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Which was the first doctor, M.D. or Ph.D.?
For which title was the term "doctor" first given? Was it originally meant for the medical doctor, or for just anyone holding a doctoral degree?
Also: When did the later usage become common, and why?
4 Answers 4
Doctor is a Latin word, and it was borrowed from Latin already formed, with a meaning, namely 'teacher' . The word is formed exactly the way teacher is:
- a verb root (English teach- , Latin doc- ), plus
- an agentive suffix (English -er , Latin -tor ).
Doctor was in use for many centuries before there were universities, or degrees. It was used to refer to an especially learned person, one who was authorized and qualified to teach a particular subject. Which might be medicine, philosophy, theology, law, logic, history, etc.
It wasn't until the Twelfth Century AD in Europe that the modern Western universities were invented. The first universities were Guilds, of Masters or Students, and the Masters were Doctors, i.e, authorized teachers. Gradually the Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctor's degrees evolved from a guild structure of Apprentice, Journeyman, and Master.
For details, consult Haskins' classic The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
- Thank you for the interesting information. Could you elaborate on how "doctor" came into common use to particularly describe medical practitioners? – Iszi Commented Feb 8, 2012 at 0:45
- But which of Ph.D. or M.D. was first referred to as a doctor? Are you saying that at the year such degree titles/letters started to be conferred, those people were already referred to as 'doctor'? And if so, then the answer boils down to which of PhD or MD was the first to be conferred? – Mitch Commented Feb 8, 2012 at 0:51
- That depends entirely on what you want to mean by "PhD", "MD", and "degree", all of which are much later inventions than Doctor . And all of which vary a great deal from place to place and period to period. There is no single answer because there is no single question. – John Lawler Commented Feb 8, 2012 at 1:16
- 1 I think he's saying that "Doctor" referred to any learned person of any subject at that time. Therefore, both their equivalents of medical doctors and doctors of philosopy were referred to as doctors starting around the same time. – Andrew Commented Feb 8, 2012 at 2:57
- 3 Yeah, that'll do. Certainly there's no way to solve the status war between Medical Doctors and other Doctors. Let'em fight it out. – John Lawler Commented Feb 8, 2012 at 3:11
As noted in etymonline and in previous answer, the word doctor has been in use in English since ca. 1300. Regarding the abbreviations you ask about, etymonline says:
- M.D. , "1755, abbreviation of Latin Medicinæ Doctor "doctor of medicine."
- Ph.D , "attested from 1869; abbreviation of L. Philosophiae Doctor 'Doctor of Philosophy.'"
The answer to "Which of Ph.D. or M.D. was first referred to as a doctor?" is that neither was first, as both D.D. and L.L.D. are earlier.
It seems that doctor for both PhD and MD came about the same time: late 14c ... slowly besteading the OE word for a physician: leech.
From Etymology Online:
doctor (n.) c.1300, "Church father", from O.Fr. doctour, from M.L. doctor "religious teacher, adviser, scholar", in classical L. "teacher", agent noun from docere "to show, teach, cause to know", originally "make to appear right," causative of decere "be seemly, fitting" (see decent). Meaning "holder of highest degree in university" is first found late 14c.; as is that of "medical professional" ( replacing native leech ), though this was not common till late 16c. The transitional stage is exemplified in Chaucer’s Doctor of phesike (Latin physica came to be used extensively in M.L. for medicina). Similar usage of the equivalent of doctor is colloquial in most European languages ...
In OE and ME, a doctor was a leech (lǣce in OE) which gave us many other words: leechbook — book of prescriptions leechcraft — art of healing; medicament, remedy, prescription leechcraftig (leechcrafty) — skilled in medicine leechchest — medicine chest leechdom — medicament, medicine; salvation leechdomlic — salutary, beneficial, health-giving leechdomness — cataplasm, poultice leechfee — doctor's fee leechfinger — fourth finger leechhouse — sick room, hospital leechiren — surgeon's knife, lancet leechsalve — medicinal ointment leechseax — lancet leechwyrt (leechwort) — medicinal herb, drug
The word doctor originally came from the word docket. It has a lot to do with maritime law, when a ship Entered a canal it was just like giving birth. Once a ship exit the canal it is given a docket number like a mother is given a birth certificate with a number. The doctor “docket “ received the baby from the mothers birth canal “water” just like a ship. Research Maritime law.
- 1 etymonline.com/word/doctor – Mari-Lou A Commented May 29, 2019 at 7:40
- It is derived from the Latin verb "docere" (to show, teach) which in Italian became "docente" (teacher) – Mari-Lou A Commented May 29, 2019 at 7:43
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Books 'n' Backpacks
Your Guide to Latin & Classics
Best Latin Dictionaries: 7 Awesome Recommendations
Do you want to buy a dictionary to help with your Latin studies, but you aren’t sure which one to get? Then this list of the best Latin dictionaries is just what you need.
There are a lot of dictionaries out there, so making a decision can be tough. I can help you out: I have used a range of dictionaries during my time as a Classics PhD student and professor.
You don’t need to do a bunch of research, since I have done it for you. I’ve divided my favorite dictionaries into two groups: those suitable for beginning and intermediate students and those suitable for advanced learners.
Keep reading for the pros and cons of my six favorite Latin-English dictionaries, plus one Latin-Latin dictionary! I’ll also explain what you should look for in a dictionary, so you can make an informed decision for yourself.
This post may contain affiliate links and I may receive a commission, at no extra cost to you, if you make a purchase through a link. See my disclosures for more details.
Best Latin Dictionaries for Beginning & Intermediate Students
1. new college latin & english dictionary.
The New College Latin & English Dictionary is hands down my favorite dictionary for beginning Latin students. It wins this title due to its clear, informative presentation and helpful supplements.
It’s also cheap, typically under $10, not to mention small and light! This dictionary won’t break the bank or weigh down your backpack.
Despite its small size, this dictionary includes more than 70,000 words and phrases. All of them have their macrons indicated, which is so helpful for pronunciation.
My favorite part is the clarity surrounding word forms. In each entry, an interpunct (·) demonstrates where additional endings should be attached, which then allows you to find word stems with confidence.
This dictionary also features a guide to Latin pronunciation (Classical and Ecclesiastical), a guide to Latin grammar, a list of Roman numerals, and an English to Latin section.
I honestly have no complaints – if you are a beginning student, this is your best option!
👉 Check current prices on Bookshop and Amazon !
2. Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary
My second choice for beginners would be the Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary . It has clear entries with good macron use and intelligible abbreviations (although not quite as clear as the New Latin ‘s excellent interpunct usage).
This dictionary has over 46,000 words and phrases for a total of over 60,000 entries. That’s almost 25,000 less words and phrases than the New College dictionary, which means that you will need to turn to another dictionary if you are reading texts with rare words.
A strength of the dictionary is its detailed supplements. Pronunciation and grammar are covered, as are dates, times, weights, measures, meters, historical and mythological figures. There is also a quite nice English to Latin section.
But note: despite the name “pocket”, this is not a dictionary that will fit into your pocket. It is the size of an average small book.
👉 Check prices on Amazon !
3. Langenscheidt Pocket Dictionary: Latin
I have a major soft spot for this dictionary, because it is the main one that I used throughout high school and university. It was only at Harvard that I switched to Lewis & Short (see more about that below).
This is a true pocket dictionary: it is tiny , but still contains over 35,000 references. There is a substantial Latin-English section and a smaller English-Latin section. Macron use is excellent in the Latin-English side, and word abbreviations are clear.
Unfortunately this dictionary seems to be out of print, but you can purchase a used copy very cheap from Amazon.
It has less entries than the New College dictionary and even than the Oxford Pocket dictionary, but its diminutive size is a major plus if you are lugging around a heavy backpack.
4. Cassell’s Standard Latin Dictionary
If you grow out of the smaller dictionaries but aren’t quite ready to move up to the massive advanced dictionaries, then Cassell’s Standard Latin Dictionary is a good intermediate step.
Cassell’s has more entries than the last three dictionaries that I have mentioned, although unfortunately they don’t advertise precisely how many . (And I haven’t counted the entries myself, for obvious reasons!)
Entries are also more thorough, with more detailed definitions that will benefit students as they move through the intermediate level. The main thing that distinguishes Cassell’s from the other dictionaries listed in this section is the inclusion of citations from classical authors .
So in addition to telling you that abrumpō means “break off, sever”, the dictionary will note that the verb is used with the object vincula in Livy (“to sever bonds”) and ramos in Ovid (“to break off branches”).
Unfortunately, specific line numbers are not provided, so you don’t know where in Livy the quote comes from. This is different from the dictionaries in the advanced section, which will note the specific work and line number so that you can look up the reference yourself. But the citations are still helpful in giving you an idea of the flavor of Latin and common word collocations.
Cassell’s has no grammatical paradigms, but there is a brief English to Latin section as well as some quick information on Roman dates and common Latin abbreviations. The main thing that I dislike about Cassell’s is the spotty macron usage. The blurb states that Cassell’s “shows long and short vowels where not immediately apparent”, which in practice means that long vowels are often unmarked.
👉 Check prices on Bookshop and Amazon !
CAREFUL : There are various Cassell’s Latin dictionaries. The one that I have described is Cassell’s Standard Latin Dictionary . Confusingly, it does not have “Standard” on its cover, but rather reads “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary: Latin-English / English-Latin.”
Best Latin Dictionaries for Advanced Students
Are you reading lots of ancient Roman authors in the original Latin? Do you find yourself wanting to analyze all the little nuances of individual Latin words? Or are you thinking about doing research in Classics or a related field?
If you answered “yes” to any of these questions, then it’s time for you to use a more comprehensive dictionary.
The following three dictionaries are, in my opinion, the best options for advanced Latin students. None of these dictionaries has an English to Latin section, since the focus is on careful analysis and understanding of Latin words.
(In fact, one of the dictionaries has no English in it at all – we’ll get to that soon.)
5. Lewis and Short’s A Latin Dictionary
Lewis and Short’s A Latin Dictionary is an amazing volume. I use it every day and I love it. In my opinion it is the single most useful everyday resource for advanced Latin students and scholars.
I don’t know exactly how many entries Lewis & Short has, but it easily doubles the number in the beginning and intermediate dictionaries listed above. A strength of Lewis & Short is the breadth of the Latin covered: Archaic Latin and Late Latin are represented along with classical Latin.
My favorite part of Lewis & Short is the detailed definitions with numerous examples from Latin authors (with precise citations). I turn to Lewis & Short when I am in despair over an odd usage of a word, and often the very passage that I am reading is cited in the dictionary.
Macron use is good and words are clearly presented (although you have to ignore a lot of information about alternate forms). This is definitely a dictionary that will confuse a beginner, but it is a classicist’s dream.
I should note, however, that I typically do not use the print version, since it’s a hassle to carry around. Instead, I use the free Logeion app created by the University of Chicago. It contains the entirety of Lewis & Short for free , since the dictionary has long since passed into the public domain.
That said, you may prefer a physical version. I was just talking to a colleague the other day who swears by the hard copy. It’s up to you!
6. Oxford Latin Dictionary
The Oxford Latin Dictionary ( OLD ) is an incredible resource for serious students and scholars. But it has a hefty price tag (usually around $400), so I would not recommend purchasing it unless you have extra money lying around.
This is an enormous book (which now usually comes in two volumes). It has over 40,000 headwords (i.e. completely distinct words) and over 100,000 senses. This is significantly more than the smaller dictionaries listed in the beginning, which were measured in entries , not headwords .
The OLD , like Lewis & Short, provides copious examples of each word’s use. A headword can have entries spanning multiple pages. This isn’t a dictionary that you pull out when you are reading Latin, but rather a dictionary that you turn to when you are researching a specific word’s meaning.
I myself refer to the OLD occasionally, usually when I am analyzing a passage that revolves around a specific word. Then I cite the OLD , since it is an authoritative source on Latin word meaning.
I do not, however, use the OLD on a daily basis. Lewis & Short is my go-to dictionary.
The main complaint that scholars have with the OLD is that it does not include Latin words or authors from after 200 C.E. So if you work with Late or Medieval Latin, Lewis & Short will be a better fit for you.
👉 Check prices for the OLD on Bookshop and Amazon !
7. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae
No list of Latin dictionaries would be complete without mentioning the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (abbreviated to TLL ). This massive project is based at the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Munich and has involved hundreds of scholars from all over the world.
The goal is to create comprehensive archives that record every single instance in which every single Latin word is used. This data is then condensed into detailed dictionary entries, written entirely in Latin .
As you can imagine, trying to record every usage of every Latin word is an insanely difficult task. The project began in 1894 and is still continuing today. Currently scholars are writing entries for words beginning with the letters N and R.
I turn to the TLL when I am working on an in-depth research project (e.g. an article for publication in an academic journal). If you have an advanced command of Latin, you might enjoy taking a look!
There is a open-access version of the TLL available online. It’s a little hard to use, since when you search a word, the database pulls up a scan from the print version. But it’s free and it gets the job done.
If you are affiliated with an academic institution, you may have access to De Gruyter’s TLL Online . This is a much more user-friendly interface, but alas – it’s behind a paywall.
How To Choose A Latin Dictionary
Okay, I’ve told you all about my seven favorite Latin dictionaries. But how did I come to these conclusions? What if you want to assess other dictionaries on your own?
Whenever I pick up a new dictionary, I check for a few things.
- How many word entries are in the dictionary, and how detailed are they?
- Does the dictionary use macrons, and if so, is it in a comprehensive way?
- Does the dictionary present vocabulary in a way that allows you to easily determine word stems or bases?
- Is there supplemental grammatical and/or cultural information provided?
- Is the dictionary just Latin to English, or is there an English to Latin section?
The first three questions are most important, but #4 and #5 are relevant, too. Let’s go through them one by one.
Size & Comprehensiveness
I will start with advice for beginners. You may be tempted to purchase the biggest dictionary you can find, but that would most likely be a mistake. Bigger does not necessarily equal better.
You are a Latin student , not a scholar. It doesn’t matter to you (yet, at least) if your dictionary has every known use of a word or if it cites the most famous uses in Latin literature. What you need is a dictionary that is clear and informative, but not overwhelming.
A beginning dictionary should include
- the word’s most important forms (e.g. nominative and genitive singular for nouns, principal parts for verbs, etc.)
- common irregular forms
- basic definition(s)
- basic phrases and idioms involving the word
Every single dictionary listed above will have sufficient vocabulary for beginning and most intermediate students. So if you are still in the earlier stages of your Latin journey, I advise you to pay more attention to the other four questions in choosing your dictionary.
Eventually, you will arrive at a point when smaller dictionaries don’t satisfy you anymore. Maybe more and more words you look up aren’t there. Maybe you want more details about shades of meaning.
You are arriving at the advanced level, and it is time to upgrade to a more comprehensive dictionary. This is where the number of entries really matters and where the specific content of the entries matters.
An advanced dictionary will offer far more than a simple definition. You can expect to find (in addition to everything that is in a beginning dictionary):
- etymological information
- detailed information about word variants
- nuanced divisions and subdivisions of word meaning
- phrases and idioms involving the word
- examples of the word’s usage in Latin literature (with citations)
If you are advanced, then you will want all of this extra data, but a beginner may drown in it. And that only leads to discouragement.
As for the number of entries, smaller dictionaries start at around 35,000 words, while the larger ones get up to 100,000 entries. Advanced students will need these more exhaustive resources, but if you’re a beginning student? Stick with something smaller and clearer.
Macron Usage
You may wonder why I give macrons their own heading. The answer is simple: macrons are extremely important for a full understanding of Latin pronunciation, meter and scansion , and sometimes even grammar.
Whatever your level – beginning or advanced – you will often need to look up new words. If macrons are not indicated, you will not be able to tell which vowels are long and which are short. This will make it difficult for you to pronounce the word.
Most dictionaries use macrons to a certain degree, but the problem is that some (such as Cassell’s) only use macrons in the word stem . They assume that you will know which endings are long and short. As a result, the macron information is incomplete, which can prove confusing for a beginning student.
The very best Latin dictionaries for beginners will mark all long vowels with macrons to avoid confusion.
Ease of Determining Stems
A dictionary should present the essential forms of a word in a clear way that allows you to determine its stem or base with ease. Since Latin is a highly inflected language, it is crucial that you know what you add noun, verb, adjective, and pronoun endings to.
If you are just starting out, don’t stress about the terminology. Just take my word for it: knowing stems is important.
Some dictionaries, presumably in an attempt to save space, heavily abbreviate the essential forms of a word. This can lead to major confusion.
Let’s take an example from the Collins Latin Dictionary & Grammar . Look at the following two entries:
acer, -is nt maple ācer, -ris adj sharp
Both are clearly 3rd declension, as the – is ending on the genitive singular tells us. But what are the two words’ bases?
You find a noun’s base by removing the ending from the genitive singular, but here it’s hard to determine what the genitive singular even is.
Aceris and āceris ? Or acris and ācris ? Who knows?
Now let’s look at these same entries in The New College Latin & English Dictionary .
ac·er -eris n maple tree; maple wood ā·cer -cris -cre adj sharp, pointed
Here it is very clear what the additional forms are. An interpunct (·) indicates where each word is split, and as a result we can easily reconstruct the additional forms.
So, for instance, the interpunct in ac · er informs us that only the ac is repeated in the genitive singular form. Ac + eris = aceris . We now have our genitive singular form, so we can determine that the base is aceris – is = acer -.
In the second example, on the other hand, the interpunct falls after the ā . This means that only the ā is preserved the additional forms. Ā + cris = ācris and ā + cre = ācre .
This is much clearer than the mess we are given in the Collins dictionary. As you grow more and more familiar with Latin, you will get accustomed to the abbreviations that dictionaries use. But clarity is always preferable!
Supplemental Information
Often Latin dictionaries contain grammatical and/or cultural supplements. Declension and conjugation charts are a common addition, as are tables explaining Roman dating conventions and other aspects of Roman culture.
If you are a beginning student, it can be helpful to have such information easily on hand. Once you reach a more advanced level, it doesn’t matter as much – and this is why advanced dictionaries do not tend to have this supplemental information. You are expected to consult a grammar book instead.
English to Latin?
Most foreign language dictionaries will go both ways. That is, there will be a Latin to English section and also an English to Latin section. Since Latin is an ancient language, however, there tends to be a greater focus on translating from Latin rather than producing content in Latin.
As a result, students spend more time looking up Latin words they have found in texts and are less likely to look up an English word to find the Latin equivalent. A big exception to this is if you wish to focus on Latin composition. In this case you will find the English to Latin section handy.
Most of the beginning dictionaries include a shorter English to Latin section, while advanced resources such as Lewis & Short and the Oxford Latin Dictionary do not.
If you know that you want to produce your own Latin, then make sure your chosen dictionary features an English to Latin portion!
Choose the Best Latin Dictionary for You
How are you feeling? Have you decided which Latin dictionary is best for you?
This has been a super long post, so let me summarize my recommendations.
No dictionary (not even the Oxford Latin Dictionary ) will have every single word out there. But as a beginning or intermediate Latin learner, you don’t need that. What you need is a concise, user-friendly presentation that allows you to access the beauty of the Latin language.
The New College Latin & English Dictionary is my top choice for beginning and intermediate students. It is clear and thorough while also managing to be small and affordable (typically less than $10).
Once you have reached the advanced level, you are ready for larger, more detailed dictionaries. But in my personal opinion, something as large as the Oxford Latin Dictionary is overkill for everyday Latin reading.
For advanced students, my favorite is definitely Lewis and Short . This is the dictionary that I used every day as a PhD student at Harvard. Now that I am a Classics professor at Wellesley, it remains my best friend.
I hope this post has helped you to decide which dictionary is right for you, and happy Latin studies! Don’t forget to take a look at my epic list of Latin-learning resources .
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Rebecca Deitsch (aka Livia) has a PhD in Classical Philology from Harvard University. She has taught Latin, Greek, and Classics courses to students of all ages at Harvard, Kenyon, and beyond. After 20 years of learning and 10 years of teaching Latin, she made this website to share all her language expertise with you!
I am a long time Latin learner — since 1963 high school (I’m 75 now but only at a beginning intermediate level). Is there a dictionary or reference that marks syllables? Also have you evaluated online dictionaries/references. I have found https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ which you recommended on another post, but I could not find any explanation for “collocations” on that site. I have enjoyed your blog posts and use them quite a lot. How far are you in your PhD program? Thanks for all your work.
I’m so glad to hear that you are enjoying my posts, Caren! I don’t know of a dictionary that marks syllables off the top of my head. Latin syllables are fairly predictable, so I think dictionary-markers don’t want to spend time on it. I haven’t published a post on online dictionaries and resources – YET. It’s on the list of future posts! In the meantime, you can find very basic collocation information in the right sidebar of the desktop version of Logeion. I am in the 5th year of my PhD program, so one more to go!
This was very helpful. I was able to find a great dictionary for my 8th grade son who is just starting. I’m helping him learn and surprised how much I remember from my year and a half of college Latin from over 30 years ago. I’m tempted to get Lewis & Short and start learning again!
Hi Luke, I’m so glad this post was helpful! You should definitely start learning again yourself, too. Latin is so much fun 🙂
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Editorial prelims Guide to the dictionary The Oxford Latin Dictionary
A widget enabling users to look up words in the Oxford Latin Dictionary , ed. P. G. W. Glare (2nd edn, 2012), is included for all users of the Latin content on Oxford Scholarly Editions Online . More than half a century in the making, the two-volume Oxford Latin Dictionary is the world's most authoritative dictionary of Classical Latin, offering unsurpassed coverage of the language of Rome from its beginnings until AD 200. As well as 40,000 headwords and 100,000 senses, the dictionary includes a vast collection of illustrative quotations taken from the canon of classical literature, each now conveniently arranged under the appropriate sense or subsense. Find out more:
How to use the dictionarySelect any word in a Latin text and a pop-up menu will appear. Choose to look up the word in the Oxford Latin Dictionary : The dictionary widget will appear populated with the appropriate entry
You can choose whether the widget shows the complete dictionary entry, complete with etymological information, orthographic information, and quotations, or simply the dictionary senses: use the options at the top right of the widget. Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved.
 PHD Meaning: Here’s What It Means and How to Use It? You’ve likely seen the abbreviation PHD — but what is the meaning of PHD? We’ll tell you. Read on as we explore this common acronym.  Your writing, at its bestCompose bold, clear, mistake-free, writing with Grammarly's AI-powered writing assistant There are several ways to abbreviate words in the English language — hence why there are so many acronyms and abbreviations found in the dictionary today. While some terms are pretty self-explanatory, like “Feb,” which stands for “February,” there are some acronyms that could use a bit of explaining — such as Ph.D. Although Ph.D is an abbreviation with more than one meaning, it commonly refers to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D): spelled with a capitalized “P,” lowercase “h,” and uppercase “D.” Interested in learning more? We can help. Read on as we explore the abbreviation Ph.D to uncover its meaning, origin, and more. Are you ready? Let’s dive in.  What Does PhD Mean?Ph.D — aka Doctor of Philosophy — is defined by Dictionary.com as the highest degree awarded by a school in a field of academic study. A doctorate is typically awarded to an individual who has completed three or more years of graduate study and a dissertation approved by a committee of professors. Common abbreviations used for the doctor of philosophy include:
After completing the Ph.D degree or dissertation, a graduate can use Dr. or Ph.D. For example:
What Is the Origin of Ph.D?Abbreviated from the Latin term philosophiae doctor meaning “doctor of philosophy,” the Ph.D is the highest degree in most fields, with the notable exceptions of medicine and law that have their own doctorates. The degree originated in 19th century Germany when the word “philosophy” had the much broader meaning of “love of wisdom.” Though universities have existed in Europe long before the 19th century, the degrees that medieval universities awarded to students had more in common with the MD than with the Ph.D, as they required mastery of already existing knowledge. In 1861, Yale University became the first institution of higher education in the United States to award the degree, conferring it on three recipients; Arthur W, Wright, James M. Whiton, and Eugene Schuyler. A few decades later, Canada accepted Ph.D as their highest level of honor, and in 1917, the doctoral of philosophy was introduced in all disciplines of the subjects. How Can I Use Ph.D in a Sentence?Now that you understand what Ph.D means, let’s take a look at some examples of this acronym in a sentence: “After telling him I earned an academic degree, he bragged for the rest of the night about having a Ph.D .” “I can’t decide what academic field to get my Ph.D in.” “Tom can’t work full-time because he is a Ph.D student and has to work on his thesis.” “My mom is thinking about going back to school to complete a Ph.D program in psychology.” “I am in the second year of my Ph.D program.” “Whether you like physics, chemistry, or psychology, you can find a Ph.D program on campus,” “Look, I understand that you’re my supervisor, but I am looking to get my Ph.D degree and ultimately become a doctor of medicine; in other words, I have to study and can’t pick up more than one shift per week.” “Have you taken the exams yet to get your Ph.D ?” “Did you know that some Ph.D programs accept a portfolio of published papers?” “To get a Ph.D , it’s important to study hard and get good grades.” “Gosh, I didn’t realize how many seminars and workshops I’d have to attend to get a Ph.D !” “A Ph.D comes with a pretty hefty fee, so be sure to apply for scholarships.” What Is a Doctorate?Simply put, a doctorate is any qualification that awards a doctoral degree. To qualify for one, you need to produce work at a high level that makes a significant new contribution to knowledge in your academic field. Doing so earns you the title “Doctor.” Many people believe a doctorate and a Ph.D are the same. However, this is not the case, as a Ph.D is a type of doctorate, such as a Doctor of Philosophy. Other doctoral degrees or types of doctorate include:
According to the American Psychological Association, the Ph.D is intended for students interested in gaining new knowledge through scientific research, or teaching experience. Does PHD Stand For Anything Else?Although the abbreviation PHD is most commonly associated with the Doctorate of Philosophy, it does have a few other meanings:
A Final WordSo, what does PHD mean, you ask? Simply put, PHD is an abbreviation that stands for many words; however, it’s most commonly used to abbreviate “Doctor of Philosophy.” We hope this guide has provided you with all of the information you need to understand the meaning of PHD fully. To discover more interesting words and strengthen your overall vocabulary, be sure to check out our website , where you’ll find definitions, grammar tips, and more!
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What does the noun PhD mean?There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun PhD . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence. How common is the noun PhD ?
Where does the noun PhD come from?Earliest known use The earliest known use of the noun PhD is in the 1830s. OED's earliest evidence for PhD is from 1839, in Journal of Royal Geographical Society . PhD is formed from Latin Philosophiae Doctor . Nearby entries
Thank you for visiting Oxford English Dictionary To continue reading, please sign in below or purchase a subscription. After purchasing, please sign in below to access the content. Meaning & useEntry history for phd, n.. Originally published as part of the entry for P, n. P, n. was revised in December 2005. oed.com is a living text, updated every three months. Modifications may include:
Earlier versions of this entry were published in: OED First Edition (1904)
OED Second Edition (1989)
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Definition of PhD noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Questions about grammar and vocabulary? Find the answers with Practical English Usage online, your indispensable guide to problems in English. Nearby wordsSkip to Content Latin Ph.D. Reading ListYou are here. This list is intended to help you prepare for the Latin PhD preliminary examination. That exam is a test of your competence in Latin and your familiarity with the field of Latin literature, rather than a test on this list. Read as much as you can in preparation, in the knowledge that acquaintance with all of these texts constitutes preparation for a career in Classics. MA students planning to continue to a PhD are strongly encouraged to take a PhD-level exam, even while registered in the MA program. An MA student who takes the PhD exam and passes it at the PhD level ( 85% or higher) will, as a result, be qualified for their MA (pending satisfactory fulfillment of the other MA requirements) and be considered to have passed the Latin PhD preliminary exam, if they continue into the PhD program at this institution. A pass mark of 95% or higher on the PhD-level exam results in a pass with distinction. An MA student who passes a PhD-level exam at the MA level ( 75% - 84% ) may earn their MA on that basis, pending satisfactory fulfillment of the other MA requirements, but would be required to re-take the Latin PhD preliminary exam if admitted to the PhD program. The exam will consist of two sections: A. Translation; B. Passage analysis: A. The translation section will consist of two out of three passages of poetry and two out of three passages of prose to be translated, all to be drawn from the reading list. Each poetry passage will be ca. 20-25 lines in length, and the prose passages of a length corresponding to that. B. The analysis section will require exam-takers to discuss one out of two passages of prose and one out of two passages of poetry, all to be drawn from the reading list. Instructions as they appear on the exam paper are given below. Substitutions to the present list: students may propose substitutions of equivalent difficulty and length pertaining to up to two prose and two verse authors; these substitutions would need to be approved by the graduate director in consultation with the graduate committee. Copies of all texts and commentaries recommended are available in Norlin and in the Classics library in Eaton Humanities ( HUMN 345 ); please alert the Chair of the Library Committee if you find any missing from either library. Those wishing to build their own Classics libraries (e.g. those planning to pursue a PhD) may wish to consider purchasing personal copies of the texts and commentaries recommended as an investment for the future. As you read the texts, we recommend reading the introductions to the commentaries listed below, especially those in the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series. We also recommend supplementing your reading of the Latin text by background reading in one of the standard literary histories, e.g. G.B. Conte’s Latin Literature: A History, transl. J.B. Solodow, rev. D. Fowler and Glenn Most, Baltimore & Laton (John Hopkins) or the Cambridge History of Classical Literature, Vol. 2. You will find both of these in HUMN 350 . No Classics library books should leave their respective rooms! Further advice on secondary reading on individual authors is available from faculty. Instructions as they appear on the exam: Ia. Translation: Prose. Translate two of the following passages into accurate and idiomatic English. Ib. Translation: Poetry. Translate two of the following passages into accurate and idiomatic English. II. Select one of the following two passages of poetry in (a) and one of the two passages of prose in (b), and write an analytical essay on each. If you can, identify the author, work, and location of the passage within the work; the author’s date, historical milieu, and the context of the passage or work within the author's career; speakers and others referred to directly or indirectly; and places, events, or other important points of reference. Comment on significant themes as well as formal features such as meter or rhythm, dialect, and genre; if possible identify the performance venue, occasion, or intended readership. Paraphrase is not necessary and should not be used for its own sake, but you may use it to support interpretation of the text.
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abbreviation or nounDefinition of phd, examples of phd in a sentence. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'PhD.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples. Word HistoryNew Latin philosophiae doctor 1839, in the meaning defined above Dictionary Entries Near PhDCite this entry. “PhD.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PhD. Accessed 15 Sep. 2024. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!  Can you solve 4 words at once?Word of the day. See Definitions and Examples » Get Word of the Day daily email! Popular in Grammar & UsagePlural and possessive names: a guide, 31 useful rhetorical devices, more commonly misspelled words, absent letters that are heard anyway, how to use accents and diacritical marks, popular in wordplay, 8 words for lesser-known musical instruments, it's a scorcher words for the summer heat, 7 shakespearean insults to make life more interesting, 10 words from taylor swift songs (merriam's version), 9 superb owl words, games & quizzes. 
Alternative forms
Borrowed from New Latin Ph.D. , an abbreviation of Philosophiae Doctor ( “ Doctor of Philosophy ” ) . Pronunciation
Ph.D. ( plural Ph.D's or Ph.D.'s or Ph.D.s )
Usage notes
Coordinate termsRelated terms, further reading.
Ph.D. m sg ( indeclinable )
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One feature of this digital edition that we hope that our readers will particularly enjoy is the ability to click on any Latin word and be redirected to the corresponding article in Lewis & Short. Similarly, most of the references are linked to the original text in the Perseus Digital Library . What primarily sets this dictionary apart from other English dictionaries of the same magnitude (notably A Copious and Critical English-Latin Lexicon by Riddle & Arnold, 1864) is the fact that Smith & Hall spent considerable effort on going back to the classical texts and reevaluating the meaning of the Latin words and phrases in their original context. The proposed Latin translations are supported by references to the sources, and commonly illustrated with quotations, both in English translation and in the original Latin. A more in-depth account of the labour that was spent by the authors on this monumental work can be read in the original preface . There they also give an overview of the structure of the dictionary articles. See also the list of abbreviations of names of authors and their works and a separate list of general abbreviations . Lewis & ShortLewis, Charlton T. & Short, Charles. (1849). Harpers’ Latin Dictionary: A New Latin Dictionary Founded on the Translation of Freund’s Latin-German Lexicon. The Latin-English Dictionary of Lewis & Short hardly needs an introduction, for anyone who speaks English and studies Latin is likely to have consulted it on several occasions, either in print, or, perhaps more likely these days, using a web site or a smart-phone app. In order to easier investigate the meaning of quoted Latin sentences, each Latin word is a link to the corresponding dictionary article. Horae Latinae: Studies In Synonyms and SyntaxOgilvie, Robert. (1901). Horae Latinae: Studies in Synonyms and Syntax. Here you will find almost 500 English words and expressions with detailed descriptions of how to best render them in Latin, and with copious quotes from classical authors illustrating the usage. The proposed Latin translations are linked to the corresponding articles in Lewis & Short. Döderlein’s Handbook of Latin synonymsDöderlein, Ludwig. (1874). Handbook of Latin Synonyms. This is the English version of Ludwig Döderlein’s Handbuch der Lateinischen Synonymik, which is an abridged version of his monumental 6‑volume Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologieen (1826–1838). In 550 articles, the finer nuances in meaning of nearly 2 400 Latin words are discussed. The handbook briefly states the differences between the Latin words while leaving out the reasoning and arguments for establishing them, which are present in the full work. Frequently, the articles will end with a link to the full original German text, for those who are curious to investigate the issue further. Used in conjunction with the other dictionaries here, this is an invaluable resource for determining the difference between apparent synonyms in Latin. As in the other dictionaries, the Latin words are linked to their corresponding articles in Lewis & Short.  Want to Learn Latin?Find out how  The Ancient Language of Learning and ScienceAsk the publishers to restore access to 500,000+ books. Internet Archive Audio
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Look up a word, learn it forever.Other forms: PhDs A PhD is a university degree that a student gets after several years of advanced study in a subject. Once you have a PhD , you can be called "Dr. So-and-so." The abbreviation PhD stands for "Doctor of Philosophy," and it's also called a Doctorate. Students who attend graduate school and continue their studies beyond a Master's Degree eventually receive a PhD. Most college professors have a PhD. The name of the degree comes from the Latin phrase philosophiae doctor , and the "philosophy" part of the name comes from the Greek word philosophia , "love of wisdom."
Vocabulary lists containing PhDHere are 33 words that will help you survive on a college campus, looking cool and "in the know." So, if someone wants to meet you on the quad, you'll know where to go. Or, if someone tells you that you've matriculated, you won't be scared. Sign up now (it’s free!)Whether you’re a teacher or a learner, vocabulary.com can put you or your class on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement..
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Example SentencesHe also bragged about earning a PhD, a point Smerconish did not question. Even his nametag played up his dweeby nature, labeling him “Mr. Gruber, PhD.” Throughout her life, she faced public ridicule, legal persecution and, eventually, redemption through a PhD in clinical sexology. “It is impossible by elections to choose normal people,” argues Yoram Gat, an Israeli software engineer with a PhD in statistics. The son of Taiwanese immigrants, he grew up in California and earned his PhD in neuroscience at Stanford. Damn few of them got it from me, I'm happy to say, and those that did, knew more about the subject than most PhD's. It was a great diversion from the late nights working on my PhD. Our systems are now restored following recent technical disruption, and we’re working hard to catch up on publishing. We apologise for the inconvenience caused. Find out more: https://www.cambridge.org/universitypress/about-us/news-and-blogs/cambridge-university-press-publishing-update-following-technical-disruption We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings . Login Alert
 Article contentsLewis' latin dictionary for schools - a latin dictionary for schools . by chaelton t. lewis, ph.d., editor of lewis and short's ‘latin dictionary.’ 18s.. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 October 2009  Access options No CrossRef data available. View all Google Scholar citations for this article. Save article to KindleTo save this article to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle . Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.
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Check 'PHD' translations into Latin. Look through examples of PHD translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar.
Latin Dictionary: the best Latin dictionary with a conjugator and a Latin declension tool available online for free!
10 Doctor is a Latin word, and it was borrowed from Latin already formed, with a meaning, namely 'teacher'. The word is formed exactly the way teacher is: a verb root (English teach-, Latin doc-), plus an agentive suffix (English -er, Latin -tor).
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor in philosophia) [1] is a terminal degree, that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America), pronounced as three ...
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More than half a century in the making, the two-volume Oxford Latin Dictionary is the world's most authoritative dictionary of Classical Latin, offering unsurpassed coverage of the language of Rome from its beginnings until AD 200. As well as 40,000 headwords and 100,000 senses, the dictionary includes a vast collection of illustrative quotations taken from the canon of classical literature ...
Abbreviated from the Latin term philosophiae doctor meaning "doctor of philosophy," the Ph.D is the highest degree in most fields, with the notable exceptions of medicine and law that have their own doctorates. The degree originated in 19th century Germany when the word "philosophy" had the much broader meaning of "love of wisdom.".
The earliest known use of the noun PhD is in the 1830s. OED's earliest evidence for PhD is from 1839, in Journal of Royal Geographical Society. PhD is formed from Latin Philosophiae Doctor. See etymology.
Definition of PhD noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Latin Ph.D. Reading List. This list is intended to help you prepare for the Latin PhD preliminary examination. That exam is a test of your competence in Latin and your familiarity with the field of Latin literature, rather than a test on this list. Read as much as you can in preparation, in the knowledge that acquaintance with all of these ...
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The meaning of PHD is the academic degree, title, or rank of doctor of philosophy; also : a person who has earned the academic degree of doctor of philosophy. How to use PhD in a sentence.
Ph.D. (plural Ph.D's or Ph.D.'s or Ph.D.s) Doctor of Philosophy, a terminal research degree, the highest of academic degrees conferred by a college or university. in business school subjects has grown so severe in recent years that a panel was set up in 1980 by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business to study the problem.
Smith & Hall Smith, William & Hall, Theophilus D. (1871). A Copious and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. The English-Latin dictionary of Smith & Hall, originally published in 1871 under the title A Copious and Critical English-Latin Dictionary, is widely regarded as the best and, with 29 000 headwords, most extensive lexicon for translating ...
The initials M and D stem from the Latin title Medicīnae Doctor. There are many different types of doctors, with different specialties, but if you have a physical ailment, visiting a doctor with the initials M.D. is a good place to start.
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A PhD is a university degree that a student gets after several years of advanced study in a subject. Once you have a PhD, you can be called "Dr. So-and-so."
PhD definition: the highest degree, a doctorate, awarded by a graduate school in a field of academic study, usually to a person who has completed at least three years of graduate study and a dissertation approved by a committee of professors.. See examples of PHD used in a sentence.
Lewis' Latin Dictionary for Schools - A Latin Dictionary for Schools. By Chaelton T. Lewis, Ph.D., Editor of Lewis and Short's 'Latin Dictionary.' 18s. - Volume 3 Issue 4