case study on passive strategies

Passive Design Case Studies The Carbon Issue

At KPF we believe that good buildings take care of their occupants; they are beautiful, comfortable, and resilient spaces in which to live, work, and play. This means careful consideration not only of how a building looks, but also how it responds to its environment. A well-designed, climate-responsive building is sited in such a way that it takes advantage of the local microclimate, cools itself in hot temperatures, keeps inhabitants warm during cold weather, shields its users from glare, and can maintain a certain level of thermal comfort without mechanical systems in the event of power failure.

These aspects of a building’s performance rely on passive measures instead of mechanical systems; they are purely a matter of design. Passive design strategies have an obvious environmental benefit and can reduce the need for energy-intensive heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting, drastically cutting a building’s carbon footprint.

On the path to net-zero carbon emissions, they play an especially critical role, reducing not only overall energy demand, but also peak thermal demands during the hottest and coldest times of the year. This reduction allows the design to take advantage of low-carbon, cutting-edge mechanical systems such as radiant cooling, heat pump–based electric heating, and heat storage.

In the context of climate change and extreme weather events, the long-term performance of buildings depends on their ability to adapt to changing conditions. Well-insulated buildings that take advantage of passive thermal regulation can help provide flexibility and security for building occupants even in case of extreme heat or power failure.

The three projects that follow— Bard College Residence Halls , Channelside , and 105 Victoria Street —are good buildings. Well-sited, comfortable, efficient, and beautiful, they demonstrate not only KPF’s work at the cutting edge of energy efficiency, but also our sustained commitment to creating robust building solutions that are responsive to their contexts.

Bard College Residence Halls

Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA

When complete, KPF’s residence halls for Bard College in upstate New York will house over 400 students across four new dormitory buildings and will feature an additional communal building to serve as a gathering and amenity space for students. A key goal for the client was to achieve Passive House certification, one of the most stringent standards for a building’s energy efficiency.

Passive House structures are super-insulated and able to maintain a comfortable interior temperature using very little energy. The drastically reduced operational carbon footprint of a Passive House scheme, combined with heating and cooling provided by a geothermal field will help the college achieve its goal of decarbonizing its campus.

Though these types of buildings are efficient, they are not always thought of as being expressive, as they must prioritize a tight building envelope over dramatic gestures. In this project, KPF challenges that stereotype, creating moments of articulation and artful materiality within the project’s relatively straightforward geometry.

Recessed, super-insulated windows add a sense of depth to façades and minimize thermal loss, while the buildings’ brick cladding itself becomes a canvas for expression. KPF designers created texture on the surface of each building by pulling bricks out from the wall plane and pushing them in to create contrast around windows and entrances. The result is a dynamic accent created from a material better known for its solidity.

Channelside

Boston, MA, USA

Channelside, a 6.5-acre waterfront development in Boston, heals a decades-old tear in the city’s urban fabric and transforms what was once a flood-prone parking lot into a vibrant mixed-use community of laboratories, offices, retail experiences, and residences, including affordable and artist-dedicated units.

The three buildings that make up Channelside include a laboratory (LEED Platinum), an office building (LEED Gold), and residential building (LEED Gold), and are designed to reduce energy usage by 24–47% compared to 2020 code. KPF’s design lifted the development onto a berm, which gently rises to 6 feet above grade, protecting the site from floods and establishing new connections to the harbor.

The buildings feature a triple-layered curtain wall system—in which triple-paned IGUs are punctuated by brick and pre-cast concrete panels—that performs 10% better than Boston energy code. The staggered design integrates sunshades and conceals the scale of insulated aluminum piers and spandrels, which reduce the window-wall ratio, helping it achieve a more efficient thermal envelope.

Though Channelside will be home to researchers working at the cutting edge of scientific innovation, its scale and material palette of brick and metal is designed to blend harmoniously with the timeless character of nearby historic loft structures such as the Boston Wharf Company building.

105 Victoria Street

Conceived of as a new destination for London’s West End, 105 Victoria Street is a mixed-use development that employs multiple innovative strategies to reduce whole life carbon. In this project, particular emphasis was paid to the façade as a zone of interaction between outdoor and indoor environments that could be harnessed for interior cooling and ventilation.

The project’s façade is informed by its urban context; neighboring buildings shade the east and west of the structure, but to the south it is more exposed. KPF adopted passive design principles for the façade to manage solar gain and reduce embodied carbon while optimizing daylight access for occupants. Detailed thermal modelling was used to determine the ratio of solid wall to vision areas of each side, while projecting elements were optimized to reduce material use while maximizing shade.

A high-performance system of louvers and vents incorporated into the façade units allows for mixed-mode ventilation and free cooling. On every floor, plug and play modules above the windows for mechanical ventilation intake and exhaust are designed to be interchangeable, offering tenants maximum space-planning flexibility. Occupants also benefit from parallel opening vents for natural ventilation along the perimeter zone, which can be employed in the building’s nighttime cooling strategy.

How passive design strategies can help take your design to the next level?

With the current climatic situation being what it is, designing sustainable buildings that use passive strategies to their fullest is becoming vital. These strategies are cheaper than active strategies and more efficient. To attain sustainable building ratings, the designers emphasize using active features and neglecting passive elements defeating the purpose of sustainable design . To achieve a sustainable building, passive design strategies responding to the local climate should be given importance, with active strategies complementing them. To see how passive design techniques have been used to make a building environmentally friendly while elevating its design, examples of a few buildings in different climates that use passive design techniques to take their designs to the next level are shown below. 

Gadi House, Pune | Passive design strategies

Gadi house is a unique blend of Indian regional traditions and the amenities of modern architecture , as well as an attempt to discern vocabulary for modern Indian architecture. It is located on the outskirts of Pune, where the project does more for the contextual landscape than just providing visual reprieve It also broadens architectural understanding of the people residing there.

The structure is sensitive to its natural environment . It is designed and oriented accordingly, and implies maximum use of natural techniques for light, ventilation as well as water and energy conservation. It contains multiple internal courts with plantations and openings producing the ‘Venturi effect’. The plantations within the courts maintain a certain level of humidity which is supplemented by the sprinkler. 

The cooled wind coming through the openings in the wall passes through the garden to then circulate inside the house. Due to the thickness of the brick wall, the insulation effectively keeps the insides cool. The presence of multiple open-to-sky courtyards which also have a turbo ventilator and a glass on top, act as a solar chimney and facilitate cross ventilation. The water bodies present within the house enable evaporative cooling and all of these factors comprehensively create a microclimate that reduces the temperature of the house by a few degrees. 

There has been a strong focus on the integration of traditional construction knowledge of the local artisans in this project which has been built exclusively by local laborers, providing jobs and promoting a circular economy. The use of redefined traditional construction techniques, like the building of walls with horizontal bands layered vertically, eased construction, and helped reduce the cost and wastage of time and material. The project creates an identity for itself to diversify and propagate the sensitivity of regional architecture to the masses.

American Institute of Indian Studies, Gurugram

The essence of traditional Indian architecture is reflected in the design of a contemporary building to attain energy efficiency and environment-friendliness. From the exterior, the building appears to be a modest single-story structure, yet it opens up into a number of functional courtyards, gardens , and pavilions, which have traditionally been utilized as climate modifiers in Indian design.

The structure was partially buried in the earth to enhance the insulation and efficacy of the courtyards. The building’s façade was staggered at 45 degrees to the site boundary, allowing the windows to be oriented north-south , decreasing heat gain. To decrease direct solar gains, adequate shading was provided for north-south windows, and small slit-like openings were made on the east-west faces, filled with glass brick to let in light without heat and increase light distribution inside the space. 

On top of the sunshades and below the vents, light shelves in the form of white ceramic tiled surfaces were placed to maximize light penetration into the interiors by reflecting exterior light onto the ceiling. To lower air-conditioning demands, passive solar techniques such as earth berming, proper orientation, and fenestration design are utilized. The use of two-stage evaporative air-cooling in the summer, with minimal air-conditioning in key areas such as the archives, decreases the need for grid power even further.

Sangath – an architect’s studio, Ahmedabad | Passive design strategies

Sangath designed by the Pritzker winner B.V. Doshi is his architectural studio comprising reception areas, design studio, office spaces, workshop, library, conference room, and other ancillary spaces. Situated in Ahmedabad where the heat is very intense, the spatial, landscape, and constructional responses of the studio have been designed to respond to and manage the forces of nature. 

Themes that adapt well to hot and dry regions include relative organization of form elements, layering of spaces, regulated interiors and transitions to outdoors , interruption of the skyline through varied outlines that break the sun into shadow, and opening the roof into the night sky. The buildings are mostly buried in the ground to provide maximum insulation to the subterranean spaces which have very thick walls hollowed out as alcoves to provide storage. 

The vaulted roof is built of local clay, which fuses over the concrete slab to create a non-conductive layer. The white and glossy top finish of China mosaic glazed tiles further enhances insulation by reflecting sunlight.  The inner and external temperatures of the roof skin differ by roughly 8 degrees Celsius. Indirect diffused light is brought in by north-glazing, skylights, and roof cut-outs so as to maximize daylight. A favorable microclimate is created by way of vegetation and water bodies.

The passive design techniques in the above mentioned buildings and the sustainability aspect make the spaces habitable . Gadi House’s utilization of passive design techniques while raising architectural awareness among the masses, AIIS’ use of courtyards as climate modifiers and not just as lightwells, Sangath’s earth berming and sandwich vault construction to create a temperature difference of 8 degrees, all show how far passive design techniques can take design. 

References:

• ArchDaily. 2022. AD Classics: Sangath / Balkrishna Doshi. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/158300/ad-classics-sangath-balkrishna-doshi> [Accessed 25 April 2022].
• ArchDaily. 2022. Gadi House / PMA madhushala. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/965169/gadi-house-pma-madhushala> [Accessed 25 April 2022].
• Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources, 2001. Energy-efficient buildings in India. New Delhi: Tata Energy Research Institute.
• Sangath.org. 2022. Sangath – V&amacr;stu Shilp&amacr; Consultants. [online] Available at: <https://www.sangath.org/projects/sangath-ahmedabad/> [Accessed 25 April 2022].
• Space-design.com. 2022. American Institute, Gurgaon (1998)| SpaceDesignConsultants. [online] Available at: <https://space-design.com/aiis-gurgaon-1998/> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

Rishima is a fifth year architecture student currently interning in Pune. She is an avid reader and occasionally blurts out coherent thoughts. She believes creating an equitable space for all and providing a uniform experience regardless of gender, sexual preferences, age, abilities, class and caste is the responsibility of each architect.

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Case Study: Shading Strategies

Architects & Firms

The U.S. sunbelt runs roughly from Southern California through Florida and the Carolinas, an area, due to its intense heat and solar radiation, where building energy loads are at their highest, the result of excessive artificial cooling in what are often fully glazed structures. Growing emphasis on climate change and sustainability have impelled architects and developers to explore alternatives to all-glass curtain walls to maintain enticing outward views while reducing energy consumption and improving user comfort. Sunshades are one passive strategy design teams are increasingly taking advantage of to mitigate solar heat gain and glare.

The Applied Research Building (ARB), at the University of Arizona (UofA) in Tucson, designed by SmithGroup with McCarthy Building Companies, opened in April 2023 with a price tag of $85 million. At 89,000 square feet, it is home for UofA’s applied physical sciences and engineering programs, and serves as the school’s key research incubator for ongoing collaboration with NASA and other federal agencies. The mechanical load of the laboratory building, and the subsequent costs, required a finely tuned enclosure to reduce solar gain. The team developed a pleat-like arrangement—not unlike the solar arrays of the International Space Station—of protective aluminum-composite panels alternating with laminated-and-fritted glass fins. The reddish-brown color of the metal mirrors the prevailing masonry found on campus. “We went through exhaustive research of campus buildings, documenting the specific color of each brick, which ranges from a muted tan to a very saturated red,” notes SmithGroup vice president and design director Mark Kranz.

Shading the ARB’s two-story lobby was a primary concern for the design team. Photo © Bill Timmerman, click to enlarge.

The design-build team worked closely with facade fabricator and installer Kovach—a frequent collaborator of SmithGroup with prior project experience on the campus—to develop the sunshade system, modulating the position of the fin angles across the building through many rounds of energy and parametric modeling. The resulting ACM panels are braced and fastened to a steel angle and structural steel beam, while the glass fins are held by an aluminum plate that also fastens to the structural steel. The building’s southwest corner—which wraps a two-story, fully glazed entrance and lobby—features what the design team refer to as a “solar skirt” of shades offset approximately 11 feet from the facade, a gesture that maintains high visibility while significantly cutting down on heat gain in the large volume.

Click detail to enlarge

This general strategy proved to be a challenge, however, in meeting California’s Title 24 energy-efficiency standards, which permit a maximum of 40 percent window to wall. For Verse Design LA’s Thirty75 Tech, a Class A office space, the program for a 260,000-square-foot building in Santa Clara would emphasize floor-to-ceiling glazing for all elevations. But that preference proved to be a test, especially since nearly half the building envelope faces south and west. With these considerations in mind, the architects—in collaboration with engineering firm Glumac and fabricator/installer Architectural Glass & Aluminum—developed an aluminum louver system that hangs, like metallic draperies, from diagonal steel outriggers located above the building roofline. This move also allows space for 3-foot-wide catwalks, which not only provide maintenance access to the curtain wall, but additional reinforcement to make the louver system more rigid.

Thirty75 Tech’s louvers allow for glazed facades, while meeting energy standards. Photo © Tim Griffith

Envisioned by the design team as a 38-foot-tall screen of vertical strands of pixels, the surface is variegated by the positioning of 2-foot-long airfoil-shaped aluminum louvers, which, at 15-degree increments, range from 15 to 60 degrees in rotation. “We were looking at triangulated billboards, and the digital rain at the introduction of the Matrix film series, and sought a shimmering solution that changes according to one’s perspective,” says Verse Design LA principal Paul Tang. All in all, there are 24 variations of vertical seams interspersed throughout the expanse to maintain visual differentiation. The result is a vivid yet static facade with an approximately 70 percent window-to-wall ratio that, with the help of shading and mechanical systems, meets Title 24’s energy-efficiency requirements.

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Matthew Marani is Special Sections Editor at Architectural Record . Previously, he served as Program Manager at The Architect’s Newspaper and has several years of experience as a freelance writer specializing in urban planning, historic preservation, and architectural technology. Matthew is a born and raised New Yorker and holds an MSc in Architectural Conservation from the University of Edinburgh.

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Passive Thermal Comfort Strategies in Residential Projects

• Written by Camilla Ghisleni | Translated by Tarsila Duduch
• Published on March 12, 2021

There was a time when people appreciated self-contained architecture, in which the building envelope would not function as a moderator between the climate outside and the interior environment but rather as an inert and independent barrier. Countless mechanical devices and electrical ventilation, heating, and cooling equipment. A real machine.

Today, architects are increasingly concerned with the interaction between architecture and the environment in which it is inserted, thus assuming responsibility for the thermal comfort of interior spaces, using design strategies for natural climate control.

As a result, the design process involves more and more strategies called passive systems, which are mechanisms to naturally moderate temperature, to achieve harmony between the natural and the built environment, taking into consideration the particularities of each space, such as local micro-climate and its natural resources.

Although these strategies may vary considerably depending on the location of the project, there are a few basic principles that should always be followed to ensure the achievement of passive systems. In addition to the indispensable role of natural ventilation and lighting , passive measures also include the use of appropriate materials that can contribute to thermal mass, as well as specific design elements, such as indoor greenery and reflecting pools, among others.

To better understand the main passive design strategies for thermal comfort, here are some residential projects that demonstrate their application.

• Related articles How to Design for Optimal Thermal Comfort (And Why it Matters) Cross Ventilation, the Chimney Effect and Other Concepts of Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is one of the most common passive design solutions and is used to move fresh air through the interior spaces thanks to air pressure variations. In cross ventilation , for example, by placing the openings on opposite sides of the room, the pressure difference promotes airflow, as is the case of the Lee House , designed by Marcio Kogan and Eduardo Glycerio, in which large sliding doors lower the temperature of the main living area, or in the FVB House with its red wooden lattices, allowing air to circulate throughout the residence.

Still on the subject of ventilation, one can also take advantage of the stack effect in which the warmer and denser air rises and the cooler air descends. In this case, double-height ceilings are used to favor this air exchange, as seen in the Sloth's House in Guarujá, São Paulo , which also features a combination of great lighting, cross-ventilation, and requires no air conditioning.

Furthermore, the use of interior courtyards is a century-old design strategy that contributes towards the passive cooling of buildings, such as the Infiltrated Patio House , built in the hot climate of Mérida, Mexico , or the House of Silence and the House Among Trees , both in Ecuador, one featuring a partially covered courtyard with little vegetation, the other a fully open courtyard with large plants.

When it comes to natural lighting, it is important to also pay attention to shading , aside from the basic principle of large sunlit surfaces for cold climates. A well-designed sunscreen should control solar gain in the hottest seasons without blocking it during the winter or interfering with the entrance of natural daylight. For this purpose, many design elements can be employed, the most popular of which is the brise-soleil , as used in the Boipeba House , made of wooden slats, or in the Soul Garden House , with metal perforated panels.

The Cobogós , as seen in the Lima House or the L106 House , two projects that are an ocean apart but in very similar climates, are a genuine Brazilian invention used very often because they allow airflow while preventing solar radiation.

Moreover, in the history of Brazilian buildings, we can also see the remarkable use of verandas and large eaves, illustrated here by an architectural classic, Lina Bo Bardi 's Valéria Cirell House , enclosed by a cozy veranda originally covered with straw.

Building materials are also fundamental when it comes to thermal comfort through passive strategies. For buildings located in very hot climates, some materials can help in the house's "transpiration" and also serve as a thermal barrier that prevents solar gains. As for buildings in colder climates, they can increase thermal inertia by retaining heat and releasing it during the night. Some materials that have high thermal capacity are concrete, brick, solid clay, and stone, found in various projects such as the Half Buried House , which uses the soil to create appropriate thermal inertia for the local climate, and the Family House in La Pereda , both in Spain .

Water is one of the oldest and most efficient methods of passively cooling a building, especially in dry climates. Evaporative cooling is a process of removing heat from the environment or material through water evaporation. An example of this is the Nivaldo Borges Residence , by Lelé , another emblematic work of Brazilian architecture, where gardens and a striking reflecting pool permeate the private living area and study room, and a more contemporary example is the Bacopari House , by UNA Arquitetos , in São Paulo.

Finally, we must not overlook the impact of vegetation , both indoors and outdoors, as it plays an important role in reducing solar radiation and achieving a microclimate that provides better thermal comfort conditions. Among many examples that use vegetation as a design strategy, we have here the MM Tropical House , which, as the name implies, is situated in a tropical environment in Southeast Asia, and therefore uses vegetation as a tool to minimize solar gain.

Some projects also feature vegetation on the rooftop which provides greater thermal comfort inside the building, thus reducing energy consumption for heating or cooling the environments. The LLP House , in Spain, is an interesting example because, to maximize the environmental and thermal performances, following the clients' request to create a passive house, the construction features not only a roof garden but also a compact built environment, solar capturing and protection, thermal resistance, and cross ventilation.

The search for a building with high levels of thermal comfort through passive design requires architectural creativity and ingenuity, often thinking of new ways to apply different materials or revisiting vernacular techniques. However, to correctly execute these design strategies, it is imperative to be familiar with the particularities of the building site, understanding the orientation of the sun and the direction of the winds. Moreover, successful projects usually combine different strategies to achieve the best thermal comfort conditions.

This article is part of the ArchDaily Topic: Green . Every month we explore a topic in-depth through articles, interviews, news, and projects. Learn more about our monthly topics . As always, at ArchDaily we welcome the contributions of our readers; if you want to submit an article or project, contact us .

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CEPT, A Living Laboratory

Energy Efficient Design Features

Passive Design Strategies

Orientation The building is north-south oriented with appropriate shading and light shelves on the south.

Daylighting Vision, clerestories, light shelves on south bring in diffuse daylight with occupant control. north light is used for introducing daylight into the building.

Active Strategies

HVAC Technologies

• Mixed mode ventilation.
• Radiant cooling floor and ceiling panels for simulation lab and basement floor.
• VRF for dedicated outdoor air system at 3.51 COP with CO 2  control.
• Air cooled chiller with 3.35 COP (ARI).
• Passive cooling in non-summer months with underground tank and evaporative fluid cooler.
• Premium efficiency pump motors with VFDs.

Lighting Design 

• Daylight autonomy 75% time for over 90% of spaces.
• Daylighting and vacancy sensor control of lights at 4.7 W/m 2 .
• Office equipment control with occupancy sensor control.

Renewable Energy 50%  roof covered with 27 kW PV panels tilted at 23º facing south for on-site generation equivalent to 70kWh/m 2 /yr.

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• DOI: 10.3390/IFOU-E004
• Corpus ID: 112238557

A Case Study on Passive vs. Active Strategies for an Energy-Efficient School Building Design

• Ji-eun Kang , K. Ahn , +1 author T. Schuetze
• Published 9 June 2015
• Engineering, Environmental Science

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Profitability comparison of active and passive energy efficiency improvements in public buildings, student thesis, different façade types and building integration in energy efficient building design strategies, a study of passive and active strategies through case studies for the composite climate zone of india, energy performance optimisation of building envelope retrofit through integrated orthogonal arrays with data envelopment analysis, 9 references, energy performance analysis of a solar-cooled building in tunisia: passive strategies impact and improvement techniques, energy demands and potential savings in european office buildings: case studies based on energyplus simulations, case study of zero energy house design in uk, applying computer-based simulation to energy auditing: a case study, zero energy building a review of definitions and calculation methodologies, simulation-based support for product development of innovative building envelope components, from low-energy to net zero-energy buildings: status and perspectives, zero energy buildings: a critical look at the definition, related papers.

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Vernacular Passive Cooling Strategies in Hot-Dry Regions of Middle East and North Africa. Sustainable Residential Buildings in U.A.E

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Muhammad Ahmed Asfand

Civil Engineering Journal

The climatically compatible design is one of the closest ways getting the optimum use of renewable sources of energy since consideration to climatic conditions is the main concern in sustainability. Occupants suffer from this uncomfortable situation due to the overheating indoor high temperature. This region is located north of Iran, is influenced by humid climate conditions. Adaptation to climate condition in the vernacular architecture of west of Guilan is the main reason of using all these solutions to use the environmental potential for providing comfort for its occupants, which are the main purposes of sustainable development. The research question is how the Guilan’s historical architecture has been able to answer the weather conditions. In this research was performed by analysing appropriate climatic solutions in the vernacular architecture of west of Guilan. The methodology based on a Qualitative–interpretative approach was applied. Their location, formation and different fu...

GREENARCS - Green Architecture and Arts Online Magazine

Seyed Morteza Moossavi

" Nowadays, we are feeling so much pressing to change building design to use natural systems, because of global warming, energy problems, and air pollution. Before industrial age, we had a good knowledge about using of renewable energies in architectural design, but we forgot them for a long time. Now we have to go back to our last experience, especially passive solar architecture and passive cooling, heating, ventilation. There are so many natural cooling criteria and techniques in traditional Iranian architecture such as: Internal courtyard houses, The below-ground courtyard, Showdan, Shabestan, Khishkhan, Hozkhaneh, Badgir (Windcatchers), Qanats Also, design of building forms in hot-arid climate of Iran is harmonized with climate. We can see some systems such as: Arched roofs, Ice stores to preserve ice, adapted urban texture with desert life conditions In fact we can get complete resources about passive building design criteria and techniques from more than seven thousand years background knowledge in Iranian architecture that it is shown clearly in Islamic age. The aim of this paper is to collect and present some passive cooling design systems from Islamic Iranian architecture in hot-arid climate."

XXXVIII IAHS WORLD CONGRESS ON HOUSING, ISTANBUL, TURKEY

Zeinab Feisal

From the end of the last century, energy constraint and global warming became the biggest challenges confronting the planet. The building sector is one of the major energy consumers in the world. In hot climates, most 20th century buildings are dependent on air-conditioning systems and electricity, reliant on fossil fuels and increasingly unable to adapt to a warming climate. In contrast to modern buildings, we find vernacular architecture in these regions is more adaptable to the environment according to principles evolved over many generations , These principles include: layout orientation, distance between buildings, building orientation & form, climatic elements such as porches, wind catchers, central courtyard, and so on. When sustainable design features of vernacular architecture are under scrutiny, we realize how traditional buildings and settlements in hot- arid regions were designed in harmony with the local cultural, topographical and climatic conditions and how their design and construction could be integrate in today’s design practices. In vernacular architecture, not only the climatic problems were resolved, but also the aesthetics, physical and social functions of the dwelling were considered. this is why we find so different designs across hot arid climates regions . This paper aims to explore and evaluate the architectural design elements that can be adopted from the vernacular architecture in hot arid climate .In addition to, It will concentrate on Great examples of well-thought vernacular architecture are located in Egypt(Nubia), where prevail a hot -arid and desert climate zone. Keywords: Nubia – sustainability – Nubian house – culture – environment

Frontiers in Built Environment

WILLIAM BRAHAM

This study investigated the thermal environment in a traditional Hijazi building, the Baeshen House in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a city on the Red Sea. This dwelling, which was built in 1856, was designed based on the accumulated local knowledge and experience of the region’s conditions. Such buildings were constructed to provide thermal comfort without air conditioning to occupants in the hot humid climate of a coastal area. During the time period of December 2021 to August 2022, on-site monitoring was performed in winter and summer to record and analyze field measurements and the effectiveness of thermal comfort strategies. Two different ventilation strategies—i.e. full-day and night-time—were examined. The results showed the thermal mass of the vernacular architecture played an essential role in regulating the indoor air temperature from the extreme outdoor conditions. Moreover, night-time ventilation practices accounted for significant temperature reductions indoors and a more comfo...

Roozbeh Arabi

Vernacular architecture has not been developed only due to the climate and environmental factors, but the culture, traditional materials and morphology (morphology) have been also effective. Despite the huge gap that exists between Iran and Egypt geographical locations, identifying similar native strategies influenced by Persian and Arabic culture and desert climate are possible. This paper presents a comparative study which investigates the patterns of sustainable architecture and passive strategies in both countries’ architecture. This comparison includes the design and planning, environmental recognition, construction materials, spatial analysis, and the effects of history and culture. The results of this research will help in understanding the passive solar strategy applied in both countries. Also, a set of proposals for the study of energy efficiency are presented.

luiz fernando

Global Built Environment Review (GBER), UK

Dr. Mohammad Arif Kamal

Buildings contribute to environmental problems due to unrestrained consumption of energy and other natural resources during the construction, maintenance and operation of the buildings. Hence the interest on reducing emission of greenhouse gases, caused by fossil fuels to power the cooling and heating requirements of the buildings has stimulated the interest towards climate conscious designs of buildings. The traditional buildings of the past constitute outstanding evidence of being climate responsive architecture. In this paper the author has tried to evaluate various climate responsive passive design features that have been employed in the traditional architecture of Jeddah in hot and humid climate. Mashrabiyas as climatic modifier has been laid emphasis upon.

Journal of Building Engineering

Amin Mohammadi

marjan arbabzadeh

Disconnection with nature and history as a result of modernist approaches occurred in the early twentieth century has led to great consequences. Climate change, environmental problems and energy and resources crises have posed numerous challenges to contemporary architects across the globe. The present paper focuses on the issue of passive thermoregulation strategies in vernacular and biomimetic architecture two approaches in architecture that connect architecture to nature and history -which can offer solutions for environmental crisis. The main objective of this study is to highlight the similarities and differences between vernacular and biomimetic architecture based on passive thermoregulation criterion. So the main question is: what are the common features of biomimetic and vernacular architecture in their use of passive thermoregulatory mechanisms. In this study, the comparative method is used to point out the similarities and differences that can be found between some case st...

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50% GMV Growth! A Case Study on the Southeast Asian Scale-up Journey of International Footwear Brand POSEE

Southeast Asia’s hot and humid climate fuels a robust demand for breathable, lightweight footwear in the fast-paced e-commerce market. Amidst the competition, POSEE has carved a niche by prioritizing comfort that resonates strongly with local consumers.

About POSEE

Founded in 2023, POSEE rapidly gained recognition for its iconic flip-flops. Targeting Southeast Asia’s dynamic market, the brand launched on TikTok Shop in 2022, promising consumers the ultimate “sinking-into-comfort” flip-flops.

As POSEE expanded its product line beyond its iconic flip-flops, it faced the hurdle of driving significant Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) growth across its overseas stores.

To overcome this, POSEE partnered with Nativex, a global digital marketing platform, to execute a localized TikTok marketing strategy encompassing performance advertising, influencer marketing, and content marketing. This comprehensive approach proved instrumental in unlocking the potential of the Southeast Asian market and boosting sales substantially.

Key Achievements:

• Over 50% GMV growth in the TikTok Shop store.
• 600 million+ exposures on TikTok.
• 240 million views of POSEE’s brand advertisements.
• TikTok For Business Award recognition for outstanding marketing performance, setting a new industry benchmark.

Marketing Strategies

Creating buzz with an influencer matrix.

POSEE’s content strategy is rooted in a deep understanding of user reputation and community dynamics. Influencers serve as vital bridges connecting the brand with consumers.

Nativex recommended a strategic influencer selection process aligned with POSEE’s target audience. Given TikTok’s predominantly young, trend-conscious user base closely matches POSEE’s consumer profile, collaborating with influencers who resonated with this demographic was crucial to enhancing brand awareness and promoting products effectively.

POSEE’s 1:10:100 influencer matrix strategy meant:

• 1% Top Influencers: Driving new product launches and generating significant buzz.
• 10% Mid-level Influencers: Expanding brand awareness and reach.
• 90% Micro-Influencers and Regular Users: Fostering strong word-of-mouth marketing.

To maximize brand exposure and sales growth, POSEE implemented a phased approach:

• Early Stage: Leveraging existing users to create viral short videos for organic reach.
• Middle Stage: Partnering with cost-effective KOCs/KOLs for broader promotion.
• Mature Stage: Refining influencer selection, prioritizing TikTok’s top influencers to expand product categories and increase visibility.

For cross-border sellers on TikTok, early-stage word-of-mouth marketing through KOCs is essential for building a solid market foundation.

Utilizing Local Popular Gags for Viral Short Videos

POSEE empowers local influencers with creative freedom and leverages Southeast Asian cultural icons to generate viral content. By incorporating authentic local elements, the brand fosters deeper connections with consumers and creates more engaging experiences.

Nativex’s strategy involved:

• Collaborating with top TikTok influencers, such as @atumreview, known for their entertaining content, to showcase product comfort in a fun and engaging way.
• Translating key selling points into local languages to enhance brand impact.

This approach yielded impressive results, with videos under the hashtag #poopooslides garnering over 3 million views on TikTok.

Source：TikTok @atumreview

Source：TikTok @it.diamonddad

Integrating Brand & Performance Advertising for Enhanced Reach

POSEE effectively combined content marketing and strategic advertising to maximize the impact of high-quality content. Short Video Shopping Ads (VSAs) were strategically employed to seamlessly guide users from engaging content to product pages and the TikTok Shop store, driving efficient conversions.

To foster deeper consumer engagement, POSEE created multiple TikTok accounts for live streaming, incorporating interactive elements like games and lotteries. Live Shopping Ads (LSAs) were utilized to drive traffic to these live sessions.

POSEE’s approach included:

• Leveraging influencer content and live broadcasts to sustain user interest.
• Implementing a combined bid and brand advertising strategy to ensure consistent brand exposure within a week of user interaction or purchase.
• Employing real-time campaign monitoring and optimization, including adjustments to observation periods and content updates, to maximize advertising effectiveness.

Campaign Results

Thanks to Nativex’s comprehensive marketing strategy, POSEE achieved scalable growth in the Southeast Asian market through influencer marketing, creative content, and targeted advertising.

Nativex has provided efficient influencer marketing, professional video production, and insightful creative content suggestions. Their in-depth data analysis and precise measurement of advertising effects have ensured our marketing efficiency. Nativex’s expertise has been a great support for POSEE’s Southeast Asian market development, driving significant brand and sales growth. — POSEE

Why Nativex？

Looking for a professional TikTok expert to work with? Nativex is here to bridge the gap. We understand creativity and localization are key to success and to truly resonate with your target markets. Hence, we can help clients to deliver a more holistic approach across multiple ad solutions on TikTok and different types of content, creative, and influencer solutions!

Contact the Nativex team today to start your business on TikTok!

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Centre's Reply Sought On Parents' Request Seeking Passive Euthanasia For Son

The court said instead of allowing passive euthanasia, which is not permissible in the case, it will explore the possibility of shifting the patient to a government hospital or a similar place for treatment and care.

The court was considerate of the fact that the man has been in a vegetative state for 11 years.

Describing the case as a "very hard one", the Supreme Court sought the Centre's response on Tuesday on a plea of a couple whose 30-year-old son has been lying in a vegetative state in a hospital since 2013 after suffering head injuries.

It agreed with the findings of the Delhi High Court, which had refused to constitute a medical board to consider the parents' plea that their son be allowed to undergo passive euthanasia.

Passive euthanasia is the intentional act of letting a patient die by withholding or withdrawing life support or treatment necessary for maintaining life.

A bench comprising Chief Justice D Y Chandrachud and Justices J B Pardiwala and Manoj Misra said the patient, Harish Rana, is not on a ventilator or other mechanical support to sustain life and rather, was being fed through a food pipe and hence, no case was made out for passive euthanasia.

The court was considerate of the fact that the man has been in a vegetative state for 11 years after he suffered a fall from the fourth floor of a building and his old parents are finding it difficult to sustain the life through treatment as they have even sold their house.

The bench was of the view that the parents' plea that a medical board be set up to consider passive euthanasia for Rana was rightly rejected by the high court as no medical professional will cause death by injecting some substance into a patient who is alive without any mechanical or ventilator support.

"The high court held that passive euthanasia is not permissible as per the Common Cause judgment (of the top court) and that the person was not kept alive mechanically and was alive without external life support. We are in support with the view of the high court and the case does not fall under the ambit of passive euthanasia since there is no external life support," the bench said.

"At the same time, the court is mindful that the parents are now aged and cannot care for their son who is bedridden for so many years and if any humanitarian solution can be found other than passive euthanasia. Thus, we issue notice to the Centre and request Additional Solicitor General (ASG) Aishwarya Bhati to assist us. We will see if he can be placed somewhere else. This is a very hard case," the bench said.

Later, the bench asked Bhati, who was appearing in the court in another case, if there was any possibility to lodge Rana at a hospital where he could be taken care of.

"I will look into it. I will take the details and assist the court," the law officer said.

In July, the high court refused to refer Rana's case to a medical board for allowing him to undergo passive euthanasia.

The high court had said the facts of the case indicate that the man is not being kept alive mechanically and he is able to sustain himself without any extra external aid.

"The petitioner is not on any life-support system and the petitioner is surviving without any external aid. While the court sympathises with the parents, as the petitioner is not terminally ill, this court cannot intervene and allow consideration of a prayer that is legally untenable," it had said.

The high court had also referred to several Supreme Court verdicts in which it was held that active euthanasia is legally impermissible.

"The petitioner is thus living and no one, including a physician, is permitted to cause the death of another person by administering any lethal drug, even if the objective is to relieve the patient from pain and suffering," it had said.

According to the petition, the petitioner, who is about 30 years old, was a student of the Punjab University and had suffered head injuries after falling from the fourth floor of his paying guest accommodation in 2013.

The plea says the petitioner's family has done its best to treat him. However, he has been confined to bed since 2013 due to diffuse axonal injury with permanent vegetative state and 100-per cent disability.

The plea says his family has consulted various doctors, has been informed that there is no scope for his recovery and the petitioner, who has not responded for the last 11 years, has developed deep and large bedsores that have caused further infection.

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It says the petitioner's family has lost all hope for his recovery and his parents are not in a position to take care of him as they are getting old.

(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

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