essay on paper factory

Paper Making Industry Essay

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Introduction

History of the paper, acquisition of raw materials, processing and manufacturing of the raw materials, transportation and distribution of the papers, use, re-use, and maintenance of papers, waste management, summary of research findings, works cited.

Today, there is massive competition in the corporate world. Companies continually seek ways to stay in business and to outdo their rivals. Consequently, many institutions have embraced advertising to stay in business. There are many ways to advertise especially by use of media. In this century, use of internet and audio-visual media is gaining popularity as the medium for advertisements.

In spite of their popularity, these forms of advertisements are yet to outdo print media. For centuries, print media has dominated the advertisement industry. The most essential material for print media is the paper. Over the years, the paper has continuously changed form from scrolls to thick sheets, and then to the current thin sheet we have today.

Newspaper advertisements are among the popular mediums of presentation used today. For a newspaper to reach the intended party successfully, it goes through a series of complex processes. The production processes consume raw materials and energy from the environment. Consequently, at the end of the processes, the factory release emissions and wastes to the environment.

To appreciate this process, it is necessary to understand the life cycle of the production processes. Life cycle assessment methods help in calculating the raw materials and energy consumed by this processes. Further, the methods used establish implication of emissions released to the environment by this processes (Carnegie Mellon University 1).

This article focuses on steps involved in production of papers, which are the main raw material used in making newspapers. This article highlights steps followed in factories to produce paper. These steps include acquisition, manufacturing, transportation, and distribution of raw materials.

Additionally, it focuses on recovery and management of wastes and emissions released. Further, this article reports on the findings of the investigation conducted. It highlights the assumptions made and failures in the course of the research.

Some researchers trace the origins of the paper to Egypt, in River Nile while others link the origin of the paper to china. People started using papers about 5,000 years ago. Just like today, people in the past used various materials such as cotton, linen, wood, grass, and papyrus to make papers. For years, many communities have used the as a measure of quality of life (Roekel 1).

Paper manufacturing plants use renewable resources for production of papers. The main raw materials used are pulp, water, and energy. Pulp comes from plants such as trees, elephant grass, papyrus, and switch grass. In addition, some factories use vegetable matter, recycled papers, and recycled linen to produce papers.

Workers harvest the trees manually or using machines. Lorries or tractors then transport the materials to the respective factories. Pipes and pumps supply water to the factories. The factories get chemical components such as dyes, inks, bleaches, and filler materials from the respective suppliers. Factories get energy form of electricity, firewood, and gas.

This involves converting fibers from the respective sources into flat thin sheets of paper. Factories use chemical or mechanical processes to convert wood into pulp. In the mechanical process, workers use large drums to debark the logs. The workers then put the logs inside grinders fitted with rotating slabs, which squeeze and crush the logs to remove water. After this, the workers filter the resulting solution to remove dirt.

In the chemical process, the workers remove the barks from the wood and chop the logs into small pieces. The next step involves placing the logs in digesters and boiling them in chemical solutions at high pressure. The workers bleach the pulp to give it a rich white color. The workers then add filler materials to the pulp to make the sheets opaque.

In addition, they add sizings such as rosin and gum, which influence the reaction of the sheets to different inks (Lecta Group 12). The workers then feed the pulp into automated machines that squeeze the pulp through several rollers. This rollers help to remove water in the pulp and convert the pulp into flat sheets of paper. A dandy machine then moves across the thin sheets in order to design them.

The sheets then pass over a series of steam-heated cylinders to get rid of the remaining water. The workers then smooth the papers by passing the sheets through machines called calendars. Further, the workers coat, shape, brush, and size the sheets accordingly. Finally, they count, pack, and pile the papers in a safe place using automated machines.

Table 1: Paper Manufacturing Process

After the workers complete the manufacturing process, they pack the papers according to size, color, texture, and design. They then distribute the papers to different companies based on the orders. Finally, the workers transport the papers to their respective destinations. Factories use road, rail, or air to transport the papers depending on the quality and quantity.

Figure 1: Transportation of paper manufacturing materials and products

Papers have diversified uses. Research shows that almost all corporate institutions and households use papers in their day-to-day activities. People from diverse lifestyles have embraced the use of papers. Examples include students, teachers, parents, employers, and employees among other people.

The widespread use of the paper shows its importance. People mainly use papers to communicate. However, papers have advanced uses such as making decorations and bags. Used papers are also useful. People recycle them to make more tissue papers, cartons, and decorations among other uses.

It is essential for individuals to use papers efficiently. This is because the resources used come from the environment, which is susceptible to degradation and pollution that results from the paper making processes.

People should maintain papers by using them for the right purposes. In addition, individuals should put used papers to proper use. This way the papermaking life cycle will be less harmful to the environment (European Commission 1).

Evidently, papers are essential to a large population in running their everyday duties. This makes industries related to paper and pulp industry important as they play an integral role in the social and economic developments.

However, these industries pose challenges to the environment. In their bid to satisfy the overwhelming demand for papers, Pulp and paper industries emit large amounts of waste throughout the production processes. These wastes range from primary sludge, organic wastes, to greenhouse gases.

Factories release emissions and wastes in all stages of paper production. In the first stage, waste consist of rejected virgin pulps, sand, remains of woods, and barks, which the factory cannot use in subsequent processes. During the chemical recovery process, the factory emits wastes such as green liquor sludge, lime mud, wastewater, and chemical waste sludge.

When making paper the mills emit wastes such as fibers, wool, and impurities like metal and staples. Further, paper and pulp industries produce harmful air emissions. Components such as electricity-generating units produce gases such as sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, methane, and volatile organic compounds. On top of being malodorous, these emissions cause massive air pollution (Venditti 17).

Stakeholders of the paper and pulp industry have a responsibility towards management of wastes and emissions related to this industry. The government on its part should enforce firm regulations. It should also spell out the limits of this industry. The public should ensure that this industry does not compromise their safety through pollution of the environment.

These factories should recover wastes and emissions, and convert them into useful products. For example, the factories should use greenhouse gases to generate heat and energy in the manufacturing plants (Office of Air and Radiation 12). In addition, these factories should minimize the generation of wastes. They should embrace installations that save on energy. Further, they should embrace new and convenient techniques.

In case of closure, plants should leave the location in its original state or in an improved state. Further, these factories should engage in waste recovery processes such as wet oxidation and steam reformation. The factories should ensure safe and convenient disposal of their emissions and wastes.

The factories should also engage in recycling of wastes. For example, factories can use barks and rejected pulps as fuel for the furnaces. These factories can use treated wastewater in the production processes. Finally, the factories should reclaim land and engage in activities that enhance soil fertility.

When conducting research, an individual gets to learn a lot and encounters several challenges. The factory management in many firms is ready to talk of the achievements of their companies. However, it is hesitant to open up on the challenges and flaws of the firms. This investigation was a success in terms of information gained. The information gathered on the general procedure of paper manufacturing process was efficient.

Today, the paper industry is one of the big industries in the world. Many people use the paper widely in their everyday activities. This has led to the growth of this industry. There is a booming market for paper products in countries like India and the US. This has contributed to the massive production of the papers.

This industry has two main sub-sectors. The first sub-sector deals with manufacture of pulp and paper while the latter concentrates on manufacturing paper products. Manufacture of paper is the core activity of this industry. Most factories in the industry engage in the manufacture of both paper and converted paper products. This industry has witnessed a series of transformations when it started (U.S Censors Bureau 1).

Technological advancement and extensive research have propelled the industry forward and helped to improve its quality. As the investigation established, the stakeholders have put more effort in order to improve this industry.

However, this industry faces major challenges. Being a universal industry, it requires many resources for it to function. Most of these resources are renewable while several are non-renewable. Further, there are large numbers of harmful wastes and emissions that result from the production processes. The investigation carried out failed to establish permanent and lasting solutions to some of the problems faced by this industry.

No factory had a lasting solution regarding safe disposal of waste and re-use of harmful wastes. It was a challenge for the research to find out the truth regarding the actual processes involved in disposal of wastes and emissions in these factories. The research had to make assumptions for it to move forward with the investigations. Such assumptions rotated around the technicality involved in the entire production process.

For instance, the research assumed that the life expectancy of this industry would be shorter if the industry does not take precautionary measures. The research evaluated the impact of the increased use of internet instead of papers. Further, the research assessed the consequences of the environmental issues to the industry.

Importance of paper making industry in the newspaper advertisement process is evident. It is essential to understand the life cycle of the paper-manufacturing sub-sector. The life cycle assessment estimates the amount of materials and energy that factories consume in the process of producing papers. Further, the life cycle assessment calculates the amount of wastes and emissions released to the environment by the factories.

Overall, the life cycle assessment method aims at establishing the impact of the production processes to the environment. Researching on this process enables individuals to understand the different sub-sectors involved in production of a single product.

For instance, designing of a newspaper depends on sub-sectors such as paper, ink, electricity, and transport industries. Therefore, all these subsectors should consider the impacts of their functions on the environment and strive to maintain ecological balance for a sustainable ecosystem (Krowaski, Bresky and Pettersson11 ).

Carnegie Mellon University. EIO-LCA: Free, Fast, Easy Life Cycle Assessment . n.d. Web.

European Commission. Joint Research Center. 2013. Web.

Krowaski, klaus, Jan Bresky and Börje Pettersson. A Life Cycle Assesment of the Production of a daily Newspaper and Weekly Magazine. Zurich: Axel Spirnger Verlag AG , 1998. Print.

Lecta Group. About Paper Manufacturing. 2008. Web.

Office of Air and Radiation. Available and Emerging Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases emission from the Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Industry. 2010. Web.

Roekel, Gertjan. Hemp Pulp and Paper Production . 1994. Web.

U.S Censors Bureau. NAICS 322: Paper Manufacturing. n.d. Web.

Venditti, Richard. Life Cycle Analysis of Paper Products. 2011. Web.

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Bibliography

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How is Paper Made? A Step-By-Step Guide to Our Papermaking Process

Discover how paper is made. Read a step-by-step guide to our recycled fibre papermaking process, including how paper is dried, the paper winding process and pulp preparation. You can also watch our video below.

Step 1: Our pulp and paper process

Paper for recycling is mixed with processed water and then stirred in a giant stainless steel vat, called a pulper, to make a fibre suspension. Impurities are removed using a series of screens, to ensure that we only produce high-quality paper that can be used to make high-performance packaging.

The pulp and paper process is important to reduce waste. Pulp is a by-product of papermaking, and our process produces high-quality results without being detrimental to the environment.

Step 2: Diluting paper fibres

Our paper machines remove water from the fibre solution. At the start of the papermaking process, the solution comprises of roughly 1% fibre and 99% water. Diluting the paper fibres this way allows us to make thin, uniform paper.

Step 3: Wire section

At the wet end of the paper machine sits the headbox, which distributes a uniform jet of watery stock.

The liquid falls onto the wire or forming fabric. Beneath the wire, foils (short for hydrofoils) remove water and improve fibre uniformity, ensuring that the fibres weave together in a tight mat.

The wire passes over suction boxes that vacuum out the water, leaving a soft mat of pulp that forms the paper sheet, also known as the paper web. By now the wire has travelled 30-40 meters. In a couple of seconds, the water content has dropped to 75-80%, and the web has lost its wet sheen.

Step 4: Press section

The next stage of water removal consists of passing the paper web through a series of nip rollers that squeeze the water out of the pulp mat. This pressure also compresses the fibres so they intertwine to form a dense, smooth sheet. At this stage, the water content has reduced to between 45 and 55%.

Step 5: How our paper is dried

The paper web now travels through an enclosed space containing a number of steam-heated drying cylinders. They are warmed up to 130ºC using steam heat to ensure that the paper is now 80 to 85% dry.

Wet sizing solution is now applied to the paper in order to add a thin layer of starch to the surface. Starch contributes to stiffness and the bonding of the fibres within the sheet of paper. 

After the sizing is applied, the paper passes through another set of heated drying cylinders. In all, the paper web may travel 400 meters through the dry end. 

of water is lost in the process

Step 6: paper finishing.

To give the containerboard a smooth and glossy surface to optimise it for printing, the paper passes through a set of smooth rollers, which can be hard or soft, that press the paper, embossing a smooth face on the paper surface.

Step 7: Real-time quality control

Producing high-quality paper depends on maintaining extremely fine control over the variables in the manufacturing process. The sheet of paper is now inspected by an automated measuring device that detects imperfections.

Step 8: Paper winding

After completing its 500-metre journey, the paper exits from the paper machine and is automatically wound onto a jumbo reel, which can weigh 60 tonnes and be over seven metres long.

The jumbo reel is lifted by crane to a nearby winder, where the paper is unwound and cut into smaller rolls as ordered by the customer, then labelled for shipment.

Step 9: Paper testing

On a regular basis, samples of containerboard are taken to our Quality Control laboratories, to ensure that our paper is the highest quality possible.

A Commitment to Papermaking Quality

We pride ourselves on producing high-quality paper using innovative, industry-leading solutions. Our papermaking process is central to that. Find out about our commitment to quality and how we’re leading the way below.

The cardboard recycling process in 7 key steps

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papermaking , formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of cellulose fibres, from water suspension on a wire screen. Paper is the basic material used for written communication and the dissemination of information. In addition, paper and paperboard provide materials for hundreds of other uses, such as wrapping, packaging, toweling, insulating, and photography.

The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus , which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt . In ancient times, the fibrous layers within the stem of this plant were removed, placed side by side, and crossed at right angles with another set of layers similarly arranged. The sheet so formed was dampened and pressed. Upon drying, the gluelike sap of the plant, acting as an adhesive, cemented the layers together. Complete defibring, an indispensable element in modern papermaking, did not occur in the preparation of papyrus sheets. Papyrus was the most widely used writing material in ancient times, and many papyrus records still survive.

The papermaking process

Historical development.

Papermaking can be traced to about ad 105, when Ts’ai Lun , an official attached to the Imperial court of China , created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. In its slow travel westward, the art of papermaking reached Samarkand , in Central Asia , in 751; and in 793 the first paper was made in Baghdad during the time of Hārūn ar-Rashīd, with the golden age of Islāmic culture that brought papermaking to the frontiers of Europe .

By the 14th century a number of paper mills existed in Europe, particularly in Spain, Italy, France, and Germany. The invention of printing in the 1450s brought a vastly increased demand for paper. Through the 18th century the papermaking process remained essentially unchanged, with linen and cotton rags furnishing the basic raw materials. Paper mills were increasingly plagued by shortages; in the 18th century they even advertised and solicited publicly for rags. It was evident that a process for utilizing a more abundant material was needed.

In 1800 a book was published that launched development of practical methods for manufacturing paper from wood pulp and other vegetable pulps. Several major pulping processes were gradually developed that relieved the paper industry of dependency upon cotton and linen rags and made modern large-scale production possible. These developments followed two distinct pathways. In one, fibres and fibre fragments were separated from the wood structure by mechanical means; and in the other, the wood was exposed to chemical solutions that dissolved and removed lignin and other wood components, leaving cellulose fibre behind. Made by mechanical methods, groundwood pulp contains all the components of wood and thus is not suitable for papers in which high whiteness and permanence are required. Chemical wood pulps such as soda and sulfite pulp (described below) are used when high brightness, strength, and permanence are required. Groundwood pulp was first made in Germany in 1840, but the process did not come into extensive use until about 1870. Soda pulp was first manufactured from wood in 1852 in England, and in 1867 a patent was issued in the United States for the sulfite pulping process.

A sheet of paper composed only of cellulosic fibres (“waterleaf”) is water absorbent. Hence, water-based inks and other aqueous liquids will penetrate and spread in it. Impregnation of the paper with various substances that retard such wetting and penetration is called sizing .

Before 1800, paper sheets were sized by impregnation with animal glue or vegetable gums, an expensive and tedious process. In 1800 Moritz Friedrich Illig in Germany discovered that paper could be sized in vats with rosin and alum. Although Illig published his discovery in 1807, the method did not come into wide use for about 25 years.

Discovery of the element chlorine in 1774 led to its use for bleaching paper stock. Lack of chemical knowledge at the time, however, resulted in production of inferior paper by the method, discrediting it for some years. Chlorine bleaching is a common papermaking technique today.

Prior to the invention of the paper machine, paper was made one sheet at a time by dipping a frame or mold with a screened bottom into a vat of stock. Lifting the mold allowed the water to drain, leaving the sheet on the screen. The sheet was then pressed and dried. The size of a single sheet was limited to the size of frame and mold that a man could lift from a vat of stock.

In 1798 Nicolas-Louis Robert in France constructed a moving screen belt that would receive a continuous flow of stock and deliver an unbroken sheet of wet paper to a pair of squeeze rolls. The French government recognized Robert’s work by the granting of a patent.

The paper machine did not become a practical reality, however, until two engineers in England, both familiar with Robert’s ideas, built an improved version for their employers, Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier , in 1807. The Fourdrinier brothers obtained a patent also. Two years later a cylinder paper machine (described below) was devised by John Dickinson , an English papermaker. From these crude beginnings, modern papermaking machines evolved. By 1875 paper coated by machinery was being made for use in the printing of halftones by the new photoengraving process, and in 1884 Carl F. Dahl invented sulfate (kraft) pulp in Danzig, Germany.

Although the paper machine symbolizes the mechanization of the paper industry, every step of production, from the felling of trees to the shipment of the finished product, has also seen a dramatic increase in mechanization, thus reducing hand labour. As papermaking operations require the repeated movement of large amounts of material, the design and mechanization of materials-handling equipment has been and continues to be an important aspect of industry development.

Although modern inventions and engineering have transformed an ancient craft into a highly technical industry, the basic operations in papermaking remain the same to this day. The steps in the process are as follows: (1) a suspension of cellulosic fibre is prepared by beating it in water so that the fibres are thoroughly separated and saturated with water; (2) the paper stock is filtered on a woven screen to form a matted sheet of fibre; (3) the wet sheet is pressed and compacted to squeeze out a large proportion of water; (4) the remaining water is removed by evaporation; and (5) depending upon use requirements, the dry paper sheet is further compressed, coated, or impregnated.

The differences among various grades and types of paper are determined by: (1) the type of fibre or pulp, (2) the degree of beating or refining of the stock, (3) the addition of various materials to the stock, (4) formation conditions of the sheet, including basis weight, or substance per unit area, and (5) the physical or chemical treatment applied to the paper after its formation.

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Paper Manufacturing: Critical Issues and Challenges

The paper and pulp industry is facing significant challenges related to deforestation and the loss of biodiversity. According to a report by WWF, over 80% of the world's intact forest landscapes are at risk of being destroyed by human activities, and the paper industry is one of the major drivers of this destruction. (Source: World Wildlife Fund)

According to a report by the Environmental Paper Network, the paper industry is the fifth-largest consumer of energy worldwide and the third-largest industrial emitter of greenhouse gases. It is responsible for approximately 5% of global carbon emissions.

In 2021, the global paper and pulp industry was valued at approximately $400 billion, but it is expected to decline at a compound annual growth rate of 0.5% from 2021 to 2028 due to the increasing popularity of digital media and electronic devices. (Source: Grand View Research)

All of these statistics are a reflection of some of the main critical issues and challenges of the paper manufacturing industry. To be able to combat them, it is important to understand them completely.

This article will help you thereby covering the following topics:

Strategies for Combating Critical Issues and Challenges of Paper Manufacturing

What are some of the most promising innovations that will help combat critical issues and challenges of paper manufacturing, faqs related to critical issues and challenges of paper manufacturing, how can deskera help you in combating critical issues and challenges of paper manufacturing, key takeaways, related articles.

Paper manufacturing is an industry that has been around for centuries and is an important part of our daily lives. However, like any industry, it faces critical issues and challenges that need to be addressed in order to ensure its sustainability and growth.

Here are some of the most pressing issues and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry:

Environmental Impact

Environmental impact is one of the most critical issues and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. The process of manufacturing paper requires a significant amount of natural resources, including wood, water, and energy, as well as the use of chemicals and other materials that can have negative impacts on the environment.

One of the biggest environmental impacts of paper manufacturing is deforestation. The production of wood pulp, which is used to make paper, requires the harvesting of trees, which can have a significant impact on ecosystems and wildlife habitats. This can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and other environmental problems.

In addition to deforestation, the paper manufacturing process can also lead to air and water pollution. Chemicals and other materials used in the process can contaminate water sources, leading to water quality issues, and can also contribute to air pollution through the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants.

To address these environmental impacts, the paper manufacturing industry needs to invest in sustainable manufacturing practices and technologies that minimize the impact on the environment.

This includes using recycled materials, reducing waste and energy use, and implementing water conservation measures. In addition, the industry needs to work with governments and other stakeholders to develop policies and regulations that promote sustainable practices and protect the environment.

Overall, the environmental impact of paper manufacturing is a critical issue and challenge that needs to be addressed in order to ensure the sustainability of the industry and protect the environment for future generations.

Recycling is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. While the paper is one of the most commonly recycled materials in the world, the process of recycling can be complicated and is not always efficient.

One of the challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry is contamination. If a paper is contaminated with other materials, such as food waste or plastic, it can make it difficult to recycle and can reduce the quality of the recycled product. This contamination can occur at any point in the recycling process, from collection to processing, and can result in additional costs for the industry.

Another challenge is the lack of education and awareness about recycling. Many consumers may not be aware of what can and cannot be recycled or may not have access to recycling programs in their communities. This can result in a lower rate of recycling, which can impact the availability of recycled materials for paper manufacturers.

To address these challenges, the paper manufacturing industry needs to invest in better recycling technologies and work with consumers, governments, and other stakeholders to improve recycling rates and reduce contamination.

This may involve investing in new equipment and processes to improve the quality of recycled materials, as well as working with communities to increase awareness and participation in recycling programs.

Overall, recycling is a critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. By improving recycling technologies and increasing awareness and participation in recycling programs, the industry can ensure a more sustainable future and reduce its impact on the environment.

Digitalization

Digitalization is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. The rise of digital technology has led to a decrease in demand for paper products as consumers and businesses increasingly rely on digital communication and storage.

As a result, paper manufacturers are facing increased competition from digital media, which can impact their profitability and sustainability. In order to remain competitive, the paper manufacturing industry needs to adapt to this new reality and find new ways to use paper products that are not as easily replaced by digital media.

One strategy is to focus on higher value-added paper products, such as specialty papers or packaging materials, that are not as easily replaced by digital media. Another strategy is to invest in digital technologies and processes that can improve efficiency and reduce costs while also leveraging the strengths of paper products in areas such as packaging and labeling.

In addition to these strategies, the paper manufacturing industry can also work to promote the sustainable use of paper products in a digital world. This can include initiatives to encourage responsible printing and paper use, as well as efforts to promote the recycling and reuse of paper products.

Overall, digitalization is a critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. By adapting to the changing market and finding new ways to use paper products, while also promoting sustainability and responsible use, the industry can remain competitive and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Globalization

Globalization is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. The industry is increasingly globalized, with paper products being produced and consumed around the world. This globalization has led to increased competition, as well as new opportunities for growth and expansion.

One of the challenges of globalization is the need to adapt to different market conditions and regulatory environments in different countries. This can require significant investment in research and development, as well as changes to production processes and supply chain management.

In addition, globalization can also lead to environmental and social concerns, as paper manufacturing may be carried out in countries with weaker environmental and labor regulations. This can result in negative impacts on local communities and ecosystems, as well as reputational risks for companies operating in these countries.

To address these challenges, the paper manufacturing industry needs to develop strategies that balance the benefits of globalization with the need to protect the environment and promote social responsibility. This may involve working with local communities and governments to develop sustainable manufacturing practices and ensure compliance with local regulations.

In addition, the industry may need to develop new business models that incorporate sustainable practices, such as using renewable materials or investing in green technologies. By doing so, the industry can not only remain competitive in a globalized marketplace but also contribute to a more sustainable future for all.

Cost is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. The industry is highly capital-intensive, with significant investment required in equipment, infrastructure, and raw materials. As a result, the cost of production can be a major factor in the profitability and sustainability of paper manufacturers.

One of the challenges facing the industry is the need to balance cost with other factors, such as quality, sustainability, and efficiency. For example, while using recycled materials can be more sustainable, it can also be more expensive than using virgin materials.

Similarly, investing in new technologies to improve efficiency can be costly in the short term but can lead to long-term cost savings and sustainability benefits.

In addition, the paper manufacturing industry also faces pressure from consumers and stakeholders to maintain competitive pricing while also addressing environmental and social concerns. This can require significant investment in sustainable practices and technologies, which can impact the cost of production.

To address these challenges, the paper manufacturing industry needs to focus on improving efficiency, reducing waste, and investing in sustainable practices and technologies that can improve profitability and reduce costs in the long term. This may involve partnerships with suppliers and other stakeholders to identify cost-saving opportunities, as well as a focus on continuous improvement and innovation.

Overall, the cost is a critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. By focusing on sustainable practices, efficiency, and innovation, the industry can remain competitive while also contributing to a more sustainable future.

Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. The industry relies on complex supply chains that include raw materials suppliers, pulp and paper mills, converters, distributors, and retailers.

Effective supply chain management is essential to ensure a reliable supply of raw materials and finished products, as well as to meet customer demands and comply with environmental and social standards. It will also reduce the need to maintain safety stock .

One of the challenges facing the industry is ensuring the responsible sourcing of raw materials, particularly wood fibers. This requires the industry to work with suppliers and stakeholders to develop sustainable sourcing practices and ensure compliance with environmental and social standards.

In addition, supply chain management can be complicated by the global nature of the industry, with raw materials and finished products often crossing multiple borders.

Effective supply chain management also requires collaboration and communication between different stakeholders in the supply chain. This includes developing strong relationships with suppliers and customers, as well as implementing effective systems for tracking and monitoring supply chain performance.

To address these challenges, the paper manufacturing industry needs to invest in supply chain management systems and technologies that can improve transparency, efficiency, and sustainability.

This may involve implementing traceability systems to track the origin of raw materials, as well as developing partnerships with suppliers and other stakeholders to promote responsible sourcing and compliance with environmental and social standards.

Overall, supply chain management is a critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. By focusing on sustainable sourcing and effective supply chain management, the industry can ensure a reliable supply of raw materials and finished products while also promoting environmental and social responsibility.

Innovation is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. The industry needs to continuously innovate to remain competitive, improve efficiency, reduce costs, and address the challenges facing the industry, such as environmental concerns and changing consumer preferences.

One area of innovation in the industry is the development of new and improved paper products. For example, paper manufacturers are developing new packaging materials that are more sustainable, such as biodegradable and compostable materials.

In addition, the industry is exploring new applications for paper products, such as building materials and bio-based chemicals.

Another area of innovation is the development of new technologies and processes to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. For example, paper mills are investing in new energy-efficient technologies, such as biomass boilers and cogeneration systems, which can reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

In addition, the industry is exploring new ways to reduce waste, such as by converting waste streams into energy or by using waste materials to produce new products.

Innovation also requires collaboration between different stakeholders, such as suppliers, customers, and research institutions. For example, paper manufacturers can work with suppliers to develop new and sustainable raw materials or collaborate with customers to develop customized products that meet specific needs.

To address these challenges, the paper manufacturing industry needs to invest in research and development and foster a culture of innovation. This may involve partnerships with research institutions and universities, as well as investment in new technologies and processes.

Overall, innovation is a critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. By focusing on innovation and collaboration, the industry can remain competitive, improve efficiency, reduce costs, and address the challenges facing the industry.

Changing Consumer Preferences

Changing consumer preferences is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. Consumers are increasingly demanding products that are more sustainable, environmentally friendly, and socially responsible. As a result, the paper manufacturing industry needs to adapt to these changing preferences to remain competitive and relevant.

One area of changing consumer preferences is the demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly products. Consumers are increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of the products they use, including paper products. This has led to a growing demand for products made from recycled fibers or from sustainably sourced raw materials.

To address these changing buyer persona and consumer preferences, paper manufacturers need to invest in sustainable sourcing and production practices. This may involve working with suppliers to develop responsible sourcing practices or implementing new technologies and processes that reduce waste and energy consumption.

Another area of changing consumer preferences is the demand for digitalization and paperless solutions. With the increasing use of digital technologies, such as e-books and online documents, the demand for paper products has decreased in certain areas, such as printing and publishing.

As a result, paper manufacturers need to find new applications for paper products, such as packaging materials or building materials, or develop new products that meet the changing needs of consumers.

To address these changing consumer preferences, paper manufacturers need to be flexible and adaptable. This may involve diversifying their product lines, investing in new technologies and processes, or partnering with other industries to find new applications for paper products.

Overall, changing consumer preferences is a critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. By adapting to these changing preferences, the industry can remain competitive, meet the needs of consumers, and promote environmental and social responsibility.

There are several strategies that paper manufacturing companies can adopt to combat the critical issues and challenges they face. Here are some strategies:

Combating Environmental Impact

There are several strategies that can be used to combat the environmental impact of paper manufacturing. Here are a few examples:

• Increase the use of recycled materials: One of the biggest environmental impacts of paper manufacturing is the depletion of natural resources. Using recycled paper can help reduce the need for virgin materials and can also reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills.
• Use sustainable sourcing methods: Companies can use sustainably sourced wood fibers, such as those certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), to minimize their impact on forests and the environment.
• Reduce energy usage: Paper manufacturing is an energy-intensive process, so companies can reduce their environmental impact by improving energy efficiency. This can include investing in renewable energy sources, optimizing manufacturing processes, and reducing energy consumption through conservation measures. This will also help in saving on manufacturing costs and operating costs , thereby improving operational metrics .
• Implement waste reduction strategies: Paper manufacturing generates a significant amount of waste, including wastewater, sludge, and solid waste. Companies can implement waste reduction strategies, such as reusing or recycling waste materials, to minimize their environmental impact.
• Use eco-friendly production methods: Companies can use eco-friendly production methods, such as using less harmful chemicals, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and improving water management practices.
• Promote environmental awareness: Companies can raise awareness about the environmental impact of paper manufacturing among their employees, customers, and stakeholders. This can be done through education and outreach programs, as well as through the development of sustainability reports.

By implementing these strategies, companies can reduce their environmental impact and help create a more sustainable future for the paper manufacturing industry.

Combating Recycling Issues

The recycling of paper is a critical issue in paper manufacturing, and there are several strategies that can be used to combat this issue. Here are a few examples:

• Increase recycling rates: One of the most effective strategies for combating the critical issue of paper recycling is to increase recycling rates. This can be done through education and outreach programs, as well as through the development of incentives for consumers and businesses to recycle.
• Improve recycling infrastructure: In many areas, the recycling infrastructure is inadequate or outdated. Companies can work with local governments and other stakeholders to improve recycling infrastructure, including collection, sorting, and processing facilities.
• Develop new recycling technologies: There are currently many challenges associated with recycling paper, including contamination and the presence of non-recyclable materials. Companies can invest in research and development to develop new recycling technologies that can overcome these challenges.
• Use recycled materials: Companies can reduce the need for virgin materials by using recycled paper in their manufacturing processes. This can help create a market for recycled materials, which can, in turn, help increase recycling rates.
• Partner with other stakeholders: To effectively combat the critical issue of paper recycling, it is important for companies to partner with other stakeholders, including governments, non-profits, and other businesses. These partnerships can help create a more coordinated and effective approach to recycling.

By implementing these strategies, companies can help address the critical issue of paper recycling and create a more sustainable future for the paper manufacturing industry.

Combating Digitalization Issues

The digitalization of paper manufacturing is a critical issue that presents both challenges and opportunities for the industry. Here are some strategies that companies can use to combat this issue:

• Invest in digital technologies: To remain competitive in a digital world, companies should invest in digital technologies that can help optimize manufacturing processes, reduce waste, and improve efficiency. This can include the use of automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
• Develop new products and services: Companies can develop new products and services that incorporate digital technologies, such as digital printing and online ordering systems. This can help meet the changing needs of customers and create new revenue streams. It can also lead to improved customer retention and increased sales velocity .
• Improve supply chain management: The digitalization of paper manufacturing can create new opportunities for supply chain optimization, including real-time tracking of raw materials and finished products and automated inventory management .
• Embrace sustainability: Companies can use digital technologies to improve sustainability , such as by reducing paper usage through digital communication and documentation. This can help reduce the environmental impact of paper manufacturing and meet the changing expectations of consumers, which will also lead to increased customer loyalty .
• Work with industry partners: To effectively combat the critical issue of digitalization, companies should work with industry partners, including suppliers, customers, and other businesses. This can help create a more collaborative and coordinated approach to the digital transformation of the industry.

By implementing these strategies, companies can address the critical issue of digitalization and position themselves for success in a rapidly changing business landscape.

Combating Globalization Issues

The globalization of paper manufacturing is a critical issue that presents both challenges and opportunities for the industry. Here are some strategies that companies can use to combat this issue:

• Embrace sustainability: Companies can differentiate themselves in a global market by embracing sustainability and implementing environmentally friendly practices. This can help meet the changing expectations of consumers and stakeholders and create a competitive advantage.
• Focus on quality: In a global market, companies must focus on quality to remain competitive. This can include improving product consistency, reliability, and durability, as well as meeting regulatory and industry standards.
• Diversify product offerings: Companies can diversify their product offerings to meet the needs of different global markets. This can include offering customized products and services, as well as developing new products that address emerging trends and demands. This will lead to an improvement in your business metrics , as well as in your financial statements and financial KPIs .
• Build strong partnerships: To effectively compete in a global market, companies should build strong partnerships with suppliers, customers, and other businesses. This can help create a more collaborative and coordinated approach to manufacturing, as well as provide access to new markets and customers.
• Leverage digital technologies: Digital technologies can help companies streamline operations, optimize manufacturing processes, and improve supply chain management. This can help reduce costs, increase efficiency, and improve competitiveness in a global market. This will collectively lead to higher returns on investment .

By implementing these strategies, companies can address the critical issue of globalization and position themselves for success in a rapidly changing business landscape.

Combating Cost Issues

The cost of paper manufacturing is a critical issue that can affect the profitability and sustainability of the industry. Here are some strategies that companies can use to combat this issue:

• Optimize manufacturing processes: Companies can optimize their manufacturing processes to reduce costs and improve efficiency. This can include implementing lean manufacturing practices, reducing waste, and improving equipment maintenance.
• Invest in new technologies: Investing in new technologies can help companies reduce costs, improve productivity, and create new revenue streams. This can include the use of automation, artificial intelligence, and digital technologies.
• Implement sustainable practices: Sustainable practices can help companies reduce costs, improve efficiency, and meet the changing expectations of consumers and stakeholders. This can include reducing energy consumption, using recycled materials, and implementing waste reduction programs.
• Focus on product innovation: Companies can differentiate themselves in a competitive market by focusing on product innovation. This can include developing new products that meet emerging trends and demands, as well as improving the quality and performance of existing products.
• Build strong partnerships: Building strong partnerships with suppliers, customers, and other businesses can help companies reduce costs and improve efficiency. This can include collaborating on product development, sharing resources, and implementing joint procurement programs.

By implementing these strategies, companies can address the critical issue of cost and position themselves for success in a competitive and challenging business landscape.

Combating Supply Chain Management Issues

The supply chain management of paper manufacturing is a critical issue that can affect the efficiency, quality, and sustainability of the industry. Here are some strategies that companies can use to combat this issue:

• Implement technology solutions: Companies can implement technology solutions, such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software or Material Requirements Planning (MRP) software, to provide end-to-end visibility and control of the supply chain. This can help optimize inventory levels, reduce lead times , and improve supplier performance.
• Establish supplier partnerships: Companies can establish strong partnerships with suppliers to create a more collaborative and efficient supply chain. This can include working closely with suppliers to improve delivery times, quality control, and reduce costs.
• Implement sustainable practices: Sustainable practices can help companies reduce costs and improve supply chain efficiency. This can include using recycled materials, implementing environmentally friendly manufacturing processes, and reducing waste.
• Create supply chain risk management strategies: Companies can create supply chain risk management strategies to address potential disruptions such as natural disasters, political instability, or supplier bankruptcies. This can include developing contingency plans, diversifying suppliers, and implementing real-time monitoring of the supply chain.
• Focus on continuous improvement: Companies can continuously improve their supply chain management by conducting regular assessments, gathering feedback, and implementing best practices. This can help identify areas for improvement, optimize processes, and improve customer satisfaction.

By implementing these strategies, companies can address the critical issue of supply chain management and position themselves for success in a rapidly changing business landscape.

Combating Innovation Issues

The innovation of paper manufacturing is a critical issue that can affect the competitiveness and sustainability of the industry. Here are some strategies that companies can use to combat this issue:

• Foster a culture of innovation: Companies can foster a culture of innovation by encouraging creativity, experimentation, and risk-taking. This can include providing employees with the necessary resources and support to pursue innovative ideas.
• Invest in research and development: Investing in research and development can help companies develop new products, technologies, and processes. This can include partnering with academic institutions or research organizations to gain access to the latest advances in the industry.
• Collaborate with suppliers and customers: Collaborating with suppliers and customers can help companies gain new insights and develop innovative solutions. This can include co-creating new products or services, sharing knowledge and expertise, and building long-term relationships.
• Embrace digital technologies: Digital technologies can help companies streamline operations, optimize manufacturing processes, and create new revenue streams. This can include the use of automation, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics.
• Monitor emerging trends: Companies can monitor emerging trends in the industry to stay ahead of the competition and identify new opportunities. This can include attending trade shows, participating in industry associations, and gathering feedback from customers and stakeholders.

By implementing these strategies, companies can address the critical issue of innovation and position themselves for success in a rapidly changing business landscape.

Combating the Issue of Changing Consumer Preferences

Changing consumer preferences in paper manufacturing can pose a critical issue that can affect the competitiveness and sustainability of the industry. Here are some strategies that companies can use to combat this issue:

• Understand consumer preferences: Companies can understand consumer preferences by conducting market research and gathering feedback from customers. This can help identify emerging trends, preferences, and demand patterns.
• Develop new products: Companies can develop new products that meet changing consumer preferences. This can include products that are environmentally friendly, sustainable, or offer improved performance.
• Improve product quality: Companies can improve product quality by investing in new technologies, materials, and manufacturing processes. This can help create products that meet consumer expectations and provide a competitive advantage.
• Enhance customer experience: Companies can enhance customer experience by providing excellent customer service, offering personalized products, and creating unique brand experiences. This can help build customer loyalty, increase customer satisfaction, and therefore encourage returning customers .
• Implement sustainable practices: Companies can implement sustainable practices to meet changing consumer preferences for environmentally friendly products. This can include using recycled materials, reducing waste, and implementing environmentally friendly manufacturing processes.
• Adapt marketing strategies: Companies can adapt their marketing strategies to appeal to changing consumer preferences. This can include using social media, influencer marketing , and targeted advertising campaigns.

By implementing these strategies, companies can address the critical issue of changing consumer preferences and position themselves for success in a competitive and rapidly changing business landscape.

There are several promising innovations that can help combat the critical issues and challenges of paper manufacturing. Here are some of them:

• Nanocellulose: Nanocellulose is a material that is derived from wood fibers and has unique properties that make it suitable for a variety of applications. It can be used to create lightweight, strong, and environmentally friendly products such as paper, packaging materials, and textiles.
• 3D printing: 3D printing technology can be used to create customized molds for paper pulp products such as egg cartons and packaging materials. This can reduce waste and increase production efficiency.
• Biodegradable polymers: Biodegradable polymers are an alternative to traditional plastic packaging materials. They are made from renewable materials such as corn starch and are biodegradable, compostable, and environmentally friendly.
• Green chemistry: Green chemistry is a set of principles that aim to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes. This can include using renewable raw materials, minimizing waste, and reducing energy consumption.
• Artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence can be used to optimize paper manufacturing processes by analyzing data, predicting equipment failures, and optimizing production schedules.
• Blockchain technology: Blockchain technology can be used to increase supply chain transparency and traceability. This can help ensure that raw materials are sourced sustainably, and that manufacturing processes are environmentally friendly.

By leveraging these and other promising innovations, the paper manufacturing industry can address critical issues and challenges such as environmental impact, recycling, innovation, and supply chain management and position itself for success in a rapidly changing business landscape.

• What is the environmental impact of paper manufacturing?

Paper manufacturing can have a significant environmental impact due to the use of wood pulp, energy, and water resources. It can also generate waste and emissions.

• How can the environmental impact of paper manufacturing be reduced?

The environmental impact of paper manufacturing can be reduced by using sustainable and recycled materials, improving manufacturing processes, reducing waste and emissions, and implementing sustainable practices.

• What are the challenges of paper recycling?

The challenges of paper recycling include the contamination of recycled paper, the lack of recycling infrastructure in some areas, and the high cost of recycling.

• How can paper recycling be improved?

Paper recycling can be improved by reducing the contamination of recycled paper, investing in recycling infrastructure, and educating consumers on the importance of recycling.

• How is digitalization affecting paper manufacturing?

Digitalization is affecting paper manufacturing by reducing the demand for paper products and increasing competition from digital media.

• How can paper manufacturers adapt to the digitalization of the industry?

Paper manufacturers can adapt to the digitalization of the industry by diversifying their product offerings, improving production efficiency, and investing in digital technologies.

• What are the benefits of globalization in paper manufacturing?

Globalization in paper manufacturing can lead to increased market opportunities, access to new materials and technologies, and increased efficiency in production and distribution.

• What are the challenges of globalization in paper manufacturing?

The challenges of globalization in paper manufacturing include increased competition, trade barriers, and environmental and social concerns.

• How can paper manufacturers manage their supply chains?

Paper manufacturers can manage their supply chains by working with suppliers to ensure the sustainable sourcing of raw materials, implementing quality control measures, and using technology to improve efficiency and transparency.

• What role does innovation play in paper manufacturing?

Innovation plays a crucial role in paper manufacturing by improving product quality, increasing efficiency, and addressing critical issues such as environmental impact and changing consumer preferences.

• What are the emerging trends in paper manufacturing?

Emerging trends in paper manufacturing include the use of sustainable and biodegradable materials, digitalization, and the adoption of new manufacturing technologies.

• How can paper manufacturers improve their product quality?

Paper manufacturers can improve their product quality by investing in new technologies, materials, and manufacturing processes and implementing quality control measures.

• How can paper manufacturers reduce their costs?

Paper manufacturers can reduce their costs by improving production efficiency, reducing waste, and implementing cost-saving measures such as energy-efficient technology.

• What is the role of sustainability in paper manufacturing?

Sustainability plays a critical role in paper manufacturing by addressing environmental concerns, promoting the responsible use of natural resources, and ensuring the long-term viability of the industry.

• How can paper manufacturers ensure the sustainable production of paper products?

Paper manufacturers can ensure the sustainable production of paper products by using sustainable and recycled materials, implementing sustainable practices, and ensuring the responsible sourcing of raw materials.

Deskera MRP is a comprehensive business management software that can help paper manufacturing companies combat critical issues and challenges in the following ways:

• Environmental impact: Deskera can help paper manufacturing companies monitor their environmental impact by tracking energy consumption, waste generation, and emissions. This information can be used to implement sustainable practices and reduce the company's environmental footprint.
• Recycling: Deskera can help paper manufacturing companies manage their recycling programs by tracking recycling rates, identifying areas for improvement, and monitoring the quality of the recycled paper.
• Digitalization: Deskera can help paper manufacturing companies adapt to the digitalization of the industry by offering a range of digital solutions such as e-commerce, digital marketing, and online collaboration tools.
• Globalization: Deskera can help paper manufacturing companies manage their supply chain and logistics by offering tools for procurement, inventory management, and shipping.
• Cost management: Deskera can help paper manufacturing companies reduce costs by providing tools for budgeting, forecasting, and expense management.
• Innovation: Deskera can help paper manufacturing companies drive innovation by offering tools for product development, project management, and collaboration.
• Changing consumer preferences: Deskera can help paper manufacturing companies stay up-to-date with changing consumer preferences by offering tools for market research, customer segmentation, and digital marketing.

Based on our previous discussions, here are eight critical issues and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry:

• Environmental impact: The paper manufacturing industry faces significant environmental challenges, including deforestation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing these challenges requires investment in sustainable practices and technologies, as well as a focus on reducing waste and promoting responsible resource management.
• Recycling: Recycling is another critical issue and challenges facing the paper manufacturing industry. To improve recycling rates and reduce contamination, the industry needs to invest in better recycling technologies and work with consumers and communities to increase awareness and participation in recycling programs.
• Digitalization: The rise of digital technology has led to a decrease in demand for paper products, which can impact the profitability and sustainability of paper manufacturers. To remain competitive, the industry needs to adapt to this new reality and find new ways to use paper products that are not as easily replaced by digital media.
• Globalization: The industry is increasingly globalized, which presents challenges in terms of adapting to different market conditions and regulatory environments, as well as ensuring compliance with environmental and social standards.
• Cost: The paper manufacturing industry is highly capital-intensive, and the cost of production can be a major factor in the profitability and sustainability of paper manufacturers. The industry needs to focus on improving efficiency, reducing waste, and investing in sustainable practices and technologies that can improve profitability and reduce costs in the long term.
• Supply chain management: The paper manufacturing industry relies on complex supply chains that can be challenging to manage, particularly in terms of ensuring responsible sourcing and compliance with environmental and social standards.
• Innovation: The industry needs to invest in continuous innovation to remain competitive and address the challenges facing the industry. This may involve developing new products and technologies that can improve sustainability and efficiency, as well as collaborating with stakeholders to identify new opportunities and solutions.
• Changing consumer preferences: The industry also faces challenges in terms of changing consumer preferences, particularly in terms of sustainability and environmental concerns. The industry needs to adapt to these changing preferences and develop products and practices that meet the needs and expectations of consumers.

In conclusion, the paper manufacturing industry faces a range of critical issues and challenges, but there are strategies and solutions available to combat these issues. Overall, Deskera MRP can help paper manufacturing companies improve their efficiency, reduce costs, and stay competitive in a rapidly changing industry.

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IELTS Essay Task 1: How Recycled Paper is Made

by Dave | Sample Answers | 0 Comment

This is an IELTS writing task 1 sample answer essay on the topic of how recycled paper is made from the real IELTS exam.

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The diagram details how recycled paper is made. Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the process involves three main stages beginning with initial collection and transportation, followed by cleaning and processing, and lastly the rolling of the final product. The process is entirely man-made.

In order to produce recycled paper, used paper is first sourced and transported by conveyer belt to a processing plant. The used paper is then made into unfiltered pulp by using water and various chemicals. The pulp must then be filtered with water being removed.

After filtering is complete, the filtered paper pulp is sent by a tube to a container with water and soap to be further cleaned. Air is pumped into the container and ink is removed. There is then additional cleaning with water and chemicals before the final rolling stages commence. To create useable recycled paper rolls, the cleaned and filtered pulp is placed on a conveyor belt where heated rollers flatten the paper and remove excess water.

1. The diagram details how recycled paper is made. 2. Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the process involves three main stages beginning with initial collection and transportation, followed by cleaning and processing, and lastly the rolling of the final product. 3. The process is entirely man-made.

• Paraphrase what the bar chart shows.
• Write a clear overview summarising the differences and the overall trend.
• This one is a little complex so it needs a second sentence for the overview.

1. In order to produce recycled paper, used paper is first sourced and transported by conveyer belt to a processing plant. 2. The used paper is then made into unfiltered pulp by using water and various chemicals. 3. The pulp must then be filtered with water being removed.

• Begin writing about the data for the first categories.
• Compare between each sentence.

1. After filtering is complete, the filtered paper pulp is sent by a tube to a container with water and soap to be further cleaned. 2. Air is pumped into the container and ink is removed. 3. There is then additional cleaning with water and chemicals before the final rolling stages commence. 4. To create useable recycled paper rolls, the cleaned and filtered pulp is placed on a conveyor belt where heated rollers flatten the paper and remove excess water.

• Write about the final other parts of the graph – include everything!
• Include all the data.
• Mention any exceptions.
• Make sure your essay is long enough.

What do the words in bold below mean? Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.

The diagram details how recycled paper is made. Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the process involves three main stages beginning with initial collection and transportation, followed by cleaning and processing, and lastly the rolling of the final product . The process is entirely man-made .

In order to produce recycled paper, used paper is first sourced and transported by conveyer belt to a processing plant . The used paper is then made into unfiltered pulp by using water and various chemicals . The pulp must then be filtered with water being removed .

After filtering is complete , the filtered paper pulp is sent by a tube to a container with water and soap to be further cleaned . Air is pumped into the container and ink is removed. There is then additional cleaning with water and chemicals before the final rolling stages commence . To create useable recycled paper rolls, the cleaned and filtered pulp is placed on a conveyor belt where heated rollers flatten the paper and remove excess water .

For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:

details shows

recycled paper paper from used products/paper

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that overall

main stages beginning with initial collection big steps start with finding it first

followed by after that

lastly finally

rolling making into a roll

final product product in the end

entirely man-made totally done by people

In order to so that

first sourced found in the beginning

by conveyer belt to a processing plant along a flat surface to a place to make it

various chemicals different substances

removed taken out

After filtering is complete once it is done being cleaned

filtered paper pulp cleaned clumps of paper

tube cylinder

container place to hold it

further cleaned additional filtering

pumped into goes to

ink black substance for writing

additional extra

commence start

placed on a conveyor belt put on the transport belt

heated rollers hot rollers

flatten make flat

remove excess water take out extra water

Pronunciation

Practice saying the vocabulary below and use this tip about Google voice search :

ˈdiːteɪlz ˌriːˈsaɪkᵊld ˈpeɪpə ˈlʊkɪŋ frɒm ən ˌəʊvəˈrɔːl pəˈspɛktɪv ,  ɪt ɪz ˈrɛdɪli əˈpærᵊnt ðæt meɪn ˈsteɪʤɪz bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ wɪð ɪˈnɪʃᵊl kəˈlɛkʃᵊn ˈfɒləʊd baɪ ˈlɑːstli ˈrəʊlɪŋ ˈfaɪnᵊl ˈprɒdʌkt ɪnˈtaɪəli ˈmænˈmeɪd ɪn ˈɔːdə tuː fɜːst sɔːst baɪ kənˈveɪə bɛlt tuː ə ˈprəʊsɛsɪŋ plɑːnt ˈveəriəs ˈkɛmɪkᵊlz rɪˈmuːvd ˈɑːftə ˈfɪltərɪŋ ɪz kəmˈpliːt ˈfɪltəd ˈpeɪpə pʌlp ʧuːb kənˈteɪnə ˈfɜːðə kliːnd pʌmpt ˈɪntuː ɪŋk əˈdɪʃᵊnᵊl kəˈmɛns pleɪst ɒn ə kənˈveɪə bɛlt ˈhiːtɪd ˈrəʊləz ˈflætᵊn rɪˈmuːv ɪkˈsɛs ˈwɔːtə

Vocabulary Practice

I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:

The diagram d_____s how r__________r is made. L_____________________________________________________________t the p___________s three m__________________________________________n and transportation, f _________ y cleaning and processing, and l____y the r_______g of the f_____________t . The process is e_____________e .

I____________o produce recycled paper, used paper is f___________d and transported b________________________________t . The used paper is then made into unfiltered pulp by using water and v_________________s . The pulp must then be filtered with water being r_______d .

A_______________________e , the f________________p is sent by a t_____e to a c__________r with water and soap to be f______________d . Air is p___________o the container and i__k is removed. There is then a__________l cleaning with water and chemicals before the final rolling stages c_______e . To create useable recycled paper rolls, the cleaned and filtered pulp is p________________________t where h______________________n the paper and r________________r .

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic by watching from YouTube below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/washi-craftsmanship-of-traditional-japanese-hand-made-paper-01001

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

Environment

• How are environmental problems dealt with in your country?
• What can be done to make people recycle more often?
• What is the most pressing environmental problem?
• Is recycling a common practice in your country?
• Are governments or individuals more responsible?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related IELTS chart below:

IELTS Essay: Recycled Bottles into Clothes Process

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How Is Paper Made? Take a Factory Tour

Daniel Bushaway loves paper like other people love music or film. He's a lifelong paperphile, which explains why he's spent two years working on Lifecycle , an ambitious photo series documenting mills and factories that produce notepads, wrapping paper, and books.

His fascination with paper started in childhood, when he filled reams of the stuff with drawings and doodles. He immersed himself in paper and printing as a graphic designer before switching to photography and deciding to explore just how the stuff is made. Bushaway hopes the ongoing series gives others a similar appreciation of paper. "Paper is an underdog and wholly unnoticed as a resource," he says. "It's not sexy or trendy. People don't talk about it at brunch."

He lives in Melbourne and started by approaching paper mills and printing houses in Australia. Most didn't understand why he would want to see what they do, and it has taken as long as six months to get inside some of them. "That’s the subjective nature of photography—familiarity rendering an environment uninteresting to the insider," he says. "To me this was anything but uninteresting, and part of my obsession and fascination was to reframe it for my audience."

Bushaway does a little recon at each site, mapping things out with a digital camera before returning with his large format Chamonix camera to capture the shot he wants. "Shooting the old fashioned way speaks to a reverence, romance, and love of something that is ultimately mechanical, fluid, and organic," he says.

So far he's shot seven stops along the lifecycle of paper. His series takes viewers inside a mill and manufacturing plant run by VISY, which produces paper for everything from boxes to food cartons to paperback book covers. He photographed Gunn & Taylor Printers, a mom-and-pop shop that makes everything from pamphlets to books, and the Wrapping Paper Company. Bushaway expanded the project to include the workshops of cabinetmakers and framing companies.

The photos are quiet, and rich in detail. It's fascinating to see the time and effort spent creating something so ubiquitous. Bushaway wants to explore other links in the paper production chain. He’s trying to get into some tree farms, timber mills, recycling plants, and landfills. The goal is to make people think more about where paper comes from, and where it goes. Australia sends 1.9 million tons of paper and cardboard to landfills each year; that figure is closer to 26 million tons in the US.

"Trees are essential to survival, so it is crucial we understand how to use this commodity more responsibly," Bushaway says. "If [my] work compels even 100 people to consider the impact of consumption, the level of complexity required, and the amount of machinery, consumables and labor needed to produce tree and paper-based products, then I will feel like I am doing my job."

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Descriptive Essay: The Industrial Revolution and its Effects

The Industrial Revolution was a time of great age throughout the world. It represented major change from 1760 to the period 1820-1840. The movement originated in Great Britain and affected everything from industrial manufacturing processes to the daily life of the average citizen. I will discuss the Industrial Revolution and the effects it had on the world as a whole.

The primary industry of the time was the textiles industry. It had the most employees, output value, and invested capital. It was the first to take on new modern production methods. The transition to machine power drastically increased productivity and efficiency. This extended to iron production and chemical production.

It started in Great Britain and soon expanded into Western Europe and to the United States. The actual effects of the revolution on different sections of society differed. They manifested themselves at different times. The ‘trickle down’ effect whereby the benefits of the revolution helped the lower classes didn’t happen until towards the 1830s and 1840s. Initially, machines like the Watt Steam Engine and the Spinning Jenny only benefited the rich industrialists.

The effects on the general population, when they did come, were major. Prior to the revolution, most cotton spinning was done with a wheel in the home. These advances allowed families to increase their productivity and output. It gave them more disposable income and enabled them to facilitate the growth of a larger consumer goods market. The lower classes were able to spend. For the first time in history, the masses had a sustained growth in living standards.

Social historians noted the change in where people lived. Industrialists wanted more workers and the new technology largely confined itself to large factories in the cities. Thousands of people who lived in the countryside migrated to the cities permanently. It led to the growth of cities across the world, including London, Manchester, and Boston. The permanent shift from rural living to city living has endured to the present day.

Trade between nations increased as they often had massive surpluses of consumer goods they couldn’t sell in the domestic market. The rate of trade increased and made nations like Great Britain and the United States richer than ever before. Naturally, this translated to military power and the ability to sustain worldwide trade networks and colonies.

On the other hand, the Industrial Revolution and migration led to the mass exploitation of workers and slums. To counter this, workers formed trade unions. They fought back against employers to win rights for themselves and their families. The formation of trade unions and the collective unity of workers across industries are still existent today. It was the first time workers could make demands of their employers. It enfranchised them and gave them rights to upset the status quo and force employers to view their workers as human beings like them.

Overall, the Industrial Revolution was one of the single biggest events in human history. It launched the modern age and drove industrial technology forward at a faster rate than ever before. Even contemporary economics experts failed to predict the extent of the revolution and its effects on world history. It shows why the Industrial Revolution played such a vital role in the building of the United States of today.

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How to Write an Essay Introduction (with Examples)   

The introduction of an essay plays a critical role in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. It sets the stage for the rest of the essay, establishes the tone and style, and motivates the reader to continue reading. 

Table of Contents

What is an essay introduction , what to include in an essay introduction, how to create an essay structure , step-by-step process for writing an essay introduction , how to write an essay introduction paragraph with paperpal – step -by -step, how to write a hook for your essay , how to include background information , how to write a thesis statement .

• Argumentative Essay Introduction Example: 
• Expository Essay Introduction Example 

Literary Analysis Essay Introduction Example

Check and revise – checklist for essay introduction , key takeaways , frequently asked questions .

An introduction is the opening section of an essay, paper, or other written work. It introduces the topic and provides background information, context, and an overview of what the reader can expect from the rest of the work. 1 The key is to be concise and to the point, providing enough information to engage the reader without delving into excessive detail. 

The essay introduction is crucial as it sets the tone for the entire piece and provides the reader with a roadmap of what to expect. Here are key elements to include in your essay introduction: 

• Hook : Start with an attention-grabbing statement or question to engage the reader. This could be a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or a compelling anecdote. 
• Background information : Provide context and background information to help the reader understand the topic. This can include historical information, definitions of key terms, or an overview of the current state of affairs related to your topic. 
• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position on the topic. Your thesis should be concise and specific, providing a clear direction for your essay. 

Before we get into how to write an essay introduction, we need to know how it is structured. The structure of an essay is crucial for organizing your thoughts and presenting them clearly and logically. It is divided as follows: 2  

• Introduction:  The introduction should grab the reader’s attention with a hook, provide context, and include a thesis statement that presents the main argument or purpose of the essay.  
• Body:  The body should consist of focused paragraphs that support your thesis statement using evidence and analysis. Each paragraph should concentrate on a single central idea or argument and provide evidence, examples, or analysis to back it up.  
• Conclusion:  The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis differently. End with a final statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Avoid new information or arguments. 

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write an essay introduction: 

• Start with a Hook : Begin your introduction paragraph with an attention-grabbing statement, question, quote, or anecdote related to your topic. The hook should pique the reader’s interest and encourage them to continue reading. 
• Provide Background Information : This helps the reader understand the relevance and importance of the topic. 
• State Your Thesis Statement : The last sentence is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and directly address the topic of your essay. 
• Preview the Main Points : This gives the reader an idea of what to expect and how you will support your thesis. 
• Keep it Concise and Clear : Avoid going into too much detail or including information not directly relevant to your topic. 
• Revise : Revise your introduction after you’ve written the rest of your essay to ensure it aligns with your final argument. 

Unsure of how to start your essay introduction? Leverage Paperpal’s Generative AI templates to provide a base for your essay introduction. Here’s an example of an essay outline generated by Paperpal.  

Use Paperpal’s Preditive AI writing features to maintain your writing flow

This is one of the key steps in how to write an essay introduction. Crafting a compelling hook is vital because it sets the tone for your entire essay and determines whether your readers will stay interested. A good hook draws the reader in and sets the stage for the rest of your essay.  

• Avoid Dry Fact : Instead of simply stating a bland fact, try to make it engaging and relevant to your topic. For example, if you’re writing about the benefits of exercise, you could start with a startling statistic like, “Did you know that regular exercise can increase your lifespan by up to seven years?” 
• Avoid Using a Dictionary Definition : While definitions can be informative, they’re not always the most captivating way to start an essay. Instead, try to use a quote, anecdote, or provocative question to pique the reader’s interest. For instance, if you’re writing about freedom, you could begin with a quote from a famous freedom fighter or philosopher. 
• Do Not Just State a Fact That the Reader Already Knows : This ties back to the first point—your hook should surprise or intrigue the reader. For Here’s an introduction paragraph example, if you’re writing about climate change, you could start with a thought-provoking statement like, “Despite overwhelming evidence, many people still refuse to believe in the reality of climate change.” 

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Including background information in the introduction section of your essay is important to provide context and establish the relevance of your topic. When writing the background information, you can follow these steps: 

• Start with a General Statement:  Begin with a general statement about the topic and gradually narrow it down to your specific focus. For example, when discussing the impact of social media, you can begin by making a broad statement about social media and its widespread use in today’s society, as follows: “Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of users worldwide.” 
• Define Key Terms : Define any key terms or concepts that may be unfamiliar to your readers but are essential for understanding your argument. 
• Provide Relevant Statistics:  Use statistics or facts to highlight the significance of the issue you’re discussing. For instance, “According to a report by Statista, the number of social media users is expected to reach 4.41 billion by 2025.” 
• Discuss the Evolution:  Mention previous research or studies that have been conducted on the topic, especially those that are relevant to your argument. Mention key milestones or developments that have shaped its current impact. You can also outline some of the major effects of social media. For example, you can briefly describe how social media has evolved, including positives such as increased connectivity and issues like cyberbullying and privacy concerns. 
• Transition to Your Thesis:  Use the background information to lead into your thesis statement, which should clearly state the main argument or purpose of your essay. For example, “Given its pervasive influence, it is crucial to examine the impact of social media on mental health.” 

A thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, or other type of academic writing. It appears near the end of the introduction. Here’s how to write a thesis statement: 

• Identify the topic:  Start by identifying the topic of your essay. For example, if your essay is about the importance of exercise for overall health, your topic is “exercise.” 
• State your position:  Next, state your position or claim about the topic. This is the main argument or point you want to make. For example, if you believe that regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health, your position could be: “Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.” 
• Support your position:  Provide a brief overview of the reasons or evidence that support your position. These will be the main points of your essay. For example, if you’re writing an essay about the importance of exercise, you could mention the physical health benefits, mental health benefits, and the role of exercise in disease prevention. 
• Make it specific:  Ensure your thesis statement clearly states what you will discuss in your essay. For example, instead of saying, “Exercise is good for you,” you could say, “Regular exercise, including cardiovascular and strength training, can improve overall health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.” 

Examples of essay introduction 

Here are examples of essay introductions for different types of essays: 

Argumentative Essay Introduction Example:  

Topic: Should the voting age be lowered to 16? 

“The question of whether the voting age should be lowered to 16 has sparked nationwide debate. While some argue that 16-year-olds lack the requisite maturity and knowledge to make informed decisions, others argue that doing so would imbue young people with agency and give them a voice in shaping their future.” 

Expository Essay Introduction Example  

Topic: The benefits of regular exercise 

“In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of regular exercise cannot be overstated. From improving physical health to boosting mental well-being, the benefits of exercise are numerous and far-reaching. This essay will examine the various advantages of regular exercise and provide tips on incorporating it into your daily routine.” 

Text: “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee 

“Harper Lee’s novel, ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’ is a timeless classic that explores themes of racism, injustice, and morality in the American South. Through the eyes of young Scout Finch, the reader is taken on a journey that challenges societal norms and forces characters to confront their prejudices. This essay will analyze the novel’s use of symbolism, character development, and narrative structure to uncover its deeper meaning and relevance to contemporary society.” 

• Engaging and Relevant First Sentence : The opening sentence captures the reader’s attention and relates directly to the topic. 
• Background Information : Enough background information is introduced to provide context for the thesis statement. 
• Definition of Important Terms : Key terms or concepts that might be unfamiliar to the audience or are central to the argument are defined. 
• Clear Thesis Statement : The thesis statement presents the main point or argument of the essay. 
• Relevance to Main Body : Everything in the introduction directly relates to and sets up the discussion in the main body of the essay. 

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Writing a strong introduction is crucial for setting the tone and context of your essay. Here are the key takeaways for how to write essay introduction: 3  

• Hook the Reader : Start with an engaging hook to grab the reader’s attention. This could be a compelling question, a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or an anecdote. 
• Provide Background : Give a brief overview of the topic, setting the context and stage for the discussion. 
• Thesis Statement : State your thesis, which is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be concise, clear, and specific. 
• Preview the Structure : Outline the main points or arguments to help the reader understand the organization of your essay. 
• Keep it Concise : Avoid including unnecessary details or information not directly related to your thesis. 
• Revise and Edit : Revise your introduction to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance. Check for grammar and spelling errors. 
• Seek Feedback : Get feedback from peers or instructors to improve your introduction further. 

The purpose of an essay introduction is to give an overview of the topic, context, and main ideas of the essay. It is meant to engage the reader, establish the tone for the rest of the essay, and introduce the thesis statement or central argument.  

An essay introduction typically ranges from 5-10% of the total word count. For example, in a 1,000-word essay, the introduction would be roughly 50-100 words. However, the length can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the overall length of the essay.

An essay introduction is critical in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. To ensure its effectiveness, consider incorporating these key elements: a compelling hook, background information, a clear thesis statement, an outline of the essay’s scope, a smooth transition to the body, and optional signposting sentences.  

The process of writing an essay introduction is not necessarily straightforward, but there are several strategies that can be employed to achieve this end. When experiencing difficulty initiating the process, consider the following techniques: begin with an anecdote, a quotation, an image, a question, or a startling fact to pique the reader’s interest. It may also be helpful to consider the five W’s of journalism: who, what, when, where, why, and how.   For instance, an anecdotal opening could be structured as follows: “As I ascended the stage, momentarily blinded by the intense lights, I could sense the weight of a hundred eyes upon me, anticipating my next move. The topic of discussion was climate change, a subject I was passionate about, and it was my first public speaking event. Little did I know , that pivotal moment would not only alter my perspective but also chart my life’s course.” 

Crafting a compelling thesis statement for your introduction paragraph is crucial to grab your reader’s attention. To achieve this, avoid using overused phrases such as “In this paper, I will write about” or “I will focus on” as they lack originality. Instead, strive to engage your reader by substantiating your stance or proposition with a “so what” clause. While writing your thesis statement, aim to be precise, succinct, and clear in conveying your main argument.  

To create an effective essay introduction, ensure it is clear, engaging, relevant, and contains a concise thesis statement. It should transition smoothly into the essay and be long enough to cover necessary points but not become overwhelming. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to assess its effectiveness. 

References  

• Cui, L. (2022). Unit 6 Essay Introduction.  Building Academic Writing Skills . 
• West, H., Malcolm, G., Keywood, S., & Hill, J. (2019). Writing a successful essay.  Journal of Geography in Higher Education ,  43 (4), 609-617. 
• Beavers, M. E., Thoune, D. L., & McBeth, M. (2023). Bibliographic Essay: Reading, Researching, Teaching, and Writing with Hooks: A Queer Literacy Sponsorship. College English, 85(3), 230-242. 

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Related Reads:

• How to Write a Good Hook for Essays, with Examples
• What is a Narrative Essay? How to Write It (with Examples)
• What are the Benefits of Generative AI for Academic Writing?
• How to Write the First Draft of a Research Paper with Paperpal? 

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Essay on paper industry | india.

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Read this essay to learn about Paper Industry. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Growth and Development of Paper Industry 2. Location of the Paper Industry 3. Distribution of Paper Mills 4. Production and Present Position 5. Problems of the Industry.

Essay # Growth and Development of Paper Industry:

Pioneer attempt was made in 1716 to manufacture paper in Tanjore district by Dr. William Carey. But due to lack of technological knowledge that attempt was unsuccessful. The first composite mill was constructed near Bally, Howrah, in 1867.

Subsequently, new mills were opened up at Srirampur, West Bengal in 1870; Titagarh, West Bengal in 1882; Deccan Paper Mills at Pune in 1887; Bengal Paper Mill at Ranigunj in 1889; Indian Paper Pulp at Shyamnagar in 1918 and many others.

During its early period of growth, most of the mills were developed along the Hooghly River. Later on, paper mills sprang up in Luck-now in 1879, Ramganj in 1891. During two subsequent World Wars demand of paper increased readily and the industry made rapid strides. Tax and duty exemption also helped to tide over the crisis during the initial period.

In the beginning of the First Five Year Plan, India has only 18 mills with total installed capacity of just over 0.13 million tonnes. To keep pace with the increasing consumer demand, more paper mills were set up subsequently at different places. At present, 600 mills are produc­ing paper of multifarious Indian needs.

Essay # Location of the Paper Industry:

All the raw materials necessary in paper industry are weight-losing. In general, the ratio of the raw material and finished product is 4:1. According to Weberian terminology, material index is always greater than 1. Naturally, most of the paper industries, in their initial phase, should concentrate near the raw material source.

Regarding the development of paper industry in India, continuous flow of energy was considered a major factor. Despite having no local raw material source in West Bengal, the industry developed along the lower course of the Hooghly River.

The reasons behind this concentration were:

1. Presence of nearby market.

2. Supply of abundant coal.

Energy requirement and total transport cost of coal off-set the disadvantage of dearth of raw materials. Due to the changing technology in the later period, these manufacturing units tried to use alternative materials to produce paper. The dense bamboo forest was exploited as raw material. Till 1970, 20% of the Indian mills were located in West Bengal. They contributed more than half of the Indian paper output.

Reasons for the premier position of West Bengal in that period were:

1. As a seat of learning, Calcutta provided excellent market for paper.

2. Uninterrupted supply of coal from Ranigunj as a fuel, facilitated growth of paper industries.

3. Cheap labour available from adjacent states of Bihar and Orissa.

4. Simultaneous growth of Calcutta Port.

5. Water from Hooghly River.

Essay # Distribution of Paper Mills:

Among the paper-producing states of India, West Bengal, Orissa Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka constitute nearly 65% of the total production capacity. Other important producers are Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam, Haryana, Bihar and Gujarat. According to the estimates available, Assam possesses greatest potential to develop paper indus­try because of the presence of large forests as raw material.

State-wise distribution of paper mills are:

West Bengal:

Since early eighteenth century, West Bengal contributed substantially to the national paper output. Major Mills in the state are situated along Hooghly River. The important mills of the state are Calcutta, Tribeni, Titagarh, Alambazar, Kakinara, Bansberia, Baranagar and Ranigunj. Some of these mills use waste paper and agro-residues as raw material; others use sabai grass and eucalyptus tree as raw material.

As a producer of paper, Orissa is gradually improving her position. Right now, three mills are producing paper at Brajarajnagar, Rayagada and Chowdwar. This state pos­sesses wonderful assemblage of vast forest resources and cheap hydel power.

Madhya Pradesh:

A good number of new paper mills were set up within Madhya Pradesh in recent years. Major Mills are located at Nepa Nagar, Vidisha, Rewa, Ratlam, Shahdol etc. Nepa Nagar is the only newsprint manufacturing unit in the country.

Andhra Pradesh:

Abundance of bamboo and incentives declared by the state government attracted number of paper manufacturing units in Andhra Pradesh. All the mills are new, with sophisticated machines. Major Mills are situated at Rajamundry, Kagaznagar, Bodhan and Bhadrachalam.

Maharashtra:

At least 15 mills are located within the state. Mills are located at Kalyan, Khopli, Ballarpur, Pune, Nagpur, Bhiwandi, Bombay and Kamptee etc. Most of these mills are old and worn out.

Leading paper manufacturing units in the state are Bhadravati, Belagola, Dandeli, Ramanagram, Bangalore, Krishnaraj Sagar.

Essay # Production and Present Position:

In 2004-05, altogether 600 pulp and paper mills in India produced nearly 5.5 million tonnes of paper and paper board and 0.68 million tonnes of newsprint against the installed capacity of 7.5 million tonnes of paper and paper board and 1.30 million tonnes of newsprint.

At least 600 mills in India were producing paper, with total installed capacity of 7.5 million tonnes in 2004-05. Paper production for the year 1990-91 was 20.6 lakh tonnes. 30 among these mills can be designated as large integrated units and the remaining 275 are smaller in capacity.

Keeping in view the increasing demand of paper, some large paper mills are under construction. In 1978, government declared some incentive measures to increase paper production. Particu­larly, growth of small paper mills were given priority by the guidelines formulated by the Govt., of India in 1979.

Essay # Problems of the Industry:

In India, per capita paper consumption is one of the lowest in the world. In developed countries of Europe and North America, per capita paper consumption per annum exceeds 200 kg. Compared to this high rate of consumption Indian people consume, on an average, only 5.5 kg paper each year.

India has over 16% of the world’s population, yet consumes a mere 1% of paper and paperboard. Against a world average per capita consumption of 45.6 kg, India’s per capita consumption is barely 5 kg. In fact, we even remain behind other Asian countries in the below 5 kg per capita cluster, well behind five Asian countries in the above 100 kg cluster and another five in the 10 to 100 kg per capita consumption category.

In terms of mill size, as against an average size improving to 85,000 tonnes in Asia Pacific and 50,000 tonnes in Southeast Asia, the average mill size in India in 1993 was less than 10,000 tonnes — spread over 380 units —with the average size declining over the last three decades. Uneconomic scale prohibits the induction of appropriate technology, in addition to higher capi­tal cost and cost of operations.

In contrast to the developing Asian countries, India, with a growth rate, in respect of paper consumption, of 4.7% in the last 5 years, has been lagging behind Indonesia with a growth rate of 19.5%, Malaysia with 13%, Thailand with 12% and China with 6.5%. China with its recently opened-up economy is slated to register a 30 kg per capita consumption by the year 2000 against a current per capita of 14 kg.

With India’s economic growth path charted to follow a similar pattern, India’s per capita consumption should be in the region of at least 5 kg by the turn of the century and 10 kg in the next 10 years’ time and, therefore, the demand for paper and paperboards should safely be estimated much higher than projections based on past growth rates.

India’s over twelve-decade-old Paper Industry must be put on a tear away growth path, unshackling itself from major constraints ranging from raw material availability limitations and antiquated technology, to hopelessly uneconomical plant sizes.

Added to this are the serious limitations on product quality, cost-effectiveness, the high capital intensive nature of the industry and high cost of capital. The enormity of the task of overcoming these constraints underlines an urgent need to restructure the Industry, and a focused long-term policy frame-work.

Indian paper industry is now passing through a transitional period. At present, some new modern plants are under construction. On the other hand, old mills are becoming more and more unproductive and uneconomic. Manifold reasons are responsible for the current stale­mate in paper production.

1. Inadequate supply of raw materials. Sabai grass and bamboo supply is often inter­rupted by various reasons. No plant has created its own plantation through which it could meet its own raw material demand.

2. Quality of the product is very inferior. It is very difficult for Indian mills to compete with foreign paper qualitatively.

3. Low productivity per worker is another chronic problem in the industry. Often productivity per worker in Indian mills is one-fourth to that of developed coun­tries. Therefore, per unit production cost is very high in India. Besides this, lower grade coal, power shortage and obsolete technology are also posing hindrances.

4. Indian paper industry is facing acute shortage of capital investment.

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• Essay on Jute Industry in India

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Before we start discussing the benefits of recycling and how we can promote it into our communities, we need to know what recycling is. Recycling is the process of converting old, unused and waste materials into a new form of usable materials. We can recycle metals, wood, glass, plastic, paper, and textiles to use it again and again. Recycling has so many benefits for individuals, community, and environment. Recycling helps us reduce pollution. By recycling waste, we reduce the number […]

Analysis of Globalization and Challenges

Globalization is an instrument that can assist you with your business around the world (Tapper, 2000). At the point when an organization chooses to go "worldwide," it will be productivity with a frequently increment. Few out of every odd business, in any case, will profit by globalization. A few associations may have a sound development in the worldwide market; however, a few associations should beat numerous difficulties before they are set up. Nike, the world's driving shoe company, because of […]

The Industrial Revolution Analysis

The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important turning points in all of human history, and to many, the Revolution along with its problems, is a thing of the distant past. However, this could not be further from the truth. While developed countries such as United States and England have passed the Industrial Age for the most part, developing areas such as China still have citizens who see similar issues as those during the Industrial Revolution, and little to […]

Food Waste in United States

In average, an American citizen will produce 4.4 pounds of trash in a single day. With the population of the United States being about 324 million, this equates daily to about 700,000 tons of trash produced. The biggest amount of wasted resources, though, is food waste. 1.3 billion tons of food is lost or wasted across the globe in the span of one year (Loki). The effect of this kind of waste on the environment is extremely destructive and detrimental. […]

Industrialisation and Imperialism

The U.S. Become a world power through industrialization, big business, railroads? Urbanization imperialism. Population growth may benefit the manufacturing sector in the adoption of increasing returns to scale technologies. They didn't have transportation like the railroad to travel and transport goods from their businesses. Now various states in the U.S. counties have transportation to travel and transport goods so their business can grow. People were live in small houses with multiple people and the condition they were living is horrible. […]

Water Pollution: the Treatment and Management

A technology was developed to provide better treatment as science advanced our knowledge of aquatic life mechanisms and human health effects. The need for purer water was also identified. Heavy metals, toxic chemicals, and other pollutants can now be removed from domestic and industrial wastewater to an increasingly greater degree. Methods of advanced treatment include microfiltration, carbon adsorption, evaporation/distillation, and chemical precipitation. Sludge Management In sludge management, the greatest uncertainty about future trends lies in the prospects for recycling sewage […]

Walmart Rolling Back Savings and Rolling in Wealth

Walmart has become a household name. It is a budget retailer that sells a wide range of consumer goods. Walmart is the world's largest retailer with stores in over 27 countries and net sales approximating $345 billion. Walmart was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in Rogers, Arkansas. Sam Walton strived to provide a budget friendly retail store that praised small-town, Christian values that include, loyalty, hard work, conformity, and patriotism. Although Walmart has significantly changed since its establishment, Walmart […]

General Motors Company by William C. Durant

General Motors Company (General Motors in abbreviation) was established in 1908 in Michigan by William C. Durant. Initially, it was no more than a holding company but it gradually became an automobile manufacturer after finishing several merging with other automobile brands. General Motors was listed as the largest automobile company in the world for more than 50 years. Although it went to bankruptcy and reorganization during the financial crisis in 2009, currently headquartered in Detroit, General Motors is an international […]

3D Printing Yesterday Today and Tomorrow

There are a few 3D printing key terms that need to be mentioned prior to going into full detail of the subject. These terms and/or abbreviations may be mentioned throughout this project. (ABS) Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene- ABS is a thermoplastic that is the material that some 3D printers use when modeling 3D printers. On a side note some do not like using it because it gives off a foul odor from the burning of the plastic filament. Filament- Filament is […]

Characterization and Utilization of Bio-char

1.1 Municipal Sewage Sludge (MSS) Sludge consists of various elements such as waste, organic and inorganic compounds, which are disposed into the atmosphere and are harmful to it. Sludge contains different pollutants and solid waste, including heavy metals, large organic solids, calcium, magnesium, metal sulphides, heavy metal organic complexes, precipitated soaps and detergents, biomass, and precipitated phosphates. Methods of sludge treatment involve stabilization and dewatering residue. Various types of unit processes and operations are used for the management of the […]

Problems in Globalization: Jobs Loss and Transfer to Lower Cost Countries

One of the prevalent problems in globalization is that jobs are lost and then transferred to lower cost countries. China drained away 3.2 million jobs, including 2.4 manufacturing jobs. Workers in some developed countries face pay-cut orders from their employers, who threaten to export jobs. This has instilled fear in many middle-class workers in these developed countries who have little power in jobs around the world. International corporations are accused of social injustice, as well as lack of concern for […]

Social Problems of the Company

Introduction There are many stories published regarding Nike’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts in the last 20 years. Starting with Phil Knight, Nike’s visionary, the company through its CSR journey has overhauled the company from a period of time it was known for “slave wages, forced overtime, and arbitrary abuse” to a world class leader in the utilization of both social and environmental strategies to foster innovation, growth and sustainability, currently Nike is viewed among global CSR leaders. From the […]

The Execution of 3-D Printing

Environmental Factors. The execution of 3-D printing in the manufacturing process could prevent some types of harmful environmental issues since its production produces nearly zero waste. Also, the capability of 3-D printing in manufacturing will decrease the harmful environmental effects which come from the transportation of goods around the world. Bringing 3-D printing into manufacturing would significantly reduce environmental damage during the shipment of goods. (Reichardt, 2014) The environment stands to gain much from the emerging technology of 3-D printing. […]

Selecting of Material which Will Provide Less Carbon Footprint

Introduction Mike Biddle said:’ There is no rubbish in the world. The reason why we call them rubbish is that we do not know how to use them in the correct way.’Since polymer was used to make tires, a large amount of scrap tires have been produced every year: In 2017, the production of tires increased, and the mass of scrap tires was over 13,000,000 tons. This fact arouses social concern, and the research on tires has become more and […]

The Evolution and Importance of Industrial Processes

Modern manufacturing relies heavily on industrial processes which are the nuts and bolts of how things get made and keep our economies humming. From pulling raw materials out of the ground to putting finished products together these processes are key to making sure everything runs smoothly efficiently and sustainably. Industrial processes have a deep history that goes back to the late 1700s during the Industrial Revolution. Back then new technologies like steam engines and machines for making stuff faster changed […]

The Mechanics and Impact of the Cotton Gin: Revolutionizing Cotton Processing

The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 stands as a pivotal moment in the agricultural and industrial history of the United States. This simple yet transformative device changed the landscape of cotton production and had far-reaching implications for the American economy and society. To truly grasp the significance of the cotton gin, it's essential to understand how it worked, why it was revolutionary, and what consequences it had on various aspects of life in the 19th […]

Eli Whitney: the Innovator Behind Interchangeable Parts

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Key Inventions that Transformed the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution denoted a seismic transition in societal modes of production and consumption, heralding a paradigmatic shift in economies, urban landscapes, and daily existence. Spanning from the latter part of the 18th to the early 19th centuries, it witnessed an unparalleled surge of innovations that redefined manufacturing, transit, and correspondence. These groundbreaking developments laid the foundation for the contemporary industrialized globe, exerting enduring influence on contemporary living and labor dynamics. Among the epoch's most pivotal inventions was the steam […]

Manufacturing Footsteps: the Global Journey of Skechers’ Production

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Skills Lab: How to Read a Phase 3 Clinical Trial Paper

Bishal Gyawali, MD, PhD

Authors and Disclosures

Disclosure: Bishal Gyawali, MD, PhD, has disclosed the following financial relationships:   Serve(d) as a consultant for: Vivio Health

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

Hello, everyone. This is Dr Bishal Gyawali from Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, and I'm happy to be back with you. This is Skills Lab: How to Interpret Clinical Research With Dr Bishal Gyawali . Today we'll discuss how to read a phase 3 clinical trial publication. 

Let's say you have the PDF in your hand of a new drug trial that has been published, which is a phase 3 randomized trial. How do you go about reading that? There are a couple of points that I want to highlight that you should look at carefully. 

Before we start delving into the paper, we need to look at the following: (a) who the sponsor or the funder of the trial is; (b) what the role of the sponsor or the funder was; (c) who are the authors; and (d) are there any conflicts of interest among the authors?

You might be surprised that I'm asking this question of who wrote the paper, because the obvious answer would be, of course, that the authors wrote the paper. As you will see in many new cancer drug trials, the authors actually don't write the paper. I'll give you some examples of that.

First, you need to check who funded the trial. Usually for new cancer drugs, almost 100% of the time, it's funded by the industry that manufactures the drug. Depending on which journal you are looking into, there are specific places where you can find this information. For example, in The New England Journal of Medicine , you'll find this information at the end of the abstract.

Second, you should look at the conflicts of interest and the affiliations of the authors. In many of these papers, you will see that there are some authors from the company itself in the authorship byline. 

Third, as I mentioned, we want to look at the role of the funder. In some of the trials, you will see a statement saying that the funder had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report, which is perfect, and that is what the role of the funder should ideally be.

In many of the new cancer drug trials, you'll see that the funder was involved in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, as well as the writing of the manuscript. I have no problem with the funder being involved in designing the trial and collection of the data, but the analysis should be done independently of the funder, who has a big financial stake in the outcomes.

The analysis may be done by the funder, but at the very least, the interpretation should not be done by the funder. We see in most cases that the interpretation is also being done by the funder. 

Most important is the writing of the manuscript. We would assume that authors write the manuscript, but you should look carefully into the trial publication. In most of these cases, you'll see that even the manuscript was not written by the authors, but by professional medical writers who were funded by the industry. 

Why am I being so critical about this? When you write a manuscript and you have billions of dollars at stake, then you will try to write the manuscript in a way that will make your drug look much better than what it actually is. This is what we call a spin. 

If you see these red flags in the manuscript, that the manuscript was written by professional medical writers funded by the company, then you need to very carefully look into whether there are several spins in the trial, and you should be very careful about interpreting the trial results based on how the publication is interpreting it. Do not rely on the publication's interpretation. We have to interpret it ourselves, and that's what we are going to do in this course. 

Just to give you an example of the conflict of interest of the authors, which can also be important in how the results are framed, even if the paper is not written by professional writers and is written by the authors, if the authors have a huge conflict of interest, then that can also lead to bias and spin.

In one of our studies where we looked at highly paid oncologists in the United States, we saw that among the 1% of medical oncologists in the US who received industry payments of more than $100,000 per year, the median value of payment they received was $150,000 per year. The highest earners would earn more than their annual salary through conflict of interest, through payments from the industry. 

Now, when such a huge amount is at stake, when people are earning more from consulting jobs in the industry than from their actual work, then it's not difficult to understand why people might want to present the results in a much more favorable light than what the data show.

That's some background information that we need to look into even before we start delving into the paper. Thank you.

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The Sunday Papers

Sundays are for eating Biscoff spread and rewatching Better Call Saul, again. Crunchy, ofc. Before that, let’s read some writing that I, Nic Reuben, personally found interesting about games (and game related things!)

Bug Quest wrote some nice words about UFO 50.

in fact, UFO 50’s investment in its fiction really only highlights and celebrates the actual human beings who worked on all of its many games. i have no idea how many (if any) of the notes associated with UFO Soft’s games are autobiographical. i know for a fact, though, that UFO 50’s actual developers - Derek Yu, Jon Perry, Ojiro Fumoto, Eirik Suhrke, Paul Hubans, and Tyriq Plummer - are, like their fictional counterparts, people with friends and families and dreams and favorite bars and paintings in their offices. humanity is something that we take for granted every time we play a video game, but UFO 50 celebrates it as the thing that makes games so special.

Oh hey, more UFO 50. It’s 50 games, it can have two entries. Christian Donlan chatted to Derek Yu for Eurogamer .

"Each game needed to have its own unique identity but it also needed to be part of the collection," Yu explains. "I would say that most games started as their own thing, though, and then became more and more considerate of their role in the collection as time went on. And through that process, each game's identity actually became stronger because of its connection to the whole. It didn't just exist in a vacuum anymore - a game could be a sequel or share themes with other games or maybe be something one-of-a-kind. There's a lot more context for each game as part of UFO 50 than as a standalone title."

Ed Smith wrote about Soma for Bullet Points Monthly

The problem however is that videogames are often so systematic and so mechanical that they are only able to illustrate perfect visions of ideologies. Think about SimCity, or more recently Cities Skylines 2, wherein certain esotericisms of the games’ respective code bases resulted in a large number of homeless people appearing within players’ cities. In both cases, these swells in the homeless population were regarded by the game makers and by players as imperfections within the system, as bugs, as glitches, and they were summarily ‘fixed.’ Both of these games simulate and symbolise ideologies related to capital, democracy, enterprise, social welfare, policy, and so on, but if the results of those simulations drift outside utopia—when the ideologies in the game result in a lessening of the player’s success—the simulations, the symbols, are considered defective.

they had a famous mobile game called White Cat Project, not copying Mario, not copying Pokémon, not copying Zelda, nothing at all. Nintendo brought forward six patents that they thought that this company was violating inside their very successful mobile game at one time. It was one of the most popular mobile games in Japan, and they built a huge case. One of the patents was for a confirmation screen after sleep mode. You know when devices are sleeping and you want to resume there's a confirmation screen in a lot of games? “Are you sure you want to resume?” And then you tap yes or no. Nintendo has a patent on that, and this game uses it. And then Nintendo said, you know, look, you're using our patent and you cannot do that. You're not paying us any licensing fees.

Here’s a cool mech piece from the RPS archives that came up in Slack this week. Here’s a cool piece on graphics card box art from the archives of that other PC gaming site. Here’s Resident Evil 1’s original cast playing the game . Here’s a brief argument that FromSoftware’s influence is hurting the action genre, which I foresee some of you might enjoy scrapping about on this, the holy Sabbath. RPS contributor and good wordsman Rick Lane has a newsletter recommending Steam demos . I am not immune to Moo Deng propaganda . Music this week is a new mix from Pizza Hotline. Have a great weekend!

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