with histological continuity

.   Arising from organ other than root; usually lateral

   Vertical or horizontal aboveground roots

.   Above the ground or water, in the air; aerial stem - an erect stem arising from a horizontal rhizome

.   With aerial stems

.   With aerial leaves

.   Appearing in summer

.   Inflorescence with neuter flowers inside or above and staminate outside or below (agamandrocephalous)

.   Inflorescence with neuter flowers inside or above and pistillate outside or below (agamogynecephalous)

.   Inflorescence with neuter flowers inside or above and hermaphroditic outside or below (agamohermaphrodicephalous)

   Without sex; sexual organs abortive

   Dense structures with varied angles of divergence

   With flowers appearing throughout the year

.   Winged

.   Having stamens attached to petal and torus alternately

.   Cross- and self-fertilization in same plant, as in Viola

  Cross-fertilization in plants

.   Isolated, separated

.   One leaf or other structure per node

.   Honey-combed

   A unisexual spike or elongate axis with simple dichasia that falls as a unit after flowering or fruiting

.   Flowers without symmetry; usually with an indefinite number of stamens and carpels, and usually subtended by bracts or discolored upper leaves; e.g., Salix discolor, Echinops ritro (mostly fossil forms)

   With fruits in two environments; e.g., aerial and subterranean

.   Flowers above and below ground, as in Amphicarpum

.   A berry-like succulent fruit with a crustaceous or woody rind, as in Lagenaria

.   With body bent or curved on both sides so that the micropyle is near the medially attached funiculus

.   Completely clasping the stem

.   Enlarged; dilated

.   Having the first lobe or segment of a pinna arising basiscopically in compound leaves

.   With body completely inverted so that funiculus is attached basally near adjoining micropyle area

.   Two-edged

.   Inflorescence with staminate flowers inside or above and neuter flowers outside or below (andragamocephalous)

.   Some plants with staminate flowers and some with perfect flowers

.   One or more whorls or groups of stamens; all stamens in flower

.   Inflorescence with staminate flowers above and below pistillate, as in the spikes of some species of Carex

.   The stipe or column on which stamens and carpels are borne

.   Inflorescence with staminate flowers inside or above and pistillate outside or below (androgynecephalous)

.   Inflorescence with staminate flowers inside or above and hermaphroditic outside or below (androhermaphrodicephalous)

.   Plant with staminate and perfect flowers

.   Pollinated by wind

.   Narrow

.   With unequal carpels

.   With unequal cotyledons

.   With unequal sides

.   With unequal petals

.   With unequal leaves

.   With unequal styles

  Appearing yearly

.   Living one year or less. Winter Annual - Living less than one year but through the winter; germination usually in late fall, and usually flowering and fruiting in early spring

.   Ring-like

.   Thick-walled ring of cells on the sporangium

   One that dehisces irregularly, as in Ammannia

.   Anterior Lobes - The lobes away from axis, toward the subtending bract, abaxial lobes; Anterior Ridges, Lines, Grooves - The lines, grooves, ridges in or on the dorsal side, abaxial, within the perianth

.   Pollen-bearing portion of stamen

   The male sex organ producing the sperm

.   Time of flowering; opening of flower with parts available for pollination

.   Having a body of combined floral and fruit parts, as in multiple fruits

   Arrangement of sporophylls, primarily reproductive in function

   Pollinated by man

.   Opposite the petals

.   Opposite the sepals

   With radicle pointing away from hilum

.   Bent or directed upward

.   No petals or corolla

Without blade-bearing leaves at base of plant

   Without leaves, no whorls of leaves

   At the top, tip, or end of a structure

  More than 3:1 l/w, usually slightly curled and flexuous

.   With carpels separate

   Producing sporophytes from a gametophyte without fertilization

  With separate petals

  Exposed outer surface of either an ovuliferous scale or megasporophyll as seen when the cone is closed

   With separate sepals

   Producing gametophytes directly from a sporophyte without producing spores

   With separate stamens

   Typical stamen with a variously-shaped or modified, protruding connective, as in Viola

.   Flat, without vertical curves or bends

.   Pressed closely to axis upward with angle of divergence 15� or less

.   Cobwebby

.   Tree-like in appearance and size

   The female sex organ producing the egg

   Curved like a crescent, can be downward or upward

.   Divided into many angular or squarish spaces

   The spaces formed by a vein network

.   Without roots, no whorls of roots

.   Outgrowth of funiculus, raphe, or integuments; or fleshy integuments or seed coat, a sarcotesta at base of the fleshy seed; e.g., Cepalotaxus

.   General term for an outgrowth from the funiculus, seed coat or chalaza; or a fleshy seed coat

   More than 3:1 l/w, usually prolonged, straight and stiff

.   Generally meaning having a joint as in leaves, leaflets or stems, as in heterophyllous species of Selaginella; or having a swollen area, often discolored, at the point of branching of the stem

   Directed upward with an angle of divergence of 16-45�

.   No sepals or calyx

   Having a rough surface

.   Directed upward or forward

   No stamens or androecium

   Without a style and a stipe

.   Without a style, with a stipe

   Style absent

  Without regularity in any dimension

   Elongate, tapering, usually applied to base

   Lobe rounded; sinus depth variable; outer margin concave, inner convex or straight

   Usually obovate with two small rounded, basal lobes

   Self-fertilization in a single flower

  Appearing in autumn

  Subulate; narrow, flat, stiff, sharp-pointed, usually less than 1/2 in. long; e.g., Juniperus

   With branches arising from buds in leaf axil

.   With the placentae along the central axis in a compound ovary with septa

   In axils of leaves or leaf scars; axillary leaves - leaves borne in the axils of branches, as in heterosporous species of Selaginella Baccacetum or Etaerio.   An aggregation of berries, as in Actaea

Baccate.   Juicy and very succulent

  Many-seeded, many- loculed indehiscent fruit with a tough, leathery pericarp, as in Punica

.   Transverse stripes of one color crossing another

.   With short, rigid reflexed bristles or processes

.   Minutely barbed

.   Tissues of plant outside wood or xylem

.   At the bottom or base of a structure

.   bottom or lower portion

.   With basal branches

.   Near base of stem

Capsule.   One that dehisces through basal slits or fissures, as in some species of Aristolochia

.   Anther attached at its base to apex of filament

.   Developing downward, toward base

.   At the base of the petiole

.   Leaves on lower part of branch

.   Facing basally

  bundles of thick-walled cells parallel to the midrib, as in Isoetes

.   A tuft, line or zone of trichomes

   With long trichomes usually in a tuft, line or zone

.   Foliate embryo with expanded and usually thick cotyledons in an axile position bent upon the hypocotyl in a jacknife position

.   Fleshy fruit, with succulent pericarp, as in Vitis

.   A fused double berry, as in Lonicera

.   Two-carpelled

   With smaller rounded teeth on larger rounded teeth

.   Two-toothed

.   Lasting two days

.   Living two years, usually flowering second year

.   Appearing twice yearly

.   Cut or divided into two lobes or parts

.   Flowering in autumn as well as in spring

, Geminate, or Jugate.   With two leaflets from a common point

.   Divided into two forks or branches

  With two orders of leaflets, each bifoliolate; doubly paired

.   Two-lipped, with two unequal divisions

.   Two-locular

.   Periodicity: occurring every two months; duration: lasting two months

.   Twinned

.   Twice palmate

.   Twice pinnate

.   Two-rowed; in two series

.   With sharply cut teeth on the margins of larger sharply cut teeth

.   Both sexes in same flower (monoclinous, perfect)

.   With two orders of leaflets, each ternately compound

.   The expanded portion of a leaf

.   Germination of seeds while within the pericarp, as in Rhizophora

.   The color disposed in broad, irregular blotches

.   One color is surrounded by an edging of another

.   Sausage-shaped

.   Modified, usually reduced, leaf in the inflorescence

.   May be localized or found over entire structure

   A secondary or smaller bract

.   A stiff, strong trichome, as in the perianth of some members of the Cyperaceae

.   Beset with bristles

.   With a single primary vein, the secondary veins not terminating at the margin but joined together in a series of prominent upward arches or marginal loops on each side of the primary vein

.   Immature vegetative or floral shoot or both, often covered by scales. Bud Primordium - Meristematic tissue that gives rise to a lateral bud

.   A short, erect, underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves

.   A small bulb produced from the base of a larger bulb

.   A small bulb or bulb-like body produced on above ground parts

.   A small bulb, irrespective of origin; a small, bud-like vegetative propagule produced on the leaves of some ferns

.   Puckered or blistered

   Cypsela enclosed in dry involucre, as in Xanthium

.   Roots with board-like or plank-like growth on upper side, presumably a supporting structure

Caducous.   Dropping off very early, usually applied to floral parts

.   Spurred

.   Slipper-shaped, as in the corolla of Cypripedium

.   A thickened, raised area, which is usually hard; a callus

.   A hard one-loculed dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary, as in Quercus

.   The lowermost whorl of modified leaves, sepals

.   Bell-shaped; with flaring tube about as broad as long and a flaring limb

.   With several primary veins or their branches diverging at or close to a single point and running in strongly developed, basally recurved arches which converge toward the apex, reaching it or not

.   With body bent or curved on one side so that micropyle is near medially attached funiculus

   Longitudinally grooved, usually in relation to petioles or midribs

  Latticed

  Covered with dense, fine grayish-white trichomes

.   Pollinated by beetles

.   Hair-shapedCapitate.   Head-like Capitulum or Head.   A determinate or indeterminate crowded group of sessile or subsessile flowers on a compound receptacle or torus

.   Keel. Carinal Canal - A canal beneath a stem ridge associated with a vascular bundle

.   Keeled

.   Fleshy

.   The female sporophyll within flower; floral organ that bears ovules in angiosperms; unit of compound pistil

.   Floral axis extension between adjacent carpels, as in the Apiaceae

.   Short, thick, pistillate stalk

.   Arrangement of fruits, reproductive in function

.   Hard and tough but flexible

.   With an excrescent outgrowth from integuments near the hilum, as in Euphorbia; fibrous with stringy or cord-like seed coat, as mace in Myristica

  A one-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit with the seed coat adnate to the fruit wall, derived from a one-loculed superior ovary

.   Having the first lobe or segment of a pinna arising acroscopically in compound leaves

.   Rudimentary scale leaf produced by seedling, usually in cryptocotylar species

   Acuminate with concave margins

.   A short, thick, vertical or branched perennial stem usually subterranean, or at ground level

.   May be all over (general) or along the ribs (costal), or in the grooves (canaliculate)

.   Plants having the stem living for many years, bearing flowers and fruits

.   With branches more or less evenly spaced along trunk

.   The large centrally located air space in the stem

.   Developing from the inside outward, or from top downward

.   Developing from the outside inward, or from bottom upward

.   At the center of the branch

.   Waxy

.   Drooping

.   Short, much-branched, plant forming a cushion

  Scale or bract at base of tubular flower in composites

.   End of ovule opposite micropyle

.   Pollen tube entrance through chalaza

   With a longitudinal groove

.   Papery, opaque and thin

   Pollen transferred from a normally dehisced anther by a pollinating agent with pollen grain germination on the stigma and subsequent growth of the pollen tube through stigma, style and the ovule into the embryo sac

.   Pollinated by bats

.   With perianth

.   With conspicuous marginal trichomes

.   With tiny or small marginal trichomes

.   A tight, modified helicoid cyme in which pedicels are short on the developed side

   With lamina rolled from apex to base with apex in center of coil

.   Winged circumferentially

.   At or near the circumference; surrounding a rounded structure

  One that dehisces circumferentially, as in Plantago

.   More than 10:1 l/w, coiled and flexuous

.   A flattened main stem resembling a leaf

.   With a single primary vein, the secondary veins not terminating at the margin and freely ramified toward it

.   Shedding of branches, stems and leaves simultaneously, as in Taxodium

.   Sprawling across objects, without climbing structures

.   Partly surrounding the stem.

.   Club-shaped

.   The long, narrow petiole-like base of a sepal or petal

.   Indentations or incisions cut 1/4-1/2 distance to midrib or midvein

   Pollen not transferred from a normally dehisced anther by a pollinating agent; pollen grain germinates within the anther with subsequent growth of the pollen tube through the anther wall and ovary wall into the ovule and embryo sac

.   Growing upward by means of tendrils, petioles, or adventitious roots

.   The compound receptacle of the composite head

.   Colors are unequally blended together

  Parts dense, usually irregularly overlapping each other

.   With like or unlike parts or organs incompletely separated; partially fused in a more or less irregular fashion

.   Snail-shaped

  Multiple fruit derived from ovaries, floral parts, and receptacles of many coalesced flowers, as in Ananas

.   Flowering as the leaves expand; synantherous

.   With like parts or organs joined, but only superficially and without actual histological continuity

.   Protective sheath around epicotyl in grasses

.   Protective sheath around radicle in grasses

.   External demarcation between hypocotyl and root

.   The sterile central part within a mature sporangium or capsule

  With fused stamens and carpels (stigma and style) as in Orchis

.   Erect with a stout main stem or trunk

.   With a tuft of trichomes, usually apical

.   Leaf with blade, petiole, and stipules; flower with four types of floral parts

.   Composed of two or more anatomically or morphologically equivalent units, whether subdivided into them or an aggregate of them

.   Flattened

.   Longitudinally folded upward or downward along the central axis so that ventral and/or dorsal sides face each other

.   Aggregation of sporangia-bearing structures at tip of the stem (either sporophylls or scales in the Gymnosperms)

.   Having figure of true cone

.   Fused pairs, as the fruits of Lonicera

.   With like parts or organs integrally fused to one another with histological continuity

.   Filament extension between thecae

.   Convergent apically without fusion

.   Touching but not adnate, connate, adherent, or coherent

.   Symmetry of arrangement even, not broken

.   Twisted around a central axis; twisted

.   With weirdly folded corrugate cotyledons

.   Roots capable of shortening, usually drawing the plant or plant part deeper into the soil, usually with a wrinkled surface

.   With one lamina enrolled in another lamina

   Lobe rounded; sinus depth 1/8-1/4 distance to midpoint of blade; margins convex and/or straight

.   Heart-shaped

.   Thick and leathery

.   The enlarged, solid, fleshy base of a stem with scales; an upright underground storage stem

.   Small corm produced at base of parent corm

.   Horny

.   Horned

.   The whorl of petals located above the sepals

.   A crown; any outgrowth between the stamens and corolla which may be petaline or staminal in origin

.   Tubular or flaring perianth or staminal outgrowth; petaloid appendage

.   Crown-shaped

.   With lamina irregularly folded in all directions, wrinkled

.   A flat-topped or convex indeterminate cluster of flowers. Compound Corymb - A branched corymb

.   The midvein of a minor divsion of a fern leaf

.   Coarsely ribbed

.   Embryonic leaf or leaves in seed

.   With food reserve in cotyledon, derived from zygote

.   Cup-shaped

.   Simple - With a single primary vein, all of the secondary veins and their branches terminating at the margin. Mixed - With a single primary vein, some of the secondary veins terminating at the margin and an approximately equal number otherwise

.   Shallow cup-shaped as the involucre of some species of Quercus

.   Shallowly ascending round-toothed, or teeth obtuse; teeth cut less than 1/8 way to midrib or midvein

.   Diminutive of crenate, teeth cut to 1/16 distance to midrib or midvein

  With a terminal ridge or tuft

.   Curled; margins divided and twisted in more than one plane

.   The coiled developing leaf of a fern

.   Cross-shaped

.   Hard, thin, and brittle

.   With stamens included

.   With the cotyledons remaining inside the seed; seed usually remaining below ground

.   Hooded

.   Flowering and fruiting stems of grasses and sedges

.   Fused involucral bracts subtending flower, as in Quercus

.   With lamina folded transversely into an arc

.   Acute but coriaceous and stiff

.   A pseudanthium subtended by an involucre, frequently with petaloid glands, as in Euphorbia

.   Long-tubular

.   Boat-shaped

  A determinate, dichotomous inflorescence with the pedicels of equal length. Scorpioid Cyme or Rhipidium - A zigzag determinate inflorescence with branches developed on opposite sides of the rachis alternately. Compound

- A branched cyme

.   A simple, small dichasium

.   An achene derived from a one-loculed, inferior ovary

Deciduous.   Persistent for one growing season

.   Directed or curved downward

.   A general term for leaflets in two or more orders - bi-, tri-etc - pinnately, palmately, or ternately compound

.   Reclining or lying on the ground with the tips ascending

.   Elongate, extending downward

.   Opposite leaves at right angle to preceding pair

.   Bent abruptly downward

.   Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or anther

.   Softening and wasting away

.   Margins with rounded or sharp, coarse teeth that point outwards at right angles to midrib or midvein, cut 1/16 to 1/8 distance to midrib or midvein

  One that dehisces apically, leaving a ring of teeth, as in Cerastium

.   Diminutive of dentate, cut to 1/16 distance to midrib or midvein

.   Small and usually poorly developed

.   Pressed closely to axis downward with angle of divergence of 166-180�

.   Directed downward with an angle of divergence of 136-165�

.   Growth of plant parts, the size of which is limited by cessation of meristematic activity during the year

.   Rising helically from right to left, a characteristic of twining stems

.   With two groups of stamens connate by their filaments

.   With two stamens per flower

.   Translucent

.   Cymose inflorescence in which each axis produces a pair of lateral axes

.   With perianth composed of distinct calyx and corolla

.   With maturation of stamens or anther and carpels or stigma at different times

.   With branches forking into two more or less equal parts

  Achene or nut surrounded by a persistent calyx, as in Mirabalis

.   Plant with imperfect flowers; stamens and carpels in separate flowers either monoecious or dioecious

.   With two cotyledons

.   A dissected solenostele with each individual bundle a meristele

.   Two-whorled

.   With stamens in two equal pairs

.   With stamens in two unequal pairs

.   Spread over a wide surface

   Enzyme-secreting glands found mostly on leaves of carnivorous and insectivorous plants

.   Widened; expanded

.   Whorl with two members

.   Divided into unequal halves

.   Having two different sizes and/or shapes within the same species

.   Plant with all flowers imperfect, but staminate and pistillate on separate plants

.   With incumbent cotyledons folded two or more times

.   With stamens in two whorls, outer opposite the sepals, inner opposite petals

.   A pyxis derived from an inferior ovary

.   Two-winged

.   A discoid structure developed from receptacle at base of ovary or from stamens around the ovary

.   Orbicular with convex faces

.   A single large spot of color in the center of another

.   Basal and lateral, basal and terminal, or lateral and terminal; not continuous

.   Irregularly cut into numerous segments

.   Away from the point of origin or attachment

.   Leaves 2-ranked, in one plane

.   With like parts or organs unjoined and separate from one another

.   Opening during the day

   More or less horizontally spreading with angle of divergence of 15� or less up or down from the horizontal

.   Cut 3/4 to almost entire distance to middle of structure

.   Axe-shaped

.   Pertaining to the surface most distant from the axis; back of an outer face of organ; lower side of leaf; abaxial. Dorsal Side - Back or abaxial side, or the lower side of a perianth part

.   Anther attached dorsally and medially to apex of filament

.   On dorsal side of blade

.   Planate and having distinct dorsal and ventral surfaces, the two usually different

.   The color disposed in very small round spots

.   Covered with short, weak, soft trichomes

.   A fleshy fruit with a stony endocarp, as in Prunus

.   An aggregation of drupelets, as in Rubus

.   A small drupe, as in Rubus

.   Very small. Dwarf Shoots or Spurs - Shoots that develop from preformed buds which have very short internodal lengths or intervals

.   Pollen grains occurring in clusters of two

Eccentric.   Off-center style

.   Covered with spines

.   Outermost layer of pericarp

.   One color is surrounded by a very narrow rim of another

.   Without blade

.   One of four elongate appendages on the spores, as in Equisetum

.   With widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins symmetrically curved

.   Lobe rounded; sinus depth 1/16-1/8 distance to midpoint of blade; margins straight or convex

.   Young sporophyte consisting of epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, and one or more cotyledons. Embryo Sac - Female gametophyte. Linear Embryo - Axial embryo several times longer than broad, straight, curved or coiled; cotyledons not expanded; endosperm present or absent

.   With part(s) of plant aerial and part(s) submersed; rising out of the water above the surface

.   With emergent leaves

.   Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp

.   Food reserve tissue in seed derived from fertilized polar nuclei; or food reserve derived from megametophyte in gymnosperms

  With food reserve in endosperm or albumen, derived from fertilized polar nuclei

.   Without indentations or incisions on maigins; smooth

.   Pollinated by insects

.   Term applied to first few leaves with green, expanded lamina developed by seedlings; transitional type leaves developed before formation of adult leaves

.   Without petiole, leaf sessile

.   Without petiolule, leaflet sessile

.   Germinating, growing, flowering and fruiting in a short period, as most desert herbs

.   Group of leaves resembling sepals below the true calyx

  A whorl of bracts below but resembling a true calyx

.   Shoots that develop from dormant lateral buds on the trunk which have very long and frequently variable internodal lengths or intervals

.   Apical end of embryo axis that gives rise to shoot system

.   The condition in which the sepals, petals, stamens are attached to the floral tube above the ovary with the ovary adnate to the tube or hypanthium

.   The condition in which the sepals, petals, stamens are attached to the floral tube or hypanthium surrounding the ovary; a combination perigyny and partly inferior ovary

.   The condition in which the sepals, petals, stamens are attached about half-way from the base of the ovary to the partly adnate hypanthium tube; half-inferior insertion of parts

.   Fleshy covering of the seed and more or less fused with the integument; arising from the chalazal end of the ovule like an additional integument; e.g., Podocarpus

.   The condition in which the sepals, petals, stamens are attached to the floral or hypanthium cup above the ovary with the lower part of the hypanthium completely adnate to the ovary

.   With stamens attached to or inserted upon petals or corolla

.   With branches arising from buds on the petiole

.   Upon rock

.   From a phylloclad or peculiar bract, as in Tilia

.   Upon another plant

.   With roots upon another plant

.   With stamens attached or inserted upon sepals or calyx

.  Dorsal - Ovule pendulous or hanging, micropyle above, raphe dorsal (away from ventral bundle). Ventral - Ovule pendulous or hanging, micropyle above, raphe ventral (toward ventral bundle)

.   With halves or sides equal in shape and size

.   Having flowers which expand and close regularly at particular hours of the day

.   Leaves 2-ranked with overlapping bases, usually sharply folded along midrib

.   With unbranched stems

.   Upright

.   Irregularly, shallowly toothed and/or lobed margins; appearing gnawed

.   The androecium and gynoecium

.   Mostly aromatic compound producing glands found on various parts of the plant, without definitely known functions

.   With a single primary vein, the secondary veins curved upward and gradually iminishing distally within the margin and interconnected by a series of cross-veins without forming conspicuous marginal loops

.   Having the sporangium develop from a great amount of leaf tissue as opposed to only one or a few cells

.   A dissected siphonostele with phloem only to the outside of the xylem

.   Passing away, disappearing early

.   Persistent two or more growing seasons

.   Clearly visible macroscopically

.   One-sided; off-center

.   Running out, as the nerve of a leaf projecting beyond the margin

.   Outer spore wall layer

.   Projecting out of, beyond

.   Without stipels

.   Without stipules

Falcate or Seculate.   Sickle-shaped

   Small vein-like areas of thick-walled cells in the leaves of some lower vascular plants

.   Mealy

.   Unnaturally and often monstrously connate or adnate, the coalesced parts often unnaturally proliferated in size and/ or number; e.g., inflorescence of Celosia

.   Cluster of needles borne on a minute determinate short shoot in the axil of a primary leaf (bract); e.g. Pinus.

- Closely imbricated bud scales at the base of the fascicle of needles; e.g., Pinus

   Fleshy or tuberous roots in a cluster

.   Leaves or other structures in a cluster from a common point

.   Strictly erect and parallel

.   The throat area

.   Plant with pistillate flowers only

.   Having an unpleasant, rotten odor

   With windowlike holes through the leaves or other structures

.   A fundamental type of leaf arrangement expressed as a fraction in which each succeeding fraction is the sum of the two previous numerators and the sum of the two previous denominators, i.e., 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, 5/13, 8/ 21, etc. The numerator represents the number of turns or spirals around a stem before one leaf is directly above another and the denominator represents the number of leaves in the turns or spirals before one is directly above the other. 2/5 phyllotaxy would mean two twists and five leaves before one leaf is directly above the other or an angle of divergence of 144 between succeeding leaves in the stem (2/5 of 360 ).According to Leppik anthotaxis and semataxis do not necessarily follow the same pattern, with anthotaxis in Michelia cited as being in 2/7, 3/7, 3/8, and 4/10 systems of arrangement.

.   With fine, threadlike or slender roots or fibers

.   Stamen stalk

With coarse marginal fibers or threads

   Stamen with distinct anther and filament with or without thecal appendages, as in Rhexia or Vaccinium

.   Threadlike, usually flexuous

.   Margins fringed

.   Minutely fimbriate

.   Hollow, as without pith

.   Fan-shaped branching

.   Fan-shaped

.   Lax and weak

.   Bearing flagella, whip-like strands or organs

.   Succulent roots

.   With a series of long or open vertical curves at right angles to the central axis

.   Upon the surface of the water

.   Covered with dense, appressed trichomes in patches or tufts

.   With floating leaves

.   Reproductive structure of flowering plants with or without protective envelopes, the calyx and/or corolla; short shoot with sporophylls and with or without sterile protective leaves, the calyx and corolla

.   Shoots that develop from mature terminal buds several times during a season. Terminal bud will develop shoot with new terminal bud which will develop more shoots and a terminal bud which will develop etc. --several times in a season with several flushes of growth.

.   Hinged, insectivorous leaf, as in Dionaea

.   Foliate embryo with cotyledons usually thin and extensively expanded and folded in various ways

.   An aggregation of follicles, as in Caltha

.   A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits along one suture

.   Pit or depression containing the sporangium in the leaf base of Isoetes 

.   Pitted

.   Unlike parts or organs unjoined and separate from one another

   Hypanthium fused with ovary and having a free limb around or above ovary

  With the placenta along the central axis in a compound ovary without septa

.   The modified margin of a petal, sepal, tepal or lip

.   The leaf of a fern

.   Matured ovary of flowering plants, with or without accessory parts

.   Shrubby

.   Ephemeral, usually applied to plant parts

.   With a persistent elongate funiculus attached to seed coat, as in Magnolia

.   Stalk by which ovule is attached to placenta

.   Spindle-shaped; broadest in middle and tapering to each end

Galeate.   Helmet-shaped, as one sepal in Aconitum

.   Fertilization of one flower by another on the same plant

.   Jellylike; soft and quivery

   Paired; in pairs

.   A vegetative reproductive bud borne on the stem, as in Lycopodium; a multicellular reproductive propagule on gametophytes, as in ferns

.   Abruptly bent at a node, zigzag

.   With subterranean flower

.   Fruits below ground, as in Amphicarpum

.   Inflated on one side near the base

.   Very large

.   Without trichomes

.   Becoming glabrous

   Smooth; devoid of trichomes

.   A secreting part or appendage

.   Covered with minute, blackish to translucent glands

  Nut subtended by a cupulate, dry involucre, as in Quercus

.   Sparingly or slightly glaucous

.   Covered with a bloom or smooth, waxy coating

.   Round

.   With barbed trichomes, glochids, usually in tufts

.   An indeterminate dense cluster of sessile or subsessile flowers

.   Bract, usually occurring in pairs, at the base of the grass spikelet

.   Having a shiny, sticky surface

.   Finely mealy, covered with small granules

.   Slick, oily, slippery to touch

.   Inflorescence with pistillate flowers inside or above and neuter flowers outside or below (gynagamocephalous)

.   With fused stamens and carpels (stigma and style) as in the Orchidaceae

.   Inflorescence with pistillate flowers inside or above and staminate outside or below, as in spikes of some species of Carex

.   Inflorescence with pistillate flowers inside or above and hermaphroditic outside or below (gynehermaphrodicephalous)

.   Attached at base of ovary in central depression

.   Some plants with perfect flowers and some with pistillate

   The whorl or group of carpels in the center or at the top of the flower; all carpels in a flower

.   Plant with pistillate and perfect flowers

.   The stipe of a pistil or carpel

Half-inferior.   Other floral organs attached around ovary with hypanthium adnate to lower half of ovary

Flat on one side, terete on other; semicircular in cross section

.   Flowers with parts spirally arranged at a simple level in a semispheric or hemispheric form; petals or tepals colored; parts numerous; e.g., Nymphaea, Magnolia

.   Lobe pointed and oriented outward or divergent in relation to petiole or midrib; sinus depth variable; margins variable

.   Triangular with two flaring basal lobes

.   Absorbing roots, within host of some parasitic species

.   A determinate inflorescence in which the branches develop on one side only, appearing simple

   With body half-inverted so that funiculus is attached near middle with micropyle terminal and at right angles

.   A usually low, soft, or coarse plant with annual aboveground stems

.   Soft and succulent

.   Inflorescence with hermaphroditic flowers inside or above and neuter outside or below (hermaphrodagamocephalous)

.   Inflorescence with hermaphroditic flowers inside or above and staminate outside or below (hermaphrodandrocephalous)

.   Plant with all flowers perfect

.   A thick-skinned septate berry with the bulk of the fruit derived from glandular hairs, as in Citrus

.   With stamens of different sizes and/or shapes

.   Having different states in two different sets of flowers, only one state present in each set

.   With juvenile foliage distinctly different from adult foliage in size or shape

.   With carpels of different sizes and/or shapes

  Heads, cymes, spikes with flowers of different sexual conditions. Note: other inflorescence word stems could be used for appropriate inflorescence type.

.   With stems of different sizes and/or shapes

.   With different number of members in different whorls

.   With petals of different sizes and/or shapes

.   With leaves of different sizes and/or shapes. Heterophyllous Shoots - Shoots that develop from winter buds which do not contain the primordia of all the leaves to develop during the year

.   Having different states in two different sets of plants, only one state present in each set

.   With sepals of different sizes and/or shapes

.   Inflorescences or flowers within the plant with different sexual conditions

.   Having two kinds of spores, usually differing in sizeHeterostichus.   With unequal rows

.   With styles of different sizes or lengths or shapes within a species

.   Ovule position not fixed in ovary

.   Appearing in the winter

.   Funicular scar on seed coat

   An aggregation of achenes surrounded by an urceolate receptacle and hypanthium, as in Rosa

.   Horseshoe-shaped

.   Covered with long, rather stiff trichomes

   Minutely hirsute

.   Covered with very long, stiff trichomes

.   Approaching hispid, minutely hispid

.   With stamens of same size and shape

.   Having more than one state within each individual flower, all flowers the same

.   With carpels of same size and shape

, Homocymous, Homospicous.   Heads, cymes, spikes with flowers sexually uniform

.   With perianth composed of similar parts, each part a tepal

  With maturation of stamens or anther and carpels or stigma at same time

   Having more than one state within each individual plant, all plants the same

.   Inflorescences or flowers sexually uniform

.   Having spores of only one kind

.   With styles of same sizes or lengths and shapes

.   A cover-shaped perianth part, usually with a turned down margin

.   A curved, pointed and hollow protuberance from the perianth

.   Thin and translucent or transparent

.   Pollinated by water

.   Pollinated by bees

.   The condition in which the sepals, petals, stamens are attached to the elongate floral tube or hypanthium above the inferior ovary, as in Oenothera

.   The fused or coalesced basal portion of floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens) around the ovary

.   An inflorescence with flowers on wall of a concave capitulum, as in Ficus

.   With a single primary vein and all other venation absent, rudimentaryj or concealed within a coriaceous or fleshy blade

.   Embryonic stem in seed, located below cotyledons

.   With food reserve stored in hypocotyl, derived from zygote

.   Perianth-like structure of bony scales subtending the ovary, as in Scleria and other members of the Cyperaceae

.   The condition in which the sepals, petals, stamens are attached below the ovary

.   With small leaves, as bracts, scales, cataphylls

.   Dorsal - Ovule erect, micropyle below, raphe dorsal (away from ventral bundle). Ventral - Ovule erect, micropyle below, raphe ventral (toward ventral bundle)

.   With leaves appearing after flowers

Imbricate.   Having margins overlapping

.   Pinnate with a conform terminal leaflet. Imparipinnately Compound - Odd-pinnately compound, with a terminal leaflet

   With stamens or carpels absent in the flower

.   With both lamina margins folded sharply inward

.   Margins sharply and deeply cut, usually jaggedly

.   With lamina folded or curved transversely near the apex

.   Ascending at 46-75� angle of divergence

.   Veins ending inside areoles

.   Leaf without one or more parts: blade, petiole, stipules; one or more types of floral parts absent

.   Thickened

   Reclinate with sides of cotyledons against hypocotyl

.   Curved inward or upward

.   One that does not dehisce at maturity, as in Peplis

   Continual growth of plant parts, not limited by a cessation of meristematic activity

.   Having margins bent inward and touching margin of each adjacent structure

.   Hardened

.   A flap of tissue covering a sorus

.   With unequal sides

   Unarmed, without prickles or spines

.   Other floral organs attached above ovary with hypanthium adnate to ovary

.   Swollen or thickened, as in Eichhornia

.   Bent abruptly inward or upward

.   On the stem below the leaves, as in the Arecaceae

   Axillary bud surrounded by base of petiole

.   Funnel-shaped

.   Outer covering of ovule; embryonic seed coat

.   Growth region near the base of an internode or base of blade

.   On the stem between the leaves, as in the Arecaceae

.   A renewal and cessation of meristematic activity which produces clusters of stems and/or leaves along an axis

.   A section or region of stem between nodes

.   With connate stipules from two opposite leaves

   Symmetry of arrangement broken, with uneven lengths of internodes

.   Growth all-over in an organ, no localized meristems, as in some fruits

.   Axial embryo usually erect with thick cotyledons overlapping and encasing the somewhat dwarfed hypocotyl; endosperm wanting or limited

.   Small involucre; secondary involucre

.   A group or cluster of bracts subtending an inflorescence

.   Margins or outer portion of sides rolled inward over upper or ventral surface

.   With floral parts within a whorl dissimilar in shape and/ or size

.   With cotyledons of same size and shape

.   With equally developed structures

.   With same number of members in different whorls

.   With petals of same size and shape

.   With leaves of same size and shape

.   With sepals of same size and shape

.   With equal rows

Jointed.   With stems that can be pulled apart easily at the nodes, as in Equisetum

Keel.   The two united petals of a papilionaceous flower; any structure ridged like the bottom of a boat

Lacerate.   Margins irregularly cut, appearing torn

.   Cut into closely parallel ribbonlike or straplike projections

.   Chamber or internal air space

.   The leaf tissue other than the veins or axes

.   Leaf-like stamen without a distinct anther and filament but with embedded or superficial microsporangia, as in Degeneria

.   With the placenta over the inner surface of the ovary wall

  Abnormal late season shoots that develop from the terminal bud, not a recurring phenomenon as in flushing shoots

.   Covered with long, intertwined trichomes, cottony

.   Lance shaped, much longer than wide; widened at or above the base and tapering to the apex

.   Cottony, similar to lanate but trichomes shorter

   On the side of a structure or at the nodes of the axis. Lateral Embryo - Basal or baso-lateral embryo, discoid or lenticular, usually surrounded by copious endosperm. Lateral Leaf - Leaf on the side of the stem, as in heterophyllous species of Selaginella

.   On the side of the seed

.   With broad-flowers

.   A photosynthetic and transpiring organ, usually developed from leaf primordium in the bud; an expanded, usually green, organ borne on the stem of a plant. Leaf Primordium - Meristematic tissue that gives rise to a leaf. Leaf Scar - A mark indicating former place of attachment of petiole or leaf base. Linear Leaf - Narrow, flattened, triangular, or quadrangular leaf usually 1/2-2 in. long; e.g., Taxus, Picea

.   A distinct and separate segment of a leaf

.   On stem opposite the base of the leaf, as in Alchemilla

.   A usually dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits along two sutures

.   Outer scale subtending grass floret

.   A pore in the bark

.   Biconvex, usually elongate and flattish

.   Covered with minute scales

.   With leaves to 25 sq. mm in size.

.   Having the entire sporangium develop from a periclinal division of a superficial cell or small group of cells

.   Woody

   Strap-shaped

.   An outgrowth or projection from the top of the sheath, as in the Poaceae; the strap-shaped portion of a ray or ligulate corolla; a small membranous outgrowth or projection at the base of the leaf, appearing above the sporangium in fertile leaves, as in Selaginella and Isoetes

.   Expanded portion of corolla or calyx above the tube, throat or claw

.   In lines, stigmatic surface linear

.   Tongue-shaped, plano-convex in cross section

   Either of two variously shaped parts into which a corolla or calyx is divided, usually into an upper and lower lip, as in the Lamiaceae and Orchidaceae. Lip Cells - The line of cells between which the sporangium dehisces

   Lobe rounded; sinus depth variable; outer and inner margins concave

.   Any, usually rounded, segment or part of the perianth

.   Divided into lobes

   Compartment of an anther; ovary cavity

One that dehisces longitudinally into the cavity of the locule, as in Epilobium

.   Abortive perianth part in the Poaceae; hyaline scales at base of ovary in the Poaceae

.   A legume that separates transversely between seed sections

.   Elongated internodes, rapid annual growth. Long Bud Shoots - Abnormal buds or shoots which elongate, then have arrested growth without the development of leaves and lateral branches

.   Dehiscing along long axis of theca

   Parts widely separated from one another, usually irregularly

.   With elongate vertical waves in the margins or sides at right angles to the longitudinal axis

.   Crescent-shaped, with acute ends

.   Lyre-shaped; pinnatifid with large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes

Major.   Greater in size

.   Pollinated by snails or slugs

   Plant with staminate flowers only

  A surface traversed by irregular veins of color; as block of marble often is

.   Usually ephemeral with persistent remains; withering persistent

   Pertaining to the border or edge

  A clump of microspores, as in Azolla

.   With flowers opening in the morning

   Upon or along the longitudinal axis

With stipules adnate to petiole with free part of stipules near middle of petiole

   Leaf on top of stem, as in heterophyllous species of Selaginella

   The sporangium in which megaspores are produced

   A spore that gives rise to a female gametophyte

.   Modified leaf bearing ovules; e.g., Zamia

.   Pollinated by bees

.   Thin and semi-translucent; membrane-like

.   Thin and concaveconvex

.   A portion of fruit that seemingly matured as a separate fruit

.   Inflorescence with hermaphroditic flowers inside or above and pistillate outside or below (hermaphrodigynecephalous)

.   Middle layer of pericarp

.   Adult leaf

.   Axial embryo in minute seeds, less than 0.2 mm long; minute and undifferentiated to almost total size of seed

.   Pollinated by small bees

.   Hole through integument(s)

   The sporangium in which microspores are produced

.   A spore that gives rise to a male gametophyte

.   Modified leaf bearing microsporangia or pollen sacs

.   The central conducting and supporting structure of the blade of a simple leaf

.   The central conducting and supporting structure of the blade of a leaflet

.   Smaller in size

.   Very small

.   Contains flower, leaf, and stem primordia; will give rise to branch with leaves and flower(s)

.   Pollen grains occurring singly

.   With one group of stamens connate by their filaments

.   Elongate roots with regularly arranged swollen areas

.   One-carpelled

   Perennial or annual, flowering and fruiting once, then dying; fruiting once

.   One-headed, as in composites

.   A cymose inflorescence with one main axis

.   With one cotyledon

.   One-whorled

.   With staminate and carpellate flowers on same plant

.   Plant with all flowers imperfect, but staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant

e.   Bean-shaped, with a single scar line

.   Whorl with one member

.   All of the same shape and size

.   One-leaved

.   Branching with a main axis and reduced or missing laterals; excurrent

.   Gummy or gelatinous

.   Less than 3:1 l/w, straight and stiff

.   1:1 l/w or broader than long; straight

.   Many-celled

.   With many axes or stems from one rootstock or caudex

.   Many-ribbed

.   Many-locular

   Spring shoot developing from the terminal winter bud and producing 2 or more whorls of branches; the cones are partly lateral in the middle of the shoot; e.g., Pinus echinata

.   Many-rowed; in many series

.   Many-lined

.   Covered with short, hard protuberances

.   Minutely muricate

.   Without a vein extension, awn or hair

.   Pollinated by diptera

.   Pollinated by ants

Nanophyllous.   With leaves to 225 sq. mm in size.

.   Turnip-shaped

.   Boat-shaped

   Narrowed portion of hypanthium, between the base and a flared limb

.   Pollinated by carrion beetles

.   Sugary compound producing glands found mostly on floral parts that produce attractants for pollinators

.   A specialized nectar-secreting structure or area

.   Acicular; slender, elongated leaf, usually over 2 in long; e.g., Pinus

  Veins uniting to form a network

.   Without stamens and carpels in flower; or sex organs abortive

  Opening during night

   At the nodes

   Point on the stem where leaves are attached; or the point of branching of the stem

.   Knotty or knobby, as the roots of most of the Fabaceae

  Female sporangium within ovule; megasporangium in seed plants

   A one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with a hard pericarp, usually derived from a one-loculed ovary

A small nut

Obconic.   Inversely conical

.   Inversely cordiform

.   With stamens in two whorls, outer opposite petals, inner opposite the sepals

.   Having an asymmetrical base

.   With widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins essentially parallel

.   Inversely ovate

.   Not clearly visible macroscopically, usually owing to incomplete differentiation

.   Inversely triangular

.   Inversely trullate

.   Margins straight to convex, forming a terminal angle more than 90

.   A broad spot of some color has another spot of a different color within it

.   Having a stipular tube surrounding stem above insertion of petiole or blade

.   Diminutive of ocreate; usually applied to bract bases

.   With reduction in number of members within whorl

.   Reduction in number of whorls

.   With a dull surface

.   One that dehisces through pores, each of which is covered by a flap, cap, or lid, as in Papaver

.   Two leaves or other structures per node, on opposite sides of stem or central axis

.   Pollinated by birds

   With straight body so that funicular attachment is at one end and micropyle at other

.   Bony

.   Ovule-bearing part of pistil

.   With widest axis below middle and with margins symmetrically curved; egg-shaped

  Female; bearing ovules only in the flowers

.   Embryonic seed consisting of integument(s) and nucellus

.   Highly modified lateral branch in the axil of a leaf (bract), and bearing ovules; may be flat or peltate, woody or fleshy; e.g., Pinaceae

Pachycauly.   Short, thick, frequently succulent stems, as in

.   Colors disposed in streaks of unequal intensity

.   The raised area in the throat of a sympetalous corolla

.   Inner scale subtending grass floret

.   With small membranous scales, chaffy

   Actinodromous, the primary veins with one or more subsidiary radiations above the primary one

.   Radiately lobed or divided. Palmately Compound - With leaflets from one point at end of petiole

  With first order leaflets palmately arranged, second order pinnately arranged

.   Cut palmately

.   Sectioned or divided palmately into distinct segments

.   Fiddle-shaped; obovate with sinus or indentation on each side near base and with two small basal lobes

.   Branched inflorescence with pedicelled flowers

.   With matted, feltlike layer of trichomes

  With large posterior petal (banner or standard) two lateral petals (wings) and usually two connate lower petals (keel); as in the Fabaceae

.   Covered with minute tubercles

.   Bristly or scaly calyx in the Asteraceae

.   Thecae or anther cells along side of the connective or longitudinal to each other; with veins extending from base to apex, essentially parallel

.   With two or more primary veins originating beside one another at the blade base and running more or less parallel to the apex where they converge

.   Hairs or hair-like structures in the sorus

.   With the placentae on the wall or intruding partitions of a unilocular compound ovary

.   Even-pinnately compound, without a terminal leaflet

.   Indentations or incisions cut 1/2-3/4 distance to midrib

.   Knee-shaped; disk-shaped

.   Spreading

.   Pinnatifid with closely set segments; comb-like

.   Palmately cut or divided with the lower pair basiscopically exaggerated

.   Individual flower stalk

.   Main stalk for entire inflorescence

.   Lateral stem projection to which leaf is attached and persistent after leaf dehiscence; ie., abscission layer between peg and leaf; leaf may be sessile; e.g., Picea; or petiolate; e.g. Tsuga, on the peg

.   Clear, transparent

.   Usually having petiole attached near the center on the underside of blade

.   Rounded with petiole attached to center of blade or apparently to laminar tissue

.   Drooping, hanging down; pendulous

.   Hanging loosely or freely; pendent

   With veins extending from midrib to margins, essentially parallel

.   Five-whorled

.   Five-angled

.   Whorl with five members

.   With five stamens

.   A berry with a leathery nonseptate rind derived from an inferior ovary, as in Cucurbita

   Living more than two years; fruiting more than once

.   With both stamens and carpels or pistils in the flower

.   Having base completely surrounding stem

.   An aggregation of tepals or combined calyx and corolla

.   Fruit wall

.   Around the fruit

.   With a sheathing base, as in the Apiaceae

.   Sac-like bract subtending the pistillate flower, as in Carex

.   The condition in which the sepals, petals, stamens are attached to the floral tube or hypanthium surrounding the ovary with the tube or hypanthium free from the ovary

.   On the outer surface or edge

   Food reserve in seed derived from diploid nucellus or integuments

.   With food reserve in perisperm, derived from diploid nucellus or integuments

.   An outer covering of some fern spores, with different configuration than that of the exospore

.   Remaining attached; applied to individual parts

.   Two-lipped with the upper arched and the lower protruding into corolla throat

.   A corolla member or segment; a unit of the corolla

.   With a terminal anther and distinctly petaloid filament, as in Saxifraga

.   Most frequently at the base of petals

.   Petal-like in shape, texture and/or color

.   With filaments fused to corolla, anthers free

.   May be all over (general) or near apex (acropetiolar) or near base (basipetiolar)

.   With a petiole

  Leaf stalk

   With a petiolule

.   Leaflet stalk

.   With roots on rock

.   Pollinated by moths

.   With stamens exserted

.   With the cotyledons emergent from seed, usually appearing above ground

.   Blade-like and green

  One of the involucral leaves subtending a capitulum, as in composites

   Flattened and blade-like

   Flattened blade-like petiole or midrib

  With blade-bearing leaves at base of plant

  Arrangement of leaves, primarily photosynthetic in function

.   More than 20:1 l/w, hair-like, flexuous

.   With soft, shaggy trichomes

.   A primary division of a fern leaf

.   Compound, with the leaflets arranged on both sides of a common axis. Interruptedly Pinnately Compound - With smaller and larger leaflets alternating along the rachis

.   Pinnate with pinnatifid pinnae

.   Pinnately cut, more than half way to the midvein

   Sectioned or divided pinnately into distinct segments

  A secondary division of a fern leaf

.   Pea-shaped

.   One or more fused carpels consisting of stigma, style (if present) and ovary

.   With pistils or carpels only in the flower

.   Ventricose to tubular insectivorous leaf, as in Sarracenia

   Centermost tissue of stem, usually soft

.   Ovule-bearing region of ovary wall

.   With lamina flat, without folds or rolls

With flat and usually large spines

.   A protostele dissected into anastomosing plate-like units

.   Compound dichasium in which each cymule has three lateral branches

.   With increase in number of members within whorl

.   Increase in number of whorls

.   Actinomorphic with numbers of parts reduced; e.g., Tripogandra

.   Pollen tube entrance through side of ovule

.   Dorsal - Ovule horizontal, micropyle toward ventral bundle, raphe above. Ventral - Ovule horizontal, micropyle toward ventral bundle, raphe below

.   Fluted, longitudinally folded

.   Monocarpic but living several to many years before flowering, as in Agave

.   Feather-like

.   Embryonic leaves in seed derived from epicotyl

.   With spongy, aerating roots, usually found in marsh plants

  Young male gametophyte. Pollen Sac - Male sporangium

.   Grains occurring in uniform coherent masses

.   Pollen grains in clusters of more than four

.   Many-stamened

.   Having different states in several to many (more than three) different sets of flowers, only one state present in each set

.   Many-carpellate

.   Many-headed, as in composites

   Many-whorled

   With several groups of stamens connate by their filaments

.   Plants dioecious, but with some perfect flowers on staminate or pistillate plants or both

.   Plant monoecious, but with some perfect flowers

   Plant with perfect and imperfect flowers

  Having different states in several to many (more than three) different individuals or sets of plants, only one state present in each set

.   Whorl with many members

.   Having several to many (more than three) different shapes and/or sizes within the same species

.   A receptacle or torus bearing many distinct carpels, as in Rosa

.   Leaves or other structures in many rows

.   A berry-like fruit, adnate to a fleshy receptacle, with cartilaginous endocarp, as in Malus

   Dehiscing through a pore at apex of theca

.   Pollen tube entrance through the micropyle

.   Lobe - The lobe next to axis, away from the subtending bract; adaxial lobe. Posterior Ridges, Lines, Grooves - The lines, grooves, ridges in or on the ventral side, adaxial, within the perianth

   A bag-shaped structure

   Developing unusually early

.   Normal shoots that develop from winter buds which contain primordia of all leaves that will expand during the season

.   A sharp pointed outgrowth from the epidermis or cortex of any organ

.   With prickles

.   From radicle of embryo; tip of main axis

.   The first year non-flowering stem, as in most blackberries; a turion

.   Cells in embryo or bud giving rise to roots, leaves or flowers. Protected Primordium - Shoot and/or flower primordia surrounded by scales. Naked Primordium - Shoot and/or flower primordia not surrounded by scales

.   Flowering before normal period, as spring flowers in the fall

.   Trailing or lying flat, not rooting at the nodes; humistrate

.   Abnormal late season shoots that develop from the lateral buds immediately beneath the terminal

.   Apical growing or meristematic tissue that gives rise to other bud parts

   Adventitious, supporting roots usually arising at lower nodes

.   Flat, spreading; growing low along the ground

.   With stamens or anthers developing before carpels or stigma

.   With leaves appearing before flowers

.   Gametophyte of lower vascular plants

.   With carpels or stigma maturing before stamens or anthersProtostele.   Stele having a solid column of vascular tissue with xylem centrally located

.   Near the point of origin or attachment

.   With a heavy wax coat

   Several flowers simulating a simple flower but composed of more than a single axis with subsidiary flowers

).   An aggregation of achenes embedded in a fleshy receptacle, as in Fragaria

).   Two-four loculed nut surrounded by a fleshy involucre, as in Juglans

.   Whorl seemingly with one member which is a fusion product of two or more parts

.   Bud appearing apical but is lateral near apex, developing with death or nondevelopment of terminal bud

.   Pollinated by butterflies

.   Winged stems

   Minutely pubescent

.   Covered with dense or scattered trichomes

   Covered with fine, powdery wax granules

.   With a swollen base, as in the Fabaceae

.   The swollen base of a petiole or petiolule

.   Covered with minute impressions or depressions

  Acrid; terminating in a rigid sharp point

   Forked

   With scattered blisterlike swellings

.   Fleshy fruit with each seed surrounded by a bony endocarp, as in Ilex

.   Pear-shaped

Quadrate.   Nearly square to form 

  Cut or divided into four lobes or parts

.   Having five structures, two of which are exterior, two interior, and a fifth with one margin covering interior structure and other margin covered by that of one of the exterior structures

Raceme.   Unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with pedicelled flowers

.   Secondary axis of compound leaf; central axis of a grass or sedge spikelet

.   The main axis of a pinnately compound leaf; major axis within an inflorescence; axis of a compound fern blade

.   Leaves basal, near ground, usually from caudex or rootstock

   Basal end of embryo axis that gives rise to root system

   Leaf sheath on the stem joints, as in Equisetum

.   Having many thin scales, as on the epidermis of some ferns

.   Branched

.   Ridge on seed coat formed from adnate funiculus

.   Secondary axis in a compound inflorescence

.   The region at end of pedicel or on axis to which flower is attached; point on a leaf where sporangia are attached

.   A fleshy structure below the seed formed from the bases of bracts and the swollen receptacle or cone axis; e. g., Acmopyle, and some Podocarpus spp

.   Bent down upon the axis, no angle of divergence

.   Descending at 106-135� angle of divergence

   Box-shaped, longer than wide

.   Curved outward or downward

   Decreased in size

   Bent or turned downward

.   With floral parts within a whorl similar in shape and size

.   Kidney-shaped, with shallow sinus and widely rounded margins

.   Sinuate with indentions less than 1/16 distance to midrib or midvein

   Creeping or lying flat and rooting at the nodes

.   With lamina folded once abaxially along midrib or midvein

   Persistent septum after dehiscence of fruits, as in the Brassicaceae

   Having a yellowish, sticky, exudate

.   Inverted or twisted 180�, as in pedicels in the Orchidaceae

.   Netted; with veins forming a network

.   With a single primary vein, the secondary veins not terminating at the margin and losing their identities near the margin by repeated branching, yielding a dense reticulum

.   A persistent indurated, hook-like funiculus in the fruits of Acanthaceae

.   Bent or directed downward. Retrorsely Crenate - Rounded teeth directed toward base. Retrorsely Serrate - Sharp or pointed teeth directed toward base

.   Lobe rounded; sinus depth to 1/16 distance to midpoint of blade; margins convex

.   Margins or outer portion of sides rolled outward or downward over lower or dorsal surface

.   Plants having the roots living for many years with the stems dying annually

.   A hair-like absorptive organ on gametophytes and rarely on sporophytes

.   A horizontal underground stem

   Arrangement of roots

.   With widest axis at midpoint of structure, and with straight margins; elliptic but margins straight and middle angled

.   With longitudinal nerves

  With old bud scale scar rings

  Large

  Sides enrolled, usually loosely, over upper or lower surfaces

.   An absorbing and anchoring organ, usually initially developed from the radicle and growing downward. Root Cap - Parenchymatous, protective apex of root. Root Hair - Lateral, absorbing outgrowth of the epidermal cell

Secondary Root.   Lateral root with root cap and hairs, derived from the pericycle

  A term applied to miscellaneous types of underground stems or parts

.   Covered with waxy platelets, appearing dewy

.   Persistent stylar base on fruit

.   Leaves in a rosette

   Wheel-shaped, with short tube and wide limb at right angles to tube

   Margins and apex forming a smooth arc

.   Basal, small nonperipheral embryo in small to large seed; relatively undifferentiated; endosperm copious

   Covered with coarse reticulate lines

.   Coarsely wrinkled, appearing as chewed

.   Oblanceolate with lacerate to parted margins

   An indeterminate, elongate, above ground propagative stem, with long internodes, rooting at the tip forming new plants

.   Pouch-like

   Lobe pointed and oriented downward or inward in relation to petiole or midrib; sinus depth variable; margins variable

.   Triangular-ovate with two straight or slightly incurved basal lobes

.   Pointed outward, usually said of teeth

.   Trumpet-shaped; with slender tube and limb nearly at right angles to tube

   A winged, dry fruit

.   An aggregation of samaras, as in Liriodendron

   Pollinated by carrion or dung flies

.   Fleshy stems

.   With the seed coat fleshy

.   Approaching scabrous

.   Minutely scabrous

.   Having a harsh surface

.   Small, non-green leaf on bud and modified stem; small, scarious to coriaceous flattened bodies within the perianth, as in the Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Scale Leaf - Small, usually appressed and imbricate; e.g., Juniperus, Thuja

.   A naked flowering stem with or without a few scale leaves, arising from an underground stem

.   With a solitary flower on a leafless peduncle or scape, usually arising from a basal rosette

.   Thin and dry, appearing shriveled

   With old leaf base, stipular and/or branch scar regions

.   Separated body, as in separating fruits (achenes, berries, carcerules, follicules, mericarps, nutlets, samaras), splitting apart at maturity

.   Hard, dryish stems

.   Hard

With exfoliating scaly incrustations

.   Occurring during a seasonal cycle, or each season

   Flowers or other structures on one side of axis

.   A matured ovule. Seed Coat - Outer protective covering of seed

.   The ultimate division or unit of a dissected fern leaf

.   Arrangement of semaphylls (petals, sepals, tepals), primarily advertising (pollinator attracting) in function

  With ovaries of adjacent carpels partly fused, stigmas and styles separate

  With a single primary vein, the secondary veins branching just within the margin, one branch from each terminating at the margin and the other forming a marginal loop and joining the superadjacent secondary vein

  A calyx member or segment; a unit of the calyx

.   Most frequently at the base of sepals

   Sepal-like in shape, texture and/or color

   At the junction of the septa in the ovary

.   Divided by internal partitions into locules or cells

   Partition. Septicidal Capsule - One that dehisces longitudinally through the septa, as in Penstemon

   With long, silky trichomes, usually appressed

   Opening late; appearing in late summer

   Saw-toothed; teeth sharp and ascending, but cut 1/16-1/8 distance to midrib or midvein

   Cut into sawlike teeth

  Diminutive of serrate, but cut to 1/16 distance to midrib or midvein

  Without a petiole or petiolule

  A hair-like extension of the leaf, as in homophyllous species of Selaginella

.   Having setae or bristlelike trichomes

   Any more or less tubular portion of the leaf surrounding the stem or culm, as in the Poaceae

   Having tubular structure enclosing stem below apparent insertion of blade or petiole

   Lustrous, polished

.   A much-branched woody perennial plant usually without a single trunk

.   A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more carpels that dehisce along two sutures and which has a persistent partition after dehiscence and is as broad as, or broader, than long

.   A silicle type fruit that is longer than broad

   Not composed of more than one anatomically or morphologically equivalent unit

   Rising helically from left to right, a characteristic of twining stems

.   Long horizontal curves in the body of the structure parallel to the central axis

  A stele having vascular tissue in the form of a hollow cylinder, with a central pith

  With loosely clumped shoots arising some distance apart from rhizomes or under ground suckers

   A siphonostele having phloem both internal and external to the xylem

.   One-flowered, not an inflorescence

   Fruits on a common axis that are usually coalesced and derived from the ovaries of several flowers, as in Morus

   A cluster of sporangia

   Unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with flowers embedded in the rachis

.   An enlarged bract enclosing an inflorescence

   Oblong or obovate apically with a long attenuate base

   Foliate, erect embryo with variable cotyledons, thin to thick and slightly expanded to broad

  With multi-dimensional radial symmetry

   Pollinated by hawk moths and nocturnal lepidoptera

With crystals in or on the surface

   Unbranched, indeterminate, elongate inflorescence with sessile flowers

.   A small spike; the basic inflorescence unit in grasses and sedges

.   Sharp-pointed petiole, midrib, vein, or stipule

   Acuminate but coriaceous and stiff

  Twisted like a corkscrew

  With incumbent cotyledons folded once

   Cellular; sponge-like

   The umbrella-shaped sporangium-bearing unit of the strobilus, as in Equisetum

.   A spore case

.   A hard, nut-like structure containing the sporangia in heterosporous ferns

.   A spore bearing leaf

.   The color disposed in small spots

.   A short shoot on which flowers and fruits or leaves are borne; a tubular or pointed projection from the perianth

.   Having coarse scales

.   Usually sharply curved downward or outward in the apical region, as the bracts of some species of Aster

.   Male sporophyll within the flower; floral organ that bears pollen in angiosperms

.   Most frequently at base of filament

   With stamens only in the flower

.   Frequently entire structure is nectariferous

  Sterile stamen, may be modified as a nectary or petaloid structure. Staminal Disc - A fleshy, elevated cushion formed from coalesced staminodia or nectaries

.   The upper, usually wide petal in a papilionaceous corolla

  The central primary vascular system of the stem and associated tissues delimited from the cortex by endodermis and pericycle, Delimited from the cortex by endodermis and pericycle

   Star-shaped

   A supporting and conducting organ usually developed initially from the epicotyl and growing upward

   Flowers 3-dimensional with basically radial symmetry; parts many or reduced, and usually regular; e.g., Narcissus, Aquilegia

.   Pollen-receptive portion of pistil

   Basal stalk. Stipe Bundles - The vascular bundles of the fern petiole

   With stipels

   Paired scales, spines, or glands at the base of petiolule

  With stipules

.   Paired scales, spines, glands, or blade-like structures at the base of a petiole. Stipular Scar - A mark indicating former place of attachment of stipule

   Runner or indeterminate, elongate, above ground propagative stem, rooting at the tip producing new plants. Underground Stolon - A determinate, elongate, underground propagative stem with long internodes forming a bulb or tuber at the tip

   Bearing stolons; sarmentose

.   Opening or pore in leaf epidermis; intercellular space between two guard cells

.   Lip cell region of a fern sporangium

.   With longitudinal lines

.   Stiff and rigid

.   Diminutive of strigose

.   Covered with sharp, coarse, bent trichomes usually with a bulbous base

.   Longitudinal stripes of one color crossing another

.   Stem with short internodes and spore-bearing appendages; a cone

.   Elongate snail-shaped

.   With elongate aril or strophiole in the hilum region

.   Attenuated, non-ovule-bearing portion of pistil between stigma and ovary

.   With a style and without a stipe, the normal carpel

.   With a style and stipe

.   With a stylopodium or discoid base, as in the Apiaceae

.   With branches at or near tip of main stem

.   At one side near apex of ovary

.   Near the base

.   With branches at or near base of main stem

.   Anther attached near its base to apex of filament

.   Corky

.   Almost glabrous

.   Almost round or spherical

.   Beneath the surface of the water

.   With submersed stems

.   To stand below and close to

.   Near the apex

  Below the surface of the ground

.   Very narrow and tapering; awl-shaped; linear

.   Shoots that develop from adventitious buds on old stumps or roots, usually after cutting or injury, which have elongate internodal lengths and intervals

.   Woody basally, herbaceous apically

.   With longitudinal grooves

.   Germinating in spring or early summer and flowering and fruiting in late summer or early fall, then dying

.   Other floral organs attached below ovary

.   With lamina with one edge tightly enrolled and with the other loosely enrolled covering the first, loosely convolute

.   Prostrate, with parts oriented upward

.   On the stem above the leaves, as in the Arecaceae

  On top of the root

.   Extending along stem upward from leaf base

.   Upon or spread over the surface of the ground

   A syncarp with the achenes borne on the inside of a hollowed-out receptacle or peduncle, as in Ficus

.   Abnormal shoots that develop from lateral buds before they have reached maturity

   With fused petals

.   Collocated, together

.   Branching without a main axis but with many, more or less, equal laterals

.   With leaves and flowers appearing at same time

.   With fused carpels

.   Cotyledons coalesced, forming a funnel or trumpet

.   With fused anthers

.   With ovaries of adjacent carpels completely fused, styles and stigmas separate

.   With fused sepals

.   With ovaries and styles of adjacent carpels completely fused, stigmas separate

.   With radicle pointing toward hilum

Tannin Bearing Glands.   Tannin producing glands found in various parts of the plant, presumably protective in some structures

.   Persistent, well-developed primary root

.   Long, slender, coiling branch, adapted for climbing (most tendrils are leaf structures)

.   Glandular-haired or tentacle-bearing insectivorous leaf, as in Drosera

.   A member or segment of perianth in which the parts are not differentiated into distinct sepals and petals

.   Cylindrical and elongate

.   With three orders of leaflets, each bifoliolate, or with geminate leaflets ternately compound

At apex or end of stem. Terminal Bud Scale Scar Rings - Several marks in a ring indicating former places of attachment of bud scales

   With leaflets in three's

.   Color arranged in small squares, so as to have some resemblance to a checkered pavement

.   The outer, commonly hard and brittle seed-coat

.   Four-whorled

.   Pollen grains in clusters of four

.   With stamens in two groups, usually four long and two short

.   Four-angled

.   Having the form of a tetrahedron

.   Four-locular

.   Whorl with four members

.   With four stamens

.   Leaves or other structures in four rows

.   One half of anther containing two pollen sacs or male sporangia

   A sharp-pointed branch

.   An open, expanded tube in the perianth

.   A many-flowered inflorencence with an indeterminate central axis and with many opposite lateral dichasia

.   A grass shoot produced from the base of the stem

.   Covered with dense, interwoven trichomes

.   Cylindrical with contractions at intervals

.   Irregularly twisted

.   Sprawling on ground, usually with adventitious roots

  At rightangles to long axis

.   A tall, woody perennial plant usually with a single trunk

.   With three sides and three angles

.   Three-carpellate

.   A leaf or stem surface hair

.   Three-whorled

.   With stamens in two equal groups of three

.   Cut or divided into three lobes or parts

.   Three-flowered

.   Three-leaved

.   With three leaflets

.   Divided into three forks or branches; three-forked

.   Three-angled

.   Having different states in three different sets of flowers, only one state present in each set

.   Having different states in three different sets of plants, only one state present in each set

.   Basically tetrahedral, but often appearing round or triangular, with three scar lines forming a Y

.   Whorl with three members

.   Having three different shapes and/or sizes within the same species

.   Plants staminate, pistillate or perfect

.   With three orders of leaflets, each palmately compound

   With three orders of leaflets, each pinnately compound

.   Three-angled with the sides usually concave

.   Leaves or other structures in three rows

.   With three orders of leaflets, each ternately compound

   With widest axis below middle and with straight margins; ovate but margins straight and angled below middle, trowel-shaped

.   Cut straight across; ending abruptly almost at right angles to midrib or midvein

   Two-four loculed nut surrounded by a dehiscent involucre at maturity, as in most species of Carya

.   Cylindrical part

.   A thick storage stem, usually not upright

  With hard, swollen, persistent base or tubercle. Tuberculate or Verrucose - With a warty surface

   Silica deposits on the stem ridges, as in Equisetum

   Fleshy roots resembling stem tubers

  Cylindrical

   Top-shaped; obconic

.   Tumid or swollen

.   An over-wintering bud, as in Lemna

.   Twisted around a central axis

Umbel.   A determinate or indeterminate flat-topped or convex inflorescence with the pedicels arising at a common point. Compound Umbel - An umbel with primary rays or peduncles arising at a common point with a secondary umbel arising from the tip of the primary rays; a branched umbel

.   The secondary umbel in a compound umbel

.   Depressed in the center

.   Projection, with or without spine or prickle, on the apophysis of the cone scale

.   Round with a projection in center

.   Umbrella-shaped, as in Sarracenia

.   Umbrella-shaped

.   With a series of vertical curves at right angles to the central axis

   Clawed

.   With solitary, free carpel in gynoecium

.   With a single leaflet with a petiolule distinct from the petiole of the whole leaf, as in Cercis

   One-locular

.   Spring shoot developing from the terminal winter bud and producing only one internode with one whorl of branches at the end; the cones are subterminal at the end of the shoot; e.g., Pinus resinosa

.   One-rowed; in one series

.   With only one sex in each flower

.   Urn-shaped

   With erect, usually long trichomes that produce irritation when touched

.   A small, bladdery or inflated, one-seeded, dry fruit.

Vallecular Canal.   A canal beneath a stem groove

   Sides enrolled, adaxially or abaxially so that margins touch

.   Dehiscing through a pore covered by a flap of tissue. Valvular or Septifragal Capsule - One with valves breaking away from the septa, as in Ipomoea

  The color disposed in various irregular, sinuous, spaces

or Trace Scar A mark indicating former place of attachment within the leaf scar of the vascular bundle or trace

   Frond lacking sporangia

.   The membranous flap covering the sporangium, as in Isoetes

.   Covered with dense, straight, long and soft trichomes; pile-like

.   Pertaining to the surface nearest the axis; inner face of an organ; the upper surface of the leaf; adaxial. Ventral Side - Top side or upper side of a perianth part

.   Inflated on one side near the middle

.   On ventral side of stipule

.   Worm-shaped

.   Appearing in spring

.   Warty

.   Dorsifixed but anther seemingly swinging free on the filament

.   Whorled dichasia at the nodes of an elongate rachis

.   With flowers opening in the evening or night; appearing or expanding in the evening

.   Minute; a remnant

.   Having one structure larger than others which is folded over smaller enclosed structures

.   Minutely villous

.   Covered with long, soft, crooked trichomes

   An elongate, weak-stemmed, often climbing annual or perennial plant, with herbaceous or woody texture

.   Wand-like; long, slender, and straight

.   Sticky or glutinous

Whorl.   A cyclic or acyclic group of sepals, or petals, or stamens, or carpels

  Three or more leaves or other structures per node

.   Lateral petals, as in the Fabaceae; a flattened extension, appendage or projection from a perianth part

. With flattened blade-like margins. Winged Nut (Bract) - Nut enclosed in a winglike bract, as in Carpinus

. Xylem consisting of vessels and/or tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma cells

. Hard and lignified

Zoned. The same as ocellated, but the concentric bands more numerous

. With branches intermittently spaced along main stem

. With floral parts in two symmetrical halves

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Australian athletes voice safety concerns following death of Lazar Dukic at 2024 CrossFit Games

By Keely Johnson

Topic: Exercise and Fitness

Athletes paid tribute to Lazar Dukic when the CrossFit Games resumed. ( Facebook: CrossFit Games )

Members of the Australian CrossFit community say they are reeling following the death of a competitor during an event at the CrossFit Games in the United States, with athletes starting to question the safety of the competition. 

Serbian athlete Lazar Dukic, 28, died during the competition, which brings together the top 40 athletes from around the world to determine what organisers call "the fittest man and woman on Earth". 

Competitors had finished a 5-kilometre run and were doing an 800-metre open-water swim, when the tragedy unfolded.

In a live stream of the incident, Dukic can be seen struggling to swim, before disappearing underwater, despite lifeguards appearing to be only a few metres away.

A dive team was called in and Dukic's body was later recovered from the water. 

Lazar Dukic died during the swimming leg of the event on day one of the games.  ( Facebook: CrossFit Games )

The rest of the events scheduled for day one of the competition were cancelled, however the games resumed the following day.

Dukic was remembered by organisers as a "remarkable athlete, brother, son, partner, and friend" during an emotional tribute at the games. 

Community devastated

The news of Dukic's death has sent shock waves throughout the CrossFit community, with hundreds of athletes and fans taking to social media to post tributes to Dukic and his family. 

In Australia, 22-year-old Tom Woodham is a CrossFit coach on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, and told triple j Hack that the news had come as a massive shock to people at his gym.

"I think a lot of people just thought 'how could this happen?''" he told Hack.

"The feeling across everyone is just disappointment, sadness and just devastated by it."

He said it also made him question his own safety when competing. 

"It did make me think for a moment, 'If they're not going to care about the top 40 [athletes], why would they care about me?'"

Tom Woodham said the news of Lazar's death shocked the CrossFit community.  ( Instagram: CrossFit 2444 )

CrossFit is a branded fitness program that includes different types of exercise, including interval training, weights and gymnastics.

The organisation behind the CrossFit Games has been the target of widespread criticism online this week for its handling of the incident, and the decision to continue the games. 

In a statement posted on social media, the organisation said it had made the decision to continue, after consulting Dukic's family. 

"After careful thought and many conversations internally, with athletes, and with Lazar Dukic's family, it's been decided that the CrossFit Games will continue throughout the remainder of the weekend," the statement read. 

Competitors question safety

CrossFit CEO Don Faul released a video statement following the incident, saying the organisation had brought in a third-party to investigate. 

"We must understand what happened and do everything in our power to make sure it doesn't happen again," he said.

"The safety of our athletes is our most important responsibility, and this tragedy happened on our watch."

Nine-time CrossFit Games competitor Brent Fikowski voiced his concerns on social media. 

"When they say, 'safety is our number one priority', I simply have not believed this to be true for a long time," his post read.

"I believe their top priority has always been their subjective definition of 'the test.'"

According to CrossFit's website, the games are "world-renowned as the definitive test of fitness".

The website also says athletes are tested against a variety of unannounced events, such as distance swims, obstacle courses, handstand walking and odd-object carries, and competitors are required to "train for the unknown". 

In his post, Fikowski said athletes were asking questions about how organisers were going to manage the heat in the lead-up to the games being held in Texas. 

He said those questions went mostly unanswered.

Leaving the CrossFit brand

One gym in Sydney, formerly known as CrossFit Botany, has walked away from the brand.

Dukic was an ambassador for the gym and considered "one of our closest friends" by management, according to posts on social media this week. 

In a statement, the company said continuing the games did not feel like the appropriate path forward, influencing their decision. 

"We will continue to encourage the methodologies that have changed the lives of millions of people around the world," the statement read.

"However, we will be doing so no longer in unity with CrossFit."

The gym this week rebranded to no longer include "CrossFit" in its name. 

Expert says death a 'rare event'

Exercise physiologist Kim Way, from the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition at Deakin University in Melbourne, told triple j Hack that the death of an athlete at a sporting event was uncommon.

"The main thing that we sort of want to stress here is that it's a very rare event, particularly in young individuals," she told Hack. 

Kim Way said most CrossFit gyms prioritise safety.   ( Supplied: Dr Kim Way )

"Lazar was training ... that actually puts him at a far lower risk ... but unfortunately, in younger individuals, the main cause of these really sudden death occurrences is inherited conditions with the heart, where a lot of people don't really show any signs or symptoms."

The cause of Dukic's death remains under investigation.

Dr Way also said CrossFit as a sport was a great form of exercise, however, people should be aware of their own limitations. 

"We have to remember that everybody has a different capability, different exercise history and also different medical histories," she said.

"So [we need to] make sure the levels of exercise meet the needs of the people who want to come to CrossFit gyms.

"Most gyms are really good at this."