national insurance company case study

June 27, 2022

Case analyses: manjeet singh v national insurance company ltd. & anr..

Bench:  HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE MADAN B. LOKUR, HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE DEEPAK GUPTA Judgment by:  HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE MADAN B. LOKUR ,

Date- 8 December, 2017.

INTRODUCTION

The consumer Protection Act, 2019 has given a wider scope to the rights of consumers’ and also makes them aware of the responsibilities that their manufacturers or producers are supposed to follow with and also there is larger scope for the speedy dispute settlement and has ways for it. This article deals with the landmark case of Manjit Singh versus National Insurance Company that we come across while we study Consumer Law or Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and 2019.

FACTS OF THE CASE

In this case the appellant had purchased a second-hand truck under Hire purchase agreement. One day when he was driving the truck a passenger asked him to stop his truck and give him a lift when he stopped the truck the passenger assaulted the driver and fled with vehicle. The appellant claimed for compensation from the insurance company he had purchased under but the company rejected his plea alleging breach of company’s policy

THE REASONING AND VERDICT OF THE DISTRICT, STATE, AND NATIONAL FORUM

The appellant filed suit in district forum and it was held that the company is not responsible and it would be breach of the policy of the company as the appellant should not have given the lift in the first place. The state and the national forum too had the same reasoning.

BREIF ANALYSES

The appellant here was not satisfied with the verdict of the Consumer forum, as we can see that the appellant being the consumer and the Insurance company would be responsible for the services it should provide. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is much wider in its scope compared to the Act of 1986. It has scope for the settlement of the disputes and it is less lavishing and has rapid resolution. Through time and changes in the economic life of the country we notice that there must be dynamic nature of the laws governing the principles of the consumer rights protection. Therefore, the Act of 2019 is wider and less expensive. Through this we understand the followed verdict of supreme court and its reasoning.

SUPREME COURT’S VERDICT

To the extent of the first ground is in a stew, we can contemplate the view that the District Forum had not properly valued the scope and ambit of the policy. The violation of the condition should be such a fundamental breach so that the claimant cannot claim any amount whatsoever. As far as the violation in carrying passengers is concerned, this has consistently been held not to be a fundamental breach and, in this behalf, we may make reference to the judgments of this Court in the case of  National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Swaran Singh , (2004) 3 SCC 297,  National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nitin Khandelwal , (2008) 11 SCC 259,  Lakhmi Chand v. Reliance General Insurance , (2016) 3 SCC 100 and  B.V. Nagaraju v. Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd ., (1996) 4 SCC 647.

This case gives us the knowledge to approach these kinds of situation where it is really not easy to co me to a conclusion where both the parties are not at fault but still the apex court resolved this dispute with a satisfied and legitimate reasoning.  

https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/590a0fa24a932663936d1fc3

https://www.indianemployees.com/judgments/details/manjeet-singh-versus-national-insurance-company-ltd-anr

https://www.legalauthority.in/judgement/manjeet-singh-vs-national-insurance-company-ltd-686

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Case Analysis: National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Harsolia Motors and Ors., (2023) | Consumer Protection Act, 1986

The case analysis: national insurance co. ltd. v. harsolia motors and ors., (2023) contains a significant ruling..

The Case Analysis: National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Harsolia Motors and Ors., (2023) by Snehil Sharma contains a significant ruling in which the Supreme Court recently decided that just because an organisation is a consumer company does not exempt it from the concept of "consumer" under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Any non-commercially purchased products or services may be the subject of a consumer dispute under the Act by a commercial company. Whether anything is being done for a "commercial purpose" depends on whether the items or services are directly related to the activity that generates profits.

Case Title: National insurance co. Ltd. v. Harsolia Motors and Ors.

Court: Supreme Court of India

Citation: Civil Appeal no. 5352-5353/2007

Judges: Justice Ajay Rastogi, Justice CT Ravikumar

Date : 13th April, 2023

Facts of the Case

Harsolia Motors had purchased fire insurance from Rakesh Narula And Co. for a cover of Rs. 90 lakhs and Rs. 75,38,000 respectively. The goods of the insured were burned during the Godhra riots in 2002. Rakesh Narula And Co.'s claim for Rs. 54,29,871 was accepted by the National Insurance Co. Ltd., whereas Harsolia Motors' was denied. The Gujarat State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission received complaints from both parties. According to the State Commission, the insured are not considered consumers as that term is defined in Section 2(1)(d) of the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 (Act).

It was decided that the complaint could not be upheld under the Act since the insured was operating a business from the premises to make money, which is covered by the definition of "for commercial purpose". The National Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission overturned the decision and ruled in favour of the insured after hearing an appeal.

Issues Involved

Whether the insurance policy taken by the respondent insured amounts to the hiring of services for “commercial purpose” thereby excluded from the purview of the expression “consumer” as defined under Section 2(1)(d) of the Act, 1986?

Laws Applied

Since the issue involved required a thorough examination of the term ‘consumer’ as defined in the relevant statute, the law referred to in this case is only the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Majorly, the definition of the term ‘consumer’ as prescribed in Section 2(1)(d) was referred to by the court, but in order to supplement the arguments made by both the parties and the explanatory judgement by the court, several other relevant provisions were also used from this legislation.

Judgment/ Decision

According to a bench made up of Justice Ajay Rastogi and Justice CT Ravikumar, whether the insurance service has a close and direct nexus with the profit-generating activity and whether the dominant intention or dominant purpose for the transaction in relation to which the claim has been raised was to facilitate some kind of profit generation for the insured are the two factors that need to be taken into consideration in order to determine whether the insured is a "consumer" or not. As an illustration, the Bench pointed out that if a company had to buy items, such as raw materials, in order to produce a product, then the purchase of those items would be made for a "commercial purpose."

However, if the manufacturer purchases a refrigerator or television or air conditioner for the office it would have no direct nexus to generate profit. Thus it would not be considered to be for a ‘commercial purpose’.

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National Insurance Corp. Harvard Case Solution & Analysis

Home >> Management Case Studies >> National Insurance Corp.

Case attends business catastrophe insurance in an interesting time in the history of the insurance market. Major reinsurer, National Insurance, takes a look at the new derivative security traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, to be used for risk management and portfolio management as an option. "Hide by Sanjiv Das, Nils S. Haugestad Source : Harvard Business School 23 pages. Publication Date: November 6, 1995. Prod. #: 296036-PDF-ENG

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Case study of national insurance company

The main purpose of this report is to analyses the condition and working environment of National Insurance and Investment (Nil) a company whose main business in selling and servicing insurance packages for both individual and corporate customers. So it is basically is call centre, which respond to the clients of Its customers on their behalf.

So the purpose of this report Is to understand the overzealousness In National Investment & Insurance company (MINI), which Is facing various problems like higher employee turnover, lower customer satisfaction, lower levels of motivation among employees etc. The suggested case study. Help of various other research papers and journal articles has also been taken to underpin the possible reasons of the problems of MINI and other similar companies in the same industry and how such problems can affect the overall growth and current working environment of the Industry and company In particular. The flirts section of the report consists of introduction of the company and few journal article references which deal with the problems as underlined in the case study.

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The second section of analysis of the company deals with the issues identified from he MINI case study which are Like High degree of employee turnover, Lack of training, Lower level of motivation & satisfaction and Poor communication among Ass’s.

Key points from literature have been added to analyses the problems more precisely. The last section of the report deals with recommendations, which can help MINI to improve its working.

Some of the major recommendations are need to make a better staff mix, advised to provide proper training to the employees, which will help to improve the employee morale for dealing with the problems and even make them more clear about their role, MINI should also work In the field of Improving the titivation level of employees, problem of poor communication Is also needed to be solved among Ass’s by interacting more with staff, having regular meetings, asking for opinions and by directing senior Ass’s to help the new recruits to the maximum extent.

Underclothing’s the last two decades the growing globalization of economies, along with continuous development in Information technology, has left us with excessive amount of new products and production processes. Businesses are also going on a path of continuous change and have to develop new ways every time, with the changing attitudes and requirements of customers.

Their response to customer expectations and demand for a 24 hour electronic society has seen a phenomenal growth in call centre industry (Lynn Woolworth, Susan Cartridge 2003).

Also, if you need  help in writing the case study , you can feel free to write to us.

So the purpose AT tans report Is to unreason ten various Issues In Notational Investment & insurance company (N”), a call centre whose main business in selling and servicing insurance packages for both individual and corporate customers. Company has recently discovered some problems within its staff and overall working of the company.

All such related issues are discussed below. Help of various research papers and Journal articles has also been taken to underpin the possible reasons of the problems of MINI and the possible solutions to them.

Summary of Journal Arteriolosclerosis to Woolworth and Cartridge(2003) study in this field, ‘Call centre managers are continuously searching for new ways to combat the issues that appear to be intrinsic to work within the industry. The current management practice in call centers is to introduce empowerment strategies. ‘ It says that the key advantage of introducing empowerment is the increase in Job satisfaction of employees and decreased Job stress, which in turn helps in improvement of physical and mental well being and a decrease in sickness, absence and turnover rates.

Even study by Keith Townsend (2007) says that the main purpose of recruitment in companies of this sector is Just to attract large number of applicants for the Job and than to sort among those applicants the ones who got the more Job-centered technical skills, whilst the post-hire outcomes like Job satisfaction and training are not given much of the importance.

Even the stay of new recruits in the company very much depends upon their initial Job performance.

Townsend says about this approach of cruisers as, ‘Included in this approach are recruitment systems based around more intangible qualities within the person’s key issues of this case study I. E. Higher employee turnover and high number of casual/ part-time staff are well explained in the study of Kenneth McCabe and Leonard Karakas (2001) which says that much of the turnover in the organization is influenced by four broad factors; work related attitudes (push factors), external environment factors (pull factors), individual characteristics factors and Job performance factors.

So if analyses such factors outlined by McCabe and Karakas, MINI definitely has some turnover problems related to individual characteristics for egg. As most of the employees at MINI are part time, young, not married and are working for extra cash only, which can be an indicator of lower commitments to the organizations.

Even many of them are not doing the work for household income and are even pretty much interested in Job, status and alternatives, which can also be the reasons of MINI problem and are identified under pull factors.

So from all these studies also its been very clear that there are some problems/issues elated to this industry, which are very important to be looked upon in time, otherwise the growth of this industry would be in vein. Analysis we look at the picture of MINI as mentioned in the case study, it shows that 80% of the Ass’s (Assistant Officers) are part time and work on hourly rate. Only 20% of full time employees get annual pay increments, training sessions and promotions.

Another thing Is Tanat most AT ten part time Ass’s are not Interested In Dealing Dull time as many of them don’t want to make this field their carrier and many of them don’t even know that what will happen after, if they do so and how they can do so? So from this entire situation, there are few problems, which we can look at straightaway.

First is the high degree of Casual staff, who Just works for some extra cash, which makes them less committed towards work and results in high employee turnover. Secondly, due to less commitment towards work, they don’t even work properly and Just kill time in the organization.

It can be viewed from the fact that customers are complaining to MINI that their staff is not friendly and they don’t even feel as they are talking to some human. They even take long to resolve customer problems, even when the fact is that 95% of the problems are small and are often related to poor user knowledge rather than equipment or software failures. They even themselves admit the fact that sometimes customers even know better about product then these Ass’s and they even find difficult to help customers with very less computing knowledge, which is a problem due to lack of training.

So it makes the fact very clear that Ass’s level of motivation is very less, and they don’t take the Job very seriously. Thus key issues of case study are;High degree of employee turnover,Lack of raining,Lower level of motivation and satisfaction,poor communication among Ass’s. All these problems are quite general in this industry due to its dynamic nature and fast growth but if dealt properly, they can be resolved. Looking at these issues from theoretical point of view, high degree of employee turnover can be due to many reasons like high stress.

The survey conducted by Woolworth and Cartridge(2003) found that ‘Coca’s found all aspects of their Job more stressful, overall, than the general working population’.

‘Respondents are particularly under pressure due to conflicting demands, frustrations over lack of arsenal growth and the usual duties of their working day’. Along with this lower level of Job satisfaction can also be the reason for high turnover. Woolworth and Searchlight’s study also indicated that ‘ Low Job satisfaction was found in all areas of (Customer service assistants/agents) Coca’s Job compared to the general working population.

The overall Job satisfaction score and those obtained for achievement and organizational processes were found to be significantly lower than general working population. Lack of training is another important issue in this industry and study by Keith Townsend (2007) says in this context that ‘While there has been a large volume of literature examining many aspects of the burgeoning call centre sector, there has been little attention paid to the recruitment and training processes in these organizations’.

‘The most common methods of training include basic contextual knowledge of company products, computer systems and company policies.

In addition, there is often an initial process of “budding”; where an experienced employee is placed with an inexperienced staff member (Franken et al. , 1998). It is recognized that many call centers engage in “coaching” where managers monitor employee/customer transactions Ana prove Teacake to ten employees (Russell, 2002). However, the dispute over whether this is a form of control or skill development and the fact that this does not fit into the initial training regime is enough to exclude “coaching” from this analysis.

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In general terms, the training methods of call centers have been considered quite rudimentary (Jennie et al. , 2000)the problem of motivation and satisfaction is also very serious and their can be many reasons for that like lack of commitment as they are not permanent due to which employees doesn’t feel motivated to perform extra. Some other reasons are like training as mentioned above, low wage rates, lack of interest in the field etc. Another problem of poor communication among Ass’s at MINI is also very significant. Here poor communication refers to the communication among casual staff and permanent Ass’s.

All full time staff members don’t provide the casual staff with the required amount of support and guidelines as they are suppose to. Even they Just come to help them, when situation goes out of their hand. No such support for staff working during night hours. So these all acts make Ass’s feel that their supervisors onto work enough and they even hesitate from asking them any queries. This is quite evident from the fact that most of them don’t know how to apply for permanent jobs or what are the benefits of doing so? This all represents significantly low amount of communication among Ass’s.

So whole of the analysis makes it very clear that some serious issues definitely exist with MINI which are needed to be looked after to keep the company going and for retaining the employees.

As employees are like the life blood of any company and if blood goes out from the body, it will be very hard for it to keep its existence. Recommendations/postpositions section talks about the recommendations for dealing with above mentioned issues. There are number of things which MINI need to improve to bring the whole company on right track, where everyone should be in the position of win-win.

The first and the foremost thing among that is to change their policy regarding the ratio of casual and full time employees. As only 20% of the staff is full time it means remaining 80% have no contractual obligation of working with them and they can leave anytime.

Its not a good situation and can prove dangerous for MINI onetime. So they need to make a better staff mix, where they should have the capacity to operate, even during the days of less casual staff. So mix of 40-60, where 40% permanent and 60% casual or 50-50 can be the good one.

Secondly, they are also advised to provide proper training to the employees, which will help to improve the employee morale for dealing with the problems and even make them more clear about their role. It even helps to reduce their stress levels and will even reduce the turnover problem, as some of the Just leave as they can’t able to cope with the stress. It can help the Ass’s to perform more smart emotional labor.

Its been said that people with better good skills of performing emotional labor along with technical skills are more successful in this industry than others.

Even Keith Townsend (2007) says in his study, it is expected that the outcomes of emotional laddering may De Deterrent appending on winter tense Skills are recreate or trained into technically competent recruits. ‘ So providing good training sessions to staff is very important for company. MINI should also work in the field of improving the motivation level of employees. It’s ideal known that highly motivated employees perform better and also feel more committed towards their work. They can do so by empowerment, which intern is helpful in reduction of stress and improvement in satisfaction also.

According to Woolworth and Searchlights ‘As high turnover and absence rates are key issues for call centre managers it would be beneficial to explore which empowerment dimensions are associated with Coca’s Job satisfaction and stress. In addition identifying Coca’s perceptions of empowerment will assist in the development of related management practices. ‘”Sprinter et al. 1997) examined each of the four dimensions of empowerment and their relationship to Job satisfaction and the psycho-physiological outcomes of Job stress. Meaning, self-determination and competence were all associated with Job satisfaction.

The most powerful association was found with meaning, suggesting that to feel satisfied with work employees need to feel energies by, and put their hearts into, their work. Job stress was negatively related to meaning as well as a sense of competence suggesting that employees, who feel they have influence within the organization and the necessary skills, may be offered from experiencing Job-related stress. Other relevant research notes that meaning is positively related to work satisfaction and organizational commitment, and competence significantly related to enhanced work satisfaction and Job performance (Elide et al. 2000) and the more Coca’s experience a lack of control the lower their Job satisfaction and the poorer their mental health (Holman and Fernier, 2000). ” (Woolworth and Searchlights 2003)Another problem of poor communication is also needed to be solved, which MINI management can do by interacting more with Taft, having regular meetings, asking for opinions and by directing senior Ass’s to help the new recruits to the maximum extent, so that they feel concerned.

They should also teach them about the achievement levels in the company and should also draw some achievement pattern through which every new person can find out the position where they stand and how they can get promoted.

It will even help them to get improved productivity and greater efficiency in work. Conclusions in nutshell I can say that after analyzing the whole case of MINI and eating through different articles, its very clear that for any organization to succeed they need few key ingredients of proper planning, training, monitoring, motivating and empowering.

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Case Study National Insurance Company

Conversion optimization drives timely business results.

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The Challenge

An insurance brand was able to consistently grow traffic to the site and online enrollments over the past years, but saw that the majority of those who came to the site were leaving without requesting a quote. There was no evident differentiation between the brand and its competitors and customers were very conscious of price when researching different solutions.

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SEO Case Study: A National Insurance Company

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Alaska National Insurance

48% in Pharmacy Savings

The company.

For over a quarter century, Alaska National Insurance Company has provided financially secure risk protection to companies doing business in the challenging environment of Alaska. Although they still call Alaska home, Alaska National has expanded to become a diversified regional Western United States commercial lines carrier. They offer a comprehensive array of commercial lines insurance products, including state act workers’ compensation, Jones Act, general liability, and commercial auto.

CorVel began performing bill review services for Alaska National in 2008. During that time CorVel implemented a more focused account management team to better serve Alaska’s three regional claims offices. With CorVel’s innovative rules engine Alaska National has benefited from accurate and consistent bill review to maximize cost savings. Since switching to CorVel’s bill review program Alaska National has realized a 48% overall savings from over 100,000 bills.

As the relationship grew, CorVel began monitoring Alaska National’s out of network pharmacy bills and penetration in their existing program. In 2010, CorVel ran a report to quantify the annual results and revealed only a 44% penetration with their current program. CorVel proposed implementing our pharmacy program to improve penetration. After experiencing service level improvements in their claims offices coupled with the realization of lost dollars in their current pharmacy program, it was an easy decision to switch to CorVel’s pharmacy program.

In July 2010 Alaska National implemented a pharmacy program with CorVel. From the onset CorVel benchmarked the program to track results. Six months into the program, penetration increased from 44% to 62% and generic usage increased from 65% to 76%.

Looking to the Future

Alaska National is very pleased with the first six months results gained from the pharmacy program. CorVel was able to identify savings opportunities as a result of their comprehensive bill review services. As the pharmacy program continues, savings are expected to increase as a result of continued network penetration and brand to generic conversion

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About Workers' Compensation Data

• Workers’ compensation systems give protection to workers who are injured or become ill from their job.
• These systems also give employers incentives to reduce work-related injury and illness.
• These systems are governed by state law.

Workers’ compensation systems began as a way to give protection to workers who are injured or become ill from their job. They also give employers incentives to reduce work-related injury and illness. These systems are governed by state laws.

Most employers buy workers’ compensation insurance coverage through private insurers or state-certified compensation insurance funds. Larger employers may have the option to self-insure.

Types of workers' compensation data

Claims information.

Workers' compensation claims may be filed after a worker is injured or becomes ill due to their job. Claims include:

• The nature of injury/illness
• How the injury/illness occurred
• The type and cost of medical care received
• Cost of partial wage replacement
• The number of days off work
• Occupation, age, gender, time with employer, etc.

Employer Information

Insurers and employers collect data on:

• The types of hazards present in the workplace
• Safety/health programs and controls in place
• Return-to-work programs to reduce injury/illness severity

How it works

There is no central source for workers' compensation data in the United States. Each state collects some information for private industry, state, and local government employers.

The federal government maintains separate workers' compensation databases for federally-governed employers.

Organizations such as the National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) , and the Workers Compensation Research Institute also collect data in many states.

Standardized data coding systems are used in many states. NCCI and independent state rating bureaus have developed coding systems for industry risk classifications. The Workers' Compensation Insurance Organizations (WCIO) have developed a coding system for injury cause, nature, and part of body.

The International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC) has also developed standardized data coding and reporting systems used in many states.

Workers' compensation dashboards

Workers compensation claim counts and rates 2007-2017

Workers' compensation injury claims among workers

General Industry Results

Detailed Industry Results

Diagnosis by Cause

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 established NIOSH as a research agency focused on the study of worker safety and health, and empowering employers and workers to create safe and healthy workplaces.

Workers’ Compensation Studies

By Christopher Flavelle

As climate change gets worse, the immediate effects are becoming painfully obvious: More frequent and severe storms, wildfires, hurricanes and other types of extreme weather are wreaking havoc and pushing millions of Americans out of their homes each year.

Less obvious, but arguably even more important, are the consequences of those disasters, which are threatening the foundations of modern American life even for people who aren’t affected directly by extreme weather. One of the best and most recent examples is the insurance market. Insurers are spending more to fix damaged homes as disasters intensify. In response, they’re raising rates, squeezing homeowners already struggling with rising mortgage costs, and even abandoning some markets altogether. ( Read our full story here .) ( Are you having trouble with your homeowners insurance? Tell us. )

The health of the home insurance market is inextricably tied to the health of the broader economy. A broad downturn in the insurance industry could spill over into real estate values and hurt local tax revenue.

And that scenario might not be as far-fetched as it seems. “I believe we’re marching toward an uninsurable future” in many places, Dave Jones, the former insurance commissioner of California and now director of the Climate Risk Initiative at the University of California Berkeley law school, told me.

My colleague Mira Rojanasakul and I set out to learn how widespread the tumult in the insurance industry has become. We spent months talking to those who track the financial health of insurers, including companies like AM Best, a rating agency that focuses on the industry. We also spoke with state insurance commissioners, insurance executives, academics and homeowners themselves.

We found an industry facing a level of disruption that is far greater than most people know. Here are the biggest takeaways from our investigation .

Climate change is upending the insurance market

Until recently, only widespread damage from hurricanes and earthquakes had the potential to put insurers out of business and overwhelm their ability to pay claims. That’s a big reason insurers have found it so hard to make money in Florida, which is more exposed to hurricanes than any other state.

But in the past few years, previously small-scale threats like wildfires, hail and windstorms have become more intense and frequent. That means the threat to insurers has grown as well. In Iowa, a number of insurers have stopped writing homeowners insurance since the start of last year, dropping tens of thousands of customers. Insurance agents say it’s getting harder to find companies that will write new business.

The same is true across the Midwest, in much of the Southeast, and in parts of the West. We found that the insurance industry lost money on homeowners coverage in 18 states last year, a list that includes Kentucky, Michigan, Utah, Illinois, Georgia, Arkansas and Washington . (You can learn about the health of the homeowners insurance market in your state here .)

Insurers are pulling back coverage in surprising places

Insurers made headlines last year for pulling out of California. But states across the Midwest — including Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and Ohio — have also seen insurance companies stop writing homeowners insurance, or making it much harder to qualify for coverage, according to insurance agents there. They’re also raising rates by 50 percent or more in some places.

Tim Kuehner, a general contractor whose home just outside of Marshalltown, Iowa, was damaged in the 2020 derecho storm, saw his annual premium jump to $9,189 this year from $6,453, a 42 percent increase. His insurance agent, Bobby Shomo, told me that many of his clients are facing similarly large increases.

Across much of the Southeast, insurers are also raising rates, dropping customers or both. The challenge facing the homeowners insurance market in Arkansas “is probably unparalleled in recent decades,” said Kelley Erstine, president of the association that represents independent insurance agents in Arkansas.

In the West, agents say insurers have become less willing to write insurance in areas at high risk from wildfires. That includes communities around Salt Lake City and other parts of Utah; parts of Washington, including towns near Seattle; and wooded parts of Arizona north and east of Phoenix. “Pretty much none of the carriers will write there,” said Matthew Baker, a risk adviser with Strong Tower, an insurance agency in Gilbert, Ariz.

The consequences of that pullback could affect the broader economy

A breakdown in homeowners insurance doesn’t just affect people who struggle to get coverage. Without insurance, banks won’t issue a mortgage; without a mortgage, most people can’t buy a home. Fewer prospective buyers can push home values down, which means less property tax revenue and less money for local government services.

“What happens in the insurance market generally spills into the housing and mortgage markets,” said Carolyn Kousky, associate vice president for economics and policy at the Environmental Defense Fund.

Another spillover effect is what happens after a disaster. People who are underinsured or uninsured will generally have a harder time repairing or rebuilding their homes, Dr. Kousky said. And empty homes don’t just mean the people who lived in those homes are suffering; they also mean less money going into the local economy.

States are intervening in different ways

State officials agree the trends aren’t good. They don’t agree on how to respond.

Some states like Louisiana and Washington, are trying to make it easier for insurers to raise premiums. The argument is that if insurers can make a profit, they’ll be less likely to pull back on coverage or leave the state entirely.

Other states — including California, Minnesota and Georgia — are trying to reduce the losses insurers face by encouraging homeowners to make their properties more resilient, say, by investing in stronger roofs. To get homeowners to make those changes, those states have required insurers to offer discounts for homes that meet certain standards.

Colorado, anticipating that insurers might start pulling back coverage after years of losses, is setting up a high-risk pool for homeowners who can’t get coverage on the private market. Florida is moving in the opposite direction: Its high-risk pool, called Citizens Property Insurance Corporation, now covers more homes than any private insurer, so the state is trying to push people off the plan.

The question facing insurance companies around the country, and the homeowners who rely on them, is which state might be heading in the same direction as Florida.

The answer from our reporting: It could be any of them.

What to know about new rules to overhaul America’s electric grid

Federal regulators on Monday approved sweeping changes to how America’s electric grids are planned and funded, in a move that supporters hope could spur thousands of miles of new high-voltage power lines and make it easier to add more wind and solar energy.

The new rule by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees interstate electricity transmission, is the most significant attempt in years to upgrade and expand the country’s creaking electricity network.

What the new rules say: The new federal rule, which was two years in the making, requires grid operators around the country to identify needs 20 years into the future, taking into account factors like changes in the energy mix, the growing number of states that require wind and solar power and the risks of extreme weather.

Grid planners would have to evaluate the benefits of new transmission lines, such as whether they would lower electricity costs or reduce the risk of blackouts, and develop methods for splitting the costs of those lines among customers and businesses.

Why they matter: A big reason for the slow pace of grid expansion is that operators rarely plan for the long term, the federal commission said. When it comes to building new transmission lines, grid operators tend to be reactive, responding after a wind-farm developer asks to connect to the existing network or once a reliability problem is spotted.

The opposition: The question of who pays for those grid expansions has sparked furious debate. Officials in states that are less enthusiastic about wind and solar power, like Kentucky or West Virginia, say they could be forced to foot the bill for new multibillion-dollar transmission lines meant to help states like New Jersey or Illinois fulfill their renewable energy ambitions. The commission could still face legal challenges from states concerned about higher costs.

Read the full article about the new rules here, by Brad Plumer.

Bonus: Lisa Friedman explains why the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission may be the most important climate agency you’ve never heard of .

More climate news:

Some domestic solar manufacturers are struggling, despite $16 billion in promised investments, Bloomberg reports .

Reuters has the latest from the flooding in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, where river levels are still rising: At least 143 people are dead and 538,000 are displaced.

Climatewire details how Colorado’s governor got the oil industry to pay to help clean up the state’s transportation sector.

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Christopher Flavelle is a Times reporter who writes about how the United States is trying to adapt to the effects of climate change. More about Christopher Flavelle

Our Coverage of Climate and the Environment

News and Analysis

The Great Salt Lake, a predictor of the risks of climate change, had a recent increase in its levels , but still remains below healthy levels. Experts worry that conservation efforts will be reduced as a result.

As the world’s coral reefs suffer a fourth global bleaching event, heat stress in the Caribbean is accumulating even earlier  than it did in 2023, the previous record year for the region, according to data by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Florida’s state government will no longer be required to consider climate change when crafting energy policy  under legislation signed by Gov. Ron DeSantis, a Republican.

A Cosmic Perspective:  Alarmed by the climate crisis and its impact on their work, a growing number of astronomers  are using their expertise to fight back.

Struggling N.Y.C. Neighborhoods:  New data projects are linking social issues with global warming. Here’s what that means for five communities in New York .

Biden Environmental Rules:  The Biden administration has rushed to finalize 10 major environmental regulations  to meet its self-imposed spring deadline.

F.A.Q.:  Have questions about climate change? We’ve got answers .

Current time by city

For example, New York

Current time by country

For example, Japan

Time difference

For example, London

For example, Dubai

Coordinates

For example, Hong Kong

For example, Delhi

For example, Sydney

Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

City coordinates

Coordinates of Elektrostal in decimal degrees

Coordinates of elektrostal in degrees and decimal minutes, utm coordinates of elektrostal, geographic coordinate systems.

WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia