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Study and Investigation on 5G Technology: A Systematic Review

Ramraj dangi.

1 School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University Bhopal, Bhopal 466114, India; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (P.L.)

Praveen Lalwani

Gaurav choudhary.

2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; moc.liamg@7777yrahduohcvaruag

3 Department of Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea

Giovanni Pau

4 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; [email protected]

Associated Data

Not applicable.

In wireless communication, Fifth Generation (5G) Technology is a recent generation of mobile networks. In this paper, evaluations in the field of mobile communication technology are presented. In each evolution, multiple challenges were faced that were captured with the help of next-generation mobile networks. Among all the previously existing mobile networks, 5G provides a high-speed internet facility, anytime, anywhere, for everyone. 5G is slightly different due to its novel features such as interconnecting people, controlling devices, objects, and machines. 5G mobile system will bring diverse levels of performance and capability, which will serve as new user experiences and connect new enterprises. Therefore, it is essential to know where the enterprise can utilize the benefits of 5G. In this research article, it was observed that extensive research and analysis unfolds different aspects, namely, millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive-MIMO), small cell, mobile edge computing (MEC), beamforming, different antenna technology, etc. This article’s main aim is to highlight some of the most recent enhancements made towards the 5G mobile system and discuss its future research objectives.

1. Introduction

Most recently, in three decades, rapid growth was marked in the field of wireless communication concerning the transition of 1G to 4G [ 1 , 2 ]. The main motto behind this research was the requirements of high bandwidth and very low latency. 5G provides a high data rate, improved quality of service (QoS), low-latency, high coverage, high reliability, and economically affordable services. 5G delivers services categorized into three categories: (1) Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It is a nonstandalone architecture that offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. (2) Massive machine type communication (eMTC), 3GPP releases it in its 13th specification. It provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. (3) ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. [ 3 ].

1.1. Evolution from 1G to 5G

First generation (1G): 1G cell phone was launched between the 1970s and 80s, based on analog technology, which works just like a landline phone. It suffers in various ways, such as poor battery life, voice quality, and dropped calls. In 1G, the maximum achievable speed was 2.4 Kbps.

Second Generation (2G): In 2G, the first digital system was offered in 1991, providing improved mobile voice communication over 1G. In addition, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobile (GSM) concepts were also discussed. In 2G, the maximum achievable speed was 1 Mpbs.

Third Generation (3G): When technology ventured from 2G GSM frameworks into 3G universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) framework, users encountered higher system speed and quicker download speed making constant video calls. 3G was the first mobile broadband system that was formed to provide the voice with some multimedia. The technology behind 3G was high-speed packet access (HSPA/HSPA+). 3G used MIMO for multiplying the power of the wireless network, and it also used packet switching for fast data transmission.

Fourth Generation (4G): It is purely mobile broadband standard. In digital mobile communication, it was observed information rate that upgraded from 20 to 60 Mbps in 4G [ 4 ]. It works on LTE and WiMAX technologies, as well as provides wider bandwidth up to 100 Mhz. It was launched in 2010.

Fourth Generation LTE-A (4.5G): It is an advanced version of standard 4G LTE. LTE-A uses MIMO technology to combine multiple antennas for both transmitters as well as a receiver. Using MIMO, multiple signals and multiple antennas can work simultaneously, making LTE-A three times faster than standard 4G. LTE-A offered an improved system limit, decreased deferral in the application server, access triple traffic (Data, Voice, and Video) wirelessly at any time anywhere in the world.LTE-A delivers speeds of over 42 Mbps and up to 90 Mbps.

Fifth Generation (5G): 5G is a pillar of digital transformation; it is a real improvement on all the previous mobile generation networks. 5G brings three different services for end user like Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. Massive machine type communication (eMTC), it provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. 5G faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability and scalability, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ]. 5G mainly divided in two parts 6 GHz 5G and Millimeter wave(mmWave) 5G.

6 GHz is a mid frequency band which works as a mid point between capacity and coverage to offer perfect environment for 5G connectivity. 6 GHz spectrum will provide high bandwidth with improved network performance. It offers continuous channels that will reduce the need for network densification when mid-band spectrum is not available and it makes 5G connectivity affordable at anytime, anywhere for everyone.

mmWave is an essential technology of 5G network which build high performance network. 5G mmWave offer diverse services that is why all network providers should add on this technology in their 5G deployment planning. There are lots of service providers who deployed 5G mmWave, and their simulation result shows that 5G mmwave is a far less used spectrum. It provides very high speed wireless communication and it also offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next generation mobile network.

The evolution of wireless mobile technologies are presented in Table 1 . The abbreviations used in this paper are mentioned in Table 2 .

Summary of Mobile Technology.

Table of Notations and Abbreviations.

1.2. Key Contributions

The objective of this survey is to provide a detailed guide of 5G key technologies, methods to researchers, and to help with understanding how the recent works addressed 5G problems and developed solutions to tackle the 5G challenges; i.e., what are new methods that must be applied and how can they solve problems? Highlights of the research article are as follows.

• This survey focused on the recent trends and development in the era of 5G and novel contributions by the researcher community and discussed technical details on essential aspects of the 5G advancement.
• In this paper, the evolution of the mobile network from 1G to 5G is presented. In addition, the growth of mobile communication under different attributes is also discussed.
• This paper covers the emerging applications and research groups working on 5G & different research areas in 5G wireless communication network with a descriptive taxonomy.
• This survey discusses the current vision of the 5G networks, advantages, applications, key technologies, and key features. Furthermore, machine learning prospects are also explored with the emerging requirements in the 5G era. The article also focused on technical aspects of 5G IoT Based approaches and optimization techniques for 5G.
• we provide an extensive overview and recent advancement of emerging technologies of 5G mobile network, namely, MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), mmWave, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), and optimization. Also, a technical summary is discussed by highlighting the context of current approaches and corresponding challenges.
• Security challenges and considerations while developing 5G technology are discussed.
• Finally, the paper concludes with the future directives.

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products.

2. Existing Surveys and Their Applicability

In this paper, a detailed survey on various technologies of 5G networks is presented. Various researchers have worked on different technologies of 5G networks. In this section, Table 3 gives a tabular representation of existing surveys of 5G networks. Massive MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beamforming, and MEC are the six main pillars that helped to implement 5G networks in real life.

A comparative overview of existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks.

2.1. Limitations of Existing Surveys

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. The numerous current surveys focused on various 5G technologies with different parameters, and the authors did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network in detail with challenges and recent advancements. Few authors worked on MIMO (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) NOMA, MEC, small cell technologies. In contrast, some others worked on beamforming, Millimeter-wave (mmWave). But the existing survey did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network from a research and advancement perspective. No detailed survey is available in the market covering all the 5G network technologies and currently published research trade-offs. So, our main aim is to give a detailed study of all the technologies working on the 5G network. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products. This survey article collected key information about 5G technology and recent advancements, and it can be a kind of a guide for the reader. This survey provides an umbrella approach to bring multiple solutions and recent improvements in a single place to accelerate the 5G research with the latest key enabling solutions and reviews. A systematic layout representation of the survey in Figure 1 . We provide a state-of-the-art comparative overview of the existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks in Table 3 .

Systematic layout representation of survey.

2.2. Article Organization

This article is organized under the following sections. Section 2 presents existing surveys and their applicability. In Section 3 , the preliminaries of 5G technology are presented. In Section 4 , recent advances of 5G technology based on Massive MIMO, NOMA, Millimeter Wave, 5G with IoT, machine learning for 5G, and Optimization in 5G are provided. In Section 5 , a description of novel 5G features over 4G is provided. Section 6 covered all the security concerns of the 5G network. Section 7 , 5G technology based on above-stated challenges summarize in tabular form. Finally, Section 8 and Section 9 conclude the study, which paves the path for future research.

3. Preliminary Section

3.1. emerging 5g paradigms and its features.

5G provides very high speed, low latency, and highly salable connectivity between multiple devices and IoT worldwide. 5G will provide a very flexible model to develop a modern generation of applications and industry goals [ 26 , 27 ]. There are many services offered by 5G network architecture are stated below:

Massive machine to machine communications: 5G offers novel, massive machine-to-machine communications [ 28 ], also known as the IoT [ 29 ], that provide connectivity between lots of machines without any involvement of humans. This service enhances the applications of 5G and provides connectivity between agriculture, construction, and industries [ 30 ].

Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): This service offers real-time management of machines, high-speed vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity, industrial connectivity and security principles, and highly secure transport system, and multiple autonomous actions. Low latency communications also clear up a different area where remote medical care, procedures, and operation are all achievable [ 31 ].

Enhanced mobile broadband: Enhance mobile broadband is an important use case of 5G system, which uses massive MIMO antenna, mmWave, beamforming techniques to offer very high-speed connectivity across a wide range of areas [ 32 ].

For communities: 5G provides a very flexible internet connection between lots of machines to make smart homes, smart schools, smart laboratories, safer and smart automobiles, and good health care centers [ 33 ].

For businesses and industry: As 5G works on higher spectrum ranges from 24 to 100 GHz. This higher frequency range provides secure low latency communication and high-speed wireless connectivity between IoT devices and industry 4.0, which opens a market for end-users to enhance their business models [ 34 ].

New and Emerging technologies: As 5G came up with many new technologies like beamforming, massive MIMO, mmWave, small cell, NOMA, MEC, and network slicing, it introduced many new features to the market. Like virtual reality (VR), users can experience the physical presence of people who are millions of kilometers away from them. Many new technologies like smart homes, smart workplaces, smart schools, smart sports academy also came into the market with this 5G Mobile network model [ 35 ].

3.2. Commercial Service Providers of 5G

5G provides high-speed internet browsing, streaming, and downloading with very high reliability and low latency. 5G network will change your working style, and it will increase new business opportunities and provide innovations that we cannot imagine. This section covers top service providers of 5G network [ 36 , 37 ].

Ericsson: Ericsson is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company, investing around 25.62 billion USD in 5G network, which makes it the biggest telecommunication company. It claims that it is the only company working on all the continents to make the 5G network a global standard for the next generation wireless communication. Ericsson developed the first 5G radio prototype that enables the operators to set up the live field trials in their network, which helps operators understand how 5G reacts. It plays a vital role in the development of 5G hardware. It currently provides 5G services in over 27 countries with content providers like China Mobile, GCI, LGU+, AT&T, Rogers, and many more. It has 100 commercial agreements with different operators as of 2020.

Verizon: It is American multinational telecommunication which was founded in 1983. Verizon started offering 5G services in April 2020, and by December 2020, it has actively provided 5G services in 30 cities of the USA. They planned that by the end of 2021, they would deploy 5G in 30 more new cities. Verizon deployed a 5G network on mmWave, a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave is a faster and high-band spectrum that has a limited range. Verizon planned to increase its number of 5G cells by 500% by 2020. Verizon also has an ultra wide-band flagship 5G service which is the best 5G service that increases the market price of Verizon.

Nokia: Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications company which was founded in 1865. Nokia is one of the companies which adopted 5G technology very early. It is developing, researching, and building partnerships with various 5G renders to offer 5G communication as soon as possible. Nokia collaborated with Deutsche Telekom and Hamburg Port Authority and provided them 8000-hectare site for their 5G MoNArch project. Nokia is the only company that supplies 5G technology to all the operators of different countries like AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile US and Verizon in the USA, Korea Telecom, LG U+ and SK Telecom in South Korea and NTT DOCOMO, KDDI, and SoftBank in Japan. Presently, Nokia has around 150+ agreements and 29 live networks all over the world. Nokia is continuously working hard on 5G technology to expand 5G networks all over the globe.

AT&T: AT&T is an American multinational company that was the first to deploy a 5G network in reality in 2018. They built a gigabit 5G network connection in Waco, TX, Kalamazoo, MI, and South Bend to achieve this. It is the first company that archives 1–2 gigabit per second speed in 2019. AT&T claims that it provides a 5G network connection among 225 million people worldwide by using a 6 GHz spectrum band.

T-Mobile: T-Mobile US (TMUS) is an American wireless network operator which was the first service provider that offers a real 5G nationwide network. The company knew that high-band 5G was not feasible nationwide, so they used a 600 MHz spectrum to build a significant portion of its 5G network. TMUS is planning that by 2024 they will double the total capacity and triple the full 5G capacity of T-Mobile and Sprint combined. The sprint buyout is helping T-Mobile move forward the company’s current market price to 129.98 USD.

Samsung: Samsung started their research in 5G technology in 2011. In 2013, Samsung successfully developed the world’s first adaptive array transceiver technology operating in the millimeter-wave Ka bands for cellular communications. Samsung provides several hundred times faster data transmission than standard 4G for core 5G mobile communication systems. The company achieved a lot of success in the next generation of technology, and it is considered one of the leading companies in the 5G domain.

Qualcomm: Qualcomm is an American multinational corporation in San Diego, California. It is also one of the leading company which is working on 5G chip. Qualcomm’s first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016, and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017. Qualcomm mainly focuses on building products while other companies talk about 5G; Qualcomm is building the technologies. According to one magazine, Qualcomm was working on three main areas of 5G networks. Firstly, radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to; secondly, creating more extensive ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces; and thirdly, a set of services for internet applications.

ZTE Corporation: ZTE Corporation was founded in 1985. It is a partially Chinese state-owned technology company that works in telecommunication. It was a leading company that worked on 4G LTE, and it is still maintaining its value and doing research and tests on 5G. It is the first company that proposed Pre5G technology with some series of solutions.

NEC Corporation: NEC Corporation is a Japanese multinational information technology and electronics corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ZTE also started their research on 5G, and they introduced a new business concept. NEC’s main aim is to develop 5G NR for the global mobile system and create secure and intelligent technologies to realize 5G services.

Cisco: Cisco is a USA networking hardware company that also sleeves up for 5G network. Cisco’s primary focus is to support 5G in three ways: Service—enable 5G services faster so all service providers can increase their business. Infrastructure—build 5G-oriented infrastructure to implement 5G more quickly. Automation—make a more scalable, flexible, and reliable 5G network. The companies know the importance of 5G, and they want to connect more than 30 billion devices in the next couple of years. Cisco intends to work on network hardening as it is a vital part of 5G network. Cisco used AI with deep learning to develop a 5G Security Architecture, enabling Secure Network Transformation.

3.3. 5G Research Groups

Many research groups from all over the world are working on a 5G wireless mobile network [ 38 ]. These groups are continuously working on various aspects of 5G. The list of those research groups are presented as follows: 5GNOW (5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveform for Asynchronous Signaling), NEWCOM (Network of Excellence in Wireless Communication), 5GIC (5G Innovation Center), NYU (New York University) Wireless, 5GPPP (5G Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership), EMPHATIC (Enhanced Multi-carrier Technology for Professional Adhoc and Cell-Based Communication), ETRI(Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute), METIS (Mobile and wireless communication Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society) [ 39 ]. The various research groups along with the research area are presented in Table 4 .

Research groups working on 5G mobile networks.

3.4. 5G Applications

5G is faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability, greater scalablility, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ].

There are lots of applications of 5G mobile network are as follows:

• High-speed mobile network: 5G is an advancement on all the previous mobile network technologies, which offers very high speed downloading speeds 0 of up to 10 to 20 Gbps. The 5G wireless network works as a fiber optic internet connection. 5G is different from all the conventional mobile transmission technologies, and it offers both voice and high-speed data connectivity efficiently. 5G offers very low latency communication of less than a millisecond, useful for autonomous driving and mission-critical applications. 5G will use millimeter waves for data transmission, providing higher bandwidth and a massive data rate than lower LTE bands. As 5 Gis a fast mobile network technology, it will enable virtual access to high processing power and secure and safe access to cloud services and enterprise applications. Small cell is one of the best features of 5G, which brings lots of advantages like high coverage, high-speed data transfer, power saving, easy and fast cloud access, etc. [ 40 ].
• Entertainment and multimedia: In one analysis in 2015, it was found that more than 50 percent of mobile internet traffic was used for video downloading. This trend will surely increase in the future, which will make video streaming more common. 5G will offer High-speed streaming of 4K videos with crystal clear audio, and it will make a high definition virtual world on your mobile. 5G will benefit the entertainment industry as it offers 120 frames per second with high resolution and higher dynamic range video streaming, and HD TV channels can also be accessed on mobile devices without any interruptions. 5G provides low latency high definition communication so augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) will be very easily implemented in the future. Virtual reality games are trendy these days, and many companies are investing in HD virtual reality games. The 5G network will offer high-speed internet connectivity with a better gaming experience [ 41 ].
• Smart homes : smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high-speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network as it offers very high-speed low latency communication.
• Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps develop smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy-saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.
• Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance, and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost-effective, and energy-saving industrial IoT operations.
• Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role in agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation, pest, insect, and electricity control.
• Autonomous Driving: The 5G wireless network offers very low latency high-speed communication, significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects, and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is essential for autonomous vehicles, decision-making is done in microseconds to avoid accidents.
• Healthcare and mission-critical applications: 5G technology will bring modernization in medicine where doctors and practitioners can perform advanced medical procedures. The 5G network will provide connectivity between all classrooms, so attending seminars and lectures will be easier. Through 5G technology, patients can connect with doctors and take their advice. Scientists are building smart medical devices which can help people with chronic medical conditions. The 5G network will boost the healthcare industry with smart devices, the internet of medical things, smart sensors, HD medical imaging technologies, and smart analytics systems. 5G will help access cloud storage, so accessing healthcare data will be very easy from any location worldwide. Doctors and medical practitioners can easily store and share large files like MRI reports within seconds using the 5G network.
• Satellite Internet: In many remote areas, ground base stations are not available, so 5G will play a crucial role in providing connectivity in such areas. The 5G network will provide connectivity using satellite systems, and the satellite system uses a constellation of multiple small satellites to provide connectivity in urban and rural areas across the world.

4. 5G Technologies

This section describes recent advances of 5G Massive MIMO, 5G NOMA, 5G millimeter wave, 5G IOT, 5G with machine learning, and 5G optimization-based approaches. In addition, the summary is also presented in each subsection that paves the researchers for the future research direction.

4.1. 5G Massive MIMO

Multiple-input-multiple-out (MIMO) is a very important technology for wireless systems. It is used for sending and receiving multiple signals simultaneously over the same radio channel. MIMO plays a very big role in WI-FI, 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE-A networks. MIMO is mainly used to achieve high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency but it was not up to the mark MIMO provides low throughput and very low reliable connectivity. To resolve this, lots of MIMO technology like single user MIMO (SU-MIMO), multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) and network MIMO were used. However, these new MIMO also did not still fulfill the demand of end users. Massive MIMO is an advancement of MIMO technology used in the 5G network in which hundreds and thousands of antennas are attached with base stations to increase throughput and spectral efficiency. Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used in massive MIMO to increase the transmission rate and spectral efficiency. When multiple UEs generate downlink traffic simultaneously, massive MIMO gains higher capacity. Massive MIMO uses extra antennas to move energy into smaller regions of space to increase spectral efficiency and throughput [ 43 ]. In traditional systems data collection from smart sensors is a complex task as it increases latency, reduced data rate and reduced reliability. While massive MIMO with beamforming and huge multiplexing techniques can sense data from different sensors with low latency, high data rate and higher reliability. Massive MIMO will help in transmitting the data in real-time collected from different sensors to central monitoring locations for smart sensor applications like self-driving cars, healthcare centers, smart grids, smart cities, smart highways, smart homes, and smart enterprises [ 44 ].

Highlights of 5G Massive MIMO technology are as follows:

• Data rate: Massive MIMO is advised as the one of the dominant technologies to provide wireless high speed and high data rate in the gigabits per seconds.
• The relationship between wave frequency and antenna size: Both are inversely proportional to each other. It means lower frequency signals need a bigger antenna and vise versa.

Pictorial representation of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO).

• MIMO role in 5G: Massive MIMO will play a crucial role in the deployment of future 5G mobile communication as greater spectral and energy efficiency could be enabled.

State-of-the-Art Approaches

Plenty of approaches were proposed to resolve the issues of conventional MIMO [ 7 ].

The MIMO multirate, feed-forward controller is suggested by Mae et al. [ 46 ]. In the simulation, the proposed model generates the smooth control input, unlike the conventional MIMO, which generates oscillated control inputs. It also outperformed concerning the error rate. However, a combination of multirate and single rate can be used for better results.

The performance of stand-alone MIMO, distributed MIMO with and without corporation MIMO, was investigated by Panzner et al. [ 47 ]. In addition, an idea about the integration of large scale in the 5G technology was also presented. In the experimental analysis, different MIMO configurations are considered. The variation in the ratio of overall transmit antennas to spatial is deemed step-wise from equality to ten.

The simulation of massive MIMO noncooperative and cooperative systems for down-link behavior was performed by He et al. [ 48 ]. It depends on present LTE systems, which deal with various antennas in the base station set-up. It was observed that collaboration in different BS improves the system behaviors, whereas throughput is reduced slightly in this approach. However, a new method can be developed which can enhance both system behavior and throughput.

In [ 8 ], different approaches that increased the energy efficiency benefits provided by massive MIMO were presented. They analyzed the massive MIMO technology and described the detailed design of the energy consumption model for massive MIMO systems. This article has explored several techniques to enhance massive MIMO systems’ energy efficiency (EE) gains. This paper reviews standard EE-maximization approaches for the conventional massive MIMO systems, namely, scaling number of antennas, real-time implementing low-complexity operations at the base station (BS), power amplifier losses minimization, and radio frequency (RF) chain minimization requirements. In addition, open research direction is also identified.

In [ 49 ], various existing approaches based on different antenna selection and scheduling, user selection and scheduling, and joint antenna and user scheduling methods adopted in massive MIMO systems are presented in this paper. The objective of this survey article was to make awareness about the current research and future research direction in MIMO for systems. They analyzed that complete utilization of resources and bandwidth was the most crucial factor which enhances the sum rate.

In [ 50 ], authors discussed the development of various techniques for pilot contamination. To calculate the impact of pilot contamination in time division duplex (TDD) massive MIMO system, TDD and frequency division duplexing FDD patterns in massive MIMO techniques are used. They discussed different issues in pilot contamination in TDD massive MIMO systems with all the possible future directions of research. They also classified various techniques to generate the channel information for both pilot-based and subspace-based approaches.

In [ 19 ], the authors defined the uplink and downlink services for a massive MIMO system. In addition, it maintains a performance matrix that measures the impact of pilot contamination on different performances. They also examined the various application of massive MIMO such as small cells, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes, massive MIMO IEEE 802, 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) specifications, and higher frequency bands. They considered their research work crucial for cutting edge massive MIMO and covered many issues like system throughput performance and channel state acquisition at higher frequencies.

In [ 13 ], various approaches were suggested for MIMO future generation wireless communication. They made a comparative study based on performance indicators such as peak data rate, energy efficiency, latency, throughput, etc. The key findings of this survey are as follows: (1) spatial multiplexing improves the energy efficiency; (2) design of MIMO play a vital role in the enhancement of throughput; (3) enhancement of mMIMO focusing on energy & spectral performance; (4) discussed the future challenges to improve the system design.

In [ 51 ], the study of large-scale MIMO systems for an energy-efficient system sharing method was presented. For the resource allocation, circuit energy and transmit energy expenditures were taken into consideration. In addition, the optimization techniques were applied for an energy-efficient resource sharing system to enlarge the energy efficiency for individual QoS and energy constraints. The author also examined the BS configuration, which includes homogeneous and heterogeneous UEs. While simulating, they discussed that the total number of transmit antennas plays a vital role in boosting energy efficiency. They highlighted that the highest energy efficiency was obtained when the BS was set up with 100 antennas that serve 20 UEs.

This section includes various works done on 5G MIMO technology by different author’s. Table 5 shows how different author’s worked on improvement of various parameters such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency with 5G MIMO technology.

Summary of massive MIMO-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.2. 5G Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

NOMA is a very important radio access technology used in next generation wireless communication. Compared to previous orthogonal multiple access techniques, NOMA offers lots of benefits like high spectrum efficiency, low latency with high reliability and high speed massive connectivity. NOMA mainly works on a baseline to serve multiple users with the same resources in terms of time, space and frequency. NOMA is mainly divided into two main categories one is code domain NOMA and another is power domain NOMA. Code-domain NOMA can improve the spectral efficiency of mMIMO, which improves the connectivity in 5G wireless communication. Code-domain NOMA was divided into some more multiple access techniques like sparse code multiple access, lattice-partition multiple access, multi-user shared access and pattern-division multiple access [ 52 ]. Power-domain NOMA is widely used in 5G wireless networks as it performs well with various wireless communication techniques such as MIMO, beamforming, space-time coding, network coding, full-duplex and cooperative communication etc. [ 53 ]. The conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) used by 3GPP in 4G LTE network provides very low spectral efficiency when bandwidth resources are allocated to users with low channel state information (CSI). NOMA resolved this issue as it enables users to access all the subcarrier channels so bandwidth resources allocated to the users with low CSI can still be accessed by the users with strong CSI which increases the spectral efficiency. The 5G network will support heterogeneous architecture in which small cell and macro base stations work for spectrum sharing. NOMA is a key technology of the 5G wireless system which is very helpful for heterogeneous networks as multiple users can share their data in a small cell using the NOMA principle.The NOMA is helpful in various applications like ultra-dense networks (UDN), machine to machine (M2M) communication and massive machine type communication (mMTC). As NOMA provides lots of features it has some challenges too such as NOMA needs huge computational power for a large number of users at high data rates to run the SIC algorithms. Second, when users are moving from the networks, to manage power allocation optimization is a challenging task for NOMA [ 54 ]. Hybrid NOMA (HNOMA) is a combination of power-domain and code-domain NOMA. HNOMA uses both power differences and orthogonal resources for transmission among multiple users. As HNOMA is using both power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA it can achieve higher spectral efficiency than Power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA. In HNOMA multiple groups can simultaneously transmit signals at the same time. It uses a message passing algorithm (MPA) and successive interference cancellation (SIC)-based detection at the base station for these groups [ 55 ].

Highlights of 5G NOMA technology as follows:

Pictorial representation of orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA).

• NOMA provides higher data rates and resolves all the loop holes of OMA that makes 5G mobile network more scalable and reliable.
• As multiple users use same frequency band simultaneously it increases the performance of whole network.
• To setup intracell and intercell interference NOMA provides nonorthogonal transmission on the transmitter end.
• The primary fundamental of NOMA is to improve the spectrum efficiency by strengthening the ramification of receiver.

State-of-the-Art of Approaches

A plenty of approaches were developed to address the various issues in NOMA.

A novel approach to address the multiple receiving signals at the same frequency is proposed in [ 22 ]. In NOMA, multiple users use the same sub-carrier, which improves the fairness and throughput of the system. As a nonorthogonal method is used among multiple users, at the time of retrieving the user’s signal at the receiver’s end, joint processing is required. They proposed solutions to optimize the receiver and the radio resource allocation of uplink NOMA. Firstly, the authors proposed an iterative MUDD which utilizes the information produced by the channel decoder to improve the performance of the multiuser detector. After that, the author suggested a power allocation and novel subcarrier that enhances the users’ weighted sum rate for the NOMA scheme. Their proposed model showed that NOMA performed well as compared to OFDM in terms of fairness and efficiency.

In [ 53 ], the author’s reviewed a power-domain NOMA that uses superposition coding (SC) and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the transmitter and the receiver end. Lots of analyses were held that described that NOMA effectively satisfies user data rate demands and network-level of 5G technologies. The paper presented a complete review of recent advances in the 5G NOMA system. It showed the comparative analysis regarding allocation procedures, user fairness, state-of-the-art efficiency evaluation, user pairing pattern, etc. The study also analyzes NOMA’s behavior when working with other wireless communication techniques, namely, beamforming, MIMO, cooperative connections, network, space-time coding, etc.

In [ 9 ], the authors proposed NOMA with MEC, which improves the QoS as well as reduces the latency of the 5G wireless network. This model increases the uplink NOMA by decreasing the user’s uplink energy consumption. They formulated an optimized NOMA framework that reduces the energy consumption of MEC by using computing and communication resource allocation, user clustering, and transmit powers.

In [ 10 ], the authors proposed a model which investigates outage probability under average channel state information CSI and data rate in full CSI to resolve the problem of optimal power allocation, which increase the NOMA downlink system among users. They developed simple low-complexity algorithms to provide the optimal solution. The obtained simulation results showed NOMA’s efficiency, achieving higher performance fairness compared to the TDMA configurations. It was observed from the results that NOMA, through the appropriate power amplifiers (PA), ensures the high-performance fairness requirement for the future 5G wireless communication networks.

In [ 56 ], researchers discussed that the NOMA technology and waveform modulation techniques had been used in the 5G mobile network. Therefore, this research gave a detailed survey of non-orthogonal waveform modulation techniques and NOMA schemes for next-generation mobile networks. By analyzing and comparing multiple access technologies, they considered the future evolution of these technologies for 5G mobile communication.

In [ 57 ], the authors surveyed non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) from the development phase to the recent developments. They have also compared NOMA techniques with traditional OMA techniques concerning information theory. The author discussed the NOMA schemes categorically as power and code domain, including the design principles, operating principles, and features. Comparison is based upon the system’s performance, spectral efficiency, and the receiver’s complexity. Also discussed are the future challenges, open issues, and their expectations of NOMA and how it will support the key requirements of 5G mobile communication systems with massive connectivity and low latency.

In [ 17 ], authors present the first review of an elementary NOMA model with two users, which clarify its central precepts. After that, a general design with multicarrier supports with a random number of users on each sub-carrier is analyzed. In performance evaluation with the existing approaches, resource sharing and multiple-input multiple-output NOMA are examined. Furthermore, they took the key elements of NOMA and its potential research demands. Finally, they reviewed the two-user SC-NOMA design and a multi-user MC-NOMA design to highlight NOMA’s basic approaches and conventions. They also present the research study about the performance examination, resource assignment, and MIMO in NOMA.

In this section, various works by different authors done on 5G NOMA technology is covered. Table 6 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of various parameters such as spectral efficiency, fairness, and computing capacity with 5G NOMA technology.

Summary of NOMA-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.3. 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave)

Millimeter wave is an extremely high frequency band, which is very useful for 5G wireless networks. MmWave uses 30 GHz to 300 GHz spectrum band for transmission. The frequency band between 30 GHz to 300 GHz is known as mmWave because these waves have wavelengths between 1 to 10 mm. Till now radar systems and satellites are only using mmWave as these are very fast frequency bands which provide very high speed wireless communication. Many mobile network providers also started mmWave for transmitting data between base stations. Using two ways the speed of data transmission can be improved one is by increasing spectrum utilization and second is by increasing spectrum bandwidth. Out of these two approaches increasing bandwidth is quite easy and better. The frequency band below 5 GHz is very crowded as many technologies are using it so to boost up the data transmission rate 5G wireless network uses mmWave technology which instead of increasing spectrum utilization, increases the spectrum bandwidth [ 58 ]. To maximize the signal bandwidth in wireless communication the carrier frequency should also be increased by 5% because the signal bandwidth is directly proportional to carrier frequencies. The frequency band between 28 GHz to 60 GHz is very useful for 5G wireless communication as 28 GHz frequency band offers up to 1 GHz spectrum bandwidth and 60 GHz frequency band offers 2 GHz spectrum bandwidth. 4G LTE provides 2 GHz carrier frequency which offers only 100 MHz spectrum bandwidth. However, the use of mmWave increases the spectrum bandwidth 10 times, which leads to better transmission speeds [ 59 , 60 ].

Highlights of 5G mmWave are as follows:

Pictorial representation of millimeter wave.

• The 5G mmWave offer three advantages: (1) MmWave is very less used new Band, (2) MmWave signals carry more data than lower frequency wave, and (3) MmWave can be incorporated with MIMO antenna with the potential to offer a higher magnitude capacity compared to current communication systems.

In [ 11 ], the authors presented the survey of mmWave communications for 5G. The advantage of mmWave communications is adaptability, i.e., it supports the architectures and protocols up-gradation, which consists of integrated circuits, systems, etc. The authors over-viewed the present solutions and examined them concerning effectiveness, performance, and complexity. They also discussed the open research issues of mmWave communications in 5G concerning the software-defined network (SDN) architecture, network state information, efficient regulation techniques, and the heterogeneous system.

In [ 61 ], the authors present the recent work done by investigators in 5G; they discussed the design issues and demands of mmWave 5G antennas for cellular handsets. After that, they designed a small size and low-profile 60 GHz array of antenna units that contain 3D planer mesh-grid antenna elements. For the future prospect, a framework is designed in which antenna components are used to operate cellular handsets on mmWave 5G smartphones. In addition, they cross-checked the mesh-grid array of antennas with the polarized beam for upcoming hardware challenges.

In [ 12 ], the authors considered the suitability of the mmWave band for 5G cellular systems. They suggested a resource allocation system for concurrent D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems, and it improves network efficiency and maintains network connectivity. This research article can serve as guidance for simulating D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems. Massive mmWave BS may be set up to obtain a high delivery rate and aggregate efficiency. Therefore, many wireless users can hand off frequently between the mmWave base terminals, and it emerges the demand to search the neighbor having better network connectivity.

In [ 62 ], the authors provided a brief description of the cellular spectrum which ranges from 1 GHz to 3 GHz and is very crowed. In addition, they presented various noteworthy factors to set up mmWave communications in 5G, namely, channel characteristics regarding mmWave signal attenuation due to free space propagation, atmospheric gaseous, and rain. In addition, hybrid beamforming architecture in the mmWave technique is analyzed. They also suggested methods for the blockage effect in mmWave communications due to penetration damage. Finally, the authors have studied designing the mmWave transmission with small beams in nonorthogonal device-to-device communication.

This section covered various works done on 5G mmWave technology. The Table 7 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of various parameters i.e., transmission rate, coverage, and cost, with 5G mmWave technology.

Summary of existing mmWave-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.4. 5G IoT Based Approaches

The 5G mobile network plays a big role in developing the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will connect lots of things with the internet like appliances, sensors, devices, objects, and applications. These applications will collect lots of data from different devices and sensors. 5G will provide very high speed internet connectivity for data collection, transmission, control, and processing. 5G is a flexible network with unused spectrum availability and it offers very low cost deployment that is why it is the most efficient technology for IoT [ 63 ]. In many areas, 5G provides benefits to IoT, and below are some examples:

Smart homes: smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network, as it offers very high speed low latency communication.

Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps in developing smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.

Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost effective, and energy-saving industrial operation for industrial IoT.

Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role for agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers to track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation control, pest control, insect control, and electricity control.

Autonomous Driving: 5G wireless network offers very low latency high speed communication which is very significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is important for autonomous vehicles, decision taking is performed in microseconds to avoid accidents [ 64 ].

Highlights of 5G IoT are as follows:

Pictorial representation of IoT with 5G.

• 5G with IoT is a new feature of next-generation mobile communication, which provides a high-speed internet connection between moderated devices. 5G IoT also offers smart homes, smart devices, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart industries, etc., for end-users to make them smarter.
• IoT deals with moderate devices which connect through the internet. The approach of the IoT has made the consideration of the research associated with the outcome of providing wearable, smart-phones, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart devices, washing machines, tablets, etc., and these diverse systems are associated to a common interface with the intelligence to connect.
• Significant IoT applications include private healthcare systems, traffic management, industrial management, and tactile internet, etc.

Plenty of approaches is devised to address the issues of IoT [ 14 , 65 , 66 ].

In [ 65 ], the paper focuses on 5G mobile systems due to the emerging trends and developing technologies, which results in the exponential traffic growth in IoT. The author surveyed the challenges and demands during deployment of the massive IoT applications with the main focus on mobile networking. The author reviewed the features of standard IoT infrastructure, along with the cellular-based, low-power wide-area technologies (LPWA) such as eMTC, extended coverage (EC)-GSM-IoT, as well as noncellular, low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies such as SigFox, LoRa etc.

In [ 14 ], the authors presented how 5G technology copes with the various issues of IoT today. It provides a brief review of existing and forming 5G architectures. The survey indicates the role of 5G in the foundation of the IoT ecosystem. IoT and 5G can easily combine with improved wireless technologies to set up the same ecosystem that can fulfill the current requirement for IoT devices. 5G can alter nature and will help to expand the development of IoT devices. As the process of 5G unfolds, global associations will find essentials for setting up a cross-industry engagement in determining and enlarging the 5G system.

In [ 66 ], the author introduced an IoT authentication scheme in a 5G network, with more excellent reliability and dynamic. The scheme proposed a privacy-protected procedure for selecting slices; it provided an additional fog node for proper data transmission and service types of the subscribers, along with service-oriented authentication and key understanding to maintain the secrecy, precision of users, and confidentiality of service factors. Users anonymously identify the IoT servers and develop a vital channel for service accessibility and data cached on local fog nodes and remote IoT servers. The author performed a simulation to manifest the security and privacy preservation of the user over the network.

This section covered various works done on 5G IoT by multiple authors. Table 8 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of numerous parameters, i.e., data rate, security requirement, and performance with 5G IoT.

Summary of IoT-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.5. Machine Learning Techniques for 5G

Various machine learning (ML) techniques were applied in 5G networks and mobile communication. It provides a solution to multiple complex problems, which requires a lot of hand-tuning. ML techniques can be broadly classified as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Let’s discuss each learning technique separately and where it impacts the 5G network.

Supervised Learning, where user works with labeled data; some 5G network problems can be further categorized as classification and regression problems. Some regression problems such as scheduling nodes in 5G and energy availability can be predicted using Linear Regression (LR) algorithm. To accurately predict the bandwidth and frequency allocation Statistical Logistic Regression (SLR) is applied. Some supervised classifiers are applied to predict the network demand and allocate network resources based on the connectivity performance; it signifies the topology setup and bit rates. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and NN-based approximation algorithms are used for channel learning based on observable channel state information. Deep Neural Network (DNN) is also employed to extract solutions for predicting beamforming vectors at the BS’s by taking mapping functions and uplink pilot signals into considerations.

In unsupervised Learning, where the user works with unlabeled data, various clustering techniques are applied to enhance network performance and connectivity without interruptions. K-means clustering reduces the data travel by storing data centers content into clusters. It optimizes the handover estimation based on mobility pattern and selection of relay nodes in the V2V network. Hierarchical clustering reduces network failure by detecting the intrusion in the mobile wireless network; unsupervised soft clustering helps in reducing latency by clustering fog nodes. The nonparametric Bayesian unsupervised learning technique reduces traffic in the network by actively serving the user’s requests and demands. Other unsupervised learning techniques such as Adversarial Auto Encoders (AAE) and Affinity Propagation Clustering techniques detect irregular behavior in the wireless spectrum and manage resources for ultradense small cells, respectively.

In case of an uncertain environment in the 5G wireless network, reinforcement learning (RL) techniques are employed to solve some problems. Actor-critic reinforcement learning is used for user scheduling and resource allocation in the network. Markov decision process (MDP) and Partially Observable MDP (POMDP) is used for Quality of Experience (QoE)-based handover decision-making for Hetnets. Controls packet call admission in HetNets and channel access process for secondary users in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). Deep RL is applied to decide the communication channel and mobility and speeds up the secondary user’s learning rate using an antijamming strategy. Deep RL is employed in various 5G network application parameters such as resource allocation and security [ 67 ]. Table 9 shows the state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

The state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

Highlights of machine learning techniques for 5G are as follows:

Pictorial representation of machine learning (ML) in 5G.

• In ML, a model will be defined which fulfills the desired requirements through which desired results are obtained. In the later stage, it examines accuracy from obtained results.
• ML plays a vital role in 5G network analysis for threat detection, network load prediction, final arrangement, and network formation. Searching for a better balance between power, length of antennas, area, and network thickness crossed with the spontaneous use of services in the universe of individual users and types of devices.

In [ 79 ], author’s firstly describes the demands for the traditional authentication procedures and benefits of intelligent authentication. The intelligent authentication method was established to improve security practice in 5G-and-beyond wireless communication systems. Thereafter, the machine learning paradigms for intelligent authentication were organized into parametric and non-parametric research methods, as well as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning approaches. As a outcome, machine learning techniques provide a new paradigm into authentication under diverse network conditions and unstable dynamics. In addition, prompt intelligence to the security management to obtain cost-effective, better reliable, model-free, continuous, and situation-aware authentication.

In [ 68 ], the authors proposed a machine learning-based model to predict the traffic load at a particular location. They used a mobile network traffic dataset to train a model that can calculate the total number of user requests at a time. To launch access and mobility management function (AMF) instances according to the requirement as there were no predictions of user request the performance automatically degrade as AMF does not handle these requests at a time. Earlier threshold-based techniques were used to predict the traffic load, but that approach took too much time; therefore, the authors proposed RNN algorithm-based ML to predict the traffic load, which gives efficient results.

In [ 15 ], authors discussed the issue of network slice admission, resource allocation among subscribers, and how to maximize the profit of infrastructure providers. The author proposed a network slice admission control algorithm based on SMDP (decision-making process) that guarantees the subscribers’ best acceptance policies and satisfiability (tenants). They also suggested novel N3AC, a neural network-based algorithm that optimizes performance under various configurations, significantly outperforms practical and straightforward approaches.

This section includes various works done on 5G ML by different authors. Table 10 shows the state-of-the-art work on the improvement of various parameters such as energy efficiency, Quality of Services (QoS), and latency with 5G ML.

The state-of-the-art ML-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.6. Optimization Techniques for 5G

Optimization techniques may be applied to capture NP-Complete or NP-Hard problems in 5G technology. This section briefly describes various research works suggested for 5G technology based on optimization techniques.

In [ 80 ], Massive MIMO technology is used in 5G mobile network to make it more flexible and scalable. The MIMO implementation in 5G needs a significant number of radio frequencies is required in the RF circuit that increases the cost and energy consumption of the 5G network. This paper provides a solution that increases the cost efficiency and energy efficiency with many radio frequency chains for a 5G wireless communication network. They give an optimized energy efficient technique for MIMO antenna and mmWave technologies based 5G mobile communication network. The proposed Energy Efficient Hybrid Precoding (EEHP) algorithm to increase the energy efficiency for the 5G wireless network. This algorithm minimizes the cost of an RF circuit with a large number of RF chains.

In [ 16 ], authors have discussed the growing demand for energy efficiency in the next-generation networks. In the last decade, they have figured out the things in wireless transmissions, which proved a change towards pursuing green communication for the next generation system. The importance of adopting the correct EE metric was also reviewed. Further, they worked through the different approaches that can be applied in the future for increasing the network’s energy and posed a summary of the work that was completed previously to enhance the energy productivity of the network using these capabilities. A system design for EE development using relay selection was also characterized, along with an observation of distinct algorithms applied for EE in relay-based ecosystems.

In [ 81 ], authors presented how AI-based approach is used to the setup of Self Organizing Network (SON) functionalities for radio access network (RAN) design and optimization. They used a machine learning approach to predict the results for 5G SON functionalities. Firstly, the input was taken from various sources; then, prediction and clustering-based machine learning models were applied to produce the results. Multiple AI-based devices were used to extract the knowledge analysis to execute SON functionalities smoothly. Based on results, they tested how self-optimization, self-testing, and self-designing are done for SON. The author also describes how the proposed mechanism classifies in different orders.

In [ 82 ], investigators examined the working of OFDM in various channel environments. They also figured out the changes in frame duration of the 5G TDD frame design. Subcarrier spacing is beneficial to obtain a small frame length with control overhead. They provided various techniques to reduce the growing guard period (GP) and cyclic prefix (CP) like complete utilization of multiple subcarrier spacing, management and data parts of frame at receiver end, various uses of timing advance (TA) or total control of flexible CP size.

This section includes various works that were done on 5G optimization by different authors. Table 11 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of multiple parameters such as energy efficiency, power optimization, and latency with 5G optimization.

Summary of Optimization Based Approaches in 5G Technology.

5. Description of Novel 5G Features over 4G

This section presents descriptions of various novel features of 5G, namely, the concept of small cell, beamforming, and MEC.

5.1. Small Cell

Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes which work in the range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells play a very important role in implementation of the 5G wireless network. Small cells are low power base stations which cover small areas. Small cells are quite similar with all the previous cells used in various wireless networks. However, these cells have some advantages like they can work with low power and they are also capable of working with high data rates. Small cells help in rollout of 5G network with ultra high speed and low latency communication. Small cells in the 5G network use some new technologies like MIMO, beamforming, and mmWave for high speed data transmission. The design of small cells hardware is very simple so its implementation is quite easier and faster. There are three types of small cell tower available in the market. Femtocells, picocells, and microcells [ 83 ]. As shown in the Table 12 .

Types of Small cells.

MmWave is a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave has lots of advantages, but it has some disadvantages, too, such as mmWave signals are very high-frequency signals, so they have more collision with obstacles in the air which cause the signals loses energy quickly. Buildings and trees also block MmWave signals, so these signals cover a shorter distance. To resolve these issues, multiple small cell stations are installed to cover the gap between end-user and base station [ 18 ]. Small cell covers a very shorter range, so the installation of a small cell depends on the population of a particular area. Generally, in a populated place, the distance between each small cell varies from 10 to 90 meters. In the survey [ 20 ], various authors implemented small cells with massive MIMO simultaneously. They also reviewed multiple technologies used in 5G like beamforming, small cell, massive MIMO, NOMA, device to device (D2D) communication. Various problems like interference management, spectral efficiency, resource management, energy efficiency, and backhauling are discussed. The author also gave a detailed presentation of all the issues occurring while implementing small cells with various 5G technologies. As shown in the Figure 7 , mmWave has a higher range, so it can be easily blocked by the obstacles as shown in Figure 7 a. This is one of the key concerns of millimeter-wave signal transmission. To solve this issue, the small cell can be placed at a short distance to transmit the signals easily, as shown in Figure 7 b.

Pictorial representation of communication with and without small cells.

5.2. Beamforming

Beamforming is a key technology of wireless networks which transmits the signals in a directional manner. 5G beamforming making a strong wireless connection toward a receiving end. In conventional systems when small cells are not using beamforming, moving signals to particular areas is quite difficult. Beamforming counter this issue using beamforming small cells are able to transmit the signals in particular direction towards a device like mobile phone, laptops, autonomous vehicle and IoT devices. Beamforming is improving the efficiency and saves the energy of the 5G network. Beamforming is broadly divided into three categories: Digital beamforming, analog beamforming and hybrid beamforming. Digital beamforming: multiuser MIMO is equal to digital beamforming which is mainly used in LTE Advanced Pro and in 5G NR. In digital beamforming the same frequency or time resources can be used to transmit the data to multiple users at the same time which improves the cell capacity of wireless networks. Analog Beamforming: In mmWave frequency range 5G NR analog beamforming is a very important approach which improves the coverage. In digital beamforming there are chances of high pathloss in mmWave as only one beam per set of antenna is formed. While the analog beamforming saves high pathloss in mmWave. Hybrid beamforming: hybrid beamforming is a combination of both analog beamforming and digital beamforming. In the implementation of MmWave in 5G network hybrid beamforming will be used [ 84 ].

Wireless signals in the 4G network are spreading in large areas, and nature is not Omnidirectional. Thus, energy depletes rapidly, and users who are accessing these signals also face interference problems. The beamforming technique is used in the 5G network to resolve this issue. In beamforming signals are directional. They move like a laser beam from the base station to the user, so signals seem to be traveling in an invisible cable. Beamforming helps achieve a faster data rate; as the signals are directional, it leads to less energy consumption and less interference. In [ 21 ], investigators evolve some techniques which reduce interference and increase system efficiency of the 5G mobile network. In this survey article, the authors covered various challenges faced while designing an optimized beamforming algorithm. Mainly focused on different design parameters such as performance evaluation and power consumption. In addition, they also described various issues related to beamforming like CSI, computation complexity, and antenna correlation. They also covered various research to cover how beamforming helps implement MIMO in next-generation mobile networks [ 85 ]. Figure 8 shows the pictorial representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

Pictorial Representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

5.3. Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) [ 24 ]: MEC is an extended version of cloud computing that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user. When we talk about computing, the very first thing that comes to our mind is cloud computing. Cloud computing is a very famous technology that offers many services to end-user. Still, cloud computing has many drawbacks. The services available in the cloud are too far from end-users that create latency, and cloud user needs to download the complete application before use, which also increases the burden to the device [ 86 ]. MEC creates an edge between the end-user and cloud server, bringing cloud computing closer to the end-user. Now, all the services, namely, video conferencing, virtual software, etc., are offered by this edge that improves cloud computing performance. Another essential feature of MEC is that the application is split into two parts, which, first one is available at cloud server, and the second is at the user’s device. Therefore, the user need not download the complete application on his device that increases the performance of the end user’s device. Furthermore, MEC provides cloud services at very low latency and less bandwidth. In [ 23 , 87 ], the author’s investigation proved that successful deployment of MEC in 5G network increases the overall performance of 5G architecture. Graphical differentiation between cloud computing and mobile edge computing is presented in Figure 9 .

Pictorial representation of cloud computing vs. mobile edge computing.

6. 5G Security

Security is the key feature in the telecommunication network industry, which is necessary at various layers, to handle 5G network security in applications such as IoT, Digital forensics, IDS and many more [ 88 , 89 ]. The authors [ 90 ], discussed the background of 5G and its security concerns, challenges and future directions. The author also introduced the blockchain technology that can be incorporated with the IoT to overcome the challenges in IoT. The paper aims to create a security framework which can be incorporated with the LTE advanced network, and effective in terms of cost, deployment and QoS. In [ 91 ], author surveyed various form of attacks, the security challenges, security solutions with respect to the affected technology such as SDN, Network function virtualization (NFV), Mobile Clouds and MEC, and security standardizations of 5G, i.e., 3GPP, 5GPPP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In [ 92 ], author elaborated various technological aspects, security issues and their existing solutions and also mentioned the new emerging technological paradigms for 5G security such as blockchain, quantum cryptography, AI, SDN, CPS, MEC, D2D. The author aims to create new security frameworks for 5G for further use of this technology in development of smart cities, transportation and healthcare. In [ 93 ], author analyzed the threats and dark threat, security aspects concerned with SDN and NFV, also their Commercial & Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO) 5G vision and new security innovations with respect to the new evolving architectures of 5G [ 94 ].

AuthenticationThe identification of the user in any network is made with the help of authentication. The different mobile network generations from 1G to 5G have used multiple techniques for user authentication. 5G utilizes the 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) authentication method, which shares a cryptographic key between user equipment (UE) and its home network and establishes a mutual authentication process between the both [ 95 ].

Access Control To restrict the accessibility in the network, 5G supports access control mechanisms to provide a secure and safe environment to the users and is controlled by network providers. 5G uses simple public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates for authenticating access in the 5G network. PKI put forward a secure and dynamic environment for the 5G network. The simple PKI technique provides flexibility to the 5G network; it can scale up and scale down as per the user traffic in the network [ 96 , 97 ].

Communication Security 5G deals to provide high data bandwidth, low latency, and better signal coverage. Therefore secure communication is the key concern in the 5G network. UE, mobile operators, core network, and access networks are the main focal point for the attackers in 5G communication. Some of the common attacks in communication at various segments are Botnet, message insertion, micro-cell, distributed denial of service (DDoS), and transport layer security (TLS)/secure sockets layer (SSL) attacks [ 98 , 99 ].

Encryption The confidentiality of the user and the network is done using encryption techniques. As 5G offers multiple services, end-to-end (E2E) encryption is the most suitable technique applied over various segments in the 5G network. Encryption forbids unauthorized access to the network and maintains the data privacy of the user. To encrypt the radio traffic at Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, three 128-bits keys are applied at the user plane, nonaccess stratum (NAS), and access stratum (AS) [ 100 ].

7. Summary of 5G Technology Based on Above-Stated Challenges

In this section, various issues addressed by investigators in 5G technologies are presented in Table 13 . In addition, different parameters are considered, such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, data rate, spectral efficiency, fairness & computing capacity, transmission rate, coverage, cost, security requirement, performance, QoS, power optimization, etc., indexed from R1 to R14.

Summary of 5G Technology above stated challenges (R1:Throughput, R2:Latency, R3:Energy Efficiency, R4:Data Rate, R5:Spectral efficiency, R6:Fairness & Computing Capacity, R7:Transmission Rate, R8:Coverage, R9:Cost, R10:Security requirement, R11:Performance, R12:Quality of Services (QoS), R13:Power Optimization).

8. Conclusions

This survey article illustrates the emergence of 5G, its evolution from 1G to 5G mobile network, applications, different research groups, their work, and the key features of 5G. It is not just a mobile broadband network, different from all the previous mobile network generations; it offers services like IoT, V2X, and Industry 4.0. This paper covers a detailed survey from multiple authors on different technologies in 5G, such as massive MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), millimeter wave, small cell, MEC (Mobile Edge Computing), beamforming, optimization, and machine learning in 5G. After each section, a tabular comparison covers all the state-of-the-research held in these technologies. This survey also shows the importance of these newly added technologies and building a flexible, scalable, and reliable 5G network.

9. Future Findings

This article covers a detailed survey on the 5G mobile network and its features. These features make 5G more reliable, scalable, efficient at affordable rates. As discussed in the above sections, numerous technical challenges originate while implementing those features or providing services over a 5G mobile network. So, for future research directions, the research community can overcome these challenges while implementing these technologies (MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beam-forming, MEC) over a 5G network. 5G communication will bring new improvements over the existing systems. Still, the current solutions cannot fulfill the autonomous system and future intelligence engineering requirements after a decade. There is no matter of discussion that 5G will provide better QoS and new features than 4G. But there is always room for improvement as the considerable growth of centralized data and autonomous industry 5G wireless networks will not be capable of fulfilling their demands in the future. So, we need to move on new wireless network technology that is named 6G. 6G wireless network will bring new heights in mobile generations, as it includes (i) massive human-to-machine communication, (ii) ubiquitous connectivity between the local device and cloud server, (iii) creation of data fusion technology for various mixed reality experiences and multiverps maps. (iv) Focus on sensing and actuation to control the network of the entire world. The 6G mobile network will offer new services with some other technologies; these services are 3D mapping, reality devices, smart homes, smart wearable, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, and sense. It is expected that 6G will provide ultra-long-range communication with a very low latency of 1 ms. The per-user bit rate in a 6G wireless network will be approximately 1 Tbps, and it will also provide wireless communication, which is 1000 times faster than 5G networks.

Acknowledgments

Author contributions.

Conceptualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. data gathering: R.D., G.C., P.L, I.Y. funding acquisition: I.Y. investigation: I.Y., G.C., G.P. methodology: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P., survey: I.Y., G.C., P.L, G.P., R.D. supervision: G.C., I.Y., G.P. validation: I.Y., G.P. visualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. writing, original draft: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P. writing, review, and editing: I.Y., G.C., G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This paper was supported by Soonchunhyang University.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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PhD Research Topics in Telecommunication Engineering

Telecommunication engineering is denoted as the discipline that originated through the exchange of data over channels using wired and wireless means . It provides electrical engineering components such as system engineering, and computer engineering for the designing and developing the telecommunication systems. We have assisted numerous research scholars in designing phd research topics in telecommunication engineering.

Introduction to Telecommunication Engineering

Telecommunication’s main objective is surrounding remote communication and the telecom technique is deployed for the transmission of a message from one location to another location. The additional features of telecommunication are bidirectional and include some primary processes in the network based on telecommunication and they are enlisted in the following.

• It depicts the process of message regulation
• It is functioning during the data transmission process and it includes both audio and data in the telephone network
• It is used to regulate the functions and activities in the network
• It is deployed to offer the required control process during the conversion process
• It is used to send and receive data and it includes some cables and wireless radio frequencies
• It is also called the terminals and it offers the starting and ending point of the communication. In addition, computers and peripheral devices and computers are included in the computer network

Uses of Telecommunication Engineering

• Electromagnetic systems (technology)
• Optical media
• Radio electricity
• Sounds (conversation) through wire
• Whether written
• Reception of signals
• Types of transmission

Our experts are equipped with sufficient sound knowledge to guide every step of your research study . Further, if you need the best PhD research topics in telecommunication engineering and the complete PhD research work and then contact our research and development team. Now it’s time to discuss the important research areas in telecommunication engineering.

Research Areas in Telecommunication Engineering

• Next-generation networks
• Remote sensing, measurement, and control
• Optical networking
• Voice and data networks
• Fiber communications
• Mobile communications
• Computer communications and networking
• Cutting-edge internet of things
• Cloud-hosted VoIP
• Telecommunication security
• Satellite telecommunications
• Telephony such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP)
• Cable distribution

Communication Research Areas

• Millimeter Wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) communications
• ultra-reliable low latency communications (uRLLC)
• For inter-vehicle comms and related applications
• Machine learning for wireless communications
• Spectrum agile communications
• Space-timeme processing
• Massive MIMO
• Use network coding rather than routing
• Regarded as the latest revolutionary technique for tough channels (RF and underwater)
• Fundamental limits
• Error control coding

The following is about the research algorithms which are essential to implement the research projects based on telecommunication engineering along with its notable specifications.

Algorithms in Telecommunication Engineering

• It is used as the signals for the manipulation process with the receiver and transmitter from the antenna arrays and it is enhanced through the base stations in the applications
• It is about the reversal process of distortion which is gained through the signal transmission using the channels. The equalizers are deployed with the render frequency
• Orthogonal time frequency space is abbreviated as OTFS and it provides several benefits in the high-frequency dispersion it includes the larger Doppler spreads, telecommunications, higher phase noise, and mm-wave systems
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is abbreviated as OFDM and it includes various digital transmission processes for multiple carrier frequencies while data encoding

For your reference, our research experts in telecommunication engineering have enlisted the recent research trends that are used to select the PhD research topics in telecommunication engineering.

Current Trends in Telecommunication Engineering

• Massive M2M communication
• Ultra-reliable low latency communication
• Underwater and unmanned area communication
• Low exposure network planning
• Small cells and movable base stations
• Novel communication architectures
• Massive 5 G-based Hetnets
• 5G and mmWave communication for vehicular network
• Licensed assisted access for hybrid spectrum access
• Resource management for cellular communication
• Wireless multicasting and broadcasting
• Smart grid and power line
• SDN/NFV-based 5G architecture
• Wireless and mobile IP-based communication
• Cognitive and green radio communication
• NFV for future communication

For your information, in the following, we have listed some important research applications that are based on real-time processes. In this statement, there are lots of functions of the applications highlighted and each one is specialized in some aspects and has its unique features.

Application Telecommunication Engineering

• Develop better products
• Recognize leads
• Examine customer data
• Mobile payments
• Video streaming
• High-speeded internet

In general, the research topics in a telecommunication system is programmed and configured through the utilization of wireless channels and it includes various types of communication process such as.

• It includes the existing parameters in the network and the wireless node
• It is deployed to detect the channels that are based on the radio frequency spectrum

Hereby, we have delivered the innovative PhD research topics in telecommunication engineering for your reference. In addition, we provide complete research assistance for the research scholars in their research area.

• Mm-Waveve communication
• Space air-ground integrated networks
• Machine learning with wireless communication
• NFV and SDN-based research (network slicing)
• Wireless communication
• Machine-to-machine communication
• Optical networks and systems
• Internet of things
• Green communication systems
• Cognitive radio and network symposium
• Ad hoc and sensor networks symposium

In addition, our research developers have given some important data about the research techniques used in the research implementation with the list of characteristics in telecommunication engineering . The types of telecommunication engineering have a notable phase in the process of research methodologies in the research. Thus, we have enlisted the types in following.

Types of Telecommunication

• Bluetooth technology
• Terrestrial microwave communication
• Satellite microwave communication
• Broadcast radio
• Satellite communication

Below, our research professionals have highlighted the contemporary research projects list based on telecommunication engineering .

Research Projects in Telecommunication

• Reliable communication in vehicular ad hoc networks
• Improving the energy efficiency of internet routers
• Body area network for healthcare monitoring
• Multi-user MIMO communication

For your reference, our research professionals have listed some innovative research tools in the following that are based on the implementation process of telecommunication engineering.

Simulation Tools in Telecommunication

• CORE Simulator
• LTE System Toolbox also in Matlab
• OMNeT++ (SimuLTE, OMNeT++ v*, INET Framework v*)
• OPNET (OPNET Modeler)
• NS3 (LENA-LTE-EPC Network Simulator)

Our technical experts are ready with massive resources and all the practical descriptions that you needed to understand the standards, tools, techniques, and algorithms based on telecommunication engineering . In the following, we have enlisted the questions that are repeatedly asked by the research scholars along with the appropriate answer.

People Asked Questions

What are the basic telecommunications networks.

• It is functional through the transport control protocol and packet network routing
• It is the collection of resource transformation offered through the network nodes
• It is used to transmit and receive the electromagnetic waves
• It is based on the telecommunication network that is used to connect the telephones

How to simulate optical communication using NS3?

• It is based on NS3 and YANS WiFi model
• Simulation of 802.11 is functioning through RoF systems
• It is used as the distributed antenna systems RoF modeling, optical module computing delays and attenuations through the radio signal transmission
• PWNS is used for the integration of optical network component models
• It is the protocol-independent model and is used in the WiFi transmission process
• It is used to enhance the simulation model of XG-PON and is also called 10G-PON
• Control plane
• Core network devices
• Edge network devices
• Physical interfaces

What are the recent interesting topics in telecommunication systems?

• 3G 4G and 5G
• Internet of things systems
• It is a supporting technology for 6G systems
• Fiber optic communication

What are the topics in telecommunications engineering?

• Intelligent reflecting surfaces based communications
• Software defined radio based communications
• Quantum communications
• Reliable communications for vehicular networks
• Body area networks for healthcare monitoring
• Networks for environmental pollution monitoring
• Cognitive radio networks
• Cooperative wireless communications and network coding
• Multiuser MIMO communications

How to implement MIMO using Matlab?

The MIMO techniques are used to send and receive the data signals in massive quantities and at the same time, similar radio channels are exploited with the multipath propagation along with the potential gains of the channel over various antennas, transmitters, and receivers in the communication system. It includes the process such as

• LTE advanced

In addition, the toolboxes that are used in the communications system are highlighted in the following.

• Spherical decoding
• Orthogonal space-time block coding technique (OSTBC)
• MIMO fading channels

The research scholars can find enormous resources from all the working systems based on telecommunication engineering through this article. Our research experts are well knowledgeable in guiding the research scholars to develop the research project. You can choose any of the PhD research topics in telecommunication engineering to develop several innovations and you can step forward with your research ideas in telecommunication engineering and we provide complete guidance for the research work.

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Ph.D Research Topics in 5G LTE Network

Phd in underwater optical communication at frontend, phd in congestion identification in machine learning.

• PhD in a novel function for User-targeted DoS Attacks in LTE 5G Networks
• PhD in effectual mechanism for Performance Evaluation of LTE Network for 5G Handover
• PhD in innovative mechanism for Minimizing Energy Consumption in Enhanced 5G LTE
• PhD Design and Verification for Virtual Drive Test Methodology based on Vehicular 5G LTE Applications
• PhD in an innovative method for Delay-Aware 5G LTE WLAN Aggregation Network
• PhD in Offloading Traffic From Cellular Networks into 5G LTE on Multi-Hop D2D Networks
• PhD in an structural design methodology for architecture of multi-layered SDN based on 5G LTE/Wi-Fi Network
• PhD in Performance analysis of PDSCH downlink in 5G LTE network
• PhD in Performance analysis of inter-cell interference parameters in 5G LTE network
• PhD in Importance-Driven Downlink Resource Scheduling for Video Transmission over LTE
• PhD in Enhancing Security and Scalability in Software Defined 5G LTE Core Networks
• PhD in performance for Quasi-Perfect Resource Allocation Scheme meant for Optimizing of Cell-Edge Users in FFR-Aided 5G LTE Multicellular Networks
• PhD in a novel method for Data-Driven Evaluation of Anticipatory Networking in LTE Networks
• PhD in An innovative performance for Wi-Fi Dimensioning to offload LTE in 5G Networks
• PhD in Robust Energy Efficiency Optimization with Transceiver Impairments in Private TD-5G LTE WN
• PhD in fresh mechanism for Research of Spectrum Sensing Based on SU Classification in Cognitive 5G LTE Network
• PhD in QoS-Aware User Association and RA in 5G LTE/Wi-Fi Coexistence Systems
• PhD in Simulation Analysis of Discontinuous Reception Mechanism with ETSI Traffic Model in 5G LTE Networks
• PhD innew-fangled method for 5G-EmPOWER based on Radio Access Networks
• PhD in novel technology for Traffic-aware user association in heterogeneous 5G LTE/Wi-Fi radio access networks
• PhD in Cluster-Based on RAS for 5G LTE Networks Supporting MM-Type Communications scheme
• PhD in Dynamic Multipoint Wireless Transmission using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Review on Delay Aware Joint Uplink/Downlink Scheduling using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Middleware architecture and policies for efficient flow assign using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Link-level simulations of 3-5G new air-interface key mechanisms using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) and Filtered-OFDM (F-OFDM) using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Altera FOGA on Polar Code using 5G LTE networking
• PhD in Latency in 5G and LTE/LTE-A
• PhD in Radio Resource Management in 5G LTE Networks for M2M Applications
• PhD in Protocol foundation of future 4G/5G LTE wireless communications networks
• PhD in Waveform design using 5G LTE networking
• PhD in SLA Management using 5G LTE
• PhD in BER and PAPR Analysis using UFMC Filters in 5G LTE networking
• PhD in Multiband Phone Antennas for LTE Operations
• PhD in Massive MIMO using 5G LTE networking
• PhD in PAPR reduction using 5G LTE networking
• PhD in Single Carrier Modulation using 5G LTE networking
• PhD in Closed loop with precoding Massive MIMO in 5G LTE
• PhD in Closed-loop also with spatial multiplexing Massive MIMO in 5G LTE
• PhD in Beam formingusing Massive MIMO in 5G LTE
• PhD in Open loop spatial multiplexing using Massive MIMO in 5G LTE
• PhD in Transmit Deliveryusing Massive MIMO in 5G LTE
• PhD in Railway Signaling Systems using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Mobile M2M applications using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Traffic Safety Trends applications using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Web page browsing quickly using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Share of mobile OTT applications maximization using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Replaceable antennas for temporary applications using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Near Field Communications in defense and space applications using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Video streaming applications and online gaming applications using LTE
• PhD in UAV communication based on Radio Channel Modeling over Cellular Networks
• PhD in Design architecture for 5G LTE network radio base station receivers
• PhD in Load adaptive throughput for maximizing preamble allocation and prioritization in 5G Random access
• PhD in Efficient Energy Management Framework also for 5G LTE and LTE-Networks
• PhD in User priority based cooperative resource allocation schemes in 5G LTE railway authority
• PhD in Two parasitic grounded strips for LTE Unbroken Metal Rimmed Smart Phones
• PhD in Carrier aggregated 5G LTE on adaptive QR decomposition processor
• PhD in Adaptive and non-adaptive LTE fractional frequency reuse mechanisms in 5G LTE and 5G LTE-A networks
• PhD in Cluster based Radio Channel Emulation for Over the Automotive 5G LTE Wireless Systems
• PhD in MIMO system throughput estimation with single feeder cable on 5G LTE networks
• PhD in Framework for Regressive QoE Model for VoLTE network.
• PhD in Fully integrated CMOS 5G LTE band Tunable Power Amplifier Mechanisms
• PhD in Interference analysis and channel Equalization for Narrowband IoT Uplink LTE
• PhD in a novel mechanism for 5G LTE/LTE-A Network Security Data Collection
• PhD in process of Random Access Control Techniques intended for Machine-to-Machine Communications in 5G LTE/LTE-A Networks
• PhD in process of Secure VOIP 5G LTE network used for secure transmission by PLRT under DDOS Attack
• PhD in An effectual performance for Optimization of Multi-objective Resource Allocation Problem in 5G LTE/LTE-A Networks
• PhD in An inventive source for QoS based on IP mobility management scheme for the next generation 5G-LTE network
• PhD in Experimental End-to-End Delay Study of a Wireless Sensor Network with 5G LTE Backhaul system
• PhD in An efficient mechanism for 5G LTE Data Convergence Test in Optical Access Networks
• An effective mechanism for Autonomous Self-Backhauled 5G LTE Mesh Network With QoS Guarantee
• PhD in Performance analysis of mobile 5G LTE networks
• PhD in Dynamic Baseband Resource Allocation intended for Heterogeneous Private 5G LTE Networks
• PhD in A novel research mechanism for Full-Duplex Assisted 5G LTE-U Coexisting Networks in Unlicensed Spectrum
• PhD in 5G LTE RAN-Level Interworking by 2C/U Plane Splitting in Future Networks
• PhD in use of TD-LTE in Analysis and Design mechanism for WN based Distribution Automation System
• PhD in Reducing Traffic Congestion for M2M Type Communication Over 4G-LTE Network
• PhD in A novel technology for Spectrum Multiplexing based on LTE-U and Wi-Fi in Heterogeneous Network
• PhD in Proximity Coordinated Random Access design of M2M Applications in 5G LTE-A
• PhD in 5G-LTE WLAN aggregation based on seamless connectivity approach for heterogeneous networks

PhD Research topics in 5G LTE Networks :

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, and is associated with the 4G and 5G wireless communications standard designed to provide higher speeds than the 3G networks for mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and wireless hotspots. … It is a service only provided over 4G and 5G LTE devices that are compatible to VoLTE by means of presenting a long term evolution with 5Gnetwork provides compatibility wireless communication.

We will provide complete support for 5G LTE network Research. Our technical team and experts support coding and implementation in above-mentioned PhD in 5G LTE network Research. All the 5G LTE network research topics are high possible to publish in high impact factor journals. We also do scholar ideas and implements the concepts. We do support PhD Research topics in 5G LTE Networks.Our Experts provide complete guidance in PhD Research topics in 5G LTE Networks.

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Phd paper writing in rf-based uav detection, phd in obstacle detection and collision avoidance for a uav, phd in improvement of power distribution system for uav.

• How to Choose a PhD Research Topic
• Finding a PhD

Introduction

Whilst there are plenty of resources available to help prospective PhD students find doctoral programmes, deciding on a research topic is a process students often find more difficult.

Some advertised PhD programmes have predefined titles, so the exact topic is decided already. Generally, these programmes exist mainly in STEM, though other fields also have them. Funded projects are more likely to have defined titles, and structured aims and objectives.

Self funded projects, and those in fields such as arts and humanities, are less likely to have defined titles. The flexibility of topic selection means more scope exists for applicants to propose research ideas and suit the topic of research to their interests.

A middle ground also exists where Universities advertise funded PhD programmes in subjects without a defined scope, for example: “PhD Studentship in Biomechanics”. The applicant can then liaise with the project supervisor to choose a particular title such as “A study of fatigue and impact resistance of biodegradable knee implants”.

If a predefined programme is not right for you, then you need to propose your own research topic. There are several factors to consider when choosing a good research topic, which will be outlined in this article.

How to Choose a Research Topic

Our first piece of advice is to PhD candidates is to stop thinking about ‘finding’ a research topic, as it is unlikely that you will. Instead, think about developing a research topic (from research and conversations with advisors).

Consider several ideas and critically appraise them:

• You must be able to explain to others why your chosen topic is worth studying.
• You must be genuinely interested in the subject area.
• You must be competent and equipped to answer the research question.
• You must set achievable and measurable aims and objectives.
• You need to be able to achieve your objectives within a given timeframe.
• Your research question must be original and contribute to the field of study.

We have outlined the key considerations you should use when developing possible topics. We explore these below:

Focus on your interests and career aspirations

It is important to choose a topic of research that you are genuinely interested in. The decision you make will shape the rest of your career. Remember, a full-time programme lasts 3-4 years, and there will be unforeseen challenges during this time. If you are not passionate about the study, you will struggle to find motivation during these difficult periods.

You should also look to your academic and professional background. If there are any modules you undertook as part of your Undergraduate/Master degree that you particularly enjoyed or excelled in? These could form part of your PhD research topic. Similarly, if you have professional work experience, this could lead to you asking questions which can only be answered through research.

When deciding on a PhD research topic you should always consider your long-term career aspirations. For example, as a physicist, if you wish to become an astrophysicist, a research project studying black holes would be more relevant to you than a research project studying nuclear fission.

Read dissertations and published journals

Reading dissertations and published journals is a great way to identify potential PhD topics. When reviewing existing research ask yourself:

• What has been done and what do existing results show?
• What did previous projects involve (e.g. lab-work or fieldwork)?
• How often are papers published in the field?
• Are your research ideas original?
• Is there value in your research question?
• Could I expand on or put my own spin on this research?

Reading dissertations will also give you an insight into the practical aspects of doctoral study, such as what methodology the author used, how much data analysis was required and how was information presented.

You can also think of this process as a miniature literature review . You are searching for gaps in knowledge and developing a PhD project to address them. Focus on recent publications (e.g. in the last five years). In particular, the literature review of recent publications will give an excellent summary of the state of existing knowledge, and what research questions remain unanswered.

If you have the opportunity to attend an academic conference, go for it! This is often an excellent way to find out current theories in the industry and the research direction. This knowledge could reveal a possible research idea or topic for further study.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

Discuss research topic ideas with a PhD supervisor

Discuss your research topic ideas with a supervisor. This could be your current undergraduate/masters supervisor, or potential supervisors of advertised PhD programmes at different institutions. Come to these meetings prepared with initial PhD topic ideas, and your findings from reading published journals. PhD supervisors will be more receptive to your ideas if you can demonstrate you have thought about them and are committed to your research.

You should discuss your research interests, what you have found through reading publications, and what you are proposing to research. Supervisors who have expertise in your chosen field will have insight into the gaps in knowledge that exist, what is being done to address them, and if there is any overlap between your proposed research ideas and ongoing research projects.

Talking to an expert in the field can shape your research topic to something more tangible, which has clear aims and objectives. It can also find potential shortfalls of your PhD ideas.

It is important to remember, however, that although it is good to develop your research topic based on feedback, you should not let the supervisor decide a topic for you. An interesting topic for a supervisor may not be interesting to you, and a supervisor is more likely to advise on a topic title which lends itself to a career in academia.

Another tip is to talk to a PhD student or researcher who is involved in a similar research project. Alternatively, you can usually find a relevant research group within your University to talk to. They can explain in more detail their experiences and suggest what your PhD programme could involve with respect to daily routines and challenges.

Look at advertised PhD Programmes

Use our Search tool , or look on University PhD listing pages to identify advertised PhD programmes for ideas.

• What kind of PhD research topics are available?
• Are these similar to your ideas?
• Are you interested in any of these topics?
• What do these programmes entail?

The popularity of similar PhD programmes to your proposed topic is a good indicator that universities see value in the research area. The final bullet point is perhaps the most valuable takeaway from looking at advertised listings. Review what similar programmes involve, and whether this is something you would like to do. If so, a similar research topic would allow you to do this.

Writing a Research Proposal

As part of the PhD application process , you may be asked to summarise your proposed research topic in a research proposal. This is a document which summarises your intended research and will include the title of your proposed project, an Abstract, Background and Rationale, Research Aims and Objectives, Research Methodology, Timetable, and a Bibliography. If you are required to submit this document then read our guidance on how to write a research proposal for your PhD application.

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LTE Research Topics

Nov 08, 2021

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Trending Research Topics in LTE <br>Significant Features in LTE<br>Latest Research Concepts in LTE<br>

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LTE Research Topics RESEARCH PROPOSAL CODE PAPER WRITING THESIS WRITING https://www.phddirection.com/phd-research-topics-in-lte/ PROJECT www.phddirection.com DISSERTATION

Trending Research Topics in LTE RESEARCH PROPOSAL These are the most valuable research areas topics which practices under LTE Research Topics below, Hybrid Vehicular Networks by LTE Cellular Adhoc Network CODE Green Networking for LTE Access Reconfigurable and Adaptive MAC PAPER WRITING Mobile IPTV through LTE Cross-Layering Design for LTE MAC THESIS WRITING CRN and LTE Network LTE and UAV Network PROJECT www.phddirection.com DISSERTATION

Significant Features in LTE RESEARCH PROPOSAL Here we mentioned of our significant features under LTE as one of the Best mechanism for our projects, CODE LTE-A LTE-M LTE-R PAPER WRITING LTE-A Pro PS-LTE THESIS WRITING PROJECT www.phddirection.com DISSERTATION

Latest Research Concepts in LTE RESEARCH PROPOSAL Let we see our major research areas for LTE projects research concepts for scholars below, CODE Performance Analysis of LTE Network with QAM and MIMO Configuration method LTE/Wi-Fi/mmWave RAN-Level Interworking Via 2C/U Plane Splitting for Future 5G Networks PAPER WRITING Concurrent uplink transmissions for licensed-assisted access in LTE-A networks CTMC modelling for H2H/M2M coexistence in LTE-A/LTE-M networks THESIS WRITING PROJECT www.phddirection.com DISSERTATION

Contact Us RESEARCH PROPOSAL +91 - 9444829042 CODE [email protected] PAPER WRITING www.phddirection.com THESIS WRITING PROJECT www.phddirection.com DISSERTATION

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Research Topics. CSC 3990. Parallel Computing &amp; Compilers. CSC 3990. What is a Compiler?. Compiler Converts source code into machine code Automatic Relieve programmer from having to know about machine (processor). What is a Parallel Compiler?. Parallel Compiler

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LTE. Learning and Teaching Efficiently on the basis of Innovative Methods and ICT. Presenter: Marian Aleson Universidad de Alicante. www.lte-project.com. ICT. Innovation. Stress-reduced. Objectives. Contents and Objectives of National Curricula. Best Practices. Foreign-language learning.

384 views • 19 slides

Selected Research Topics

Selected Research Topics. Virtual Scanning Electron Microscope Optical Data Networking &amp; Optical Access High performance mixers for RF and Optical Applications Analogue Computing. Virtual SEM. VSEM - Virtual Scanning Electron Microscope Software teaching and training package

264 views • 6 slides

Proposed Research Topics

Proposed Research Topics. Cooperation between Siemens and UCB. March 27, 2001 Visit of Prof. Katz and Prof. Joseph at CT SE 2. Service Composition. Def.: Service composition/aggregation = combine low-level basic services to high-level composite services in a dynamic fashion Subtopics:

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Research Topics. Biochemical pathways simulation (SBML) Read textbook: Bioinformatics Ch.10 http://sbml.org/index.psp , such as COPASI, E-cell Genetic Network Analyzer (GNA) http://bacillus.inrialpes.fr/gna/ KEGG, Biocartia http://www.biocarta.com/ Reactome http://www.reactome.org

200 views • 1 slides

Current Research Topics

Current Research Topics. -Sigcomm Sessions -QoS -Network analysis &amp; security -Multicast -giga/tera bit routers /fast classification -web performance -TCP -Diff Serv. -Routing -Network Topology. BEST-EFFORT VERSUS RESERVATIONS. A simple comparative Analysis

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Yallcast Research Topics

Yallcast Research Topics. Paul Francis NTT PF Labs [email protected] www.yallcast.com. Future Work (Research and/or Development). Lots and lots of applications YIDP: Nat boxes, dynamic IP addresses, no domain name, etc. Tree forwarding issues: Pushback

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LTE . Patrick Urgento Sr Systems Engineer. What is LTE. Specification managed by 3GPP organization 3 rd Generation Partnership Project Scope to create global 3G spec based on GSM architecture UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System) Rel 99 HSPDA (High Speed Download Packet Access) Rel 5

187 views • 8 slides

CBA Research Topics

CBA Research Topics. CBA Research Topics.

89 views • 2 slides

Topics of Research

Topics of Research. Evolution of communication Evolution of signalling systems Lexicon formation Grounding Language diversity Emergence of grammar. For each topic. What it is. The main research question(s). Achievements, examples, used techniques. Open questions. BE Baldwin Effect

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Selected Research Topics. VSEM: Virtual Scanning Electron Microscope Optwire: Free-Space Cellular Optical LAN Oakleaf: CMOS Optical Transmitter Driver High Linearity Mixers for RF &amp; Optical Communications RENIAC: Reconfigurable Novel Integrated Analogue Computing Cell. Virtual SEM.

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Synopsis: The term u201cWireless Network Infrastructureu201d has conventionally been associated with macrocell RAN (Radio Access Network) and mobile core...

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Are you torn between various potential topics for your PhD research? Ondezxu2019s specialists can provide you with a unique topic that lets you make a significant contribution to your field and aligns with your research goals. For more info: Url: https://ondezx.com/research-topics Mail: [email protected] Mob No: 91 9791191199

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• Our Promise
• Our Achievements
• Our Mission
• Proposal Writing
• System Development
• Paper Writing
• Paper Publish
• Synopsis Writing
• Thesis Writing
• Assignments
• Survey Paper
• Conference Paper
• Journal Paper
• Empirical Paper
• Journal Support

PhD Projects in LTE

PhD Projects in LTE is an archive of tech facts for the PhD scholars to advance their project. “ In the first place,   Long Term Evolution is denoted as 4G LTE or advance 4G. It meets the diverse communication demands of users with a variety of radio interfaces ”.

Now that voice over LTE (VoLTE) is on the lead; pupils prefer this area the most. Also, phone calls are transmitted as data packets to enable bandwidth reallocation. To sum up, our experts work in this area at present. PhD Projects in LTE have given some topics for you to know.

To begin with this area, we want you to take a look at the list… 

SUBSTANTIAL RESEARCH AREAS

• Software-Defined LTE Mobile Network
• Network Virtualization over LTE
• Energy Harvesting Technique for Cellular Networks
• LTE Gigabit Wireless Networks
• Antenna and Propagation Schemes for LTE
• Radio Technologies
• Terahertz Band Communication
• LTE Front Haul Network
• LTE Integrated Wireless Access
• Mobile Edge Computing for LTE
• LTE For NB-IoT, IoT, and IoV
• Multimedia Retrieval using LTE
• Seamless Internetworking by LTE
• Multihop Communication
• Machine to Machine Communication
• Device to Device Communication
• 4G LTE Network for Mission Critical Communication over IoT
• LTE Advanced for Future Internet and Next Generation Network

In due time, you can get to know many facts about your project. However, if you stay in touch with us, you will never miss an idea.  PhD projects in LTE  will guide the aspirants from the first step till the final end.

Additionally, we also offer paper writing services to our clients. In view of issuing in top-rated journal webs, we follow the standard format. On the one hand, we ensure plagiarism-free pseudocode. On the other hand, we make sure to give privacy.

An effective performance for Survey of RAC Techniques intended M2M Communications in LTE/LTE-A Networks

An efficient method for Evaluating Unlicensed LTE Technologies via LAA versus LTE-U

An innovative mechanism for LTE/LTE-A Network Security Data Collection and Analysis for Security system

An inventive design mechanism for LTE and Wi−Fi Coexistence into Unlicensed Spectrum with Application to Smart Grid practice

An innovative methodology for Bit Error Rate Analysis of 16 X 16 MIMO - OFDM in Downlink transmission for LTE – A system

A new mechanism for LTE-Maritime function used for High-Speed Maritime Wireless Communication Based on LTE Technology

The novel method for QoS-Aware User Association and Resource Allocation in LAA-LTE/WiFi Coexistence Systems

An efficient source for Security Enhanced Group Based on AKA Protocol meant for M2M Communication in an IoT Enabled LTE/LTE-A Network system

A fresh process of Proactive Resource Management for LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum: A Deep Learning Perspective

An inventive performance for LTE/5G C-band MIMO antennas aimed at laptop computers scheme

The novel mechanism for Interference Analysis in LTE and NB-IoT Uplink Multiple Access with RF impairments

An effective function for OFDM Radar with LTE Waveform based on Processing and Performance

An effectual process of Research based on Maintenance and Fault Treatment of TD-LTE Equipment system

A fresh mechanism for PA of PDSCH downlink & inter-cell interferece parameters in LTE network

An innovative method for Hybrid Microstrip Antenna used for Wide Band LTE Infrastructure system

The novel mechanism for Q-Learning Scheme designed for Fair Coexistence Between LTE and Wi-Fi in Unlicensed Spectrum

The new design function for Proximity Coordinated Random Access (PCRA) for M2M Applications in LTE-A scheme

An inventive process for Safety Evaluation of High Speed Railway LTE-R Communication System Based on AHP and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

The new-fangled mechanism for Cognitive radio method into achieve spectrum sharing in LTE-R system

The new mechanism for Coexistence of DVB-T2 and LTE in 800 MHz Band based on Analysis of DVB-T2 System Configurations

MILESTONE 1: Research Proposal

Finalize journal (indexing).

Before sit down to research proposal writing, we need to decide exact journals. For e.g. SCI, SCI-E, ISI, SCOPUS.

Research Subject Selection

As a doctoral student, subject selection is a big problem. Phdservices.org has the team of world class experts who experience in assisting all subjects. When you decide to work in networking, we assign our experts in your specific area for assistance.

Research Topic Selection

We helping you with right and perfect topic selection, which sound interesting to the other fellows of your committee. For e.g. if your interest in networking, the research topic is VANET / MANET / any other

Literature Survey Writing

To ensure the novelty of research, we find research gaps in 50+ latest benchmark papers (IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, MDPI, Hindawi, etc.)

Case Study Writing

After literature survey, we get the main issue/problem that your research topic will aim to resolve and elegant writing support to identify relevance of the issue.

Problem Statement

Based on the research gaps finding and importance of your research, we conclude the appropriate and specific problem statement.

Writing Research Proposal

Writing a good research proposal has need of lot of time. We only span a few to cover all major aspects (reference papers collection, deficiency finding, drawing system architecture, highlights novelty)

MILESTONE 2: System Development

Fix implementation plan.

We prepare a clear project implementation plan that narrates your proposal in step-by step and it contains Software and OS specification. We recommend you very suitable tools/software that fit for your concept.

Tools/Plan Approval

We get the approval for implementation tool, software, programing language and finally implementation plan to start development process.

Pseudocode Description

Our source code is original since we write the code after pseudocodes, algorithm writing and mathematical equation derivations.

Develop Proposal Idea

We implement our novel idea in step-by-step process that given in implementation plan. We can help scholars in implementation.

Comparison/Experiments

We perform the comparison between proposed and existing schemes in both quantitative and qualitative manner since it is most crucial part of any journal paper.

Graphs, Results, Analysis Table

We evaluate and analyze the project results by plotting graphs, numerical results computation, and broader discussion of quantitative results in table.

Project Deliverables

For every project order, we deliver the following: reference papers, source codes screenshots, project video, installation and running procedures.

MILESTONE 3: Paper Writing

Choosing right format.

We intend to write a paper in customized layout. If you are interesting in any specific journal, we ready to support you. Otherwise we prepare in IEEE transaction level.

Collecting Reliable Resources

Before paper writing, we collect reliable resources such as 50+ journal papers, magazines, news, encyclopedia (books), benchmark datasets, and online resources.

Writing Rough Draft

We create an outline of a paper at first and then writing under each heading and sub-headings. It consists of novel idea and resources

Proofreading & Formatting

We must proofread and formatting a paper to fix typesetting errors, and avoiding misspelled words, misplaced punctuation marks, and so on

Native English Writing

We check the communication of a paper by rewriting with native English writers who accomplish their English literature in University of Oxford.

Scrutinizing Paper Quality

We examine the paper quality by top-experts who can easily fix the issues in journal paper writing and also confirm the level of journal paper (SCI, Scopus or Normal).

Plagiarism Checking

We at phdservices.org is 100% guarantee for original journal paper writing. We never use previously published works.

MILESTONE 4: Paper Publication

Finding apt journal.

We play crucial role in this step since this is very important for scholar’s future. Our experts will help you in choosing high Impact Factor (SJR) journals for publishing.

Lay Paper to Submit

We organize your paper for journal submission, which covers the preparation of Authors Biography, Cover Letter, Highlights of Novelty, and Suggested Reviewers.

Paper Submission

We upload paper with submit all prerequisites that are required in journal. We completely remove frustration in paper publishing.

Paper Status Tracking

We track your paper status and answering the questions raise before review process and also we giving you frequent updates for your paper received from journal.

Revising Paper Precisely

When we receive decision for revising paper, we get ready to prepare the point-point response to address all reviewers query and resubmit it to catch final acceptance.

Get Accept & e-Proofing

We receive final mail for acceptance confirmation letter and editors send e-proofing and licensing to ensure the originality.

Publishing Paper

Paper published in online and we inform you with paper title, authors information, journal name volume, issue number, page number, and DOI link

MILESTONE 5: Thesis Writing

Identifying university format.

We pay special attention for your thesis writing and our 100+ thesis writers are proficient and clear in writing thesis for all university formats.

Gathering Adequate Resources

We collect primary and adequate resources for writing well-structured thesis using published research articles, 150+ reputed reference papers, writing plan, and so on.

Writing Thesis (Preliminary)

We write thesis in chapter-by-chapter without any empirical mistakes and we completely provide plagiarism-free thesis.

Skimming & Reading

Skimming involve reading the thesis and looking abstract, conclusions, sections, & sub-sections, paragraphs, sentences & words and writing thesis chorological order of papers.

Fixing Crosscutting Issues

This step is tricky when write thesis by amateurs. Proofreading and formatting is made by our world class thesis writers who avoid verbose, and brainstorming for significant writing.

Organize Thesis Chapters

We organize thesis chapters by completing the following: elaborate chapter, structuring chapters, flow of writing, citations correction, etc.

Writing Thesis (Final Version)

We attention to details of importance of thesis contribution, well-illustrated literature review, sharp and broad results and discussion and relevant applications study.

How PhDservices.org deal with significant issues ?

1. novel ideas.

Novelty is essential for a PhD degree. Our experts are bringing quality of being novel ideas in the particular research area. It can be only determined by after thorough literature search (state-of-the-art works published in IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, ACM, ScienceDirect, Inderscience, and so on). SCI and SCOPUS journals reviewers and editors will always demand “Novelty” for each publishing work. Our experts have in-depth knowledge in all major and sub-research fields to introduce New Methods and Ideas. MAKING NOVEL IDEAS IS THE ONLY WAY OF WINNING PHD.

2. Plagiarism-Free

To improve the quality and originality of works, we are strictly avoiding plagiarism since plagiarism is not allowed and acceptable for any type journals (SCI, SCI-E, or Scopus) in editorial and reviewer point of view. We have software named as “Anti-Plagiarism Software” that examines the similarity score for documents with good accuracy. We consist of various plagiarism tools like Viper, Turnitin, Students and scholars can get your work in Zero Tolerance to Plagiarism. DONT WORRY ABOUT PHD, WE WILL TAKE CARE OF EVERYTHING.

3. Confidential Info

We intended to keep your personal and technical information in secret and it is a basic worry for all scholars.

• Technical Info: We never share your technical details to any other scholar since we know the importance of time and resources that are giving us by scholars.
• Personal Info: We restricted to access scholars personal details by our experts. Our organization leading team will have your basic and necessary info for scholars.

CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY OF INFORMATION HELD IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE AT PHDSERVICES.ORG. WE HONEST FOR ALL CUSTOMERS.

4. Publication

Most of the PhD consultancy services will end their services in Paper Writing, but our PhDservices.org is different from others by giving guarantee for both paper writing and publication in reputed journals. With our 18+ year of experience in delivering PhD services, we meet all requirements of journals (reviewers, editors, and editor-in-chief) for rapid publications. From the beginning of paper writing, we lay our smart works. PUBLICATION IS A ROOT FOR PHD DEGREE. WE LIKE A FRUIT FOR GIVING SWEET FEELING FOR ALL SCHOLARS.

5. No Duplication

After completion of your work, it does not available in our library i.e. we erased after completion of your PhD work so we avoid of giving duplicate contents for scholars. This step makes our experts to bringing new ideas, applications, methodologies and algorithms. Our work is more standard, quality and universal. Everything we make it as a new for all scholars. INNOVATION IS THE ABILITY TO SEE THE ORIGINALITY. EXPLORATION IS OUR ENGINE THAT DRIVES INNOVATION SO LET’S ALL GO EXPLORING.

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Choosing Topics for PhD Applications: Your Ultimate Guide

Are you considering applying for a PhD program? Congratulations on taking the first step towards advancing your academic career! However, with this exciting opportunity comes the daunting task of deciding which topic to pursue in your application. As an applicant, you want to choose a topic that not only aligns with your interests and strengths but also stands out among other applicants. With so many options available, it can be overwhelming and intimidating to make this decision. But fear not, because in this blog post we will provide you with the ultimate guide on choosing topics for PhD applications that will help set you apart and increase your chances of being accepted into a program. So buckle up and get ready to discover how to leave a lasting impression through an impressive choice of topic.

Navigating PhD Application Topics: US vs UK Perspectives

In both the US and UK, the potential topic of your PhD application plays a critical role in the admission process; however, there are key differences to consider. In the US, your research proposal is less emphasized in the initial application. Students often spend their first couple of years on coursework before defining their research topic alongside their chosen advisor. Conversely, in the UK, students are expected to present a detailed research proposal right from the application stage. The proposal should outline the research question, methodology, and proposed timeline, demonstrating the applicant’s capability to conduct independent research. This divergence stems from the different philosophies of doctoral studies between the two countries, with the US favoring a more holistic approach and the UK favoring a more specialized and targeted one.

When preparing your statement of purpose for a PhD application, it’s crucial to tailor your approach to the requirements and expectations of either the US or UK education system, as they differ significantly.

If you are applying to a US institution, your statement should reflect a wide-ranging understanding of your chosen field, highlighting your academic achievements and intellectual curiosity. You aren’t expected to fully commit to a particular research question at this stage.

On the other hand, having a specific research topic in your statement of purpose can stand you in good stead, even when applying to US institutions. A well-defined research question demonstrates your ability to think critically, your understanding of the field, and your aptitude for independent study. This can leave a lasting impression on the admissions committee and distinguish your application from others. While it’s not mandatory to stick to this topic throughout your PhD, it serves as an indicator of your research interests and potential.

Conversely, if you are applying in the UK , your statement should demonstrate a focused and informed understanding of your proposed research topic. You should provide details of your research question, proposed methodology, and tentative timeline. This shows your ability to conduct specialized, independent research. Capture your awareness of the research landscape and show how your work would contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

In either case, remember to emphasize your passion for your chosen field, your preparedness to undertake rigorous academic work, and your potential to contribute meaningfully to the academic community.

Trust the adventure

Embarking on a PhD journey often feels like stepping into the unknown; it’s a venture filled with opportunities for personal and professional growth. Embracing the mantra ‘Trust the adventure’ when choosing potential topics for PhD applications translates into maintaining an open mind towards unexplored research areas that spark your curiosity. It’s about daring to venture beyond your comfort zone and delving into fields that might initially seem daunting or tangential to your primary area of interest. Often, the most groundbreaking discoveries occur at the intersection of disparate disciplines. By allowing your curiosity to guide you, you may find yourself at the forefront of innovative research, breaking new ground and contributing novel insights to your field of study.

Start brainstorming early

As you embark on your PhD journey, the importance of starting your brainstorming early cannot be overstated. It isn’t a process that should be hurried; rather, it is a thoughtful exploration of potential research topics that may serve as the cornerstone for your academic pursuits. The sooner you engage in this intellectual exploration, the more time you will have to thoroughly investigate. This early onset not only allows you to refine your interests but also provides ample time to assess the feasibility and scope of your research. Remember, a PhD is a commitment of several years; hence, the topic you choose should not only intrigue you, but it should also have the potential to contribute significant insights to your chosen field. Nurturing your ideas from the embryonic stage can lead to a robust research proposal that is both innovative and achievable.

Follow your interests

When considering potential topics for your PhD applications , it’s crucial to align your research interests with these topics. The essence of a PhD journey is the passion, curiosity, and intellectual excitement that a research question can inspire within you. This is not just about finding a suitable topic; it is about identifying an area or question in your chosen field that truly resonates with you. Choosing to explore an issue that you are genuinely interested in can make the process of researching and writing significantly more engaging, and it often results in higher-quality work. This is mainly because passion fuels perseverance, a trait indispensable when facing inevitable research hurdles. It’s important to remember that a PhD is not a sprint; it’s a marathon that requires sustained interest and dedication over several years. Hence, following your interests can serve as a guiding compass in the vast sea of research possibilities, leading you towards a topic that could potentially sustain your motivation throughout your PhD journey.

Look for gaps in existing research

When examining potential topics for PhD applications, identifying gaps in existing research is a crucial step. This process involves critically analyzing current literature in your field of interest and determining what questions have been left unanswered. These gaps may represent areas of study that have been overlooked, underdeveloped, or yet to be explored in depth. By focusing on these gaps, your research could answer lingering questions or clarify ambiguities in your field. This approach requires a fine balance of critical thinking, creativity and intellectual curiosity as you seek to identify not only what is known but, more importantly, what remains to be discovered. Ultimately, pursuing these areas of uncharted knowledge allows you to expand on existing research in a meaningful and impactful way.

Consider broader trends and themes

When exploring potential topics for PhD applications, it’s essential to consider broader trends and themes within your field. These often reflect the evolving dynamics and directions in which your discipline is headed. Engaging with these emerging themes can position your research at the forefront of academic thought and debate. Consider how your unique perspectives or insights could contribute to these conversations. Maybe you’ve observed a trend that others haven’t, or perhaps you can apply a new theoretical framework that could shed light on these emerging themes. By aligning your research with these broader trends, you not only increase its relevance and potential impact, but also demonstrate your ability to contribute meaningfully to your field. Remember, a PhD isn’t just an academic endeavour, but a conversation with the broader academic community.

Talk to professors and professionals

Engaging in detailed conversations with professors and professionals in your field can provide invaluable insights when it comes to identifying potential PhD research topics. These individuals possess a wealth of knowledge and experience, have a deep understanding of the current landscape of the field, and are usually up-to-date with the latest research trends and emerging topics. Conversing with them can help broaden your perspective, provide new angles for your research, and even challenge preconceived notions you may have. They may highlight certain areas of study that you might not have otherwise considered or share their own experiences and challenges they faced during their research journey. Furthermore, they can guide you towards resources and literature that could be instrumental in shaping the direction of your PhD research . Therefore, it is crucial to leverage their expertise and experiences as you navigate the terrain of potential PhD research topics.

Review conference programs and journals

Reviewing conference programs and academic journals in your field is another strategic way to discover potential PhD research topics. These platforms often spotlight novel theories, groundbreaking methodologies, and recurring themes in the discipline, giving you a sense of the most pressing issues and the direction the field is moving in. Conferences and journals disseminate cutting-edge research and are the venues where scholars introduce innovative ideas and paradigms, and discuss and challenge current thinking. By studying these resources, you can identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing literature, which could lead to a unique and relevant PhD research topic. For instance, a particular theme may repeatedly appear but lacks comprehensive exploration, or there might be contradictory findings that require further investigation. Additionally, you may uncover a novel approach to an issue that has never been applied before, presenting an opportunity to extend its application and contribute a new perspective to your field. Hence, staying informed about these platforms can help you find a research topic that is both of interest to you and of value to your field.

Connect topics to your skills and background

Connecting potential topics to your skills and background is critical when exploring potential topics to write about in your statement of purpose for PhD applications. This exercise not only allows you to capitalize on your unique strengths, experiences, and knowledge but also enables you to showcase your ability to contribute significantly to the field of study. For instance, if you have extensive experience in data analysis, you might consider focusing on a research topic that would benefit from this expertise. Similarly, if your background is in a unique area, perhaps you could integrate this into your research by investigating a topic that intersects your field of study and your unique background. By relating your research topic to your skills and background, you convey to the admissions committee that you are not just academically capable but also bring a unique perspective to the table, thus elevating your candidacy. Therefore, reflecting upon and articulating your unique skills, experiences, and background in relation to your potential research topic can make your statement of purpose more compelling and increase your chances of acceptance.

Experiment with different angles

Experimenting with different angles or giving fresh twists to topics can be a valuable tactic when selecting a PhD research topic. This approach involves looking at common or established topics from a new perspective or applying novel methodologies or theories. For instance, you might study a well-known issue but through the lens of a lesser-explored theoretical framework, or apply an established method to a new population or context. Such innovative twists can yield unique insights, thereby adding value to the field and setting your application apart. By demonstrating your ability to think creatively and critically, you showcase your potential to make original contributions to your discipline. Moreover, this approach can also demonstrate your adaptability and resilience, traits that are highly valued in research environments. However, it’s essential to balance this originality with feasibility. Ensure that your ‘twist’ is not so out-of-the-box that it becomes impossible to manage within the scope of a PhD program , or doesn’t resonate with potential advisors or funding bodies. So, while you dare to think differently, also ensure your topic is grounded in academic rigour and practical viability. This delicate balance between originality and pragmatism can truly give you a competitive edge in your PhD applications .

Don’t be afraid to rework your ideas

Embracing flexibility in refining your research ideas is not just beneficial but often necessary for a robust research plan to discover topics for PhD applications. When scouting potential topics for your statement of purpose, don’t feel constrained by your initial ideas. As you delve deeper into the literature and engage in academic discussions, you may find angles or aspects that necessitate a rethinking or reshaping of your original concept. Perhaps new findings emerge that challenge your initial assumptions or the practicality of your methods, or perhaps feedback from a trusted mentor or peer points towards a more fruitful direction. In such instances, don’t hesitate to rework your ideas. This process is not indicative of failure, but of growth and refinement. It demonstrates your capacity to understand, adapt and improve, which are critical skills for any successful researcher. In fact, a proposal that has been iteratively refined may likely be more compelling and robust than one that hasn’t been questioned or challenged. Remember, the ultimate goal is not to stick to your first idea, but to arrive at a research question that is meaningful, manageable and has the potential to contribute significantly to your field. Hence, see this process of reworking and refining as a journey towards a stronger, more compelling research proposal

Trust your instincts

Trust in your instincts is a key guiding principle when choosing potential topics for PhD applications. This is not to say that you should ignore practical considerations or informed advice, but it means that at the core of your decision-making process, your innate curiosity and intellectual passion should have a significant role. It is this curiosity that will sustain your motivation during the challenging journey of in-depth research. When you stumble upon a topic or a research question that sparks your interest and makes you want to delve deeper, pay close attention. If it keeps drawing you back, it might just be the right path for you. This innate draw towards a topic often signifies a personal connection, a vested interest, and a level of commitment necessary for rigorous scholarly research. It’s like a compass pointing you towards the areas where you can make significant contributions. So, as you navigate the complex landscape of research topics, remember to trust your instincts and let your innate curiosity guide you towards the right path.

In conclusion, applying for a PhD program is an exciting but challenging journey. Choosing the right topics for PhD application can be intimidating, but with our guide, you now have the tools to make a well-informed decision. Remember to align your interests and strengths while also standing out from the competition with your topic choice. And if you feel like you need an extra boost for your application, don’t forget to check out our statement of purpose services specifically tailored for PhD applicants. This could be just the edge you need to secure your spot in a prestigious program. So don’t let fear hold you back, take the leap and start crafting your impressive application today. Trust us when we say that all of your hard work and dedication will be worth it in the end when you are accepted into the PhD program of your dreams. Congratulations once again on taking this courageous step towards advancing your academic career. We wish you the best of luck in all of your future endeavors!

With a Master’s from McGill University and a Ph.D. from New York University, Dr. Philippe Barr is the founder of The Admit Lab . As a tenure-track professor, Dr. Barr spent a decade teaching and serving on several graduate admission committees at UNC-Chapel Hill before turning to full-time consulting. With more than seven years of experience as a graduate school admissions consultant, Dr. Barr has stewarded the candidate journey across multiple master’s programs and helped hundreds of students get admitted to top-tier graduate programs all over the world .

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lte research topics

Phd research topic in lte.

PHD RESEARCH TOPIC IN DATA MINING PHD RESEARCH TOPIC IN DATA MINING came into lime light recently due to its prevalent scope. Mine, the word refers to extraction of something. Data Mining involves mining of information from the database and transforming it into more understandable structure. It is also known as Knowledge Discovery Database (KDD). Data […]

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PhD Research Topics in Information Technology

PhD Research Topics in Information Technology is our prime research service. Moreover, we will offer ‘ top grade guidance’  for all future PhD/MS scholars. We also help you to achieve greater heights in your career by considering all the things.

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Top Two Demanding Areas for Research Topics in Information Technology

Distributed grid system.

• P2P Communication
• Load Distribution and Balancing
• Data Clustering
• Fault Tolerance System
• And also Mobile Edge Collaboration

Edge and Fog Computing

• SDN Communication
• Radio Frequency Access
• Resource Pooling
• Cognitive Applications
• And also Smart Sensing Tasks

We all know that today’s society shares a huge volume of data. This vast data processing takes place through AI methodologies like ML, DL, and so on. Get in touch with us to know more in detail about PhD research topics in information technology .

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Other amazing topics from PhD Research Topics in Information Technology are grouped together for you,

An effective process of Memory Leakage-Resilient Dynamic and Verifiable Multi-keyword Ranked Search based on Encrypted Smart BSND merthod

A framework process of Intelligent Home Security Monitoring System Based on Android system

An original mechanism for  Dynamic Degenerative Neural Network used Classification of Images by Live Network Data

An inventive process of Deep Abstraction and Weighted Feature Selection intended for Wi-Fi Impersonation Detection

An effeicent mechanism for Anomaly Detection of Cyber Physical Network Data used by 2D Images

An inventive research mechanism for Data Fusion based on Predicting Novel Activity in Enterprise Cyber-Security system

An effectual functkion of Detecting Hidden User Behavior for Network Data Stream method

The novel technology for  Rapid Malware Analysis and Reverse Engineering by Visual Analytics

An effective mechanism for Identification of heavy hitters for network data streams with probabilistic sketch scheme

An kinnovative technique for Detection of super nodes based on connection metrics for network data streams

A fresh competent process of fast multi-pattern matching algorithm for mining big network data

A design and development of new research based LoRa network for cities Private and complete secured by information system

A novel technology for Attacker Behavior-Based Metric for Security Monitoring Applied to Darknet Analysis scheme

Design methodology function of Security Analytics forWBAN/WLAN Healthcare Network

An effective mechanism for Evaluation and Cluster Analysis of E-Businesses with Perishable Products and Cold Supply Chain

An innovative function of Security in Modern Smart Cities by Information Technology Perspective

Design a new methodology of Application in Natural Language Processing in Machine Translation method

An effective process of Enhancing Cloud-Based on IoT Security through Trustworthy Cloud Service

An effective function of Integrated Cloud Storage based on Paperless Thesis Examination by information technology

Effectual process of Research for Security Situational Awareness and Visualization Approach in Cloud Computing

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Home » PhD Research Topics in LTE Network

PhD Research Topics in LTE Network

         We are providing the complete research assistance about the PhD research. When it comes to research, topic selection is the first process and to make that process as much as easier we described this article which is about the complete articulation of research topics and research projects based on LTE network.

• Uplink and downlink synchronization
• Scheduling inter and intra cell resource
• Delay sensitive packet scheduling
• Carrier and channel aggregation
• Mobile data networking
• HD video streaming

LTE Network Projects

         In addition, the lists of project titles based on the LTE network have been enlisted in the following.

• End to end network slicing framework through LTE mathematical scheme
• A genetic algorithm technique for RSS fingerprint based indoor positioning in LTE
• Ensuring security of LTE network functions in public cloud using virtualization
• Backhaul aware SDN based LTE networks using handover optimization and joint QoS control
• Utilization of unsupervised learning in commercial LTE networks for mobility based anomalies detection
• LTE network based low altitude air to ground channel characterization
• Low height air to ground channel in live LTE network for interface modeling
• Multi tire LTE network user experience optimization using data driven traffic steering algorithm
• Secure authentication in LTE networks using robust authentication and key agreement protocol
• LTE network video streaming using machine learning based QoE prediction
• Multi objective particle swarm optimization for location management in LTE networks
• M2M communication based access delay optimization in LTE networks
• Enhancing position accuracy in LTE networks using channel estimators and joint time delay techniques
• Path loss prediction in LTE based urban environments using machine learning techniques
• Modeling & throughput optimization in LTE networks using massive random access of M2M communications
• Enhancing localization framework in LTE network using hybrid TDOA fingerprinting approach
• Two-UAV LTE network: A SkyCore technique for untethered edge based system
• Multi transmitter signal propagation environments in LTE networks using radial basis neural network path loss prediction
• Network slicing in LTE network using resource management mechanism
• Middlebox approach for mobile edge computing in 4G LTE environment

       If you have queries in the project topics based on LTE network, then feel free to reach us at any time.

BU Team Wins Major National Science Foundation Grant to Help PhD Students Attack Climate Change

$3 million five-year award will encourage multidisciplinary approaches to converting and storing sustainable energy.

Intense flooding in Connecticut (left) and wildfires in Colorado (right) are recent examples of extreme weather events that researchers will use to explore solutions to climate change. Photos via AP/Daniel Brown/Sipa USA and via AP/Arnold Gold/Hearst Connecticut Media

$3 million, five-year award will encourage multidisciplinary approaches to converting and storing sustainable energy

If recent weather patterns and disasters, like extreme heat and droughts, catastrophic flooding, and devastating wildfires, have proven anything, it’s that better solutions for sustainable energy are needed to help combat the lasting effects of climate change.

Culminating an up-and-down two-year journey, Malika Jeffries-EL, a Boston University College of Arts & Sciences professor of chemistry, along with a team of BU researchers, has been awarded a five-year, $3 million Research Traineeship grant (NRT) from the National Science Foundation to help PhD students collaborate across disciplines to develop new ideas to convert and store sustainable energy sources. The award will create a new training program that unifies resources in engineering, chemistry, computer science, and data sciences to provide participating students with a broad exposure to energy-related issues.

“I was just really proud,” says Jeffries-EL, who is also the associate dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. “I was proud of myself and my team for doing their part and working so hard to get things through at the last minute. My point of pride is that I fought for this proposal. This was a two-year struggle to get this approved. It’s a very large grant and I’m so excited about the work ahead.”

Along with Jeffries-EL, the project’s co–principal investigators are Emily Ryan , a College of Engineering associate professor of mechanical engineering and of materials science and engineering, James Chapman , an ENG assistant professor of mechanical engineering,  David Coker , a CAS professor of chemistry and of computing and data sciences, and Brian Kulis, an ENG associate professor of electrical and computer engineering.

The NRT Research Traineeship grant is a collaborative award between BU’s Institute for Global Sustainability and the Rafik B. Hariri Center for Computing and Computational Science & Engineering . (NRT grants are intended to assist graduate students in developing the skills, knowledge, and competencies needed to pursue a range of STEM careers.)

“Computation and data science are playing key roles in designing and discovering new materials to address society’s clean renewable energy needs,” says Coker, director of the Hariri Institute’s Center for Computational Science. “This NRT grant will fund the development of new graduate training programs that synergistically bring together data and computational scientists and materials fabrication, synthesis, and characterization experts to guide and educate a new generation of researchers capable of working at the intersections of these fields and pushing forward this critical frontier research.”

Jeffries-EL, who joined the CAS faculty in 2016, says that most scientists, herself included, begin their careers so focused on their own disciplines that they struggle to think and look outside their research silos. Climate change, she says, is simply too big, too broad, too daunting to continue approaching it in isolation. It is expected that over the NRT program’s five years, 100 to 125 BU PhD students will participate in the training.

“We are at a point where we need to be intentional with problems we are tackling,” Jeffries-EL says. “It’s all interconnected. These are complicated problems, and it requires an interdisciplinary approach and interdisciplinary science.”

And getting PhD students involved in the work is critical.

The grant, she says, is so important because it will allow PhD students, just starting out in their research, to immediately learn to think outside of their field. “We are going to catch them at the beginning. This is an intricate part of their training. If they make it all the way through graduate school [without doing interdisciplinary research], they won’t think they need to think this way. We will breed them to think about interdisciplinary research from the start.”

If chemists and data scientists and engineers and biologists all start approaching the problem of climate change and sustainable energy by thinking together, rather than as individuals, Jeffries-EL says, the possibilities are endless.

“We are teaching students to think bigger to take on bigger challenges,” she says. “We have to encourage students to be bold and think big, and that you might fail, but that’s OK, because you will learn as you go.”

We are teaching students to think bigger, to take on bigger challenges. We have to encourage students to be bold, and think big, and that you might fail, but that’s OK, because you will learn as you go. Malika Jeffries-EL

Ryan, an associate director of the Institute for Global Sustainability (IGS), says society needs cleaner energy storage and generation technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and overcome the challenges brought about by climate change. 

“The next generation of scientists and engineers will require a multidisciplinary background and perspective to develop the energy systems of tomorrow,” Ryan says. “We will partner with BU’s Institute for Global Sustainability to provide students a broader education in energy and climate change that includes not only the technical aspects, but also incorporates health, justice, policy, and more to positively impact society. The cutting-edge technology research at BU along with the diverse expertise of IGS will provide students a unique education that would not be possible elsewhere.”

As an example of how an interdisciplinary approach could work, she points to BU’s new Faculty for Computing & Data Sciences.

“Everybody is benefiting from data science,” Jeffries-EL says. “Some are more attentive to what it might do for them. If we can think about how we can leverage data science in many different fields, that will help people have the right mindset around this. It’s all about getting people to think differently from the start.”

The reason sustainable energy research is so important, Jeffries-EL says, is that with so much attention focused on creating and growing new energy sources, from wind to solar, there needs to be an equal amount of time spent on finding ways to harness those new sources of renewable energies.

“We need to be more mindful about how we use energy, and how we store energy. I was fortunate to find like-minded people with the same interest. We can create all the energy in the world, but if we can’t store it in batteries or in some other way, it’s useless. How do you harness the energy, and store and transport it?”

One lesson learned from the work of the BU Institute for Global Sustainability, Jeffries-EL says, “is that we can come up with the coolest technology in the world, but if no one trusts it, it will sit on the shelf.”

The new grant is the second time in two years that BU researchers have been awarded an NSF Research Traineeship grant. In 2023, a $3 million grant went to “A Convergent Training Program on Biological Control,” codirected by Elise Morgan , ENG dean ad interim, and Mary Dunlop , an ENG associate professor. Their work is aimed at training a diverse group of PhD students for the workforce in biotech, synthetic biology, manufacturing, robotics, sustainability, and other sectors.

Explore Related Topics:

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Master Thesis Telecommunication LTE Projects

                 Master Thesis Telecommunication LTE Projects is our prime service started with the aim of promoting our students to explore their research. We have 150+ world class engineers who assist our students in a well-prepared manner, and they have provided theoretical and practical knowledge for students and research scholars.   Currently, LTE is a new technology trend that is growing day by day.

Our world-renowned professionals and dedicated networking researchers have accomplished nearly 1000+ Telecommunication LTE projects, and now they have worked on 700+ projects. We provide a training program for our students in wide areas include LTE, LTE-A, 5G, GSM, and WiMax, with our world-class experts. We conduct learning sessions online (Email, Skype, Team viewer, Mobile Phone, and sharing audio and video files). If you want to join us or be a part of our journey, reach us immediately.

Telecommunication LTE Projects

                 Master Thesis Telecommunication LTE Projects change your research style with the help of our research group. We prepare customized Thesis [Based on your university guidelines] for your research projects in any of the research fields. If you need your Master Thesis in any of the formats, see our other articles; we also have enumerated our thesis structure.  Telecommunication LTE is a standard for wireless communication that provides high-speed network access also for users.  Due to its emerging research scope, students are also interested in doing their Projects in LTE Telecommunication. For our student’s reference, here we also have an emphasis on LTE Telecommunication.

Features of Telecommunication LTE

• Support for inherent mobility also in global ecosystem
• Provides high performance also in terms of latency and speed
• Support also for high performance mobile computing
• Offers security and also privacy with easy access
• Improve spectral efficiency by reducing the cost per bit
• Due to its low latency LTE support also for Real time applications
• Achieve great performance also for real time video and multimedia transmission
• Support for End-to-End Quality of Service

Future Trends for LTE Telecommunication

• Frequency domain equalization
• Fractional frequency reuse (FFR)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA)
• Multi-Input-Multi-Output Technique (MIMO)
• Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
• Multi carrier dependent resource scheduling
• SC-FDMA and OFDMA using DFT Spreading
• Integration of various Multimedia services
• Voice Over IP support also for voice traffic

LTE Design Schemes

  advanced coding and modulation techniques:.

• 16QAM, QPSK, and 64QAM
• Contention free internal inter leaver, coding rate at 1/3, and two 8-state constituent encoders.

Multiple Access Schemes:

• Cyclic Prefix with Single Carrier FDMA
• CP with OFDMA Multiplexing

Advanced Spatial MIMO Multiplexing:

• Downlink and uplink (2/4) *(2/4)

LTE Advanced Antenna Techniques:

• Spatial Multiplexing support high data rate and also in spectral efficiency
• User diversity and also Multiple data stream for link robustness
• Single data stream and also in User diversity
• Beam forming technologies also for longer battery life and coverage
• Spatial Division Multiple Access Techniques

Recent LTE Telecommunication Simulation Tools

• OPNET (OPNET Modeler)
• OMNeT++ (SimuLTE, OMNeT++ v4.6, INET Framework v2.3)
• NS3 (LENA-LTE-EPC Network Simulator)
• LTE System Toolbox also in Matlab
• LTE Simulator Xilinx
• CORE Simulator
• LTE Protocol Simulator (4G network S1, S11, and also in S5/S8 interfaces simulation)

Major Research Areas for LTE

• LTE cellular network also with low energy
• Mobile grid based LTE also for disconnection handling
• Multi user version of MIMO also in LTE network
• Intelligent transporting system also based on LTE
• LTE and LTE-A cell throughput investigation
• High number of transceiver antennas utilization also in MIMO
• HTTP traffic cache ability analysis also in LTE networks
• Femto and also Macro network factors usage analysis
• Radio air interface based on Multi carrier
• Fast Frequency selective resource scheduling
• IP-based Flat Network Architecture Design
• Coordination and interference avoidance using FFR
• Network optimization and also flexibility deployment
• Subscriber and also session state management
• Diversity scheme with SU-MIMO and also MU-MIMO in LTE network

LTE Performance Considerations

Quantitative performance metrics:.

• VoIP Capacity
• Network Latency
• Peak Data Rates
• Coverage, and Radio Performance
• Frequency Band Effect
• Spectral Efficiency ( Cell and Peak)
• Latency and Packet Loss Rate
• Handover Latency
• Mobile Edge Throughput
• Mobility Class

Non-Quantitative/Qualitative Performance Metrics:

• Network scalability
• Flexibility
• Improved Mobility
• System inter-operability

        We also provided very little information about LTE Telecommunication. For further information, approach our top experts at any time [24/7]. Our experts are also the best tutors and mentors who are accepted and recognized at the world level. You just hold our hands; we also move towards your success, which increases your knowledge and potential power.

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