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Significance and Role of Military History in The Armed Forces of The Philippines 

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THE PHILIPPINE ARMY HISTORY

Battles before colonization.

The beginnings of the Filipino land forces dates back before the Spanish and American colonial period. In that time, clans and barangays from different regions form their own armed groups primarily composed of hunters and land fighters. They served as defenders of the tribes or as warriors sent on strike missions against other barangays. On occasions, some clan forces would form alliances to attack more powerful opponents. Conventional weaponry during the pre‐colonial era includes Kris and Kampilan, Blowguns, and Lantaka. War-fare instruments of the Filipino forces continued to develop over time.

The Forces’ First Test (1521)

On April 27, 1521, the Filipino land forces were put to test. The Spaniards’ arrival in the 16 th century in Mactan, Cebu ignited the Battle of Mactan as Lapu-Lapu defied to render loyalty to Magellan. The incident demonstrated the combined might of Filipino land forces complemented by early naval elements. Lapu-Lapu’s force was not “formally organized” as a Filipino Army during that time but the present‐day Philippine Army traces its beginnings to this brave and proud force of warriors of the Philippine Islands.

The Fight for Freedom (1892-1898)

The three century rule of the Spaniards led the Filipino warriors to form resistance movements to fight for their freedom. The Filipino people were clamoring for reforms and an end to the foreign rule because of the growing restiveness in the colony. On July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio founded the Samahang Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or simply “Katipunan” to muster freedom loving Filipinos for armed revolt. The Katipunan formed the nucleus of the Revolutionary Philippine Army.

Almost a year after the outbreak of war between the members of the Katipunan and the Spanish troops, another freedom fighter from a prominent clan ‒ Emilio Aguinaldo ‒ was elected President of the Philippine Revolutionary Government at the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897 in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon in Cavite. Artemio Ricarte, a Katipunan leader of numerous Filipino battles against Spain was also elected as Captain General of the Ejercito en la Republica de las Islas Filipinas or the Army of the Philippine Republic.

After years of fighting for freedom, of On June 12, 1898, the Filipino people achieved their awaited freedom as General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippine’s Independence from Spain.

Philippine Army’s Rebirth (1898-1935)

The Filipino troops were to enjoy only a brief sense of victory and respite from combat when American forces came in to establish rule in the islands by virtue of the Treaty of Paris, which Spain co-signed with America on December 10, 1898. The treaty ceded the Philippines to the United States.

The Filipino-American War erupted on February 4, 1899. Due to the superiority of American arms, the Filipinos fell from one position to another until they were forced to disband. Even after the official cessation of hostilities and as the Americans have established government in 1901, the Filipino revolutionaries continued their struggle for freedom.

Aguinaldo was captured by American forces on March 23, 1901. The surrender of one of the most prominent leaders of the Philippine Revolution, General Miguel Malvar, on April 16, 1902 marked the official end of the “Philippine insurrection.” When the Philippines was established as a Commonwealth Republic of the United States of America on 15 November 1935, its President, Manuel Luis Quezon signed Commonwealth Act No.1, popularly known as the National Defense Act, which paved way for the birth of the new Philippine Army.

In World War II (1941-1945)

The onset of World War II in 1941 tested the might of the Commonwealth Philippine Army. Its two regular and ten reserve divisions undertook the defense of the Philippines. These divisions were incorporated into the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) under the command of General Douglas McArthur. Four military areas were activated after the war. The National Defense Forces organized under the National Defense Act was reorganized into the Armed Forces of the Philippines along which came the birth of four major services.

The post‐WWII Philippine Army was to be seen fulfilling the Philippine government’s commitment as a member of the United Nations to help bring peace in war‐ torn neighbor states. The Philippine Army spared five battalions which formed the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) to carry out the campaign for democracy. The Philippine Civic Action Group to Vietnam (PhilCAGV) was sent to South Vietnam on a mission of peace, where army engineers helped build communities and army doctors and nurses provided medical services to the people.

Building the Headquarters; Expanding Horizons (1957- Early 70’s)

On July 10, 1957, the Philippine Army established its headquarters under the leadership of Brigadier General Leoncio S. Tan. The onset of the sixties ushered an expansion of the army's roles, which include participation in the socio-economic programs of the country, among others. To achieve greater flexibility and effectiveness, infantry divisions took the place of the military areas in the seventies.

The Army as a Nation Builder (1972-1986)

On September 21, 1972, the Martial Law era began. During the decade, military operations supported by civic action blocked the escalation of insurgency. The 1980s saw the Philippine Army in increasing peace and development roles and in a period of transition after the EDSA‐People Power Revolution, which spurred various initiatives toward transformation and reforms in internal security operations. The Philippine Army became more cognizant of its role not only as protector of the Filipino people, but also a partner in nation building.

Continued Sacrifice, Bravery and Patriotism (2000s)

On September 9, 2013, the Philippine Army prevented members of the Moro National Liberation Front to take over Zamboanga City which led to three-week fight. Twenty five government soldiers made the ultimate sacrifice in order to save innocent civilians and regain peace in the city.

On May 2017 to October 2017, a five-month long siege brought casualties and displaced individuals from their homes in Marawi, Lanao del Sur. The Battle of Marawi was one of the largest and longest urban warfare of the Philippine Army. One hundred sixty five government forces lost their lives to liberate the city from conflict. The Philippine Army continue play an important role in rebuilding the city.

The Philippine Army Today

Today, the Philippine Army supports the government’s whole-of-nation approach against insurgency led by the National Task Force to End the Local Communist Armed Conflict. The Army provides efficient instrument and structure for the employment of the whole-of-nation approach and also assists in the implementation of the Enhanced Comprehensive Local Integration Program offered to former rebels. These efforts complement the Army’s sustained anti-terrorism operations on the ground.

Moreover, the Philippine Army’s mandate led to a breakthrough with the framing of the Army Transformation Roadmap 2028, which was implemented in 2010. Capability upgrades, modernization initiatives, and campaigns for good governance and performance excellence in the transformation program ushered the Philippine Army to welcome paradigm shifts and optimistic milestones, which continue to fire up the enthusiasm of members of the force to fulfil the Army’s purpose to serve the nation and secure our people and territory. With continuing and steady successes in its strategic initiatives and base camps, the Philippine Army is confident that it will realize its 2028 vision to be a world class Army that is a source of national pride.

• COMMANDING GENERAL
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The Philippines, the US, and a century of military alliance

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For a few nights in late 1991, a 74-year-old army veteran, newly arrived in Los Angeles and looking for family members, needed to sleep outside. Pastor Amarillento was a recently naturalized Filipino American, based on a 1990 law granting citizenship to Philippine Army soldiers from World War II. Amarillento had fought at Bataan. But after being naturalized in San Francisco, his money had been stolen on the bus down to Los Angeles.

Thus Amarillento had “marched under General Douglas MacArthur, only to find himself, 50 years later, sleeping in MacArthur Park,” writes MIT historian Christopher Capozzola in a new book about the unique relationship between the Philippines and the United States.

Amarillento soon found relatives in Orange County, thanks to help from a shelter in the Filipinotown neighborhood, near downtown Los Angeles. Still, this episode symbolizes some contours of the larger Filipino American experience. Filipinos have long been staunch U.S. military soldiers, sailors, and servicemembers while receiving modest, belated rewards for their efforts. The countries’ ties have led to extensive immigration — there are 4 million Filipino-Americans in the U.S. — but even for decorated veterans, entry into U.S. society has not always been easy.

Capozzola’s new book, “Bound by War: How the United States and Philippines Built America’s First Pacific Century,” published by Basic Books, details both the military relationship between the countries, from the U.S. conquest of the Philippines in 1898 onward, and the way that military engagement shaped social connections between the nations.

“This is not a book about foreign policy, but foreign relations,” Capozzola says. “Not just what generals and presidents were doing, but what ordinary soldiers and immigrants were doing.”

New beginnings

After winning the Spanish-American War in 1898, the U.S. was granted control of the Philippines, a long-time Spanish possession. Then it squelched a Philippine independence movement, in what Capozzola calls a “very intense and brutal war.” It was a huge imperial leap across the Pacific for the U.S., which eventually installed over 20 military bases in the Philippines and ruled the land as a colony until 1946.

“This is really the heart of the relationship between these two countries,” Capozzola says.

Before long, Filipinos started enlisting in the U.S. army and navy, and Filipinos soon had new immigration opportunities as well. For a spell after 1924, the Philippines was the only country in Asia from which the U.S. allowed immigration. The number of Filipinos in the U.S. swelled from 5,600 in 1920 to about 56,000 in 1930, with substantial Filipino-American communities springing up near San Diego, in the Bay Area, and around Norfolk and Virginia Beach — close to Navy bases.

But while many Filipinos had come to the U.S. hoping to acquire more education and better work, they often landed on farms, in fisheries, or in service jobs, as Capozzola documents.

“When Filipinos migrated to the United States in the early 20th century, they faced the same forms of discrimination that most Asian immigrants did: restrictions on housing and education and the professions, [while] being relegated to low-status, low-paying jobs,” Capozzola says. “It could have been otherwise. And that’s a running theme throughout the book as well. There is a series of broken promises.”

Still, as Capozzola writes, the military service of many Filipino men gave their familes “a language of patriotism and sacrifice — and therefore of equality.” That sense of belonging helped spur battles for civic justice. It was Filipino grape pickers who initiated what became famous as the United Farm Workers strike of the 1960s.

In the sphere of veteran’s rights, 64,000 of the 76,000 prisoners on the Bataan Death March had been Filipinos, fighting for the U.S. — yet they did not receive equitable military benefits. Only after a concerted effort, including a year-long vigil in MacArthur Park in the 1990s, was compensation folded into the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

Only about 12,400 Filipino veterans realized those payments, leading one advocate for Filipino veterans to call the settlement “yet another beginning” in the battle for Filipino-American rights and benefits. There may be similar fights for inclusion in the future: In the Iraq War, about 31,000 U.S. troops were not citizens, and 20 percent of those were Filipino.

“The book is a way to think about who serves in and with and for our armed forces, [and] to ask what we owe them in return,” Capozzola says. “If we really want to understand big forces like war and globalization, we need to look at that full frame.”

With or without the U.S.?

While it explores immigration and social integration, “Bound by War” also examines politics in both countries after 1946, when the Philippines gained independence but remained in the U.S. sphere of influence.

“In many ways the Philippines enters the community of nations on the back foot,” Capozzola observes. “It’s devastated by the war, its economy is destroyed, and there is an emerging Cold War threat. This requires Philippine politicians to maintain ties to the U.S. in order to protect their country.”

But many voices have criticized that arrangement, Capozzola notes: “If there’s one central question in Philippine foreign policy that’s consistent from 1946 to the present, it is this: Are we better off with the Americans, or without them?”

President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines in 1972 and ruled over a police state until the “People Power” movement ousted him in 1986 — with the U.S. only belatedly grasping the strength of opposition leader Corazon Aquino. Yet despite solid U.S. backing, Marcos actually made rhetorical overtures to China in the 1970s, perhaps trying to play off the two powers against each other. In 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte surprised the U.S. by announcing the Philippines would “realign” with China, but has not followed through on the idea.

On the ground, the U.S.-Philippines relationship evolved again in 1965 when U.S. immigration law allowed Asians back into the country — especially white-collar workers. In the 1970s, Filipinos were the second-largest group immigrating to the U.S., behind only Mexicans.

Today Filipino emigration is worldwide, with workers settling in the Gulf States, elsewhere in Asia, and some parts of Europe. Overall, Filipino immigrants sent an estimated $10 billion in remittances back home in 2005.

“The core aspects of the U.S.-Philippine military relationship are remarkably unchanged from the early 20th century to today,” Capozzola says. “What has changed is the power of Filipinos themselves. The economy is substantially different and not as tied to the United States. Filipino migrations are global, and the United States is not by any means the largest recipient country. Through their everyday choices, the relationship is being remade. And I think ultimately that will shift the U.S.-Philippine military relationship.”

So while it is important to know formal military history, Capozzola thinks, it is also vital to regard military history as something more than wars and strategies.

“To understand 20th-century America, you need to understand the U.S. military,” Capozzola says. “Not only as a [fighting] force, although of course that’s what it was designed for, but also a generative force that transforms social relationships, immigration patterns, ideas about race and culture. This book is a way to bring that to the center of the story.”

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Prof. Christopher Capozzola speaks with Bob DeCastro of Good Day LA about the campaign to name a U.S. Navy Warship after Fireman 2nd Class Telesforo Trinidad, the only American national of Asian and Filipino descent to have received a Congressional Medal of Honor. “I think in some ways, there’s no better tribute to the century of work that Filipinos sailors did to keep the ship going than to name one of our ships after one of the most heroic Filipino sailors that we know,” says Capozzola.

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The Philippine Decolonization as an Anomaly

            On December 8, 1941, Japan launched an attack on Commonwealth of the Philippines, ten hours after their attack on Pearl Harbor. The Philippines at this time was a semi-independent commonwealth government under the colonial rule of the United States of America. Filipino and American soldiers were defeated a the Battle of Bataan and the Battle of Corregidor in April 1942. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945 during WWII. Filipinos staged guerrilla resistance against the Japanese until 1945. The Philippines was liberated from Japanese control by Allied forces in 1944. The Philippines was granted full independence by the United States in 1946. 

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105238&p=687099  

PHILIPPINE OCCUPATION

Lear, E. N. (1961). The Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Leyte, 1941-1945. Southeast Asia Program, Dept. of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995301844605682   Location: Hamilton Asia DS684.4 .L4 

Salazar, G. P., Reyes, F. R., & Nuval, L. Q. (1993). World War II in the Philippines. Veterans Federation of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9917184624605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 U713

Horner, L. (1973). Japanese military administration in Malaya and the Philippines. University of Arizona. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99442354605682   Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFILM S10774 

Santos, A. L., & Constantino, R. (1992). Under Japanese rule : memories and reflections. Foundation for Nationalist Studies, Inc. and BYSCH, Tokyo. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9923560584605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .U53 1992

Ikehata, S., & Jose, R. T. (1999). The Philippines under Japan: occupation policy and reaction. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920335334605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .N55613 1999 

Ikehata, S., & Sta. Romana, E. R. (1991). The Japanese military administration in the Philippines and the tragedy of General Artemio Ricarte. Dept. of Japanese Studies, National University of Singapore. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916703754605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .I34 1991

Japanese occupation papers in the U.P. collection. (1945). [University of the Philippines Library]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996500414605682   Location: Hamilton Asia Reference (Library Use Only) DS686.4 .U55 1945 

Jose, R. T., & Yu-Jose, L. N. (1997). The Japanese occupation of the Philippines : a pictorial history (First edition.). Ayala Foundation, Inc. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920460414605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .J67 1997 

It took four years for the rising sun to set, 1941-1945: recollections of an unforgettable ordeal. (2001). De La Salle University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9925149844605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .I8 2001 

Foronda, M. A. (1975). Cultural life in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. Philippine National Historical Society.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998862194605682   Location:  Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .F67

Firth, R. H. (1962). Why the Philippines fell: the Japanese invasion 1941-1942.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998477694605682   Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .F47 

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

Apr 9, 1942 – Apr 17, 1942

https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105238&p=687105&preview=45b21e957570d87b56496e6e79f98576

           During World War II, on April 9, 1942, 75,000 United States soldiers and Filipino soldiers surrendered to Japanese forces after months of battling in extreme-climate conditions. They were forced to march 80 miles across the Bataan Peninsula. Approximately 10,000 soldiers died (1,000 Americans and 9,000 Filipinos).

RESISTANCE AGAINST THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

            Local resistance to colonialism has a long history in Southeast Asia. There were many rebellions that drew on religion and traditional ideas of power to express their opposition to the outsiders. 

           These   rebellions continued during the Japanese Occupation. In the Philippines there was an extensive Philippine resistance movement, which opposed the Japanese and their collaborators with active underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years.

Uriarte, H. de. (1962). A Basque among the guerrillas of Negros. (1st ed.). Editor of Civismo weekly. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991834804605682   Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 U713

Javellana, D. C. (2003). Bolomen. InterFormat AV Manila. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma992269736460568   Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 J38 2003 

Jamboy, E. M. (Evelyn M., Lacar, L. Q., & Puno, G. T. (1985). The resistance movement in Lanao 1942-1945. Coordination Center for Research and Development, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910690344605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 J3 1985

Victoria, V. N. de la. (1971). A history of the resistance movement against the Japanese Imperial Forces in Negros Island, 1942-1945. University of San Carlos. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99512104605682   Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 157

Richardson, H. (1957). One-man war: the Jock McLaren story . Angus and Robertson. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998747974605682   Location: Hamilton Pacific (Library Use Only) D767 .R53

Doromal, J. D. (1952). The war in Panay; a documentary history of the resistance movement in Panay during World War II. ([1st ed.].). Diamond Historical Publications. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991834794605682   Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 D67

Ancheta, C. A. (1977). Triumph in the Philippines, 1941-1946: the saga of Bataan and Corregidor. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998766714605682   Location: Hamilton Asia D767.4 .U55 1977 

Ponan, F. Z. (1968). The history of the resistance movement in Antique during the Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. University of Santo Tomas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99509424605682   Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 140 

Llanes, J. L. (1972). Jose L. Llanes guerrilla papers: a register. [University of the Philippines Library]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996500384605682   Location: Hamilton Asia Reference (Library Use Only) D802.P52 I46 1972 

Peralta, L. Y. (1972). Who is who: Philippine guerrilla movement 1942-1945 ([1st ed.). https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991928704605682   Location: Hamilton Asia Reference (Library Use Only) D802.P5 P47

Silliman, R. B. (1980). Pocket of resistance : guerrilla warfare in Negros Island, the Philippines . Philippine Editions. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998991134605682   Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 S536

Liang, S., Cai, J. H., & Sy, J. (1998). The Wha Chi memoirs. Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919030784605682  Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P6 L535 1998 

Baclagon, U. S. (1988). Christian-Moslem guerrillas of Mindanao.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910996524605682 Location: Hamilton  Asia D802.P52 M56 1988 

Chung, J. G. (1989). For Love of Country: Saga of Ruperto K. Kangleon and the Leyte Guerrillas (First edition.) https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9915833394605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 C48 1989 

Volckmann, R. W. (1954). We remained: three years behind the enemy lines in the Phillipines (First edition.). W. W. Norton & Company. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9940087064605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 V62 1954 

Willoughby, C. A. (1972). The guerrilla resistance movement in the Philippines : 1941-1945 (1st ed.). Vantage Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9914444054605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D802.P5 W47 

Yung Li, Y. (1995). The Huaqiao warriors: Chinese resistance movement in the Philippines, 1942-45 . Hong Kong University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9917312594605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D767.4 .Y86 1995 

Tuazon, R. L. (1975). The history of the resistance movement in La Union during the Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. University of Santo Tomas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99509934605682   Location: Hamilton  Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 418 

Kerkvliet, B. J. (1972). Peasant rebellion in the Philippines: the origins and growth of the HMB. Thesis - University of Wisconsin. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995182274605682   Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.5 .K47 

Dowlen, D. D., & Kaminski, T. (2001). Enduring what cannot be endured : memoir of a woman medical aide in the Philippines in World War II. McFarland. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920804514605682 Location: Hamilton Asia D811.5 .D644 2001 

Villamor, J. A., & Snyder, G. S. (1982). They never surrendered: a true story of resistance in World War II. Vera-Reyes. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999189234605682  

Ishida, J. (2001). The remains of war: apology and forgiveness. Megabooks. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921568114605682 Location: Hamilton Asia DS686.4 .I37 2001 

Kaminski, T. (2015). Angels of the underground: The american women who resisted the japanese in the philippines in world war ii. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910924121105681  

Montgomery, B. (2016). Leper Spy: The Story of an Unlikely Hero of World War II. Chicago Review Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910861923805681   

Holmes, K. (2015). Wendell fertig and his guerrilla forces in the philippines: Fighting the japanese occupation, 1942–1945. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910818764005681  

WAR CRIMES - Filipina Comfort Women

1.   Philippine c̀omfort women’ compensation suit : excerpts of the complaint. (1993). Task Force on Filipino Comfort Women.

https://uhawaiimanoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996070554605682

Location: UH Manoa Hamilton Library  Asia D810.C698 P45 1993

2.  Calica, D. P., & Sancho, N. (1993). War crimes on Asian women : military sexual slavery by Japan during World War II : the case of the filipino comfort women . Task Force on Filipina Victims of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan.

https://uhawaiimanoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996103124605682

Location:  UH Mānoa Hamilton Library Asia HQ1757 .W28 1993a

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The Philippine Military’s History: Forming the Institution’s Ethos

Analysts say the military’s historical orientation--that of being manipulated by the political elite’s interest--exposed the men in uniform to the civilian government’s weaknesses and emboldened the thinking that it should be part of the political process to address these flaws. The military’s historical lack of independence and objective professionalism as an institution resulted in its failure to develop its own ethos. REFERENCE: De Castro, Renato Cruz Dr.: “The Dilemma Between Democratic Control versus Military Reforms: The Case of the AFP Modernisation Program, 1991-2004;"Journal of Security Sector Management, March 2005 issue; UK Wikipedia and Answer.com websites

Philippine Commonwealth, the Cold war and Present

During the Philippine Commonwealth era, President Manuel L. Quezon, the first president of the Commonwealth, renamed the Philippine Army to the Armed Forces of the Philippines and asked General Douglas MacArthur to be its first commanding officer after the Philippines gained independence from the U.S. MacArthur accepted the offer and became the only person of foreign citizenship to be in the ranks of the AFP. MacArthur held the rank of Field Marshal, a rank no other person has since held in the AFP. MacArthur expanded the Philippine armed forces, but they were not ready for combat at the start of the Pacific War in December 1941 and unable to defeat the Battle of the Philippines 1941–42 Japanese invasion of the Philippines.

During World War II, all soldiers of the Philippine military were incorporated in the U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE),with MacArthur appointed as its commander. USAFFE made its last stand on Corregidor Island in the Philippines, after which Japanese forces were able to force all remaining Filipino and American troops to surrender. After Japan was defeated in World War II, the Philippines gained its independence (its second independence – the Philippines recognizes Aguinaldo's declaration of independence in 1898 as its original year of independence).

At the height of the Cold War, the Philippines was one of the most well-equipped militaries in Asia, because of a tight diplomatic-relationship with the United States in battling the threat of Communism. Since 2001, the Philippine armed force has been active in supporting the War on terror, initiated by the U.S. and its allies.

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A brief essay on my key issues book: the philippines: from earliest times to the present.

My AAS Key Issues in Asian Studies book— The Philippines: From Earliest Times to the Present —is intended to introduce readers to a nation originally named after a European prince. The people of the archipelago that now constitutes the Philippines had a long history before any European contact occurred. Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, Filipinos have experienced a wide range of encounters with the US. The Philippines was Asia’s first republic and then became a US colony after an American war of conquest and pacification, which some argue resulted in the deaths of 10 percent of the population. Almost a million Filipino soldiers and civilians, and approximately 23,000 American military, died in the war against Imperial Japanese forces.

There are at least two ideas that drive this book. The first is that the Philippines was not some isolated archipelago that was accidentally “discovered” by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Some residents of the Philippines had contact with “the outside world” long before European contact through trade with other Southeast Asian polities and Imperial China.

The second and more important theme is that vibrant cultures existed before outsiders arrived, and they have continued throughout the history of the Philippines, though perhaps not seen or simply ignored by historians and other scholars. The intrusion by the Spaniards might be seen to have changed almost everything, as did the American incursion, and to a lesser extent the Japanese occupation. This is not the case. But if one does not know what was there before, the focus may be upon the intruders—their religion, culture, economies, and the impact they had on the local population—rather than on Filipinos, the local inhabitants. While acknowledging the impact and influence of foreign occupations, I sought in the book to focus on Filipinos and to see them as not merely, or even primarily, reactive.

Beginning with the pre-Hispanic period, The Philippines: From Earliest Times to the Present seeks to present, briefly, the reality of an advanced indigenous culture certainly influenced but not erased by more than three centuries of Spanish occupation. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence on two levels—peasants and elite—of organized resistance to that presence, culminating in what some call a revolution and finally a republic. But this development was cut short by the Americans. When a commonwealth was put in place during the fourth decade of American rule, this was interrupted by World War II and the Japanese occupation. After World War II, the Philippines once again became an independent republic with the growing pains of a newly evolving democracy and its share of ups and down, including the Marcos dictatorship.

The Philippines has emerged in the twenty-first century with a robust and expanding economy, and as an important member of ASEAN. And it has its issues. On November 7, 2013, the most powerful Philippine typhoon on record hit the central part of the archipelago, resulting in more than 6,000 deaths. President Rodrigo Duterte, elected in 2016, has caught the eye of human rights advocates as he has dealt harshly with a drug problem that is far more significant than most realized. Then there is the ongoing conflict with China over islands in the South China Sea. The Philippines has been and will continue to be in the news.

The Philippines: From Earliest Times to the Present depicts Filipinos as not passive or merely the recipients of foreign influences. Contrary to the title of Stanley Karnow’s 1989 book, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines, the Philippines is not made in anyone’s, including America’s, image. Teachers and students should find this book helpful, not only in dealing with the history of the Philippines but also in recognizing that often the histories of developing countries fail to seriously take into account the local population—their culture, their actions, their vision of the world. The Philippines is perhaps best known today in the West as a place with beautiful beaches and as a wonderful place to vacation. This book will show it to be much more than that.

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Essay on Philippines History

Students are often asked to write an essay on Philippines History in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Philippines History

Early history.

Long ago, people from Asia and Borneo came to the Philippines by walking on land bridges. These bridges are now underwater. These people were hunters and gatherers. They used simple tools made from stone and bone.

Trade and Influence

Spanish rule.

In 1521, Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived. Spain took control of the islands and named them the Philippines. The Spanish taught the locals Christianity and Spanish. They ruled for over 300 years.

American Period

In 1898, the US fought Spain and won. The Philippines then became a US territory. The US introduced English and modern education. But many Filipinos wanted independence.

Independence

250 words essay on philippines history.

Long ago, the Philippines was not one country but a group of small islands. People from different parts of Asia came to these islands by boat. These people were hunters and food gatherers. They used simple tools made from stone and wood.

Over time, other people came to the Philippines for trade. They brought new ideas and goods. These people were from China, India, and the Islamic world. They influenced the way of life in the Philippines. The locals learned how to farm, make pottery, and weave cloth.

In 1521, a Spanish explorer named Ferdinand Magellan came to the Philippines. The Spanish wanted to control the islands because of their rich resources. They ruled the Philippines for more than 300 years. The Spanish changed many things. They brought their religion, culture, and law to the islands.

In 1898, the United States took control of the Philippines from Spain. The American rule brought new changes. They improved education, health, and infrastructure. But, many Filipinos wanted independence.

On July 4, 1946, the Philippines became an independent nation. It was a big step for the Filipinos. They could now make their own laws and decisions. But, they also faced many challenges. They had to rebuild the country after World War II.

500 Words Essay on Philippines History

The Philippines is a Southeast Asian country with a rich and complex history. The early history of the Philippines dates back to around 50,000 years ago when the first humans arrived from Borneo and Sumatra via boats. These early people were known as Negritos, who were followed by the Austronesians. The Austronesians introduced farming and fishing techniques to the islands.

In the 10th century, trade began with nearby Asian kingdoms, like the Indianized kingdom of Sri Vijaya and the Chinese Song Dynasty. Traders from these regions brought with them religion, culture, and political ideas. The Philippines was heavily influenced by these cultures, adopting Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic beliefs.

Spanish Colonization

American rule and independence, post-independence era.

Post-independence Philippines faced several challenges including political instability and economic issues. Ferdinand Marcos, who became president in 1965, declared martial law in 1972. This period, known as the Marcos Era, was marked by human rights abuses and corruption. Marcos was ousted in 1986 through the People Power Revolution, a peaceful protest that marked a significant moment in Philippine history.

Modern Day Philippines

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Philippine Army Essay

Show More The Philippines has many different military branches, and their military is relatively young in nature compared to the other nations. The branches fall under the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) they consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. The AFP just like the United States military has the President as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. AFP has a similar structure of leadership as it does with the United States Army. Before the creation of the AFP in 1935, the Philippines had several militias for the Barangays, smaller areas within a town. Ultimately, when the First Commonwealth of the Philippines established in 1935, that is when the Philippine Army was created. The oldest branch of the AFP is the Philippine …show more content… A majority of their equipment have been in service for 25-30 years. Before 1992 when all U.S. military would leave the Philippines in agreement with the two governments. There were two locations that the U.S. Military was heavily involved. Clark Air Base where the U.S. Air Force was based, and Subic Bay Naval Station where the U.S. Navy was stationed. Once the U.S. Military left in 1992 from those locations they ultimately gave control to the AFP. From there the AFP would have control of their defense of their country, Clark Air Base was able to turn into a civilian airport as well as a Philippine Air Force Base. The AFP mission is critical to the defense of the country, along with the most coastline that needs to be guarded by the Navy. With recent disputes in the South China Sea with islands that China has recently claimed, but has been under the control of the Philippines. The AFP is looking to modernize its force to be better equipped to handle threats from China, and within itself with the Abu-Sayyaf, Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), and the New Peoples Army (NPA). These are just some of the threats that the AFP are dealing with on a daily basis. Overall, the number of personnel that make of the AFP is about 100,000 about half of just the …show more content… The Modern Philippines, however, is westernized in a way that English is one of the languages that they learn beside their language Filipino. There are about 19 different dialects in the Philippines along with Filipino that makes up the languages of the Philippines. English is used predominately in government, universities and social interactions. During the history of the Philippines, there were a lot of countries that had an influence on certain regions. For example, if you look now during modern times there are a lot of Chinese ancestry and culture that resides in the Visayas region. Luzon the island that contains the capital Manila has much old Spanish architecture that dates back to the 1500 's. In the city of Paoay, they have an old Spanish church that is still in use today. Many events have occurred in this church. For example, the Church tower was used as an observation post during World War II during the Japanese occupation. Cuisine in the Philippines is predominate with rice and is accompanied either by meat and vegetables. Fish is abundant in the Philippines where you can find them fresh in the markets or feel free to catch them at your leisure. There are also a lot of restaurants that have taken styles from the

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