urdu essay on depression

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Depression Meaning in Urdu - Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

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Hopelessness

Sleep Disorders

Frustration

Uncertainty

Depression is a mood disorder that elevates sadness and lack of interest. Consistent depression can disrupt our daily lifestyle and affect the way we behave – leading to a variety of emotional and physical challenges. Most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy, or both.

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What is the main problem of depression?

Clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder, affects how you feel, think, and behave and can cause a number of emotional and physical issues. You can find it difficult to carry out your regular daily tasks, and you might occasionally think life is not worth living.

What age has the most depression?

In 2019, 21% of persons who had any depression symptoms in the previous two weeks were between 18 and 29 years old, according to CDC data. This is the adult age group with the highest incidence.

How does depression develop?

According to research, having too much or too little of a certain brain chemical does not necessarily cause depression. Instead, there are other potential explanations for depression, such as poor mood regulation by the brain, hereditary susceptibility, and traumatic life experiences.

What is the only way to cure depression?

The majority of depressed persons find relief from their symptoms with medications and counseling. Medication can be prescribed by your primary care physician or psychiatrist to treat symptoms. But many depressed individuals also gain benefits and desired results from consulting a psychologist or a mental health specialist.

What foods should you avoid if you have depression?

2 Processed meat

3 Fried food

4 Refined cereals

6 High-fat dairy products

8 Energy Drinks and Sodas

Summary about Depression

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What is Depression?

Major depressive disorder is a mental illness that negatively affects your thinking and behavior. It is a constant feeling of sadness and loss of interest in pleasure activities. Depression affects the emotional and physical health of a person and his everyday activities. Antidepressant medicines and psychological counseling treat depression.

What are the symptoms of Depression?

The most noticeable symptoms of depression are;

Persistent sadness and low energy levels

Disturbances in sleeping and eating schedules

Low moods and suicidal thoughts

What causes Depression?

A few causes of depression are;

Environmental factors such as trauma or loss of a loved one

Genetic factors that cause alterations in the neurotransmitters 

Hormonal disturbances that can be triggered during pregnancy or thyroid disease

How to diagnose Depression?

Depression is diagnosed using lab tests to rule out other diseases. A psychiatric evaluation is also performed by a psychiatrist to diagnose the type and stage of depression.

What is the treatment for Depression?

Depression is treated by using;

Antidepressants

Psychotherapy or talk therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Consult the best psychiatrist for depression in {{city}} now to avoid any complications. You can also book a video consultation through Marham to discuss your symptoms with the most experienced doctor for depression in {{area}} {{city}}.

Symptoms of Depression

Although there are several types of depression, many of them have similar recognizable symptoms. This list scratches the surface, but gives a general idea of what depression is:

Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, uselessness, or emptiness.

Irritability, frustration, or anxiety.

Loss of interest in activities or hobbies that were once pleasant.

Sleep disturbances or too much sleep

Fatigue and lack of energy.

Difficulties in thinking, remembering, concentrating, or making decisions

Changes in appetite or weight

Returning thoughts about death or suicide.

Physical symptoms such as migraine , abdominal pain, or back pain

If you have a combination of these symptoms for at least two weeks, it probably means you are currently suffering from a depressive episode.

Risk Factors of Depression

Risk factors of the depression include, if you have depression in your family then there are many chances that you developed depression. Early childhood trauma is the biggest reason for depression. If the frontal lobe of the brain is not active, there are chances particular individual might develop depression. A certain medical condition in the individual might develops depression that is a chronic illness or ADHD. Drug abuser also has chances of developing depression.

Preventive Measures of Depression

The treatment of the depression is possible and treatment can improve the quality of life and individual enjoy a healthy life. Treatment of depression includes medications and psychotherapies. Psychiatrists use medication for the treatment of the depression while the psychologist uses psychological therapies.

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Overview of Depression

Depression meaning in urdu.

ڈپریشن ایک ذہنی بیماری ہے جس کی وجہ سے لوگ مایوسی اور اداسی کا شکار ہو جاتے ہیں۔ اس بیماری کا شکار افراد کو سونے میں مشکلات کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے اور انہیں کمزوری اور تھکاوٹ کا احساس بھی لاحق رہتا ہے۔ اگر ڈپریسن شدت اختیار کر جائے تو کچھ لوگ خود کشی بھی کر لیتے ہیں۔ ڈپریشن کو عام طور پر مختلف اقسام میں تقسیم کیا جاتا ہے۔ لمبے عرصے کے لیے طاری رہنے والی اداسی کو ڈپریشن کی سب سے عام قسم سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ دوسری بیماریوں کے برعکس ڈپریشن سے نجات حاصل کرنا قدرے مشکل ہوتا ہے۔

Feeling sad in a difficult period of life is quite normal. The problem arises when you have persistent sadness. It can affect your brain in a very bad manner. Depression is a mood disorder that is quite common, affecting about 264 million people across the globe. Yearly, every one of 15 adults is affected by depression.

Women are at higher risk of depression than men. People are more likely to experience depression during their late teens to their mid-20s. Depression is very different from the emotional response to daily life challenges. It is long-lived and makes you constantly sad for no reason.

Depression acts as a silent killer. It triggers anger and frustration which can directly affect your daily life activities and personal relationships. Depression can be moderate to extremely severe and can lead to suicide.

Signs and Symptoms of Depression

Depression symptoms are variable depending on the age group and gender of people who are experiencing it. Some symptoms are associated with your body while others are linked with your mood. The occurrence of these symptoms on a daily basis can significantly increase your risk of suffering from depression.

Depression in Males

Male experience symptoms of depression associated with some factors such as financial and family responsibilities. Some symptoms of depression in men are:

• Overtime working
• Avoiding social contact and spending minimum time with family
• Difficulty in concentrating and completing tasks
• Authoritative behaviour and controlling family members hastily
• Being abusive to spouse and children
• Engagement in high-risk-taking activities
• Anger and frustration
• Drug addiction
• Lack of sexual desire

Depression in Females

Females are more emotional as compared to males. They are highly susceptible to depression. Some symptoms of depression that often appear in females:

• Mood swings and irritability
• Fatigue and anxiety
• Loss of interest in social activities
• Altered sleep patterns
• Pessimistic approach to life
• Sudden weight loss or gain
• A headache and cramps

Depression in Children

Children are bad when it comes to expressing themselves with words. Children suffer depression due to the excessive burden of studies and heavy competition. Another cause of depression might be a family environment or parental issues.

Some symptoms in children are:

• Disobedient behaviour
• Low energy and lack of interest
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness and silence
• Crying and vocal outbursts

Depression in Teenagers

Symptoms of depression in teenagers reflect a significant change in overall behavior and attitude which include physical changes as well. 

Some symptoms they might experience are:

• Stress and lack of concentration in studies
• Self-criticism and exaggerated reactions over trivial things
• Crying for no reason
• Conflict with peers and family members
• Feeling empty and useless with no hopes
• Temptation for suicide and restlessness

Depression in Adults

Adults try to calm down things. However, when they fail to do so then, they try to ignore it. Meanwhile, they get a mountain of frustration that turns into depression.

Depression in adults has the following signs and symptoms:

• Fatigue and a drained mind
• Physical pain and aches
• Sleeping a lot or not at all (insomnia)
• Feeling alone and hopelessness
• Negative thoughts
• Confusion and difficulty in decision making

Types of Depression

Types of depression include the following:

1. Depressive Episode

A depressive episode is a typical form of depression. It can develop all of a sudden or may take a few weeks. A depressive episode is characterized by persistent symptoms of depression for a period of at least two weeks or more. People going through a depressive episode are likely to have recurrent depressive disorder in their life.

2. Recurrent Depressive Disorder

Frequent or repeated depressive episodes lead to recurrent depressive disorder. According to a study people with recurrent depressive episodes are 40-59 years of age.

Some identified factors that are linked with this disorder include:

• Unemployment
• Lower educational level
• Inadequate money for necessities of life
• Usage of non-prescribed antidepressants or other drugs
• Childhood abuse
• History of panic attacks

3. Dysthymia

Dysthymia is a mild type of depression that can be chronic. It usually starts during adolescence and can last up to a decade or more. 

This form of depression is diagnosed if symptoms persist for a minimum of two years. It affects your life more than type one due to prolonged duration. If dysthymia and depressive episodes coexist, the state is referred to as a double depression. 

4. Psychotic Depression

Delusional or psychotic depression is a special form of depression. It is characterized by hallucinations and false ideas. Delusion often arises from guilt and exaggerated feelings such as inferiority, poverty, and incurable illness.

Psychotic depression if not treated on time can be a cause of suicidal thoughts. Thus, people suffering from it may need immediate treatment to minimize the side effects. 

5. Bipolar Depression| Manic Depressive Disorder

They are less frequent and more severe types of depressive disorders. Bipolar disorder is further categorized into two subforms:

People with this type suffer from both manic and depressive episodes. After several depressive episodes, a sudden manic episode occurs which leads to the diagnosis of bipolar depression.

Mood swings are sudden and frequent at night. Manic phases are associated with hyperactivity, irritability, reduced sleep requirements, and restlessness.

 Bipolar 2

It is a hypomanic episode. This is a less severe form of depression that doesn’t lead to any severe mental health problems. A person suffering from hypomanic and depressive episodes is diagnosed with Bipolar 2 disorder.

6. Atypical Depression

Atypical depression is the same as typical depression regarding the symptoms except for two i.e. overeating and oversleeping. People who suffer from atypical depression can experience mood improvements when something positive happens around them.

7. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

People with SAD suffer from atypical depression. This depression is for a specific season mostly autumn and winter during the whole year. People usually get better at the end of their specific depressing season

Causes of Depression

Depression affects every person differently. Similarly, the cause of depression also varies according to mental health and the environment of a person.

A more severe form of depression is known as clinical depression that is also known as major depressive disorder. The medical community is unable to figure out the real cause of depression. Sometimes several factors are combined to induce depression.  

Some factors that play a crucial role in depression are:

• Early childhood trauma
• Medical conditions such as chronic diseases
• Environmental, social and psychological factors
• Genetics and family history
• History of drug addiction
• Less effective frontal lobe of the brain
• Low self-confidence or inferiority complex
• Stressful relationships or economic issues

Persistent depression can cause other health issues. It can make worse many other health diseases such as:

• Cardiovascular disorders

1- Physical examination where your physician can make the right diagnosis according to your clinical signs and symptoms after doing psychological assessment. A common approach is to ask some questions regarding yours:

• Sleep pattern
• Appetite changes
• Moods and thoughts

There is no particular test for diagnosing depression however many other health complications are associated with depression. A healthcare provider can conduct some tests to rule out other medical disorders that can cause depression. 

Some tests include:

2- Blood tests for thyroid or vitamin D deficiency as it is considered a potential cause of depression.

3- Brain Scan or MRI to check the electrical activity of the brain. MRI can pinpoint subtypes of depression which is helpful for treatment.

Treatment of Depression | When to Consult a Doctor

Treatment methods include medication and therapies to overcome depression.

1- Medications

Certain medications prescribed by the doctor include Antidepressants, Anti Anxiety, and antipsychotic drugs to minimise the symptoms of depression.

2- Therapies

Some psychological therapies such as interpersonal therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, psychotherapy, and light therapy are also performed. Along with these therapies, emotional support from family and friends plays an important role. 

Dealing with depression can be easy if you get help at the right time. You can consult a medical professional if you have depression symptoms. 

Mental health and peace of mind are precious, don't compromise it for anyone.

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Home » Mental Health » ڈپریشن کے نشانات, علامات اورعلاج

ڈپریشن کے نشانات, علامات اورعلاج

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayesha Rasheed

Updated On August 16, 2021 4 min read

 ڈپریشن ایک ایسی کیفیت کا نام ہے جو انسان کے آج پر اثر انداز ہو کر اسکے آنے والے کل کی خوشیوں کو نگل جاتی ہے ۔

کا شکار ہے اس کو معلوم ہے ک یہ ایک چھوٹا سا لفظ (Depression) لیکن حقیقت میں جو شخص ڈپریشن

اصل میں کتنا وزن دار ہے۔ ڈپریشن انسان کو زندگی کے ایک ایسے موڑ پر لے جاتا ہے جہاں اس کو خود یاد نہیں رہتا کہ اصل میں اس کیفیت کی وجہ کیا تھی۔

 یہ اندر ہی اندر انسان کو دیمک کی طرح کھاتا جاتا ہے ۔ بظاھر وہ انسان ایک عمارت کی طرح کھڑا ہوتا ہے مگر حقیقت میں یہ عمارت كهوكهلی ہوتی ہے ۔ اور دیمک لگی ہر چیز کی طرح ، ایک دن ایسا آتا ہے جب یہ كهوكهلی عمارت گر جاتی ہے ۔ انسان ٹوٹ جاتا ہے ۔ ہر طرف اندھیرا چھا جاتا ہے ۔ مایوسی کی گھٹا میں ایک کالے بادل کی مانند ۔

Table of Contents

ڈپریشن کیا ہے؟

ڈپریشن ایک ایسی کیفیت ہے جس میں سب کچھ مشکل معلوم ہوتا ہے ۔ ایسے جیسے ہر وہ چیز جو کبھی خوشی کا باعث تھی اب خوشی نہ دیتی ہو ۔ جیسے زندگی کے سارے رنگ پھیکے پر جایئں۔ انسان سوچنے پر مجبور ہو جائے کہ کیا وہ کبھی خوش بھی تھا ؟

نہ صبح اٹھنے کا من کرے اور نہ رات کو سونے کا ۔ جیسے ایک گہرا سمندر ہو اور انسان اس کے اندھیروں میں ڈوبتا چلا جائے ۔ گہرا ۔ اور گہرا ۔ اور پھر اتنی گہرائی کہ بس چاروں طرف گھپ اندھیرا ۔ 

ڈپریشن شروع میں ایک رد عمل کی طرح ہے ۔ اس زندگی کا رد عمل جو ہمارے ہاتھ میں نہ کبھی تھی اور نہ کبھی ہوگی ۔ ان پریشانیوں کا رد عمل جن کو ختم کرنا انسان کے لئے ناممکن محسوس ہوتا ہے. درحقیقت یہ ہر اس چیز کا انکار ہے جسے ہماری آنکھیں دیکھتی ہیں

: ڈپریشن کے نشانات و علامات

ڈپریشن کی علامات میں شامل ہوسکتے ہیں۔

افسردہ مزاج –

 لطف اندوز ہونے والی سرگرمیوں میں دلچسپی کم ہونا یا – اس طرح کی خوشی محسوس نہ ہونا جیسی پہلے ہوا کرتی تھی

جنسی خواہش میں کمی –

بھوک میں تبدیلی –

غیر ارادی وزن میں کمی یا زیادتی –

بہت زیادہ یا بہت کم سو جانا –

اشتعال انگیزی ، اور بےچینی –

سست تحریک اور تقریر –

تھکاوٹ یا توانائی کا کم ہونا –

بے وقعت یا جرم کا احساس –

سوچنے ، دھیان دینے ، یا فیصلے کرنے میں دشواری –

موت یا خودکشی  کی کوشش کے بار بار خیالات –

: عورتوں میں ڈپریشن

بیماریوں کے کنٹرول اور روک تھام کے مراکز (سی ڈی سی) کے مطابق ، مردوں کے مقابلے میں خواتین میں افسردگی کا تناسب تقریبا دو گنا عام ہے۔

ذیل میں ڈپریشن کی کچھ علامتیں ہیں جو خواتین میں اکثر دکھائی دیتی ہیں۔

چڑچڑاپن –

اضطراب –

موڈ کا بار بار بدلنا –

تھکاوٹ –

 منفی خیالات پر روشنی ڈالنا –

:نیز ، کچھ قسم کا ڈپریشن خواتین میں بھی انوکھا ہوتا ہے ، جیسے

پوسٹ پارٹم ڈیپریشن –

پری مینسٹروول ڈسفورک ڈسآرڈر –

: مردوں میں ڈپریشن

امریکن سائیکولوجیکل ایسوسی ایشن کے مطابق ، ریاستہائے متحدہ میں تقریبا 9 9٪ مرد افسردگی یا اضطراب کا احساس رکھتے ہیں۔

ڈپریشن کے شکار مرد خواتین سے زیادہ شراب پینے ، غصہ ظاہر کرنے اور رسک لینے میں مشغول ہونے کا زیادہ امکان رکھتے ہیں۔

:مردوں میں افسردگی کی دیگر علامات میں یہ شامل ہوسکتے ہیں

خاندانوں اور معاشرتی حالات سے گریز کرنا –

بغیر وقفے کے کام کرنا –

کام اور خاندانی ذمہ داریوں کو برقرار رکھنے میں دشواری کا سامنا کرنا –

تعلقات میں بدسلوکی یا قابو پانے کا رویے رکھنا –

: کالج و یونیورسٹی کے طالب علموں میں ڈپریشن

کالج میں وقت دبائو کا شکار ہوسکتا ہے ،اس میں شخص پہلی بار دوسرے طرز زندگی ، ثقافتوں اور تجربات سے پہلی بار نمٹ رہا ہوتا ہے۔

کچھ طلباء کو ان تبدیلیوں کا مقابلہ کرنے میں دشواری کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے ، اور اس کے نتیجے میں وہ ڈپریشن ، اضطراب یا دونوں کو پیدا کرسکتے ہیں۔

کالج کے طلباء میں ڈپریشن کی علامات شامل ہوسکتی ہیں۔

اسکول کے کام پر توجہ دینے میں دشواری –

نیند نہ آنا –

بہت زیادہ سونا –

بھوک میں کمی یا اضافہ –

ان معاشرتی حالات اور سرگرمیوں سے گریز جس سے وہ لطف اندوز ہوتے تھے –

: نو عمر میں ڈپریشن

جسمانی تبدیلیاں ، ہم مرتبہ کے دباؤ اور دیگر عوامل نوعمروں میں ڈپریشن کا باعث بن سکتے ہیں۔

وہ مندرجہ ذیل علامات میں سے کچھ کا تجربہ کرسکتے ہیں۔

دوستوں اور رشتہ داروں سے کنارہ کشی کرنا –

مجرم ، لاچار ، یا بیکار محسوس کرنا –

بےچینی ، جیسے خاموش بیٹھنے سے قاصر ہونا

ڈپریشن ک یہ تمام مذکورہ بالا حالتوں پر قابو پایا جاسکتا ہے ۔ جب بھی ڈپریشن کی ابتدائ کیفیات نمودار ہوں آپ اپنے آپ کو مصروف کر لیں۔ چہل قدمی کا اہتمام کریں، عبادت کریں،منفی سوچوں کو زہن میں جگہ نہ دیں۔ زیادہ سے زیادہ خوش رہنے کی کوشش کریں آپ کے اردگر لوگوں میں کوئ نہ کوئ ایک شخص ایسا ہوتا ہے جس سے آپ اپنے دل و دماؑغ کی کیفیت بیان کر سکتے ہیں جو آپ کو سمجھ سکتا ہے ایسے کسی بھی شخص کیساتھ ہمیشہ رابطے میں رہیں تاکہ آپ زندگی میں اپنی کھوئ ہوئ امید واپس حاصل کر سکیں اس کے علاوہ وقت کو بھی مہلت دیں کہ وہ آپ کو اس کیفیت سے نکال سکے یعنی صبر کا مظاہرہ کریں اور اپنے اندر ہمت پیدا کریں ۔

کیونکہ ہر چیز کو واقع ہونے میں میں بھلے وقت نہ لگتا ہو لیکن ختم ہونے میں وقت لگتا ہے انسان کی اپنی انفرادی قوت اور ارادہ بھی اس بیماری پر قابو پانے پر اثر انداز ہوتی ہے ۔ اور اس بات کو ذہن نشین رکھنا چاہیئے کہڈپریشن زندگی کا حصہ ہے ۔ زندگی صرف دھوپ ہی دھوپ نہیں۔ نہ چھاوں ہی چھاوں ہے۔ بلکہ یہ دھوپ اور چھاوں کا ملا جلا سفر ہے ۔ اسلیئے ڈپریشن کو اپنے اوپر طاری نہ ہونے دیں اور نہ ہی اسے اپنے اندر جگہ بنا کر بیٹھنے کی اجازت دیں ۔ مخالفت اور تردید زندگی کا حصہ ہیں ان کا سامنا کرنے سے نہ گھبرائیں.

ان سب باتوں کا خیال رکھ کر انسان ڈپریشن جیسی بیماری پر قابو پا سکتا ہے ۔ لیکن اگر وہ ایسا نہیں کرتا تو پھر ڈپریشن کسی آکٹوپس کی طرح اس کی ذات کو اپنے شکنجے میں جکڑ لیتا ہے اور پھر باہر نہیں نکلنے دیتا۔

: ڈپریشن کا علاج اور اس کی تشخیص

اگر کسی شخص کو شبہ ہے کہ ان میں ڈپریشن کی علامات ہیں تو ، انہیں ڈاکٹر یا دماغی صحت سے متعلق ماہر سے پیشہ ورانہ مدد لینا چاہئے۔

ایک صحت مند پیشہ ور فرد مختلف وجوہات کو مسترد کر سکتا ہے ، صحیح تشخیص کو یقینی بنا سکتا ہے ، اور محفوظ اور موثر علاج مہیا کرسکتا ہے۔

وہ علامات کے بارے میں سوالات پوچھیں گے ، جیسے کہ وہ کتنے عرصے سے موجود ہیں۔ جسمانی وجوہات کی جانچ کرنے اور صحت کی دیگر حالتوں کو مسترد کرنے کے لئے ڈاکٹر خون کے ٹیسٹ کا  معائنہ کروا سکتا ہے۔

: آن لائن تھراپی ڈپریشن میں مدد کر سکتی ہے

اولاڈاک کے لائسنس یافتہ معالجین کی مدد سے اپنے معیار زندگی کو بہتر بنائیں۔ فون یا ویڈیو سیشن کے دوران ایک معالج سے بات کریں ۔

اولا ڈاک کی مدد سے کسی بھی ڈاکٹر کے ساتھ اب آپ کی اپائینٹمنٹ صرف ایک کلک کی دوری پر ہے۔ آپ یہاں کلک کرکے گھر بیٹھے ہی اپنے موبائل سے ایک ورچوئل یا ان-آفس اپائینٹمنٹ بک کروا سکتے ہیں۔ آپ اپنی اپائینٹمنٹ بک کروانے کے لئے صبح 9 بجے سے 11 بجے تک  اہلاڈاک کی ہیلپ لائن 04238900939 پر بھی کال کرسکتے ہیں۔

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نفسیاتی دباؤ کی وجوہات

کیا آپ نے کبھی سوچا کہ نفسیاتی دباؤ کی اصل وجہ کیا ہے؟ ممکن ہے کہ آپ نے بھی زندگی میں کسی نہ کسی مرحلہ پر ڈپریشن یا نفسیاتی دباؤکا سامنا کیا ہو۔ کیا آپ نے کبھی یہ جاننے کی کوشش کی کچھ لوگ ڈپریشن کا نشانہ کیوں بنتے ہیں اور کچھ لوگ کیوں نہیں بنتے؟

Disclaimer: All material on this website is provided for your information only and may not be construed as medical advice or instruction. No action or inaction should be taken based solely on the contents of this information; instead, readers should consult appropriate health professionals on any matter relating to their health and well-being. The data information and opinions expressed here are believed to be accurate, which is gathered from different sources but might have some errors. Hamariweb.com is not responsible for errors or omissions. Doctors and Hospital officials are not necessarily required to respond or go through this page.

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What is Depression? (Urdu)

What if alpha centauri went supernova (urdu), what if plastic pollution gets worse (urdu).

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• Urdu Dubbed Videos

Depression is a mood disorder characterized by low mood, a feeling of sadness, and a general loss of interest in things. Find out more about it in this video.

A joint Urdu dubbing project of  Mashal Books  and the  Eqbal Ahmad Centre for Public Education  with generous support from Nasser Ahmad / The i-Care Foundation .

Special thanks to  Simple Show Foundation .

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Depression - Symptoms, Risk factors and Treatment

Last updated on wednesday, september 18, 2024, depression in urdu.

کیا آپ اکثر بغیر کسی وجہ کے کم محسوس کرتے ہیں؟ یہ ٹھیک ہے۔ آپ اپنی زندگی کے بڑے واقعات یا پریشان کن ادوار کے بعد ایسا محسوس کر سکتے ہیں۔ ہم سب اپنی زندگی کے مختلف مراحل سے گزرتے ہیں اور مختلف چیلنجوں کا سامنا کرتے ہیں جو ہمیں احساس کمتری میں مبتلا کر سکتے ہیں۔ آپ میں اعتماد کی کمی ہو سکتی ہے، یا آپ کسی سے بات نہیں کرنا چاہتے، یا آپ کو کم محسوس ہونے کی وجہ سے آپس میں ملنا نہیں چاہتے۔ لیکن یہ ایک دو دن میں گزر جائے گا۔ کم مزاجی زیادہ دیر تک نہیں رہتی۔

تاہم، اگر یہ طویل عرصے تک برقرار رہتا ہے، تو آپ کو صحت کی دیکھ بھال کرنے والے سے مشورہ کرنا چاہیے کیونکہ یہ ڈپریشن کی علامت ہو سکتی ہے۔

ڈپریشن کی ایک بڑی قسط کے دوران، انسان کی توانائی کی سطح بہت کم ہو جاتی ہے اور اس کے ارد گرد کی دنیا ٹوٹتی اور بکھرتی محسوس ہوتی ہے۔ شدید غم اور غصے کے جذبات ہیں۔ وہ شخص ان سرگرمیوں میں دلچسپی کھو دیتا ہے جو پہلے اسے پرجوش کرتی تھیں۔ ایک چھوٹا سا کام کرنا ایک بڑی چیز کی طرح محسوس ہوتا ہے جسے پورا کرنا ہے، اور وہ شخص معمول سے زیادہ دیر تک سو سکتا ہے۔ کم خود اعتمادی اور بے وقعتی کے احساسات انسان کو اپنی لپیٹ میں لینے لگتے ہیں، اور وہ خودکشی کے خیالات بھی لے سکتے ہیں۔

Depression in English

Do you often feel low without any reason? That is alright. You may feel like that after major events or distressing periods of your life. All of us go through different stages of our lives and face different challenges that can make us feel low. You may lack confidence, or do not want to talk to someone, or do not want to socialize because you are feeling low. But it will pass in a day or two. The low mood does not remain for a long time. 

However, if it persists for a long time, you must consult with a healthcare provider as it can be a sign of depression.

During a major depressive episode, the energy levels of the person become very low and the world around them feels to collapse and shatter. There are feelings of extreme sadness and anger. The person loses interest in activities that previously used to excite them. Doing a simple small task feels like a big thing to accomplish, and the person may sleep for longer than usual periods. Feelings of low self-esteem and worthlessness begin to take over a person, and they may even get suicidal thoughts.

Symptoms of Depression

The signs and symptoms of depression may continue for a long time. Also, they are severe as compared to a low mood. They can be as follows;

• Feeling angry and agitated
• Losing interest in activities in which you were interested before.
• Crying and feeling of hopelessness
• Loss of concentration
• Laying on couch/bed for a long time
• Avoiding exposure to friends and family
• Thinking negatively
• Feeling tired all the time
• Lack of energy
• Alterations in eating habits-either overeating or loss of appetite
• Why Are You Feeling Low?
• The reasons that can make you feel low can be
• Having any disease or a chronic condition
• Losing a loved one
• Losing a job
• Unable to achieve your goal
• Lack of sleep in the night
• Comparing your life with someone else
• Job stress and workload
• Company of negative people
• A toxic relationship

How Can You Get Rid of Depression?

To get rid of depression, you can do the following activities;

Do Some Interesting Activities

If you are depressed, engage yourself in different interesting activities like painting, drawing, or pottery. These kinds of activities help you to connect with yourself and refresh your mind. They let your brain get rid of negative thoughts going on in your mind. If you often feel low, list down the activities, and incorporate them into your routine. Doing that will lift your mood, eventually letting you feel better. 

Talk to Someone

Pouring your heart out is essential to get rid of the thoughts that are bothering you. Speak to someone in your family or friend whom you trust. Tell them about the thing that is making you feel low. A heart-to-heart conversation with a loved one can help in finding out solutions to your problems. Moreover, if you are upset with someone you love, talk to them. Do not avoid talking due to the fear of losing that person. Lack of communication can be dangerous for any relationship. Therefore connecting is essential in any relationship. 

Get A Good Night Sleep

Sleeping is an essential component of keeping yourself healthy. If you want to stay fit, both physically and mentally, you must take a proper good night's sleep. When you do not sleep well at night, you constantly feel agitated in the daytime. Furthermore, when you sleep at night, your body repairs and heals itself, which helps you get rid of many diseases as well as depression.  

Conclusion 

Depression can occur due to the different circumstances of your life. Staying positive in hard times is the key to recovery. Moreover, talk to your loved ones about the things bothering you. Try to figure out the cause and find out the solution to the problem. Engage yourself in interesting activities. Do not overthink, and get rid of all the negative thoughts going on in your mind. If you need help to get rid of depression, and low mood, you can consult with a healthcare provider.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is depression meaning in urdu.

Depression meaning in urdu is Zehni dabao ذہنی دباؤ

What is the main reason of depression?

There is no single cause of depression, but rather a combination of biological, social, and psychological factors that contribute to its risk. Biologically, depression may be caused by disruptions in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, changes in brain chemistry, genetic predisposition, and hormonal changes. Socially, stressful and traumatic life events, limited access to resources, and a lack of social support can increase vulnerability to depression. Psychologically, negative thoughts and problematic coping behaviors, such as avoidance and substance use, can also contribute to depression.

What is depression symptoms?

Common symptoms of depression include feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide.

How do people cope with depression?

There are several ways to cope with depression, including lifestyle changes, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and support from family and friends. Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, getting enough sleep, and avoiding substance use can all help to reduce symptoms of depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of psychotherapy that helps to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression. Medication can also be helpful in managing depression. Lastly, having a strong support system of family and friends can be beneficial in managing depression.

Doctors For Depression

Dr. Junaid Rasool

Psychiatrist

Dr. Maahin Rizwan

Assist. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Zafar

Dr. Humna Jahangir

Dr. Muryam Nawaz

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Dr. Imad Bashir

Dr. Hassan Bhutta

Dr. Nadia Khalid

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Translation, adaptation and validation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale in Urdu

• February 2020
• Insights on the Depression and Anxiety 4(1):001-004
• 4(1):001-004
• CC BY-NC 4.0

• COMSATS University Islamabad

• Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Mental health information in Urdu

اردو میں دماغی صحت کی معلومات.

On this page you will find translations of our mental health information resources in Urdu. Please carefully read the  disclaimer  that accompanies each translation. It explains that the College cannot guarantee the quality of the translations, nor that the information is necessarily the most up to date.

اس صفحے پر آپ کو ہمارے دماغی صحت سے متعلق معلومات کے وسائل کا اردو میں ترجمہ ملے گا۔  براہ کرم ہر ترجمے کے ساتھ موجود دستبرداری کو غور سے پڑھیں. یہ وضاحت کرتا ہے کہ کالج ترجمے کے معیار کی ضمانت نہیں دے سکتا، اور نہ ہی یہ کہ معلومات ضروری طور پر تازہ ترین ہوں.

Urdu translations

• الکحل اور ڈپریشن Alcohol and depression
• اینوریکسیا اور بلیمیا Anorexia and bulimia
• ڈپریشن کی ادویات Antidepressants
• اضطراب اور عمومی اضطراب کی بیماری Anxiety and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
• بالغوں میں اے ڈی ایچ ڈی Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• سوگ  Bereavement
• بائی پولر ڈس آرڈر  Bipolar disorder
• ادراکی رویہ جاتی علاج (سی بی ٹی) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
• ایک تکلیف دہ واقعے کے بعد مقابلہ کرنا Coping after a traumatic event
• بالغوں میں ڈپریشن Depression in adults
• الیکٹروکنولسیو تھراپی (ای سی ٹی) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• یادداشت کے مسائل اور ڈیمنشیا Memory problems and dementia
• وسوسے اور تکرار کا عارضہ Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• پوسٹ ٹرامیٹک اسٹریس ڈس آرڈر - Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• شیزوفرینیا  Schizophrenia
• اچھی نیند  Sleeping well

Who are we?

The Royal College of Psychiatrists is the main professional body for psychiatrists in the UK. We have a world-wide membership.

We work to secure the best outcomes for people with mental illness, learning disabilities and developmental disorders by:

• promoting excellent mental health services
• training outstanding psychiatrists
• promoting quality and research
• setting standards
• being the voice of psychiatry.

ہم کون ہیں؟

رائل کالج آف سائیکیٹرسٹ برطانیہ میں نفسیاتی ماہرین کے لیے بنیادی پیشہ ورانہ ادارہ ہے. دنیا بھر سے لوگ ہمارے ساتھ رکنیت رکھتے ہیں.

ہم دماغی بیماری، سیکھنے میں معذوری اور نشوونما میں خرابی کے شکار لوگوں کے لیے بہترین نتائج حاصل کرنے کے لیے کام کرتے ہیں:

بہترین دماغی صحت کی خدمات کو فروغ دینا

بہترین ماہرین نفسیات کی تربیت کرنا

معیار اور تحقیق کو فروغ دینا

معیارات طے کرنا

نفسیات کی آواز بننا۔

Why do we produce mental health information?

We believe that high-quality information can help people to make informed decisions about their health and care. We aim to produce information which is:

• evidence-based
• up to date.

ہم دماغی صحت کی معلومات کیوں تیار کرتے ہیں؟

ہمیں یقین ہے کہ اعلیٰ معیار کی معلومات لوگوں کو اپنی صحت اور دیکھ بھال کے بارے میں باخبر فیصلے کرنے میں مدد دے سکتی ہے۔ ہمارا مقصد ایسی معلومات پیدا کرنا ہے جو کہ:

ثبوت کی بنیاد پر ہو

قابل رسائی ہو

تازہ ترین ہو۔

How is our information written?

Our information is written by psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals. Our information is also developed with the support of patients and carers. This helps to ensure our information is representative of the lived experiences of people with mental illness.

We are grateful to the psychiatrists, healthcare professionals, College members, staff and experts who have helped to produce and review our information.

ہماری معلومات کیسے لکھی جاتی ہیں؟

ہماری معلومات ماہرین نفسیات اور دیگر صحت کی دیکھ بھال کرنے والے پیشہ ور افراد نے لکھی ہیں۔ ہماری معلومات مریضوں اور دیکھ بھال کرنے والوں کے تعاون سے بھی تیار کی جاتی ہے۔ اس سے یہ یقینی بنانے میں مدد ملتی ہے کہ ہماری معلومات ذہنی بیماری میں مبتلا لوگوں کے ذاتی تجربات کی نمائندہ ہے۔

ہم ماہرین نفسیات، صحت کی دیکھ بھال کے پیشہ ور افراد، کالج کے اراکین، عملے اور ماہرین کے مشکور ہیں جنہوں نے ہماری معلومات کو تیار کرنے اور اس کا جائزہ لینے میں مدد کی۔

About our translations

In 2022, we began collaborating with a non-profit, CLEAR Global, and their community of more than 100,000 language volunteers, Translators without Borders. We are working with them to update the translations of our latest information resources in the most in-demand languages. You can see who delivered our translations at the bottom of each translated page.

Our translations are based on  our mental health information resources in English . These resources reflect the best evidence available at the time of writing, and we aim to review our resources every three years. However, this is not always possible, and we have dated our resources to show when they were last reviewed.

Whenever we update our English resources, we will aim to update our translations. However, this will not always be possible.

If you have feedback on our translations you would like to share with us, you can contact  [email protected]  

ہمارے ترجموں کے بارے میں

ہم نے 2022 میں ایک غیر منافع بخش CLEAR Global اور ان کے 100,000 سے زائد زبان کے رضاکاروں کی کمیونٹی Translators without Borders کے ساتھ تعاون شروع کیا۔ ہم ان کے ساتھ مل کر بہت زیادہ مطلوب زبانوں میں اپنی معلوماتی وسائل کے ترجموں کو تازہ کر رہے ہیں۔ آپ ہر ترجمہ شدہ صفحے کے نیچے دیکھ سکتے ہیں کہ ہمارے ترجمے کس نے فراہم کیے ہیں۔

ہمارے ترجمے انگریزی میں ہمارے ذہنی صحت سے متعلق معلوماتی وسائل پر مبنی ہیں۔ یہ وسائل تحریر کے وقت دستیاب بہترین ثبوت کی پیش کرتے ہیں اور ہمارا مقصد ہر تین سال بعد اپنے وسائل کا جائزہ لینا ہے۔ تاہم یہ ہمیشہ ممکن نہیں ہوتا اور ہم نے اپنے وسائل کے آخری جائزے کی تاریخ دی ہے۔

جب بھی ہم اپنے انگریزی وسائل کو تازہ کرتے ہیں تو ہمارا مقصد اپنے ترجمے کو تازہ کرنا ہوتا ہے۔ تاہم، یہ ہمیشہ ممکن نہیں ہو گا۔

اگر آپ ہمارے ترجموں کے بارے میں ہم سے اپنی رائے کا اشتراک کرنا چاہیں تو، آپ [email protected] سے رابطہ کر سکتے ہیں۔ 

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• J Clin Diagn Res
• v.11(8); 2017 Aug

Prevalence and Severity of Depression in a Pakistani Population with at least One Major Chronic Disease

Ansab godil.

1 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Muhammad Saad Ali Mallick

2 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Arsalan Majeed Adam

3 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

4 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Akash Khetpal

5 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Razna Afzal

6 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Maliha Salim

7 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Naureen Shahid

8 Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Introduction

Diabetes, anaemia, hypertension and asthma are major contributors to morbidity in our society. Depression is the commonest psychological malady diagnosed in hospital settings. There tends to be some overlap between certain chronic systemic illnesses and depressive disorders, this point towards the need to determine relationships between them, if any.

To determine the prevalence and compare the severity of depression among individuals diagnosed with four of the most common chronic diseases in our community.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional study was carried out among patients with chronic diseases visiting a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from August 2015 to August 2016. The Beck Depression Inventory-II*, a 21-item self-report instrument was used to assess the severity of depression. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test while intergroup comparisons were performed using one way ANOVA test. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the odds of Category B depression (moderate and severe levels of depression) in chronic diseases.

The prevalence of anaemia, hypertension, diabetes and asthma was 90%, 47%, 26% and 23% respectively. Predictors of Category B depression were anaemia (OR=4.21, 95% CI: 1.30-13.56) and diabetes (OR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.09-3.77). Asthma predicted Category B depression in males (OR=1.26, 95% CI: 0.29-5.42) but not in females (OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.39-1.52). Individuals with hypertension were less likely to report Category B depression than non-hypertensive (OR=0.72, 95% CI 0.43-1.21). Female gender had a greater influence to develop Category B depression than males (OR= 2.96, 95% CI: 1.93-4.55).

Our study points towards a strong correlation between depression and chronic diseases especially anaemia and diabetes. This cautions medical practitioners against treatment of depressive disorders and chronic diseases as separate, independent entities.

Depression is a mental health disorder wherein low mood and low energy can affect a person’s thoughts, feelings, behaviour and sense of well-being [ 1 ]. It is characterized by disturbed sleeping pattern, change in appetite, fatigue, irritability, reduced ability to concentrate, difficulty in decision making and even suicidal thoughts. Depression is a common psychological state affecting over 350 million people from all age groups [ 2 ]. Unipolar depressive disorder is expected to be the most significant cause of disease burden by the year 2030 [ 3 ]. Marked as one of the most common unidentified mental health problems in Pakistan, masked by long-term illnesses and psychological disturbances, depression plays a key role in worsening the prognosis of chronic diseases. The risk of developing depression in the general population is 10%-25% in females and 5%-12% in males; whereas, in patients with chronic conditions the risk increases up to 25%-33% [ 4 ]. Chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, asthma, hypertension and anaemia are the most common comorbidities in a hospital setting.

Diabetes is a group of metabolic syndromes with uncontrolled high levels of blood glucose. Type I diabetes, also known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), is a genetic disorder resulting in inability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin. Type II diabetes, also known as Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), is caused by ‘insulin resistance’ i.e., target cells stop responding to insulin. It is strongly associated with a sedentary life style and obesity. Depression is an important comorbid of both Type I and Type II diabetes, possibly because diabetes requires significant lifestyle changes to cope with the disease. Changes with regard to controlling blood sugar through dietary restrictions lead the way for depressive symptoms as early as the person is diagnosed with the disease. It has been demonstrated that the prevalence of depression is higher in diabetics than in non-diabetics [ 5 - 7 ] and approximately 43 million patients with diabetes suffer with depressive symptoms [ 8 ].

Asthma, another common chronic condition affected by both genetic and environmental factors, is an inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract. It is characterized by reversible episodes of airway obstruction, bronchospasm, shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing. Symptoms of severe asthma, such as dyspnoea (shortness of breath) leading to wakening of a patient from sleep, has a strong correlation with depression [ 9 ].

One of the most commonly prevailing long term illnesses includes hypertension. It is defined as arterial blood pressure of more than 140/90 mmHg. It is a chronic disease that requires drastic lifestyle and dietary modifications in order to maintain a normal blood pressure. A study highlighted a three times higher frequency of depressive symptoms in hypertensive patients [ 10 ], hence there is a need for reassurance and psychological feedback in hypertensive patients.

Anaemia, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is the blood plasma Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of less than 12 g/dl in women and 13 g/dl in men [ 11 ]. There are several theories in medical literature linking anaemia and depression. Anaemia is strongly associated with decreased muscle strength and fatigue (due to reduced oxygenation), adversely affecting a patient’s quality of life which can facilitate the development of depressive symptoms in an anemic individual [ 12 , 13 ].

The purpose of this study is to highlight the prevalence of depression among individuals diagnosed with four of the most common chronic diseases i.e., diabetes, asthma, hypertension and anaemia. It also seeks to compare the severity of depressive symptoms amongst each of the chronic diseases.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at a Civil Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. The study protocol was approved by local Ethical Committee and prior to obtaining consent, all participants were explained about the purpose of the study and the relevant procedures involved. The study duration was one year from August 2015 to August 2016. A total of 515 patients who had been admitted to the medical wards around the year were evaluated. The participant’s cooperation rate was 95% which yielded a final sample size of 489. Participants were selected via convenience sampling.

Patients with psychiatric disorders, any type of cognitive impairment such as dementia and mental retardation, patients on anti-depressants, females in post-partum period and patients who had undergone any traumatic event within the last six months were excluded from the study. Patients above 18 years of age; confirmed diagnosis of at least any one of the following chronic illnesses: diabetes, asthma, hypertension and anaemia; and patients who could speak and understand Urdu (the questionnaire was translated into Urdu for easier and unambiguous communication with the local population) were included in the study.

Previously diagnosed patients with diabetes and asthma were put into respective categories; patients who had a history of consuming anti-hypertensive medications were classified as hypertensives; patients with consistently low levels of Hb in their previous medical records were classified as anaemics. A pilot study was conducted on 40 patients (who were not included in the total sample) to test and rectify any shortcomings in the study questionnaire. Interviewer’s bias was reduced by selecting individuals with the same academic background, training them and keeping them unaware of the study’s results.

The final questionnaire was divided into three sections ‘medical history and demographic details’, ‘laboratory values’ and ‘Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale’. The Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II), a 21-item self-report instrument was used to assess the severity of depression via scores assigned to each question. Total score of 0-13 is ‘minimal’, 14-19 is ‘mild’, 20-28 is ‘moderate’ and 29-63 is ‘severe’ [ 14 ].

Statistical Analysis

The data was entered manually into the SPSS Statistics, version 17.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). No imputation method was used to replace missing values and only completely filled questionnaires were included in the study. The normality was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk test. All the categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (percentages) and compared by the Pearson’s Chi-square test. Age, a continuous variable was expressed as mean±standard deviation and intergroup comparisons were performed using one way ANOVA test. Random Blood Sugar (RBS), Hb, duration of diabetes, hypertension and asthma were divided into two categories each, according to their median values.

The four classes of depression according to BDI scale (mild, minimal, moderate, severe) were divided into two categories A and B i.e., less severe and more severe depression respectively. Category A included mild and minimal levels of depression whereas Category B included moderate and severe levels of depression.

Logistic regression models were applied in order to determine the association of Category B depression (dependent variable) with each chronic disease (independent variable). Unadjusted and adjusted models 1 and 2, Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated. In Model 1, age, marital status, RBS level and Hb level were adjusted. In Model 2, the rest of the chronic diseases along with the variables mentioned in Model 1 were adjusted. In total samples, both models were further adjusted for gender.

Similarly, logistic regression was applied to determine the association of socio-demographic factors like age, gender, marital status and laboratory indices like RBS and Hb (independent variable) with severity of depression among individuals having atleast one chronic illness (dependent variable). A two-tailed p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age of the study sample was 42.18 (±15.74). Majority of the individuals were females (n=289, 59.1%), belonged to 40-60 age group (n=249, 50.9%) and were married (n=390, 79.8%). The mean±SD BDI score of the total sample was 17.78±8.91 (range 0-63). Most of the participants (n=185, 37.8%) were categorised under the minimal classification of BDI scale. Severely depressed individuals were almost one-third of the minimal depressed group of which mostly were females (n=55, 89%) and many were from youngest group (n=20, 32%). Amongst the participants with RBS >138 mg/dl, most of them were minimally depressed (n=132, 55.2%), while amongst those participants with RBS<138, most of them were mildly depressed (n=84, 33.6%). A similar pattern was observed in participants with Hb>10 and Hb<10, respectively [ Table/Fig-1 ]. Of the total, 32.9% (n=161) patients had one, 49.9% (n=244) patients had two, 14.1% (n=69) patients had three and only 3.1% (n=15) had all the four chronic diseases [ Table/Fig-2 ].

[Table/Fig-1]:

Frequency distribution of participants by socio-demographic features and selected variables.

Data presented as frequency (percentages) and means±SD

±p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant

±±One-way ANOVA was used to compare continuous variable that was normally distributed

Hb: Haemoglobin; RBS: Random Blood Sugar; SD: Standard Deviation.

Bar chart showing frequency of patients having one or more chronic diseases.

The prevalence of anaemia, hypertension, diabetes and asthma was 90%, 47%, 26% and 23% respectively. Anaemia was the most prevalent chronic illness with females predominantly affected (n=274, 62.3%). Amongst anaemics, most of them had minimal depression (n=156, 35.5%) while most of the severely depressed ones were females (n=53, 85%). Nearly half of the hypertensives (n=109, 47.6%) were minimally depressed in contrast to only a small portion of them (n=25, 10.9%) afflicted with severe depression. Among diabetics, there were an equal number suffering from minimal and mild depression (n=48, 38.1%) and an equal number suffering from moderate and severe depression (n=15, 11.9%). Asthma was the least prevalent disease in our sample. Asthmatics had mostly minimal (n=44, 39.3%) and moderate levels of depression (n=32, 28.6%). Most of the patients who had one chronic disease were mildly depressed (n=53, 32.9%) while a majority of the patients who had two (n=106, 43.4%) or three (n=33, 47.8%) chronic diseases were categorized under the minimal classification of BDI scale. Those patients who had all four chronic diseases were mostly severely depressed (n=7, 46.7%) [ Table/Fig-3 ].

[Table/Fig-3]:

Frequency and duration of chronic disease according to BDI scale.

Data presented as frequency (percentages)

± p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant

Pearson’s Chi-square (χ 2 ) test was used to compare categorical variables; HTN: Hypertension

[ Table/Fig-4 ] shows unadjusted and adjusted OR and 95% CI for Category B depression in the four major chronic diseases (i.e., presence vs. absence of each disease) in each gender for the total sample (more detail on adjusted model 1 and 2 is given in statistical analysis). Predictors of Category B depression in the fully adjusted Model 2 were anaemia (OR=4.21) and diabetes (OR=2.03). It should be noted that asthma predicted Category B depression in males (OR=1.26) but not in females (OR=0.77). Moreover, anaemic females were 9.3 times more likely to report Category B depression than non-anaemic females. Similarly, anaemic males were 2.4 times more likely to report Category B depression than non-anaemic males.

[Table/Fig-4]:

Category B depression in individuals with vs. without chronic disease.

Both models in ‘Total’ sample were further adjusted for gender.

Individuals with hypertension were less likely to report Category B depression than non-hypertensives (OR=0.72).

Overall female gender had a greater influence to develop Category B depression (OR=2.96). Participants with RBS <138 were about 4.0 times more likely to develop Category B depression than those with RBS>138. While participants with Hb >10 were approximately 1.9 times more likely to develop Category B depression than those with Hb <10. Males with RBS <138 were 7.1 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with RBS >138. In contrast, females with RBS <138 were 3.1 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with RBS >138. Males with Hb >10 were 3.2 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with Hb <10. In contrast, females with Hb >10 were 4.2 times more likely to report Category B depression than those with Hb <10 [ Table/Fig-5 ].

[Table/Fig-5]:

Socio-demographic factors and laboratory indices predicting Category B depression in participants with at least one chronic disease.

RBS: random blood sugar; Hb: Haemoglobin.

This report represents the first epidemiologic study on the frequency and severity of depression in four of the most common chronic diseases in Pakistan; anaemia, hypertension, diabetes and asthma. Similar to previous studies, we found a significant association between depression and the aforementioned chronic conditions in our community. We also found a higher depression risk in patients with anaemia and hypertension as compared to asthma and diabetes. Association of depression with chronic diseases is well established in previous literature [ 15 , 16 ]. A cross-sectional study conducted by Patten SB et al., found an increased risk of major depression in patients with chronic medical disorders compared to those without such disorders (4% vs. 2.8%) [ 17 ]. Burden of medical bills, fear of losing one’s job and reduction in earning power may be a potentiating factor for developing depression in these patients. This situation is alarming as it could have a negative impact on the patient’s well-being. In spite of the elevated morbidity, disability, mortality and reduced quality of life, comorbid depression continues to be under-recognized and undertreated [ 18 - 21 ], possibly due to the stigma attached to it leading to poor patient compliance. An understanding of the course of depression and its masked presentation is crucial to the medical management of patients with chronic illness. Comorbid depression is associated with increased symptom burden; functional impairment; greater costs due to overutilization of medical services; poor adherence to lifestyle alterations such as diet control, regular exercise, abstinence from smoking and timely medications; as well as direct pathophysiological effects on inflammatory mediators, metabolic parameters hypothalamic-pituitary pathway and the autonomic nervous system [ 22 ].

Our results also illustrated that most of the patients were categorized under the minimal classification of BDI scale. As opposed to findings from western literature where the severity of depression is slightly higher, there are several protective elements that may inhibit the development of depression in our community, explaining the low incidence of comorbid depression in our population. These factors include the eastern cultural values and the extended family systems. Several studies from the West and Asia have presented that social support reduces the development of depressive symptoms in people with chronic disorders [ 23 , 24 ]. Familial relations and interactions within a closely knitted community are of particular importance in Pakistani population, and family support is vital especially in times of illness and during treatment. A chronically ill individual should be advised to establish good familial relations. Along with the patient, the attendants should be counselled in their role in patient satisfaction and betterment. As was expected, patients suffering from all four chronic diseases manifested with severe depression in our study probably due to a poor quality of life and increased medical expenses from managing so many ailments.

Our data also shows that women are significantly more likely to be depressed as compared to men. A previous study reported prevalence of depressive symptoms was more in women than in men (19.7% vs. 13.9%) [ 17 ]. Prior studies have implicated a role for female hormones, such as estrogen, however the relationship of depression and estrogen is very diverging with studies establishing both positive and negative association [ 25 , 26 ]. Furthermore, education is likely to enhance female independence: women develop greater confidence and capabilities to make decisions regarding their own health. Educated individuals are more likely to seek medical care and consequently become diagnosed with depression and chronic disease [ 27 ]. Women from our setup have little to no education, leaving them more dependent on others during their illness. Additionally, previous studies have noted women’s higher vulnerability to the adverse mental health effects of a lower socioeconomic status as compared to men [ 27 ]. Public health policy can benefit from understanding gender differences to better address the mental health needs of the community. Another noteworthy finding is that most severely depressed patients belonged to a younger age group. We generally do not anticipate chronic diseases at a younger age; however, the ones that do develop such diseases earlier in life report greater depressive symptoms than those who develop them later [ 28 ].

Moreover, there is a greater sense of hopelessness as compared to older individuals as they see a lifetime ahead with a debilitating condition which may compromise their quality of life.

Anaemia was found to be the highest prevailing chronic illness in our set-up with the highest frequency of comorbid depression. According to WHO and the National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP), among Pakistani non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years, 51% had blood haemoglobin concentration of less than 12 g/dl and overall mean blood haemoglobin concentration was 11.7 g/ dl whereas haemoglobin in young men varied from 12% to 28% depending on socioeconomic status [ 29 , 30 ]. Several theories have been postulated for the relationship of depression with anaemia. Firstly, reduced muscle strength and weakness are commonly associated with anaemia and may have a negative effect on the patient’s quality of life, therefore promoting the development of depressive symptoms [ 31 ]. Secondly, malnutrition, a common cause of anaemia, can lead to development of comorbid depression. Majority of the population coming to a tertiary care hospital setting belong to a low socioeconomic group; hence, have a poor nutritional status. Patients with comorbid depression visit a healthcare facility more frequently as compared to medically ill patients without depression, which means that the physician has more opportunities to screen and monitor the mental health status of these individuals. Himelhoch S et al., illustrated that emergency room visits are two to three times more common among patients with diabetes and hypertension who have depression as opposed to chronically ill patients without depression [ 32 ]. One possible explanation is that depressed patients have an enhanced perception and a greater sensitivity to physical symptoms [ 33 ]. Furthermore, the presence of a chronic condition may reduce the probability of health care providers to recognize or treat depression as they may overlook non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, poor concentration and a general lack of interest. Depression can hinder the patient’s involvement in the treatment plan; therefore, it becomes clinically significant to anticipate when a patient with a chronic condition may develop comorbid depression. General physicians are the backbone of health care system in Pakistan with majority of the population first visiting a general physician. These doctors mostly practice solo and do not have the medical expertise for identifying a mental health crisis. Therefore, they must be trained to identify the presence of depression when patients present with a chronic physical condition. In addition, promoting public awareness can help in countering the stigma surrounding mental illness and can alert health personnel as well as the general public that depression is as damaging to health as a physical condition.

There are several limitations in our study which need to be considered. Firstly, we considered patients only from a single tertiary hospital. Although Civil Hospital, one of the largest hospitals in Pakistan, is a medical centre where people come from all parts of the city, we believe that including other hospitals would have increased the strength of our results and helped us to generalize the findings. Secondly, there is a possibility of getting amplified scores on depression scales due to the somatic symptoms of the disease. For instance, asthma can cause insomnia and asthma medications such as β-agonists can cause anxiety; both of these symptoms are part of the depression scale we used and can alter the final tabulated score. The low rate of diabetes in our study is understated, since it is uncommon for people in our setup to undergo routine exams and laboratory tests for detection. Finally, findings from this study may not be applicable to other countries in the region, or even to different regions of Pakistan.

In future, larger studies with multiple hospitals nationwide should be conducted regarding depression and chronic medical illnesses.

A worthwhile field for research includes investigating the effect of psychological and behavioural interventions in the physically ill. We also suggest that epidemiologic studies should control for other comorbid chronic conditions in their analysis of such an association.

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Decoding Depression: A Psycholinguistic Lexical Analysis of the Urdu Speech

2024, Linguistic Forum

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health issues with a significant impact on both individuals and society. This study focuses on identifying linguistic markers of depression in the Urdu speech of Pakistani participants to aid in its early detection. Despite extensive research on linguistic markers of depression in various languages of the world, the Urdu language was still completely unexplored. This study addresses this notable gap by exploring and describing linguistic markers in the Urdu speech of Pakistani participants. Linguistic markers of depression can enable timely intervention by people around affected individuals and support mental health professionals in improving diagnosis and assessment. Additionally, they can aid developers of artificial intelligence in creating tools for automatic detection. This support is important for individuals who, due to internal loss of motivation or external negative social pressures, may not disclose their condition, seek medical help, and continue to suffer silently or even contemplate suicide. In this study, sixty Pakistani Punjabi-Urdu bilinguals, comprising an equal number of depressed and nondepressed participants, were selected using criterion sampling. Through semi-structured interviews, their speech was elicited, manually transcribed, and analysed for both context-independent and Decoding Depression: A Psycholinguistic Lexical Analysis.. . LinFo www.linguisticforum.com 49 Linguistic Forum 6(1), 2024 context-dependent lexical markers. The analysis revealed significant differences in the use of absolutist, negative emotion, positive emotion, cognitive, religious, and health-related words between the two groups.

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OBJECTIVE To translate and validate the self-report brief version of Patient Health Questtionaire-9 in Urdu. METHODS The descriptive study was carried out at the Combined Military Hospitals in Gilgit and Lahore, and Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital in Karachi, from February to May 2016, and comprised of patients recruited from primary healthcare centres of the three cities Standardised procedures including forward-translation, back-translation, expert panel discussion, face validation, pilot testing, and target population validation were done. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 293 patients, 164(56%) were males and 129(44%) were females. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a single factor solution with minimum factor loading being 0.63. Cronbach&#39;s alpha for the scale was 0.91 and split-half reliability was 0.77. Females were more likely to have depressive symptoms compared to male participants (p&lt;0.01). Participants&#39; area of dwelling also influen...

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La depresión es uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública que constituye a su vez una de las principales causas de incapacidad. A nivel mundial, más de 332 millones de personas de todas las edades padecen este trastorno. Investigaciones previas demuestran que el lenguaje que utilizan las personas refleja su salud mental. Por tal motivo, existe un creciente interés en la aplicación de técnicas de procesamiento del lenguaje natural para predecir la depresión. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio comparativo de diferentes métodos de aprendizaje automático como así también distintas maneras de representación de los documentos con el fin de detectar automáticamente a aquellos usuarios de medios sociales que manifestaron haber sido diagnosticados previamente con depresión. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la performance del clasificador mejoró considerablemente cuando se aplicó un enfoque de Aprendizaje Profundo combinándolo con el algoritmo SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampl...

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• Depression Article

Depression & Anxiety - Page 1

Read Depression articles about Pakistani health ڈپریشن اور ذہنی مسائل اور انکا علاج سے متعلقہ مضامین, beauty, makeup, childcare, kids, social and business life tips. UrduPoint.com has largest Urdu articles on health in Pakistan.

ڈپریشن اور ذہنی مسائل اور انکا علاج - صفحہ 1

سبزے کے قریب، دماغی امراض سے دور

Sabze Ke Qareeb, Dimaghi Amraz Se Door

ڈپریشن سے نکلیں

Depression Se Niklain

ڈپریشن صحت کے کئی مسائل میں مبتلا کر سکتا ہے

Depression Sehat Ke Kayi Masail Mein Mubtala Kar Sakta Hai

ڈپریشن ۔ دورِ جدید کا اہم مسئلہ

Depression - Daur E Jadeed Ka Aham Masla

بڑھتے ہوئے ذہنی امراض

Barhte Hue Zehni Amraz

اینگزائٹی۔۔۔زندگی کی دشمن

Anxiety Zindagi Ki Dushman

کاجو کھائیے ، ڈپریشن سے محفوظ رہیے

Kaju Khaiye - Depression Se Mehfooz Rahiye

بیوہ عورتوں کے نفسیاتی مسائل اور انکا حل

Bewa Aurton Ke Nafsiyati Masail Aur Inka Hal

مشروم کھائیں،ڈپریشن بھگائیں

Mushroom Khayeen Depression Bhagayeen

Essay on Depression Among College Students

How it works

In college, where academic stress meets the ups and downs of finding oneself, depression is becoming a big issue. This essay looks into what causes depression in students and suggests ways to help them cope and feel better.

• 1 The Hidden Struggle: What is Depression?
• 2 Why is This Happening?
• 3 Finding a Way to Help: Solutions and Support
• 4 Conclusion

The Hidden Struggle: What is Depression?

Depression, often called the “invisible illness,” shows up in many ways. It can be constant sadness, feeling hopeless, or even physical stuff like being tired all the time or not being able to sleep. For college students, depression can hit hard because of the unique problems they face.

There’s the stress of classes, social pressures, money worries, and growing up. Trying to keep up with schoolwork, while feeling like you have to be the best, can make students feel like they’re not good enough. Social life in college isn’t easy either. Making new friends and fitting in can leave students feeling lonely.

One of the toughest things about depression in college is the stigma. Even though people are talking more about mental health now, lots of students still don’t ask for help because they’re scared of being judged or seen as weak. This makes things worse because not getting help can make depression symptoms stronger, making it harder to handle school and personal life.

Why is This Happening?

To really tackle depression in college, we need to know what’s causing it. Academic pressure is a big one. The load of homework, exams, and keeping grades up can lead to constant stress and feeling burned out. At top schools, this pressure can be even worse, making students feel like they always have to outdo their classmates.

Money problems are another big cause. College is expensive, and student loans can make students feel very insecure about their finances. Many students work part-time jobs while studying, which throws off their balance and adds more stress.

The social side of college also affects students’ mental health. Trying to fit in, make friends, and feel like you belong can be a lot. Social media doesn’t help either, with its perfect pictures making students feel even more inadequate and lonely. Moving from high school to college often means leaving behind family and old friends, causing homesickness and a sense of losing touch, which can add to depression.

Finding a Way to Help: Solutions and Support

Helping depressed college students needs a bunch of different efforts, like raising awareness, having good support systems, and making changes at the school level. First, creating a culture where mental health is openly talked about and understood is really important. Schools should focus on mental health education, using workshops, seminars, and support groups to spread awareness and reduce stigma. By making it normal to talk about mental health, students might feel more at ease asking for help without fearing judgment.

Good mental health services are crucial. Colleges need to make sure counseling is easy to get, well-staffed, and able to handle all kinds of student needs. Adding mental health resources to academic advising can help too, offering a complete approach to student well-being, covering both school and emotional problems.

Making a supportive campus environment is key to reducing factors that lead to depression. Schools can have policies that help balance work and life, like flexible deadlines, mental health days, and activities to relieve stress. Encouraging students to join extracurriculars and creating inclusive communities can help them make meaningful connections and feel less isolated.

On a bigger scale, tackling financial stress is necessary. Schools should look into financial aid, scholarships, and affordable housing to ease the load of student loans and reduce money stress. Offering resources for financial literacy and budgeting can also help students manage their money better.

Depression among college students is a complicated issue that needs a kind and thorough approach. By understanding the special challenges students face and addressing the root causes of depression, we can create a supportive environment that promotes mental well-being and academic success. It’s everyone’s job—schools, lawmakers, parents, and friends—to make sure students have the resources and support they need to handle the pressures of college and come out stronger and more resilient.

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Essay on Zindagi in Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 3

زندگی پر ایک مضمون

زندگی اللہ کا دیا ہوا ایک نایاب تحفہ ہے جس کی قدر آج انسان بلکل ہی نہیں کر پا رہا ہے۔ آج انسان نے اپنی زندگی کو مذاق بنا کر رکھ دیا ہے۔ کوئی زندگی کو ایک برا عذاب سمجھتا ہے تو کوئی زندگی کو حسین خواب سمجھتا ہے۔ مگر اصل زندگی کی حقیقت کچھ اور ہی ہے۔ دراصل زندگی خوشی اور غم سے بھرا ہوا مجموعہ ہے جس میں اتار چڑھاؤ لگے رہتے ہیں۔

انسان کی فطرت ہی کچھ ایسی ہے کہ وہ اپنی زندگی سے کسی بھی حال میں خوش نہیں رہتا۔ چاہے وہ اچھے حال میں ہو یا پھر برے۔ جب انسان کو اللہ تبارک و تعالی ہر طرح کی خوشی سے نوازتا ہے تو انسان خوش رہتا ہے لیکن اس کی خواہشیں کبھی ختم نہیں ہوتیں اور زندگی میں تھوڑا سا بھی غم آ جانے پر وہ اللہ تعالی سے شکایت کرنے لگتا ہے اور اپنی زندگی سے بالکل مایوس ہونے لگتا ہے۔

انسان اپنی زندگی میں صرف خوشی کی ہی خواہش کرتا ہے۔ جبکہ اللہ تعالی کی بنائی ہوئی اس دنیا میں انسان کو دنیا کی ہر چیز قبول کرنی چاہیے پھر چاہے وہ غم ہو یا خوشی۔ انسان اپنی زندگی کو صحیح طریقہ سے گزار رہا ہے یہ انسان خود جانتا ہے یا پھر اللہ جانتا ہے اور اس کے علاوہ کوئی بھی نہیں جانتا۔

جس وقت انسان پیدا ہوتا ہے تو اسی دم سے اس کی زندگی شروع ہو جاتی ہے۔ انسان کی زندگی آگے کیسی گزرے گی یہ انسان کی پرورش اور اس کے آس پاس کے ماحول سے پتہ چلتا ہے۔ انسان کو صحیح زندگی گزارنے کا سلیقہ اس کے ماں باپ ہی سکھا سکتے ہیں۔ ماں باپ بچے کے سب سے پہلے استاد ہوتے ہیں جن کی تعلیم سے بچہ آگے چل کر اچھا انسان بنتا ہے۔

انسان کی زندگی کے تین پہلو ہوتے ہیں۔ پہلا اس کا بچپن٬ دوسرا اس کی جوانی اور تیسرا اس کا بڑھاپا۔

انسان کی زندگی کا سب سے بہترین پہلو اس کا بچپن ہوتا ہے۔ بچپن زندگی کا وہ اہم حصہ ہے جسے دنیا کا ہر انسان کبھی نہیں بھولنا چاہتا۔ انسان اپنے بچپن میں ہمیشہ ہر حال میں خوش رہتا ہے۔ اسے کسی بات کی فکر نہیں رہتی۔ اسکول کی یاری، پڑھائی اور کھیل کود بس بچپن کی یہی زندگی ہوتی ہے۔

انسان کی زندگی کا دوسرا پہلو اس کی جوانی ہے۔ انسان کی زندگی کا یہ پہلو بڑا ہی نازک ہوتا ہے۔ یہ وہ وقت ہے جس میں انسان اپنی زندگی کو آس پاس کے ماحول کی طرح ڈھالنے کی کوشش کرنے لگتا ہے۔ پھر چاہے وہ اچھا ماحول ہو یا پھر برا۔ اسے اچھے اور برے میں فرق نظر نہیں آتا اور جوانی کا جوش اُس پر ایسا چڑھتا ہے کہ وہ غلط کام کرنے کو بھی تیار رہتا ہے۔ آج کل کے نوجوان تو زندگی میں چھوٹی چھوٹی باتوں سے ایسے مایوس ہوتے ہیں کہ وہ بس خودکشی کا راستہ ہی اپنا لیتے ہیں جبکہ اسلام میں خودکشی حرام ہے۔

زندگی کا تیسرا اور آخری پہلو بڑھاپا ہے۔ اس عمر میں انسان کو اپنی کی ہوئی غلطیوں پر پچھتاوا ہونے لگتا ہے۔ اس وقت تک انسان کو یہ احساس ہو جاتا ہے کہ زندگی کا صحیح مقصد کیا ہے اور تب وہ اپنے پرانے وقت کو واپس پانا چاہتا ہے جس سے وہ اپنی زندگی دوبارہ صحیح طریقے سے گزار سکے لیکن کہتے ہیں نہ “بیتا ہوا پل کبھی واپس نہیں آتا”۔

زندگی سے متعلق شعر

زندگی گزارنے کا سلیقہ ہر انسان کو حضور اکرم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم سے سیکھنا چاہیے۔ اگر ہر انسان ان کے بتائے ہوئے راستے پر چلے تو زندگی خوشگوار بن جائے گی۔ اس سے انسان کی دنیا بھی اچھی رہے گی اور آخرت میں بھی وہ کامیاب ہو گا۔