plant biotechnology thesis topics

200+ Biotechnology Research Topics: Let’s Shape the Future

In the dynamic landscape of scientific exploration, biotechnology stands at the forefront, revolutionizing the way we approach healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. This interdisciplinary field encompasses a vast array of research topics that hold the potential to reshape our world.

In this blog post, we will delve into the realm of biotechnology research topics, understanding their significance and exploring the diverse avenues that researchers are actively investigating.

Overview of Biotechnology Research

Table of Contents

Biotechnology, at its core, involves the application of biological systems, organisms, or derivatives to develop technologies and products for the benefit of humanity.

The scope of biotechnology research is broad, covering areas such as genetic engineering, biomedical engineering, environmental biotechnology, and industrial biotechnology. Its interdisciplinary nature makes it a melting pot of ideas and innovations, pushing the boundaries of what is possible.

Unlock your academic potential with expert . Our experienced professionals are here to guide you, ensuring top-notch quality and timely submissions. Don’t let academic stress hold you back – excel with confidence!

How to Select The Best Biotechnology Research Topics?

Identify Your Interests

Start by reflecting on your own interests within the broad field of biotechnology. What aspects of biotechnology excite you the most? Identifying your passion will make the research process more engaging.

Stay Informed About Current Trends

Keep up with the latest developments and trends in biotechnology. Subscribe to scientific journals, attend conferences, and follow reputable websites to stay informed about cutting-edge research. This will help you identify gaps in knowledge or areas where advancements are needed.

Consider Societal Impact

Evaluate the potential societal impact of your chosen research topic. How does it contribute to solving real-world problems? Biotechnology has applications in healthcare, agriculture, environmental conservation, and more. Choose a topic that aligns with the broader goal of improving quality of life or addressing global challenges.

Assess Feasibility and Resources

Evaluate the feasibility of your research topic. Consider the availability of resources, including laboratory equipment, funding, and expertise. A well-defined and achievable research plan will increase the likelihood of successful outcomes.

Explore Innovation Opportunities

Look for opportunities to contribute to innovation within the field. Consider topics that push the boundaries of current knowledge, introduce novel methodologies, or explore interdisciplinary approaches. Innovation often leads to groundbreaking discoveries.

Consult with Mentors and Peers

Seek guidance from mentors, professors, or colleagues who have expertise in biotechnology. Discuss your research interests with them and gather insights. They can provide valuable advice on the feasibility and significance of your chosen topic.

Balance Specificity and Breadth

Strike a balance between biotechnology research topics that are specific enough to address a particular aspect of biotechnology and broad enough to allow for meaningful research. A topic that is too narrow may limit your research scope, while one that is too broad may lack focus.

Consider Ethical Implications

Be mindful of the ethical implications of your research. Biotechnology, especially areas like genetic engineering, can raise ethical concerns. Ensure that your chosen topic aligns with ethical standards and consider how your research may impact society.

Evaluate Industry Relevance

Consider the relevance of your research topic to the biotechnology industry. Industry-relevant research has the potential for practical applications and may attract funding and collaboration opportunities.

Stay Flexible and Open-Minded

Be open to refining or adjusting your research topic as you delve deeper into the literature and gather more information. Flexibility is key to adapting to new insights and developments in the field.

200+ Biotechnology Research Topics: Category-Wise

Genetic engineering.

CRISPR-Cas9: Recent Advances and Applications
Gene Editing for Therapeutic Purposes: Opportunities and Challenges
Precision Medicine and Personalized Genomic Therapies
Genome Sequencing Technologies: Current State and Future Prospects
Synthetic Biology: Engineering New Life Forms
Genetic Modification of Crops for Improved Yield and Resistance
Ethical Considerations in Human Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders
Epigenetics: Understanding the Role of Gene Regulation
CRISPR in Agriculture: Enhancing Crop Traits

Biomedical Engineering

Tissue Engineering: Creating Organs in the Lab
3D Printing in Biomedical Applications
Advances in Drug Delivery Systems
Nanotechnology in Medicine: Theranostic Approaches
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology in Biomedicine
Wearable Biomedical Devices for Health Monitoring
Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine
Precision Oncology: Tailoring Cancer Treatments
Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Biomechanics in Biomedical Engineering

Environmental Biotechnology

Bioremediation of Polluted Environments
Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Turning Trash into Power
Sustainable Agriculture Practices Using Biotechnology
Bioaugmentation in Wastewater Treatment
Microbial Fuel Cells: Harnessing Microorganisms for Energy
Biotechnology in Conservation Biology
Phytoremediation: Plants as Environmental Cleanup Agents
Aquaponics: Integration of Aquaculture and Hydroponics
Biodiversity Monitoring Using DNA Barcoding
Algal Biofuels: A Sustainable Energy Source

Industrial Biotechnology

Enzyme Engineering for Industrial Applications
Bioprocessing and Bio-manufacturing Innovations
Industrial Applications of Microbial Biotechnology
Bio-based Materials: Eco-friendly Alternatives
Synthetic Biology for Industrial Processes
Metabolic Engineering for Chemical Production
Industrial Fermentation: Optimization and Scale-up
Biocatalysis in Pharmaceutical Industry
Advanced Bioprocess Monitoring and Control
Green Chemistry: Sustainable Practices in Industry

Emerging Trends in Biotechnology

CRISPR-Based Diagnostics: A New Era in Disease Detection
Neurobiotechnology: Advancements in Brain-Computer Interfaces
Advances in Nanotechnology for Healthcare
Computational Biology: Modeling Biological Systems
Organoids: Miniature Organs for Drug Testing
Genome Editing in Non-Human Organisms
Biotechnology and the Internet of Things (IoT)
Exosome-based Therapeutics: Potential Applications
Biohybrid Systems: Integrating Living and Artificial Components
Metagenomics: Exploring Microbial Communities

Ethical and Social Implications

Ethical Considerations in CRISPR-Based Gene Editing
Privacy Concerns in Personal Genomic Data Sharing
Biotechnology and Social Equity: Bridging the Gap
Dual-Use Dilemmas in Biotechnological Research
Informed Consent in Genetic Testing and Research
Accessibility of Biotechnological Therapies: Global Perspectives
Human Enhancement Technologies: Ethical Perspectives
Biotechnology and Cultural Perspectives on Genetic Modification
Social Impact Assessment of Biotechnological Interventions
Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology

Computational Biology and Bioinformatics

Machine Learning in Biomedical Data Analysis
Network Biology: Understanding Biological Systems
Structural Bioinformatics: Predicting Protein Structures
Data Mining in Genomics and Proteomics
Systems Biology Approaches in Biotechnology
Comparative Genomics: Evolutionary Insights
Bioinformatics Tools for Drug Discovery
Cloud Computing in Biomedical Research
Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics and Treatment
Computational Approaches to Vaccine Design

Health and Medicine

Vaccines and Immunotherapy: Advancements in Disease Prevention
CRISPR-Based Therapies for Genetic Disorders
Infectious Disease Diagnostics Using Biotechnology
Telemedicine and Biotechnology Integration
Biotechnology in Rare Disease Research
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
Precision Nutrition: Personalized Diets Using Biotechnology
Biotechnology Approaches to Combat Antibiotic Resistance
Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Global Health
Biotechnology in Aging Research and Longevity

Agricultural Biotechnology

CRISPR and Gene Editing in Crop Improvement
Precision Agriculture: Integrating Technology for Crop Management
Biotechnology Solutions for Food Security
RNA Interference in Pest Control
Vertical Farming and Biotechnology
Plant-Microbe Interactions for Sustainable Agriculture
Biofortification: Enhancing Nutritional Content in Crops
Smart Farming Technologies and Biotechnology
Precision Livestock Farming Using Biotechnological Tools
Drought-Tolerant Crops: Biotechnological Approaches

Biotechnology and Education

Integrating Biotechnology into STEM Education
Virtual Labs in Biotechnology Teaching
Biotechnology Outreach Programs for Schools
Online Courses in Biotechnology: Accessibility and Quality
Hands-on Biotechnology Experiments for Students
Bioethics Education in Biotechnology Programs
Role of Internships in Biotechnology Education
Collaborative Learning in Biotechnology Classrooms
Biotechnology Education for Non-Science Majors
Addressing Gender Disparities in Biotechnology Education

Funding and Policy

Government Funding Initiatives for Biotechnology Research
Private Sector Investment in Biotechnology Ventures
Impact of Intellectual Property Policies on Biotechnology
Ethical Guidelines for Biotechnological Research
Public-Private Partnerships in Biotechnology
Regulatory Frameworks for Gene Editing Technologies
Biotechnology and Global Health Policy
Biotechnology Diplomacy: International Collaboration
Funding Challenges in Biotechnology Startups
Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Biotechnological Research

Biotechnology and the Environment

Biotechnology for Air Pollution Control
Microbial Sensors for Environmental Monitoring
Remote Sensing in Environmental Biotechnology
Climate Change Mitigation Using Biotechnology
Circular Economy and Biotechnological Innovations
Marine Biotechnology for Ocean Conservation
Bio-inspired Design for Environmental Solutions
Ecological Restoration Using Biotechnological Approaches
Impact of Biotechnology on Biodiversity
Biotechnology and Sustainable Urban Development

Biosecurity and Biosafety

Biosecurity Measures in Biotechnology Laboratories
Dual-Use Research and Ethical Considerations
Global Collaboration for Biosafety in Biotechnology
Security Risks in Gene Editing Technologies
Surveillance Technologies in Biotechnological Research
Biosecurity Education for Biotechnology Professionals
Risk Assessment in Biotechnology Research
Bioethics in Biodefense Research
Biotechnology and National Security
Public Awareness and Biosecurity in Biotechnology

Industry Applications

Biotechnology in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Bioprocessing Innovations for Drug Production
Industrial Enzymes and Their Applications
Biotechnology in Food and Beverage Production
Applications of Synthetic Biology in Industry
Biotechnology in Textile Manufacturing
Cosmetic and Personal Care Biotechnology
Biotechnological Approaches in Renewable Energy
Advanced Materials Production Using Biotechnology
Biotechnology in the Automotive Industry

Miscellaneous Topics

DNA Barcoding in Species Identification
Bioart: The Intersection of Biology and Art
Biotechnology in Forensic Science
Using Biotechnology to Preserve Cultural Heritage
Biohacking: DIY Biology and Citizen Science
Microbiome Engineering for Human Health
Environmental DNA (eDNA) for Biodiversity Monitoring
Biotechnology and Astrobiology: Searching for Life Beyond Earth
Biotechnology and Sports Science
Biotechnology and the Future of Space Exploration

Challenges and Ethical Considerations in Biotechnology Research

As biotechnology continues to advance, it brings forth a set of challenges and ethical considerations. Biosecurity concerns, especially in the context of gene editing technologies, raise questions about the responsible use of powerful tools like CRISPR.

Ethical implications of genetic manipulation, such as the creation of designer babies, demand careful consideration and international collaboration to establish guidelines and regulations.

Moreover, the environmental and social impact of biotechnological interventions must be thoroughly assessed to ensure responsible and sustainable practices.

Funding and Resources for Biotechnology Research

The pursuit of biotechnology research topics requires substantial funding and resources. Government grants and funding agencies play a pivotal role in supporting research initiatives.

Simultaneously, the private sector, including biotechnology companies and venture capitalists, invest in promising projects. Collaboration and partnerships between academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations further amplify the impact of biotechnological research.

Future Prospects of Biotechnology Research

As we look to the future, the integration of biotechnology with other scientific disciplines holds immense potential. Collaborations with fields like artificial intelligence, materials science, and robotics may lead to unprecedented breakthroughs.

The development of innovative technologies and their application to global health and sustainability challenges will likely shape the future of biotechnology.

In conclusion, biotechnology research is a dynamic and transformative force with the potential to revolutionize multiple facets of our lives. The exploration of diverse biotechnology research topics, from genetic engineering to emerging trends like synthetic biology and nanobiotechnology, highlights the breadth of possibilities within this field.

However, researchers must navigate challenges and ethical considerations to ensure that biotechnological advancements are used responsibly for the betterment of society.

With continued funding, collaboration, and a commitment to ethical practices, the future of biotechnology research holds exciting promise, propelling us towards a more sustainable and technologically advanced world.

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Research Proposal Topics In Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a fascinating subject that blends biology and technology and provides a huge chance to develop new ideas. However, before pursuing a career in this field, a person needs to complete a number of studies and have a thorough knowledge of the matter. When we begin our career must we conduct study to discover some innovative innovations that could benefit people around the world. Biotechnology is one of a variety of sciences of life, including pharmacy. Students who are pursuing graduation, post-graduation or PhD must complete the research work and compose their thesis to earn the satisfaction in their education. When choosing a subject for biotechnology-related research it is important to choose one that is likely to inspire us. Based on our passion and personal preferences, the subject to study may differ.

What is Biotechnology?

In its most basic sense, biotechnology is the science of biology that enables technology Biotechnology harnesses the power of the biomolecular and cellular processes to create products and technologies that enhance our lives and the wellbeing of the planet. Biotechnology has been utilizing microorganisms' biological processes for over six thousand years to create useful food items like cheese and bread as well as to keep dairy products in good condition.

Modern biotechnology has created breakthrough products and technology to treat rare and debilitating illnesses help reduce our footprint on the environment and feed hungry people, consume less energy and use less and provide safer, more clean and productive industrial production processes.

Introduction

Biotechnology is credited with groundbreaking advancements in technological development and development of products to create sustainable and cleaner world. This is in large part due to biotechnology that we've made progress toward the creation of more efficient industrial manufacturing bases. Additionally, it assists in the creation of greener energy, feeding more hungry people and not leaving a large environmental footprint, and helping humanity fight rare and fatal diseases.

Our writing services for assignments within the field of biotechnology covers all kinds of subjects that are designed to test and validate the skills of students prior to awarding their certificates. We assist students to successfully complete their course in all kinds of biotechnology-related courses. This includes biological sciences for medical use (red) and eco-biotechnology (green) marine biotechnology (blue) and industrial biotechnology (white).

What do we hope to gain from all these Initiatives?

Our primary goal in preparing this list of the top 100 biotechnology assignment subjects is to aid students in deciding on effective time management techniques. We've witnessed a large amount of cases where when looking for online help with assignments with the topic, examining sources of information, and citing the correct order of reference students find themselves stuck at various points. In the majority of cases, students have difficulty even to get through their dilemma of choosing a topic. This is why we contribute in our effort to help make the process easier for students in biotech quickly and efficiently. Our students are able to save time and energy in order to help them make use of the time they are given to write the assignment with the most appropriate topics.

Let's look at some of the newest areas of biotechnology research and the related areas.

Renewable Energy Technology Management Promoting Village
Molasses is a molasses-based ingredient that can be used to produce and the treatment of its effluent
Different ways to evapotranspirate
Scattering Parameters of Circulator Bio-Technology
Renewable Energy Technology Management Promoting Village.

Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases

A variety of studies are being conducted into the techniques used by pathogens in order to infect humans and other species and for designing strategies for countering the disease. The main areas that are available to study by biotech researchers include:

inlA from Listeria monocytogenes when combined with E-cadherin from humans.
InlC in Listeria monocytogenes that are multipart with human Tuba.
Phospholipase PatA of Legionella pnemophila.
The inactivation process of mammalian TLR2 by inhibiting antibody.
There are many proteins that come originate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Plant Biotechnology

Another significant area for research in biotechnology for plants is to study the genetic causes of the plant's responses to scarcity and salinity, which have a significant impact on yields of the crop and food.

Recognition and classification of genes that influence the responses of plants to drought and salinity.
A component of small-signing molecules in plants' responses to salinity and drought.
Genetic enhancement of plant sensitivity salinity and drought.

Pharmacogenetics

It's also a significant area for conducting research in biotechnology. One of the most important reasons for doing so could be the identification of various genetic factors that cause differences in drug effectiveness and susceptibility for adverse reactions. Some of the subjects which can be studied are,

Pharmacogenomics of Drug Transporters
Pharmacogenomics of Metformin's response to type II mellitus
The pharmacogenomics behind anti-hypertensive medicines
The Pharmacogenomics of anti-cancer drugs

Forensic DNA

A further area of research in biotechnology research is the study of the genetic diversity of humans for its applications in criminal justice. Some of the topics that could be studied include,

Y-chromosome Forensic Kit, Development of commercial prototype.
Genetic testing of Indels in African populations.
The Y-chromosome genotyping process is used for African populations.
Study of paternal and maternal ancestry of mixed communities in South Africa.
The study of the local diversity in genetics using highly mutating Y-STRs and Indels.
South African Innocence Project: The study of DNA extracted from historical crime scene.
Nanotechnology is a new technology that can be applied to DNA genotyping.
Nanotechnology methods to isolate DNA.

Food Biotechnology

It is possible to conduct research in order to create innovative methods and processes in the fields of food processing and water. The most fascinating topics include:

A molecular-based technology that allows for the rapid identification and detection of foodborne pathogens in intricate food chains.
The effects of conventional and modern processing techniques on the bacteria that are associated with Aspalathus lineriasis.
DNA-based identification of species of animals that are present in meat products that are sold raw.
The phage assay and PCR are used to detect and limit the spread of foodborne pathogens.
Retention and elimination of pathogenic, heat-resistant and other microorganisms that are treated by UV-C.
Analysis of an F1 generation of the cross Bon Rouge x Packham's Triumph by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR/microsatellite).
The identification of heavy metal tolerant and sensitive genotypes
Identification of genes that are involved in tolerance to heavy metals
The isolation of novel growth-promoting bacteria that can help crops cope with heavy metal stress . Identification of proteins that signal lipids to increase the tolerance of plants to stress from heavy metals

This topic includes high-resolution protein expression profiling for the investigation of proteome profiles. The following are a few of the most fascinating topics:

The identification and profile of stress-responsive proteins that respond to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis Thalian and Sorghum bicolor.
Analyzing sugar biosynthesis-related proteins in Sorghum bicolor, and study of their roles in drought stress tolerance
Evaluation of the viability and long-term sustainability of Sweet Sorghum for bioethanol (and other by-products) production in South Africa
In the direction of developing an environmentally sustainable, low-tech hypoallergenic latex Agroprocessing System designed specifically especially for South African small-holder farmers.

Bioinformatics

This is an additional aspect of biotechnology research. The current trend is to discover new methods to combat cancer. Bioinformatics may help identify proteins and genes as well as their role in the fight against cancer. Check out some of the areas that are suitable to study.

Prediction of anticancer peptides with HIMMER and the the support vector machine.
The identification and verification of innovative therapeutic antimicrobial peptides for Human Immunodeficiency Virus In the lab and molecular method.
The identification of biomarkers that are associated with cancer of the ovary using an molecular and in-silico method.
Biomarkers identified in breast cancer, as possible therapeutic and diagnostic agents with a combination of molecular and in-silico approaches.
The identification of MiRNA's as biomarkers for screening of cancerous prostates in the early stages an in-silico and molecular method
Identification of putatively identified the genes present in breast cancer tissues as biomarkers for early detection of lobular and ductal breast cancers.
Examining the significance of Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 6 (RBBP6) in the regulation of the cancer-related protein Y-Box Binding Protein 1 (YB-1).
Examining the role played by Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 6 (RBBP6) in the regulation of the cancer suppressor p53 through Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2).
Structural analysis of the anti-oxidant properties of the 1-Cys peroxiredoxin Prx2 found in the plant that resurrects itself Xerophyta viscosa.

Nanotechnology

This is a fascinating aspect of biotechnology, which can be used to identify effective tools to address the most serious health issues.

Evaluation of cancer-specific peptides to determine their applications for the detection of cancer.
The development of a quantum dot-based detection systems for breast cancer.
The creation of targeted Nano-constructs for in vivo imaging as well as the treatment of tumors.
Novel quinone compounds are being tested as anti-cancer medicines.
Embedelin is delivered to malignant cells in a specific manner.
The anti-cancer activities of Tulbaghia Violacea extracts were studied biochemically .
Novel organic compounds are screened for their anti-cancer potential.
To treat HIV, nanotechnology-based therapeutic techniques are being developed.

Frequently asked questions

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Some of biotechnology topics are:

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What is best topic for research in biotechnology , what are some examples of biotechnology , what is the scope of biotechnology , what is master in biotechnology , is biotechnology a high paying job , is biotechnology hard to study , is biotechnology a good career , which agecy is best for biotechnology assignment help , can a biotechnologist become a doctor , is biotechnology better than microbiology , is b tech biotechnology a good course .

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Plant biotechnology articles from across Nature Portfolio

Plant biotechnology can be defined as the introduction of desirable traits into plants through genetic modification.

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MINI REVIEW article

Nanotechnology in plant science: to make a long story short.

$\nIlaria Sanzari$

1 Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

This mini-review aims at gaining knowledge on basic aspects of plant nanotechnology. While in recent years the enormous progress of nanotechnology in biomedical sciences has revolutionized therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, the comprehension of nanoparticle-plant interactions, including uptake, mobilization and accumulation, is still in its infancy. Deeper studies are needed to establish the impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on plant growth and agro-ecosystems and to develop smart nanotechnology applications in crop improvement. Herein we provide a short overview of NMs employed in plant science and concisely describe key NM-plant interactions in terms of uptake, mobilization mechanisms, and biological effects. The major current applications in plants are reviewed also discussing the potential use of polymeric soft NMs which may open new and safer opportunities for smart delivery of biomolecules and for new strategies in plant genetic engineering, with the final aim to enhance plant defense and/or stimulate plant growth and development and, ultimately, crop production. Finally, we envisage that multidisciplinary collaborative approaches will be central to fill the knowledge gap in plant nanotechnology and push toward the use of NMs in agriculture and, more in general, in plant science research.

Introduction

Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties and provide versatile scaffolds for functionalization with biomolecules. Moreover, certain NMs such as gold and magnetic nanoparticles as well as polymeric or hybrid NMs have shown to respond to external stimuli achieving a spatiotemporal controlled release of macromolecules. For these reasons, over the last two decades, engineered nanomaterials have been successfully tested and applied in medicine and pharmacology, especially for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes ( Bruchez et al., 1998 ; Tang et al., 2006 ; Perrault et al., 2009 ). More recently, the field of nanotechnology is gaining an increased interest in plant science, especially for the application of nanomaterials (NMs) as vehicles of agrochemicals or biomolecules in plants, and the great potential to enhance crop productivity ( Khan et al., 2017 ).

It is reasonable to argue that the potentiality and the benefits of the application of NMs in plant sciences and agriculture are still not fully exploited, due to some bottlenecks, which can be briefly summarized as follows: (i) the need to design and synthesis safe NMs which do not interfere negatively with plant growth and development ( Sabo-Attwood et al., 2012 ); (ii) the lack of knowledge on the exact mechanisms of NMs uptake and mobilization in plants ( Ranjan et al., 2017 ) and, (iii) the lack of multidisciplinary approaches, necessary for the design and the implementation of nanotechnology applications in plants.

Nanomaterials in Plant Science

According to ASTM standards, Nanomaterials (NMs) can be defined as natural or manufactured materials, typically ranging between 1 and100 nm ( Astm E2456 - 06 , 2012 ). NMs have a small size and a high surface-to-volume ratio, which confer to them remarkable chemical and physical properties in comparison to their bulk counterparts ( Roduner, 2006 ). NMs have unique and versatile physicochemical properties, which makes their use suitable in different fields, such as life science, electronics and chemical engineering ( Jeevanandam et al., 2018 ). Recently, nanotechnology is gaining interest also in plant science, due to the need to develop miniaturized efficient systems to improve seed germination, growth and plant protection to abiotic and biotic stresses ( Wang et al., 2016 ).

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs), such as gold (Au), and silver (Ag) NPs, have been widely introduced in plant science for different applications ( Figure 1A ). Their chemical synthesis is quite costly and requires the use of hazardous chemicals ( Viswanath and Kim, 2015 ; Rastogi et al., 2019 ). However, greener approaches based on the use of plant extract as well as ionizing radiation chemistry in aqueous solutions have been developed ( Abedini et al., 2013 ). Also oxidized NMs, such as MgO, CaO, ZnO, and TiO 2 NMs, have been widely proposed, thanks to their superior electrical, catalytic and light absorption properties ( Jahan et al., 2018 ). Over the recent years, the interest in polymeric nanomaterials is predominantly increasing due to their biocompatibility, low-cost synthesis and capability to response to external stimuli ( Baskar et al., 2018 ). Core/Shell NPs are also available and can be manufactured with a variety of combination of materials such as inorganic/inorganic, inorganic/organic, organic/inorganic, and organic/organic materials. The choice of the shell of the NPs strongly depends on the end application and use ( Ghosh Chaudhuri and Paria, 2012 ). For example, polymeric shells have been proposed to improve the biocompatibility of the NPs ( Nath et al., 2008 ). NPs with a nanostructured shell have been also synthesized, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NPs) made from a mesoporous structure with a highly functionalizable surface area ( Torney et al., 2007 ).

Figure 1. (A) Illustration of NMs grouped into several categories: carbon-based NMs such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs); metallic NPs, including metals such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al); metal oxides (ZnO, CuO, TiO 2 , Fe 2 O3, SiO 2 , etc.); quantum dots (QDs); dendrimers, which are three dimensional polymer network immensely branched with low polydispersity and liposomes and nanogels. With the development of new techniques for chemical synthesis, it is possible to synthesize NMs not only with a symmetrical (spherical) shape but also having a variety of different nanoforms, such as nanoclays (polypropylene nanoclay systems) and nanoemulsions (lipophilic nanoemulsions), tubes, rods, disks, bars, and sheets. (B) Schematization of different NP delivery methods and translocation in plants. Nanoparticle can be administered both at foliar and root system. Once penetrated the external layers, they move through the symplastic or apoplastic routes and reach different organs and tissues. (C) Currently, the main focus of the publications in plant science deals with the use of NPs as biosensors or biomolecules nanocarriers for crop production and protection under controlled conditions. New advances in DNA/miRNA/siRNA delivery have found limited application in plant so far, while new nanotechnology tools addressing technical concerns in genome editing strategies are strongly demanded.

Nanogels (NGs) are a new category of NM with a growing interest in the nanotechnology community. They have excellent physicochemical properties, colloidal stability, high encapsulation capacity of biomolecules (bioconjugation), and stimuli-responsiveness (pH, temperature, etc.). NGs are defined as nano-sized ionic and non-ionic hydrogels made of synthetic or natural polymeric chains, chemically or physically cross-linked ( Molina et al., 2015 ; Neamtu et al., 2017 ). NGs possess a high water content (70–90% of the entire structure), a high degree of porosity and high load capacity. The most common NGs are chitosan, alginate, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethyleneimine), poly (vinylpyrrolidone), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). NGs with hybrid structures, made of polymeric or non-polymeric materials can be obtained ( Molina et al., 2015 ). Hybrid NGs have been classified in: (i) nanomaterial– nanogel, which are synthesized by incorporation of nanosized materials such as magnetic or carbonaceous nanoparticles, and (ii) polymer–nanogel composites, which include interpenetrated networks (IPNs), copolymer, and core-shell particles ( Molina et al., 2015 ). The main advantage of IPNs and copolymer NGs relies on their stimuli-responsiveness, whereas core-shell NGs are more promising for encapsulating biomolecules and drug delivery.

Nanoparticle Uptake, Translocation, and Biological Impact in Plants

Applications of nanotechnology strategies in plants need a preventive accurate evaluation of nanoparticle-plant interactions, including the comprehension of the mechanisms of their uptake, translocation and accumulation, together with the assessment of potential adverse effects on plant growth and development. Plant uptake of NPs is hardly predictable, depending on multiple factors related to the nanoparticle itself (size, chemical composition, net charge and surface functionalization), but also on the application routes, the interactions with environmental components (soil texture, water availability, microbiota), the constraint due to the presence of a cell wall, the physiology and the multifaceted anatomy of individual plant species. Most of the previous studies in plants deal with the uptake of small metal and metal oxide NPs, due to the wide use in industry and to the easy detection and tracking by microscopy techniques ( González-Melendi et al., 2008 ). However, compared to the great wealth of information available in metazoans, only a handful of integrated comparative analyses have been conceived to establish the contribution of the physicochemical features (e.g., size, charge, coatings, etc.) of NPs in plant-nanoparticle interaction ( Zhu et al., 2012 ; Song et al., 2013 ; Moon et al., 2016 ; Vidyalakshmi et al., 2017 ; García-Gómez et al., 2018 ).

Delivery Methods and Primary Interactions at the Plant Surface

Basically, engineered nanomaterials can be applied either to the roots or to the vegetative part of plants, preferentially to the leaves ( Figure 1B ). At the shooting surface, NPs can be taken up passively through natural plant openings with nano- or microscale exclusion size, such as stomata, hydathodes, stigma and bark texture ( Eichert et al., 2008 ; Kurepa et al., 2010 ). However, additional plant anatomical and physiological aspects need to be considered to better understand the dynamics of NP-plant interactions. For instance, shoot surfaces are generally covered by a cuticle made of biopolymers (e.g., cutin, cutan) and associated waxes, which function as a lipophilic barrier to protect above-ground plant primary organs, leaving access only through natural openings ( Figure 1B ). Dynamics of NPs at the cuticle level are poorly investigated, but at present, this barrier appears to be an almost impenetrable layer to nanoparticles, although nano-TiO2 has been shown to be able to produce holes in the cuticle ( Larue et al., 2014 ; Schwab et al., 2016 ). Trichomes on plant organs can affect dynamics at the plant surface by entrapping NP on the plant surface and thus increasing the permanence time of exogenous materials on tissues. Damages and wounds may also function as viable routes for NP internalization in plants in both aerial and hypogeal parts ( Al-Salim et al., 2011 ). Delivery methods also seem to influence NP uptake efficiency in plants. As recently reported, the aerosol application promotes higher internalization rates of different nanoparticles with respect to NP drop cast in watermelon ( Raliya et al., 2016 ). Also, leaf lamina infiltration strategies may force NM penetration in plant tissues as reported for single-walled carbon nanotubes ( Giraldo et al., 2014 ) and resulted to be functional for gene delivery ( Demirer et al., 2018 ). At the root level, rhizodermis lateral root junctions may provide easy access to NMs, especially near the root tip, while upper parts are impermeable due to the presence of suberin ( Chichiriccò and Poma, 2015 ). Generally, the dynamics of NP uptake appear to be more complex in the soil compared to the plant aerial part. Several factors, as the presence of mucilage and exudates, symbiotic organisms, and soil organic matter may influence NPs availability. For instance, root mucilage and exudates normally excreted into the rhizosphere play a dual role: they may promote NP adhesion to the root surface, which in turn may enhance NP internalization rate or, conversely, these gel-like substances may also trigger NP trapping and aggregation ( Avellan et al., 2017 ; Milewska-Hendel et al., 2017 ). Recent observations, by means of X-ray computed nanotomography and enhanced dark-field microscopy combined with hyperspectral imaging, have demonstrated that root border cells and associated mucilage tend to trap gold NPs irrespective of particle charge, while negatively charged NPs are not sequestered by the mucilage of Arabidopsis thaliana root cap and translocate directly into the root tissue ( Avellan et al., 2017 ).

The presence of symbiotic bacteria and fungi in the soil have been demonstrated to play controversial roles as well; in general, they enhance accumulation of different types of heavy metal NPs in true grasses, but reduce nano-Ag and nano-FeO uptake in legumes ( Whiteside et al., 2009 ; Feng et al., 2013 ; Guo and Chi, 2014 ).

Nanoparticle Mobilization in Plant

Once penetrated the plant outer protective layers and regardless of aerial or hypogeal exposure, NMs have two mobilization routes in the plant: apoplastic and symplastic paths ( Figure 1B ). Apoplastic transport occurs outside the plasma membrane through the cell wall and extracellular spaces, whereas symplastic movements involve the transport of water and solutes between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells connected by plasmodesmata and sieve plate pores.

Apoplastic transport has been demonstrated to promote radial movement of NMs, which may move NPs to the root central cylinder and the vascular tissues, and promoting their movement upwards the aerial part ( González-Melendi et al., 2008 ; Larue et al., 2014 ; Sun et al., 2014 ; Zhao et al., 2017 ). This manner of NP translocation is instrumental for applications requiring systemic NP delivery. However, the Casparian strip, a longitudinally oriented layer made of lignin-like structures, prevent the completion of this radial movement in the root endodermis ( Sun et al., 2014 ; Lv et al., 2015 ). To bypass this natural barrier, water and another solute switch from apoplastic to the simplastic path. Similar abilities to circumvent the block at Casparian strip have been documented for different kinds of NPs as reviewed in Schwab et al. (2016) . This may happen especially in those anatomical regions where the Casparian strip is not yet properly formed, such as root tips and root lateral junctions ( Lv et al., 2019 ).

The symplastic transport of NPs requires that at some point NPs penetrate inside the cells. The presence of a rigid plant cell wall creates a physical barrier to the cell entry and makes the intracellular delivery of NPs in plants much more difficult with respect to animal cells. Basically, the cell wall is a multi-layered framework of primarily cellulose/hemicellulose microfibrils and scaffold proteins, creating a porous milieu which acts as a narrow selective filter with a mean diameter <10 nm, with some exception up to 20 nm ( Carpita et al., 1979 ). Actually, this is a critical point and currently represents one of the main hurdles to the design and the implementation of bioengineering tools in plants ( Cunningham et al., 2018 ). However, different types of nanoparticles with a mean diameter between 3 and 50 nm and carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to easily pass through the cell wall in many plant species ( Liu et al., 2009 ; Kurepa et al., 2010 ; Chang et al., 2013 ; Etxeberria et al., 2019 ).

Subsequent cell internalization may occur preferentially by endocytosis ( Valletta et al., 2014 ; Palocci et al., 2017 ), although alternative cell entry mechanisms, such as those based on pore formation, membrane translocation or carrier proteins already described in cells ( Nel et al., 2009 ; Lin et al., 2010 ; Wang et al., 2012 ) and in invertebrate models ( Marchesano et al., 2013 ) need to be further elucidated in plant cells. For instance, it has been demonstrated that Multi-Walled Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) may enter in Catharanthus roseus protoplasts by an endosome-escaping uptake mode ( Serag et al., 2011 ).

Once in the cytoplasm, cell to cell movements of NPs are facilitated by plasmodesmata, membrane-lined cytoplasmic bridges with a flexible diameter (20–50 nm), which ensure membrane and cytoplasmic continuity among cells throughout plant tissues. Transport of NPs with variable sizes through plasmodesmata has been described in Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar plant species ( Lin et al., 2009 ; Geisler-Lee et al., 2013 ; Zhai et al., 2014 ).

Through the symplastic and apoplastic pathways, small particles can reach the xylem and phloem vessels and translocate in the whole plant to different tissues and organs. Remarkably, organs like flowers, fruits and seeds normally have a strong capability to import fluids from the phloem (sink activity) and tend to accumulate NMs. Besides plant toxicity, NP accumulation in specialized organs raises another important issue related to their safe use in human and animal consumption ( Pérez-de-Luque, 2017 ).

Worth mentioning from an application perspective, studies in different crops, such as maize, spinach, cabbage, reported the ability of metal-NPs to penetrate seeds and translocate into the seedlings, without significant effects on seed viability, germination rate, and shoot development. These data suggest the possible use of functional NPs for seed priming and plant growth stimulation, also in limiting environmental conditions ( Zheng et al., 2005 ; Rǎcuciu and Creangǎ, 2009 ; Pokhrel and Dubey, 2013 ).

Nanoparticle Phytotoxicity

The comprehension of NM toxicity in crop plants is still at dawn, but it is crucial for the implementation of innovative agro-nanotech tools and products ( Servin and White, 2016 ). Current NP studies in plants have investigated unrealistic scenarios, such as short-term and high dose exposure, often in model media and plant species, gathering contradictory results ( Miralles et al., 2012 ). Basically, most of the studies have demonstrated that in cultivated species (e.g., tomato, wheat, onion, and zucchini) excess of metal-based NPs trigger an oxidative burst by interfering with the electron transport chain as well as by impairing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying machinery, with genotoxic implications ( Dimkpa et al., 2013 ; Faisal et al., 2013 ; Pakrashi et al., 2014 ; Pagano et al., 2016 ). As a consequence, plant secondary metabolism, hormonal balance and growth are often negatively affected. Interestingly, recent transcriptome analyses revealed that exposures to different types of NPs (e.g., zinc oxide, fullerene soot, or titanium dioxide) exposure represses a significant number of genes involved in phosphate-starvation, pathogen and stress responses, with possible negative effects on plant root development and defense mechanisms in A. thaliana . A recent systems biology approach, including omics data from tobacco, rice, rocket salad, wheat, and kidney beans, confirmed that metal NMs provoke a generalized stress response, with the prevalence of oxidative stress components ( Ruotolo et al., 2018 ). These data suggest that further studies based on high-throughput analysis of genetic and metabolic responses, triggered by NP exposure, are necessary to shed light on many aspects of NP phytotoxicity in crops, even in absence of overt toxicity at the phenotypic level ( Majumdar et al., 2015 ). In light of these evidence, it appears fair to exploit for future applications in plants engineered NMs for which a safe profile has been already established in animal systems, such as soft polymeric NPs.

Current Applications in Plant Science

As mentioned above, while nanotechnology innovation is running fast in many fields of life science, smart applications in plant and agricultural science still lag behind ( Wang et al., 2016 ). In this section, we review the most significant current approaches (schematized in Figure 1C ), in particular, those inherent to biosensing, delivery of agrochemicals and genetic engineering. Representative applications for different types of NPs are also listed in Table 1 together with a brief description of their positive effects and drawbacks in plant species.

Table 1 . Major applications of different nanomaterials in plant and respective positive/negative impact.

NMs have been applied to develop biosensors or they have been used as “sensing materials” in the fields of crop biotechnology, agriculture, and food industry ( Duhan et al., 2017 ; Chaudhry et al., 2018 ). Different categories of nanosensor types have been tested in plants, including plasmonic nanosensors, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based nanosensors, carbon-based electrochemical nanosensors, nanowire nanosensors and antibody nanosensors. Although the use of nanosensors in plants is at an initial stage ( Rai et al., 2012 ), interesting reports have proposed the use of NMs as tools for detection and quantification of plant metabolic flux, residual of pesticides in food and bacteria, viral and fungal pathogens. Recently, it has been reported the fabrication of a fluorometric optical onion membrane-based sensor for detection of sucrose based on the synthesis of invertase-nanogold clusters embedded in plant membranes ( Bagal-Kestwal et al., 2015 ). In addition, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been exploited for near-infrared fluorescence monitoring of nitric oxide in A. thaliana ( Giraldo et al., 2014 ). FRET probes conjugated to polystyrene NPs have been also designed to quantify and recognize the phytoalexins ( Dumbrepatil et al., 2010 ).

As above mentioned, NMs-based biosensors are very promising as they allow rapid detection and precise quantification of fungi, bacteria and viruses in plants ( Duhan et al., 2017 ). For example, fluorescent silica NPs combined with antibody was designed for diagnosing Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria , which causes bacterial spot disease in Solanaceae plants ( Yao et al., 2009 ). Recently, Au NPs have been proposed from Lau et al. as DNA biochemical labels to detect Pseudomonas syringae in A. thaliana by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes ( Lau et al., 2017 ). Similarly, fluorescently labeled-DNA oligonucleotide conjugated to Au NPs were employed in the diagnosis of the phytoplasma associated with the flavescence dorée disease of grapevine ( Firrao et al., 2005 ). Finally, smart nanosensors are also available for mycotoxin detection; for instance, the 4mycosensor is a competitive antibody-based assay successfully introduced in the market to test the presence of ZEA, T-2/HT-2, DON, and FB1/FB2 mycotoxin residues in corn, wheat, oat and barley ( Lattanzio and Nivarlet, 2017 ).

Controlled Release of Agrochemicals and Nutrients

NMs can be applied to the soil as nanostructured fertilizers (nanofertilizers, as for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo NPs) or can be used as enhanced delivery systems to improve the uptake and the performance of conventional fertilizers (nutrients and phosphates) ( Liu and Lal, 2015 ). Even though nanofertilizers and NM-enhanced fertilizers are very promising for agriculture, the use of nanotechnology in fertilizer supply is very scanty ( DeRosa et al., 2010 ).

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, used as phosphorous nanofertilizers, enhance the soybean growth rate and seed yield by 33 and 20%, compared to a regular P fertilizer ( Liu and Lal, 2015 ). In addition, nanofertilizers can be released at slower rates which may contribute to maintain the soil fertility by reducing the transport of these nutrients into a runoff or ground water and decreasing the risks of environmental pollution and toxic effects due to their over-application ( Liu and Lal, 2015 ).

Metallic nanoparticles based on Iron oxide, ZnO, TiO 2 , and copper have been directly applied as nanofertilizers in soil by irrigation or via foliar applications in different plants, such as mung bean plant, cucumber and rape ( Gao et al., 2006 ; Tarafdar et al., 2014 ; Saharan et al., 2016 ; Verma et al., 2018 ). Similarly, MWNTs used as soil supplements increased twice the number of flowers and fruits in tomato plants likely through the activation of genes/proteins essential for plant growth and development ( Khodakovskaya et al., 2013 ). Despite these intriguing evidence, the use of nanofertilizers is still debatable. Accumulation in treated soils may pose a threat to soil microbial communities such as small invertebrates, bacteria and fungi ( Frenk et al., 2013 ; Waalewijn-Kool et al., 2013 ; Shen et al., 2015 ; Simonin et al., 2016 ; Goncalves et al., 2017 ). This impact on the agro-ecosystem reasonably discourages the use of metallic nanoparticles in agriculture.

Only recently, a natural polymer, such as chitosan NPs, have been used for controlled release of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in wheat by foliar uptake ( Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016 ). The use of organic NPs is more acceptable in terms of environmental pollution. However, their effective advantages for nutrient supply over traditional fertilization methods need more robust evidence ( Liu and Lal, 2015 ).

On the other hand, pesticides delivered by nanomaterials generally have increased stability and solubility and enable slow release and effective targeted delivery in pest management ( Duhan et al., 2017 ). Organic and polymeric NPs in the form of nanospheres or nanocapsules have been used as nanocarriers for herbicide distribution ( Tanaka et al., 2012 ). In particular, polymeric NPs, such as Poly(epsilon-caprolactone), present good properties of biocompatibility and have been repeatedly used for the encapsulation of atrazine herbicide ( Tanaka et al., 2012 ). In another study, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with three triazine herbicides have shown reduced environmental impact and low genotoxic effects in Allium cepa ( Grillo et al., 2015 ).

Nanomaterials for Plant Genetic Engineering

As stated above, the cell wall represents a barrier to the delivery of exogenous biomolecules in plant cells. To overcome this barrier and achieve plant genetic transformation, different strategies based on Agrobacterium transformation or biolistic methods are worldwide used for DNA delivery in plant cells. Limitations to these approaches rely on narrow host range and plant extensive damages, which often inhibit plant development.

Most of the pioneering studies for nanomaterial-based plant genetic engineering have been conducted in plant cell cultures. For example, Silicon Carbide-Mediated Transformation has been reported as a successful approach to deliver DNA in different calli (tobacco, maize, rice, soybean and cotton) ( Armstrong and Green, 1985 ; Wang et al., 1995 ; Serik et al., 1996 ; Asad and Arsh, 2012 ; Lau et al., 2017 ).

Although lagged behind the advancements achieved in animal systems, results reported recently in plants are proving that NMs may overcome the barrier of the cell wall in adult plants and reduce the drawbacks associated with current transgene delivery systems.

One seminal study proved that dsRNA of different plant viruses can be loaded on non-toxic, degradable, layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets or BioClay. The dsRNAs and/or their RNA breakdown products provide protection against the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CMV) in sprayed tobacco leaves, but they also confer systemic protection to newly emerged, unsprayed leaves on viral challenge 20 days after a single spray treatment in tobacco ( Mitter et al., 2017 ). More in general, this is a proof of concept for species-independent and passive delivery of genetic material, without transgene integration, into plant cells for different biotechnology applications in plants.

A successful stable genetic transformation has been achieved in cotton plants via magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene- MNP complex were infiltrated into cotton pollen grains by magnetic force, without compromising pollen viability. Through pollination with magnetofected pollen, cotton transgenic plants were successfully generated and exogenous DNA was successfully integrated into the genome, effectively expressed, and stably inherited in the offspring obtained by selfing ( Zhao et al., 2017 ).

In another recent paper, carbon nanotubes scaffolds applied to external plant tissue by infusion were used to deliver linear and plasmid DNA, as well as siRNA, in Nicotiana benthamiana, Eruca sativa, Triticum aestivum , and Gossypium hirsutum leaves and in E. sativa protoplasts, resulting in a strong transient Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) expression. Moreover, the same authors reported that small interfering RNA (siRNA) was delivered to N . benthamiana plants constitutively expressing GFP, causing a 95% silencing of this gene ( Demirer et al., 2018 ).

The first and promising approach of genome editing mediated by mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) has been recently proposed. MSNs have used as carriers to deliver Cre recombinase in Zea mays immature embryos, carrying loxP sites integrated into chromosomal DNA. After the biolistic introduction of engineered MSNs in plant tissues, the loxP was correctly recombined establishing a successful genome editing ( Valenstein et al., 2013 ).

Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Herein, we have discussed various facets of using NMs in plant sciences. In the last years, it has been demonstrated that nanotechnology has made huge progress in the synthesis of NMs and their application in medicine for diagnosis and therapy. On the other side, the application of NMs for plants is still poor. Recent outcomes and current applications suggest that more studies are necessary for this direction to optimize the synthesis and biofunctionalization of NMs for plant applications, but also to elucidate deeper the mechanisms of plant uptake and improving the sustainability for agro-ecosystems and human health. Interestingly, applications need to be extended to address uncovered important aspects of plant physiology. For instance, nanobiosensors for detecting secondary metabolites or phytoregulators in real time may provide advances in monitoring plant development and interactions with the environment, especially in limiting growth conditions.

Despite the huge progress in plant genetics, the delivery of exogenous DNA and/or enzymes for genome editing remain a big challenge. New strategies based on nanoparticle-mediated clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats—CRISPR associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas9) technology, as those tested in other biological systems ( Lee et al., 2017 ; Glass et al., 2018 ), would provide ground-breaking innovation in plant genetics.

On the base of consolidated evidence reported in cell and animal models, soft materials, like nanogels, and polymeric nanostructures should be further exploited as favorable candidates to develop new strategies for controlled release of biomolecules and plant genome editing. Owing to their safe profile, high loading capacity and excellent cargo protection from degradation polymeric and hydrogel-based NPs have shown undeniable advantages in drug delivery. Moreover, this kind of NMs has been elegantly employed to achieve a controlled (spatial and temporal) release of cargos triggered by external stimuli (e.g., UV, NIR, acoustic waves etc.) ( Ma et al., 2013 ; Ambrosone et al., 2016 ; Linsley and Wu, 2017 ) in cell and animal models. These outstanding results suggest that the huge potential of soft nanomaterials remains almost unexplored in plants. Besides a few successful attempts for agrochemicals delivery above-mentioned and listed in Table 1 , more efforts are needed to design strategies and smart tools based on polymeric or hybrid materials for applications in plants. Of course, a careful analysis of manufacturing scalability and cost-effectiveness needs to be undertaken before the extensive use of polymeric nanomaterials in agriculture.

As a final remark, the delay in plant nanotechnology might be overcome by encouraging the activation of multidisciplinary approaches for the design and the synthesis of smart nanomaterials. To this aim, joint collaborative initiatives, merging complementary professional competencies such those of plant biologists, geneticists, chemists, biochemists, and engineers, may disclose new horizons in phytonanotechnology.

Author Contributions

IS and AA conceived the idea and organized this mini review. All authors wrote the manuscript and approved the contents for publication.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Valletta, A., Chronopoulou, L., Palocci, C., Baldan, B., Donati, L., and Pasqua, G. (2014). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles uptake by Vitis vinifera and grapevine-pathogenic fungi. J. Nanoparticle Res. 16, 1917–1928. doi: 10.1007/s11051-014-2744-0

Verma, S. K., Das, A. K., Patel, M. K., Shah, A., Kumar, V., and Gantait, S. (2018). Engineered nanomaterials for plant growth and development: a perspective analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 630, 1413–1435. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.313

Vidyalakshmi, N., Thomas, R., Aswani, R., Gayatri, G. P., Radhakrishnan, E. K., and Remakanthan, A. (2017). Comparative analysis of the effect of silver nanoparticle and silver nitrate on morphological and anatomical parameters of banana under in vitro conditions. Inorg. Nano Metal Chem. 47, 1530–1536. doi: 10.1080/24701556.2017.1357605

Viswanath, B., and Kim, S. (2015). Influence of nanotoxicity on human health and environment: the alternative strategies. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 240, 77. doi: 10.1007/398

Waalewijn-Kool, P. L., Ortiz, M. D., Lofts, S., and van Gestel, C. A. (2013). The effect of ph on the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to folsomia candida in amended field soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32, 2349–2355. doi: 10.1002/etc.2302

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Wang, Z., Xu, L., Zhao, J., Wang, X., White, J. C., and Xing, B. (2016). CuO nanoparticle interaction with arabidopsis thaliana: toxicity, parent-progeny transfer, and gene expression. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 6008–6016. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01017

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Yao, K. S., Li, S. J., Tzeng, K. C., Cheng, T. C., Chang, C. Y., Chiu, C. Y., et al. (2009). Fluorescence silica nanoprobe as a biomarker for rapid detection of plant pathogens. Adv. Mater. Res. 79–82, 513–516. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.79-82.513

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Keywords: nanomaterials, nanogels, plant nanobiotechnology, plant protection, nanosensors, advanced genetic engineering

Citation: Sanzari I, Leone A and Ambrosone A (2019) Nanotechnology in Plant Science: To Make a Long Story Short. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 7:120. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00120

Received: 31 January 2019; Accepted: 07 May 2019; Published: 29 May 2019.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2019 Sanzari, Leone and Ambrosone. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Alfredo Ambrosone, aambrosone@unisa.it

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Research Topics & Ideas

I f you’re just starting out exploring biotechnology-related topics for your dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of research topics and ideas , including examples from recent studies.

PS – This is just the start…

We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan to fill that gap.

If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .

Biotechnology Research Topic Ideas

Below you’ll find a list of biotech and genetic engineering-related research topics ideas. These are intentionally broad and generic , so keep in mind that you will need to refine them a little. Nevertheless, they should inspire some ideas for your project.

Developing CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing techniques for treating inherited blood disorders.
The use of biotechnology in developing drought-resistant crop varieties.
The role of genetic engineering in enhancing biofuel production efficiency.
Investigating the potential of stem cell therapy in regenerative medicine for spinal cord injuries.
Developing gene therapy approaches for the treatment of rare genetic diseases.
The application of biotechnology in creating biodegradable plastics from plant materials.
The use of gene editing to enhance nutritional content in staple crops.
Investigating the potential of microbiome engineering in treating gastrointestinal diseases.
The role of genetic engineering in vaccine development, with a focus on mRNA vaccines.
Biotechnological approaches to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Developing genetically engineered organisms for bioremediation of polluted environments.
The use of gene editing to create hypoallergenic food products.
Investigating the role of epigenetics in cancer development and therapy.
The application of biotechnology in developing rapid diagnostic tools for infectious diseases.
Genetic engineering for the production of synthetic spider silk for industrial use.
Biotechnological strategies for improving animal health and productivity in agriculture.
The use of gene editing in creating organ donor animals compatible with human transplantation.
Developing algae-based bioreactors for carbon capture and biofuel production.
The role of biotechnology in enhancing the shelf life and quality of fresh produce.
Investigating the ethics and social implications of human gene editing technologies.
The use of CRISPR technology in creating models for neurodegenerative diseases.
Biotechnological approaches for the production of high-value pharmaceutical compounds.
The application of genetic engineering in developing pest-resistant crops.
Investigating the potential of gene therapy in treating autoimmune diseases.
Developing biotechnological methods for producing environmentally friendly dyes.

Biotech & GE Research Topic Ideas (Continued)

The use of genetic engineering in enhancing the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants.
Biotechnological innovations in creating sustainable aquaculture practices.
The role of biotechnology in developing non-invasive prenatal genetic testing methods.
Genetic engineering for the development of novel enzymes for industrial applications.
Investigating the potential of xenotransplantation in addressing organ donor shortages.
The use of biotechnology in creating personalised cancer vaccines.
Developing gene editing tools for combating invasive species in ecosystems.
Biotechnological strategies for improving the nutritional quality of plant-based proteins.
The application of genetic engineering in enhancing the production of renewable energy sources.
Investigating the role of biotechnology in creating advanced wound care materials.
The use of CRISPR for targeted gene activation in regenerative medicine.
Biotechnological approaches to enhancing the sensory qualities of plant-based meat alternatives.
Genetic engineering for improving the efficiency of water use in agriculture.
The role of biotechnology in developing treatments for rare metabolic disorders.
Investigating the use of gene therapy in age-related macular degeneration.
The application of genetic engineering in developing allergen-free nuts.
Biotechnological innovations in the production of sustainable and eco-friendly textiles.
The use of gene editing in studying and treating sleep disorders.
Developing biotechnological solutions for the management of plastic waste.
The role of genetic engineering in enhancing the production of essential vitamins in crops.
Biotechnological approaches to the treatment of chronic pain conditions.
The use of gene therapy in treating muscular dystrophy.
Investigating the potential of biotechnology in reversing environmental degradation.
The application of genetic engineering in improving the shelf life of vaccines.
Biotechnological strategies for enhancing the efficiency of mineral extraction in mining.

Recent Biotech & GE-Related Studies

While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a research topic in biotech, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual studies in the biotech space to see how this all comes together in practice.

Below, we’ve included a selection of recent studies to help refine your thinking. These are actual studies, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.

Genetic modifications associated with sustainability aspects for sustainable developments (Sharma et al., 2022)
Review On: Impact of Genetic Engineering in Biotic Stresses Resistance Crop Breeding (Abebe & Tafa, 2022)
Biorisk assessment of genetic engineering — lessons learned from teaching interdisciplinary courses on responsible conduct in the life sciences (Himmel et al., 2022)
Genetic Engineering Technologies for Improving Crop Yield and Quality (Ye et al., 2022)
Legal Aspects of Genetically Modified Food Product Safety for Health in Indonesia (Khamdi, 2022)
Innovative Teaching Practice and Exploration of Genetic Engineering Experiment (Jebur, 2022)
Efficient Bacterial Genome Engineering throughout the Central Dogma Using the Dual-Selection Marker tetAOPT (Bayer et al., 2022)
Gene engineering: its positive and negative effects (Makrushina & Klitsenko, 2022)
Advances of genetic engineering in streptococci and enterococci (Kurushima & Tomita, 2022)
Genetic Engineering of Immune Evasive Stem Cell-Derived Islets (Sackett et al., 2022)
Establishment of High-Efficiency Screening System for Gene Deletion in Fusarium venenatum TB01 (Tong et al., 2022)
Prospects of chloroplast metabolic engineering for developing nutrient-dense food crops (Tanwar et al., 2022)
Genetic research: legal and ethical aspects (Rustambekov et al., 2023). Non-transgenic Gene Modulation via Spray Delivery of Nucleic Acid/Peptide Complexes into Plant Nuclei and Chloroplasts (Thagun et al., 2022)
The role of genetic breeding in food security: A review (Sam et al., 2022). Biotechnology: use of available carbon sources on the planet to generate alternatives energy (Junior et al., 2022)
Biotechnology and biodiversity for the sustainable development of our society (Jaime, 2023) Role Of Biotechnology in Agriculture (Shringarpure, 2022)
Plants That Can be Used as Plant-Based Edible Vaccines; Current Situation and Recent Developments (İsmail, 2022)

As you can see, these research topics are a lot more focused than the generic topic ideas we presented earlier. So, in order for you to develop a high-quality research topic, you’ll need to get specific and laser-focused on a specific context with specific variables of interest. In the video below, we explore some other important things you’ll need to consider when crafting your research topic.

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Exploring the Role of Plant Biotechnology and Microbiology in Breeding for Climate-Resilient Crops: a focus on Rice, Wheat, Sorghum and Millets

Edited by: Shakeel Ahmad, PhD, Seed Center and Plant Genetic Resources Bank, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia Beatriz Andreo Jimenez , PhD, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands

Submission Status: Open | Submission Deadline: 20 March 2025

Meet the Guest Editors

About the collection.

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Shakeel Ahmad, PhD, Seed Center and Plant Genetic Resources Bank, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia

Articles will undergo the journal’s standard peer-review process and are subject to all the journal’s standard policies . Articles will be added to the Collection as they are published.

The Editors have no competing interests with the submissions which they handle through the peer-review process. The peer-review of any submissions for which the Editors have competing interests is handled by another Editorial Board Member who has no competing interests.

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Introduction

Modern biotechnology has been credited with breakthrough innovations in the field of product development and technologies to help us develop a cleaner and more sustainable world. It is primarily because of biotechnology; we have progressed towards the development of more efficient industrial manufacturing base. Besides, it is helping in the production of cleaner energy, feed more hungry people without leaving much of our environmental footprint, and help mankind combat rare and debilitating diseases.

Our assignment writing services in the field of biotechnology cover all types of subject topics that test and vindicate the skill sets of the students before awarding them with their respective degrees. We help students successfully pass their syllabus in all forms of biotechnology courses. These include medical biotechnology (red), environmental biotechnology (green), marine biotechnology (blue) and industrial biotechnology (white).

What are We Expecting to Gain from All these Efforts?

Our sole objective of preparing this marathon list of top 100 biotechnology assignment topics is to help students decide upon effective time management skills. We have seen an immense numbers of cases where while exploring online assignment help related to topic selection, exploration of information sources, and citing them in correct reference order, students get stuck at different stages. Amongst them, most of the students find it difficult even to pass their topic selection dilemma. That is where we contribute to our efforts to make things easy for the biotech students right in one go. We help our students save time and energy, so that they can prudently use the assigned time to prepare the content of their assignment around the best topics.

Are you keen to master your dissertation writing skills in just a couple of weeks? Read the below amazing article and do not miss the golden opportunity to learn from the experts absolutely for free!

Must read: wish to master dissertation skills in 2 weeks learn from the experts here, top 100 biotechnology dissertation topics trending in the year 2021.

We have prepared the list of top 100 most recommended dissertation topics prepared by our research experts. They have ensured to provide a comprehensive list of topics that are covering all the dimensions of the subject. We fully hope that the list would cover all your dissertation help requirements. So, let us begin with the prepared list of topics one by one –

Effective management of renewable energy technology to promote a village
The production of ethanol with the help of molasses as well as its effluent treatment
Different methods and aspects of evapotranspiration
The scattering parameters of the circulator biotechnology
The inactivation of the mammalian TLR2 through an inhibiting antibody
Number of proteins through Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The recognition and classification of the genes shaping the plant responses to salinity and drought
The segment of small signing molecules in the responses of plants to salinity and drought
Genetic improvement of the plant lenience to salinity and drought
Pharmacogenomics of the drug transporters
Pharmacogenomics of the anti-cancer drugs
Pharmacogenomics of the anti-hypertensive drugs
Indels genotyping of the African populations
Y-chromosome genotyping of the African populations
Profiling of the DNA isolated from the historical crime scenes: Discuss in terms of South African Innocence Project
Nanotechnology methods in terms of DNA isolation
Nanotechnology applications in terms of DNA genotyping
Recognizing heavy metal tolerant along with sensitive genotypes
Features of genes that participate in the process of heavy metal tolerance
DNA authentication of the animal species through raw meat products reared commercially
Molecular based technology in terms of rapid identification and detection of the food borne pathogens with respect to complex food systems
Making an assessment of cancer specific peptides for successful implementations in the field of cancer diagnosis
Quantum dot-based detection system development with respect to successful breast cancer diagnosis
Targeted delivery of the embelin to the cancer cells
Accessing the role of novel quinone compounds to perform as anti-cancer agents
Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of HIV and the role of nanotechnology in it
An assessment of the medicinal value of the natural antioxidants
An indepth study of the structure of the COVID spike proteins
An assessment of the immune response of the stem cell therapy
The use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for the purpose of genome editing
Tissue engineering and the drug delivery with the application of Chitosan
An assessment of therapeutic effects of the cancer vaccines
Utilization of PacBio sequencing with respect to genome assembly of the model organisms
Studying the relationship between the mRNA suppression and its impact on the expansion of the stem cell
Utilizing biomimicry for the identification of the tumor cells
The sub-classification and characterization of the Yellow enzymes
The production of the hypoallergenic fermented foods
The production of the hypoallergenic milk
The purification process of the thermostable phytase
Bioconversion of the cellulose to successfully yield the products that are industrially significant
The examination of the gut microbiota in the model organisms
The utilization of the fungal enzymes in the production of chemical glue
An examination of the inhibitors of exocellulase and endocellulase
Discuss the utility of microorganisms in the recovery of shale gas
Discuss the in-depth study of the procedure of natural decomposition
Discuss the process of recycling the bio-wastes
Enhanced bio-remediation for the cases of oil spills
The process of gold biosorption with the help of cyanobacterium
Maintaining a healthy balance between the biotic and the abiotic factors with the help of biotechnological tools
Labeling the level of mercury in fish with the help of markers
Exploring out the biotechnological potential of the Jellyfish related microbiome
What is the potential of marine fungi in the efforts to degrade polymers and plastics?
Discuss the biotechnological potential that one can fetch out of dinoflagellates
Tracing out endosulfan residues with the application of biotechnology in the field of agricultural products
The development of the ELISA technique for the identification of crop viruses
Boosting the quality of drinking water with the help of E.coli consortium
The characterization of E.coli isolation from the feces of the zoo animals
Improving the resistance of the crops against the invasion of the insects
Reducing the spending on agriculture with the help of effective bio-tools
What are the most effective steps to reduce soil erosion with the utility of tools derived from biotechnology?
How biotechnology can help in the improvement the levels of vitamin in GM foods?
Improving the delivery of pesticide with the help of biotechnology
Comparing folate biofortification in different kinds of corps
Discuss the photovoltaic-based production of the ocean crops
How the application of nanotechnology to improve the activities of the agricultural sector?
Examining the mechanisms of water stress tolerance in the model plants
Testing and production of the human immune boosters in the experimental organisms
Comparing genomic analysis with the utility of tools meant for bioinformatics
Arabinogalactan protein sequencing and its utility in computational methods
Evaluating and interpreting gut microbiota in the model organisms
Different techniques of protein purification: A comparative analysis
Diagnosing microbes and their role in o ligonucleotide micro-arrays
The application of different techniques in the field of biomedical research comprising micro-arrays technology
The application of microbial consortium in producing the greenhouse effect
Computational assessment of various proteins accessed from marine microbiota
E.coli gene mapping with the application of various microbial tools
Enhancing the strains of cyanobacterium with the help of gene sequencing
Computational assessment and description of the crystallized proteins present in nature
mTERF protein and its application to terminate the transcription of mitochondrial DNA in algae
Reverse phase column chromatography and its application in separating proteins
The study of various proteins present within Mycobacterium leprae
An assessment of the strategies that are ideally suitable for successful cloning of RNA
Discuss the common failures of biotechnology in saving the ecology and the environment
Is there a way to make the medicinal plants free of pests? Discuss
What are the harms imposed by pest resistant corps on humans and birds?
What are the diverse fields of biotechnology that still remain unexplored in terms of research?
What is the future of biotechnology in the field of medicine?
The application of recombinant DNA technology in the invention of new forms of medicine
Why is the strain of bacteria used to create vaccine with the help of biotechnology?
How biotechnology can help in the creation of medicines that are more resistant towards the mutating forms of viruses and bacteria?
Can there be a permanent cure for cancer in the future? How biotechnology can play a decisive role in it?
Why it is critical for the students to effectively remember the DNA coding in the field of biotechnology?
How one can make hybrid seeds with the help from biotechnology?
How one can generate pest resistant seeds and what are their benefits in the end yielding in agriculture?
Discuss bio-magnification and its impact on ecology
What are the reasons due to which the ecologists disapprove the usage of pest resistant seeds, despite their usage in the field of agriculture?
How biotechnology positively influenced the lives of farmers in the developing economies?
How biotechnology functions to increase in yield of the crop plants?
Discuss the role of biotechnology in boosting the output of seasonal crops
Are there adverse effects of medicines in pharmacology when manufactured with biotechnological principles? Throw some light on the question with real-life cases

Now with that, we have reached the end of this list and fully hope that it would have served the purpose of topic selection requirements. Besides, the inclusion of biotechnology assignment topics has been done in such a manner that it can help us out with our needs related to different other assignment writing formats as well. For instance, all our topic selection requirements related to case study help , essay help , research paper writing help or thesis help can also be met with the topics in the above-mentioned list.

Are you facing the heat of topic selection dilemma in your biology assignment homework? Check the below link to rely upon the topic list that the most respected experts recommend.

Must read: top 100 biology dissertation topics for the year 2021.

Biotechnology is a subject that is meant to offer a plethora of research prospects. A successful completion of course in one or more streams of biotechnology will ensure job placement opportunities in different research and development companies dedicated to the field. The objective of recommending this list is to help you make the right topic selection in less amount of time and dedicate more time to assignment research, and adequate content writing. After all, going an extra mile in terms of efforts will ensure that the final submission is good enough to help you earn the grades that can help you beat the competition.

If you have liked our recommended list of 100 biotechnology topics, then we invite you to reach our paid assignment help to unburden all the biotech assignment worries onto the shoulders of the most trusted professional assignment writers. Reach biotechnology assignment help to learn how the most trusted online homework help agency has helped thousands of biotechnology students to skyrocket to better career opportunities in the last 15 years. It is the time to step-in and reap the benefits from what the best in business has to offer!

We have 48 Latest Plant Biology PhD Research Projects

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Root dynamics and ecosystem function, phd research project.

PhD Research Projects are advertised opportunities to examine a pre-defined topic or answer a stated research question. Some projects may also provide scope for you to propose your own ideas and approaches.

Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

This project has funding attached for UK and EU students, though the amount may depend on your nationality. Non-EU students may still be able to apply for the project provided they can find separate funding. You should check the project and department details for more information.

Priming of long-term defence against insect pests in forest tree

Competition funded phd project (students worldwide).

This project is in competition for funding with other projects. Usually the project which receives the best applicant will be successful. Unsuccessful projects may still go ahead as self-funded opportunities. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but potential funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

Structural and functional basis of LPS transport

Engineering physiological responses in plants to enhance flood tolerance, understanding oceanic photosynthesis, a new green revolution: regulation of wheat growth in response to heat and drought, breaking rhododendron: understanding the drivers of rhododendron success, disparities in divergence: the genomics of large vs small genera, characterising the 3d distribution of canopy chlorophyll content using dual-wavelength laser scanning to better quantify vegetation health, crossed wires: examining the influence of nutrient colimitation on phytoplankton ecophysiology, taking control - can phytoplankton increase nutrient uptake by manipulating their microenvironment, impacts of floral nutritional loss on pollinator community interactions, understanding how production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate by plants affects global sulfur cycling (miller_ubio25aries), the role of zinc in the adaptation of diatoms to conditions of polar oceans (mock_uenv25aries), how do plants balance the pros and cons of staying connected to their neighbours, funded phd project (students worldwide).

This project has funding attached, subject to eligibility criteria. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but its funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

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Master Thesis
Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln
Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production

This page is available under these URLs:

https://boku.ac.at/en/ifa-tulln/institut-fuer-biotechnologie-in-der-pflanzenproduktion/masterarbeiten
https://short.boku.ac.at/59w394

Master thesis options | plant breeding

.... in the the BOKU thesis database !

We offer master thesis connected to our current research projects Master thesis topics are available in the areas: plant breeding, plant-pathogen-interaction, genetics of disease resistance, plant-biotechnology, and related fields. Thesis topics could be of interest to students in agricultural science (e.g. plant sciences, agricultural biology, phytomedicine) and biotechnology (plant biotechnology).

Do you have a passion for plants? Do you like working outdoors? Then contact us: we continuously have topics in plant breeding for master thesis available.

Evaluation of experimental populations (bread wheat, durum wheat) for resistance to Fusarium head blight in field trials.
Validation of candidate disease resistance genes in a TILLING population of wheat.
Genomic Prediction of performance, quality and resistance traits in winter wheat.
Genetic analysis and breeding for common bunt ( Tilletia caries ) resistance in winter wheat for organic farming.

Interested?

Please contact one of the workgroup leaders:

Prof. Hermann Bürstmayr (01 47654 97102)
Prof. Marc Lemmens (01 47654 97158)
Dr. Barbara Steiner (01 47654 97105)
Dr. Sebastian Michel (01 47654 97105)

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Biotechnology

Research in biotechnology can helps in bringing massive changes in humankind and lead to a better life. In the last few years, there have been so many leaps, and paces of innovations as scientists worldwide worked to develop and produce novel mRNA vaccinations and brought some significant developments in biotechnology. During this period, they also faced many challenges. Disturbances in the supply chain and the pandemic significantly impacted biotech labs and researchers, forcing lab managers to become ingenious in buying lab supplies, planning experiments, and using technology for maintaining research schedules.

The Biotech Research Technique is changing

How research is being done is changing, as also how scientists are conducting it. Affected by both B2C eCommerce and growing independence in remote and cloud-dependent working, most of the biotechnology labs are going through some digital transformations. This implies more software, automation, and AI in the biotech lab, along with some latest digital procurement plans and integrated systems for various lab operations.

Look at some of the top trends in biotech research and recent Biotechnology Topics that are bringing massive changes in this vast world of science, resulting in some innovation in life sciences and biotechnology ideas .

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plant biotechnology thesis topics

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