short essay about depression

Essays About Depression: Top 8 Examples Plus Prompts

Many people deal with mental health issues throughout their lives; if you are writing essays about depression, you can read essay examples to get started.

An occasional feeling of sadness is something that everyone experiences from time to time. Still, a persistent loss of interest, depressed mood, changes in energy levels, and sleeping problems can indicate mental illness. Thankfully, antidepressant medications, therapy, and other types of treatment can be largely helpful for people living with depression.

People suffering from depression or other mood disorders must work closely with a mental health professional to get the support they need to recover. While family members and other loved ones can help move forward after a depressive episode, it’s also important that people who have suffered from major depressive disorder work with a medical professional to get treatment for both the mental and physical problems that can accompany depression.

If you are writing an essay about depression, here are 8 essay examples to help you write an insightful essay. For help with your essays, check out our round-up of the best essay checkers .

• 1. My Best Friend Saved Me When I Attempted Suicide, But I Didn’t Save Her by Drusilla Moorhouse
• 2. How can I complain? by James Blake
• 3. What it’s like living with depression: A personal essay by Nadine Dirks
• 4. I Have Depression, and I’m Proof that You Never Know the Battle Someone is Waging Inside by Jac Gochoco
• 5. Essay: How I Survived Depression by Cameron Stout
• 6. I Can’t Get Out of My Sweat Pants: An Essay on Depression by Marisa McPeck-Stringham
• 7. This is what depression feels like by Courtenay Harris Bond

8. Opening Up About My Struggle with Recurring Depression by Nora Super

1. what is depression, 2. how is depression diagnosed, 3. causes of depression, 4. different types of depression, 5. who is at risk of depression, 6. can social media cause depression, 7. can anyone experience depression, the final word on essays about depression, is depression common, what are the most effective treatments for depression.

Top 8 Examples

1.  my best friend saved me when i attempted suicide, but i didn’t save her  by drusilla moorhouse.

“Just three months earlier, I had been a patient in another medical facility: a mental hospital. My best friend, Denise, had killed herself on Christmas, and days after the funeral, I told my mom that I wanted to die. I couldn’t forgive myself for the role I’d played in Denise’s death: Not only did I fail to save her, but I’m fairly certain I gave her the idea.”

Moorhouse makes painstaking personal confessions throughout this essay on depression, taking the reader along on the roller coaster of ups and downs that come with suicide attempts, dealing with the death of a loved one, and the difficulty of making it through major depressive disorder.

2.  How can I complain?  by James Blake

“I wanted people to know how I felt, but I didn’t have the vocabulary to tell them. I have gone into a bit of detail here not to make anyone feel sorry for me but to show how a privileged, relatively rich-and-famous-enough-for-zero-pity white man could become depressed against all societal expectations and allowances. If I can be writing this, clearly it isn’t only oppression that causes depression; for me it was largely repression.”

Musician James Blake shares his experience with depression and talks about his struggles with trying to grow up while dealing with existential crises just as he began to hit the peak of his fame. Blake talks about how he experienced guilt and shame around the idea that he had it all on the outside—and so many people deal with issues that he felt were larger than his.

3.  What it’s like living with depression: A personal essay   by Nadine Dirks

“In my early adulthood, I started to feel withdrawn, down, unmotivated, and constantly sad. What initially seemed like an off-day turned into weeks of painful feelings that seemed they would never let up. It was difficult to enjoy life with other people my age. Depression made typical, everyday tasks—like brushing my teeth—seem monumental. It felt like an invisible chain, keeping me in bed.”

Dirks shares her experience with depression and the struggle she faced to find treatment for mental health issues as a Black woman. Dirks discusses how even though she knew something about her mental health wasn’t quite right, she still struggled to get the diagnosis she needed to move forward and receive proper medical and psychological care.

4.  I Have Depression, and I’m Proof that You Never Know the Battle Someone is Waging Inside  by Jac Gochoco

“A few years later, at the age of 20, my smile had fallen, and I had given up. The thought of waking up the next morning was too much for me to handle. I was no longer anxious or sad; instead, I felt numb, and that’s when things took a turn for the worse. I called my dad, who lived across the country, and for the first time in my life, I told him everything. It was too late, though. I was not calling for help. I was calling to say goodbye.”

Gochoco describes the war that so many people with depression go through—trying to put on a brave face and a positive public persona while battling demons on the inside. The Olympic weightlifting coach and yoga instructor now work to share the importance of mental health with others.

5.  Essay: How I Survived Depression   by Cameron Stout

“In 1993, I saw a psychiatrist who prescribed an antidepressant. Within two months, the medication slowly gained traction. As the gray sludge of sadness and apathy washed away, I emerged from a spiral of impending tragedy. I helped raise two wonderful children, built a successful securities-litigation practice, and became an accomplished cyclist. I began to take my mental wellness for granted. “

Princeton alum Cameron Stout shared his experience with depression with his fellow Tigers in Princeton’s alumni magazine, proving that even the most brilliant and successful among us can be rendered powerless by a chemical imbalance. Stout shares his experience with treatment and how working with mental health professionals helped him to come out on the other side of depression.

6.  I Can’t Get Out of My Sweat Pants: An Essay on Depression  by Marisa McPeck-Stringham

“Sometimes, when the depression got really bad in junior high, I would come straight home from school and change into my pajamas. My dad caught on, and he said something to me at dinner time about being in my pajamas several days in a row way before bedtime. I learned it was better not to change into my pajamas until bedtime. People who are depressed like to hide their problematic behaviors because they are so ashamed of the way they feel. I was very ashamed and yet I didn’t have the words or life experience to voice what I was going through.”

McPeck-Stringham discusses her experience with depression and an eating disorder at a young age; both brought on by struggles to adjust to major life changes. The author experienced depression again in her adult life, and thankfully, she was able to fight through the illness using tried-and-true methods until she regained her mental health.

7.  This is what depression feels like  by Courtenay Harris Bond

“The smallest tasks seem insurmountable: paying a cell phone bill, lining up a household repair. Sometimes just taking a shower or arranging a play date feels like more than I can manage. My children’s squabbles make me want to scratch the walls. I want to claw out of my own skin. I feel like the light at the end of the tunnel is a solitary candle about to blow out at any moment. At the same time, I feel like the pain will never end.”

Bond does an excellent job of helping readers understand just how difficult depression can be, even for people who have never been through the difficulty of mental illness. Bond states that no matter what people believe the cause to be—chemical imbalance, childhood issues, a combination of the two—depression can make it nearly impossible to function.

“Once again, I spiraled downward. I couldn’t get out of bed. I couldn’t work. I had thoughts of harming myself. This time, my husband urged me to start ECT much sooner in the cycle, and once again, it worked. Within a matter of weeks I was back at work, pretending nothing had happened. I kept pushing myself harder to show everyone that I was “normal.” I thought I had a pattern: I would function at a high level for many years, and then my depression would be triggered by a significant event. I thought I’d be healthy for another ten years.”

Super shares her experience with electroconvulsive therapy and how her depression recurred with a major life event despite several years of solid mental health. Thankfully, Super was able to recognize her symptoms and get help sooner rather than later.

7 Writing Prompts on Essays About Depression

When writing essays on depression, it can be challenging to think of essay ideas and questions. Here are six essay topics about depression that you can use in your essay.

Depression can be difficult to define and understand. Discuss the definition of depression, and delve into the signs, symptoms, and possible causes of this mental illness. Depression can result from trauma or personal circumstances, but it can also be a health condition due to genetics. In your essay, look at how depression can be spotted and how it can affect your day-to-day life. 

Depression diagnosis can be complicated; this essay topic will be interesting as you can look at the different aspects considered in a diagnosis. While a certain lab test can be conducted, depression can also be diagnosed by a psychiatrist. Research the different ways depression can be diagnosed and discuss the benefits of receiving a diagnosis in this essay.

There are many possible causes of depression; this essay discusses how depression can occur. Possible causes of depression can include trauma, grief, anxiety disorders, and some physical health conditions. Look at each cause and discuss how they can manifest as depression.

There are many different types of depression. This essay topic will investigate each type of depression and its symptoms and causes. Depression symptoms can vary in severity, depending on what is causing it. For example, depression can be linked to medical conditions such as bipolar disorder. This is a different type of depression than depression caused by grief. Discuss the details of the different types of depression and draw comparisons and similarities between them.

Certain genetic traits, socio-economic circumstances, or age can make people more prone to experiencing symptoms of depression. Depression is becoming more and more common amongst young adults and teenagers. Discuss the different groups at risk of experiencing depression and how their circumstances contribute to this risk.

Social media poses many challenges to today’s youth, such as unrealistic beauty standards, cyber-bullying, and only seeing the “highlights” of someone’s life. Can social media cause depression in teens? Delve into the negative impacts of social media when writing this essay. You could compare the positive and negative sides of social media and discuss whether social media causes mental health issues amongst young adults and teenagers.

This essay question poses the question, “can anyone experience depression?” Although those in lower-income households may be prone to experiencing depression, can the rich and famous also experience depression? This essay discusses whether the privileged and wealthy can experience their possible causes. This is a great argumentative essay topic, discuss both sides of this question and draw a conclusion with your final thoughts.

When writing about depression, it is important to study examples of essays to make a compelling essay. You can also use your own research by conducting interviews or pulling information from other sources. As this is a sensitive topic, it is important to approach it with care; you can also write about your own experiences with mental health issues.

Tip: If writing an essay sounds like a lot of work, simplify it. Write a simple 5 paragraph essay instead.

FAQs On Essays About Depression

According to the World Health Organization, about 5% of people under 60 live with depression. The rate is slightly higher—around 6%—for people over 60. Depression can strike at any age, and it’s important that people who are experiencing symptoms of depression receive treatment, no matter their age. 

Suppose you’re living with depression or are experiencing some of the symptoms of depression. In that case, it’s important to work closely with your doctor or another healthcare professional to develop a treatment plan that works for you. A combination of antidepressant medication and cognitive behavioral therapy is a good fit for many people, but this isn’t necessarily the case for everyone who suffers from depression. Be sure to check in with your doctor regularly to ensure that you’re making progress toward improving your mental health.

If you’re still stuck, check out our general resource of essay writing topics .

Essay on Depression

Introduction to Depression

“I don’t feel like doing anything.”

A basic but insightful phrase that captures the essence of depression for a lot of people. It’s a persistent feeling of indifference that distorts one’s thinking and behavior rather than merely a brief period of indolence. Depression, a complex mental health condition, robs people of their vitality and zest for life, leaving them feeling trapped in a cycle of inertia. In this essay, we delve into the depths of depression, exploring its types, causes, impact, and treatment. By shedding light on this misunderstood condition, we aim to foster greater understanding and empathy in our society.

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The Nature of Depression

Depression is a multifaceted mental health disorder with intricate manifestations encompassing emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions.

1. Psychological Components

• Emotional Symptoms: Depression often engenders persistent feelings of profound sadness, hopelessness, and a pervasive sense of emptiness. Individuals may experience a diminished interest or pleasure in activities once deemed enjoyable, leading to emotional numbness and isolation. Intense irritability, anxiety, and a pervasive sense of guilt are also common emotional symptoms.
• Cognitive Symptoms: Cognitive aspects of depression involve disruptions in thought processes. Negative thinking patterns, persistent self-criticism, and a distorted perception of oneself and the world contribute to a cycle of despair. Concentration and decision-making abilities may be impaired, leading to difficulties in daily functioning.
• Behavioral Symptoms: Depressive symptoms extend beyond internal experiences, manifesting in observable behavioral changes. Individuals may exhibit social withdrawal, changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or hypersomnia), altered appetite, and decreased energy levels. Suicidal or self-harming ideas may surface in extreme situations.

2. Biological Factors

• Neurotransmitter Imbalances: Neurotransmitters are the brain’s chemical messengers, and disorders in them are frequently linked to depression. Reduced serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels commonly occur, influencing mood regulation and emotional stability.
• Genetics and Family History: There is a substantial genetic component to depression. Individuals with a family history of depression are at a higher risk, suggesting a hereditary predisposition. Specific genetic variations may contribute to vulnerability, interacting with environmental factors.
• Brain Structure and Function: Research on the neurobiology of depression suggests that depressed people’s brains have structural and functional changes. Researchers commonly observe changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, which impact emotional processing, memory, and decision-making.

Signs and Symptoms of Depression

Early intervention and successful treatment of depression depend on the ability to identify the condition’s symptoms. Although each person’s symptom severity and presentation are unique, typical signs of depression include:

• Persistent Sadness: Individuals with depression often experience persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness that endure for most of the day, nearly every day.
• Loss of Interest or Pleasure: A key indication of depression is a diminished interest in or pleasure from once-enjoyable pursuits, such as hobbies, social interactions, or quality time spent with close ones.
• Changes in Sleep Patterns: Insomnia, characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, or hypersomnia, marked by excessive sleeping or difficulty waking up, may occur in individuals with depression.
• Changes in Appetite or Weight: Depression may be accompanied by notable changes in appetite or weight. Some individuals may experience increased appetite and weight gain, while others may have decreased appetite and weight loss.
• Fatigue and Loss of Energy: Fatigue, low energy, and a pervasive feeling of lethargicness that can make it challenging to do daily duties are common symptoms of depression.
• Difficulty Concentrating: Individuals with depression may have trouble concentrating, making decisions, or maintaining focus on tasks, leading to impairments in work, school, or other activities.
• Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt: Psychological symptoms of depression, such as excessive or unjustified emotions of guilt, self-blame, or worthlessness, are prevalent and can lead to a negative self-image.
• Psychomotor Agitation or Retardation: Some individuals may experience psychomotor agitation, characterized by restlessness, pacing, or fidgeting, while others may exhibit psychomotor retardation, marked by slowed movements and speech.
• Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviors: In severe cases, depression may lead to thoughts of death or suicide. Individuals experiencing suicidal ideation or engaging in self-harming behaviors require immediate intervention and support.
• Physical Symptoms: Depression may be accompanied by physical symptoms, including headaches, stomach issues, and inexplicable aches and pains, which can add to the discomfort and distress.
• Social Withdrawal: Withdrawal from social activities, isolation from friends and family, and avoidance of social interactions are common behavioral manifestations of depression.
• Irritability or Anger: Some individuals with depression may experience irritability, agitation, or unexplained anger, which may manifest as conflicts with others or heightened sensitivity to minor stressors.

Types of Depression

Depression encompasses a spectrum of disorders, each characterized by unique features, durations, and triggers. Understanding the various types of depression is essential for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment interventions.

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Major depressive disorder, the most common type of depression, is typified by persistent, pervasive feelings of melancholy, hopelessness, and grief. The majority of the time, symptoms are debilitating and persist for two weeks or more.
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder, involves chronic low mood lasting for two years or more. While the symptoms may be less severe compared to MDD, they persist over an extended period, impacting long-term functioning and quality of life.
• Bipolar Disorder: Episodes of depression characterize bipolar disorder, alternating with periods of elevated mood or mania. Individuals may experience intense depressive episodes followed by manic or hypomanic episodes marked by heightened energy, impulsivity, and euphoria.
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Seasonal affective disorder links to changes in seasons, particularly during fall and winter, when daylight hours reduce, making it a subtype of depression. Symptoms typically include low energy, excessive sleep, weight gain, and social withdrawal during winter.
• Postpartum Depression: Postpartum depression affects women following childbirth and characterizes feelings of sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion. Hormonal swings, sleep deprivation, and the difficulties of adjusting to motherhood influence its start.
• Psychotic Depression: Psychotic depression characterizes extreme depression symptoms along with psychotic traits like delusions or hallucinations. People may have warped views of reality, increased anxiety, and diminished understanding of their illness.
• Atypical Depression: Symptoms of atypical depression include increased hunger, weight gain, excessive sleep, hypersensitivity to rejection, and mood reactivity, which is a transient improvement in mood in reaction to positive events.
• Situational Depression: Situational depression arises in response to specific life stressors such as bereavement, relationship issues, job loss, or financial difficulties. While the symptoms may resemble those of MDD, they are directly linked to identifiable stressors and typically resolve with time and support.

Causes and Risk Factors of Depression

Identifying the causes and risk factors is essential for a comprehensive understanding and effective intervention.

1. Biological Factors

• Genetics and Family History: Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in depression. Depression is more common in people who have a family history of the illness, indicating a genetic component. Specific gene variations may increase vulnerability.
• Neurotransmitter Imbalances: Disruptions in neurotransmitter levels, particularly serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are associated with depressive symptoms. Imbalances in these chemical messengers impact mood regulation and emotional stability.
• Hormonal Changes: Depression can develop as a result of hormonal changes that take place throughout puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Postpartum hormonal shifts particularly link to postpartum depression.

2. Environmental Triggers

• Trauma and Adverse Life Events: Traumatic experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or significant life stressors like loss, divorce, or financial difficulties, can trigger depression. The impact of trauma may be cumulative, influencing mental health over time.
• Chronic Illness and Medical Conditions: Chronic health conditions, pain, or severe illnesses can contribute to depression. The challenges of managing physical health issues can take a toll on mental well-being.
• Substance Abuse: Misuse of drugs and alcohol, as well as other substances, is a significant risk factor for depression. Substance use can exacerbate depressive symptoms and interfere with the effectiveness of treatment.

3. Psychological and Social Factors

• Personality Factors: Depression may be more likely to strike someone with certain personality qualities, such as perfectionism, pessimism, or low self-esteem.
• Cognitive Patterns: Negative thinking patterns, distorted perceptions of oneself and the world, and an inability to cope with stress can contribute to the development and persistence of depressive symptoms.
• Social Isolation and Lack of Support: Social factors, including isolation, a lack of social support, or strained relationships, can contribute to the onset and exacerbation of depression. Strong social connections serve as protective factors.

4. Co-occurring Disorders

• Anxiety Disorders: Depression often coexists with anxiety disorders, and individuals with one condition may be at a higher risk of developing the other.
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Depression risk is raised in individuals with ADHD, both adults and children.
• Other Mental Health Conditions: Disorders such as eating disorders, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders can be intertwined with depression, complicating the diagnostic and treatment process.

Effects of Depression

The effects of depression extend far beyond the realm of mental health, permeating various aspects of an individual’s life and overall well-being. Here’s a detailed explanation:

• Impact on Mental Health: Depression profoundly affects mental health, leading to persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and despair. People may suffer from severe emotional distress, which can make it difficult for them to go about their daily lives. Cognitive symptoms such as negative thinking patterns and impaired concentration further exacerbate distress, making it difficult to engage in productive activities or maintain healthy relationships.
• Impact on Physical Health: Depression does not solely confine itself to mental health; it also takes a toll on physical well-being. People who experience long-term stress linked to depression may have weakened immune systems, leaving them more vulnerable to infections and diseases. Additionally, depression is associated with elevated inflammation, which exacerbates several physical health issues like diabetes, heart disease, and persistent pain.
• Social and Interpersonal Consequences: People who suffer from depression may find it difficult to maintain connections or participate in social activities, which can result in social disengagement and isolation. Feelings of shame, stigma, and self-doubt may further isolate individuals, creating a barrier to seeking support. As a result, relationships may become strained, exacerbating feelings of loneliness and exacerbating depressive symptoms.
• Economic Implications: The economic impact of depression is significant, both on individuals and society. Individuals experiencing depression may struggle to maintain employment due to difficulties concentrating, low energy levels, and absenteeism. This can lead to financial instability, unemployment, and economic hardship. Moreover, depression contributes to increased healthcare utilization and costs associated with treatment, further straining healthcare systems and economies.
• Implications for Daily Functioning: Depression can impair various aspects of daily functioning, including work performance, academic achievement, and household responsibilities. Individuals may struggle to meet deadlines, fulfill obligations, or concentrate on tasks, decreasing productivity and efficiency. As a result, performance at work or school may suffer, exacerbating feelings of inadequacy and perpetuating the cycle of depression.
• Risk of Self-harm and Suicide: Perhaps the most severe consequence of untreated depression is the risk of self-harm and suicide. Self-destructive actions are sometimes used as a coping mechanism by people who are going through severe emotional anguish and despair. Suicide risk is heightened in those with depression, emphasizing the critical need for prompt intervention and assistance.

Diagnosis and Assessment of Depression

Accurate diagnosis and comprehensive assessment are crucial steps in effectively managing depression and developing tailored treatment plans. The process involves gathering information about symptoms, identifying potential underlying causes, and evaluating the severity and impact of the condition on the individual’s life. Here’s a breakdown of key components involved in the diagnosis and assessment of depression:

• Clinical Interview: A clinical interview conducted by a mental health professional is the cornerstone of depression assessment. The physician conducts an interview to learn more about the patient’s past depressive episodes, present symptoms, family history of mental health issues, and medical history. The interview provides insight into the onset, duration, and severity of depressive symptoms, as well as any co-occurring conditions or stressors.
• Diagnostic Criteria: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) outlines specific criteria for diagnosing depression, known as major depressive disorder (MDD). Clinicians use particular criteria, such as the presence and duration of symptoms like persistent sadness, loss of interest or joy, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts, to assess whether a patient fits the diagnostic criteria for depression.
• Screening Tools and Questionnaires: Various screening tools and self-report questionnaires are available to assess depressive symptoms and severity. Commonly used instruments include the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). These tools help quantify the severity of depression and monitor changes in symptoms over time, facilitating treatment planning and evaluation.
• Physical Examination and Laboratory Tests: To rule out underlying medical disorders that could cause or worsen depression symptoms, doctors may do a comprehensive physical exam. Laboratory tests, such as blood tests or thyroid function tests, may be performed to identify any physiological imbalances or medical conditions associated with depression, such as thyroid disorders or vitamin deficiencies.
• Assessment of Functioning: To better understand depression’s effects on day-to-day functioning and quality of life, one can evaluate the person’s performance in various areas, such as employment, school, relationships, and everyday activities. Clinicians evaluate the individual’s ability to perform tasks, maintain relationships, and engage in meaningful activities, identifying areas of impairment and areas of strength.
• Collateral Information: Collateral information from family members, friends, or caregivers may supplement the assessment process, providing additional insight into the individual’s symptoms, behavior, and functioning. Collateral sources can offer valuable perspectives and help corroborate the individual’s self-report, particularly in cases where the severity of depression may limit insight.
• Cultural Considerations: Cultural influences have a big impact on how people experience depression and behave when they seek care. Clinicians should consider cultural beliefs, values, and norms when conducting assessments and formulating treatment plans, ensuring that interventions are culturally sensitive and respectful of the individual’s cultural background and context.
• Differential Diagnosis: Differential diagnosis involves distinguishing depression from other mental health disorders with similar symptoms, such as anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, adjustment disorder, or grief reactions. Clinicians consider the presence of specific features and patterns of symptoms to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and inform treatment decisions.

Treatment Approaches for Depression

Depression is a highly treatable condition, and various approaches, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle interventions, can effectively alleviate symptoms and promote recovery. Here’s an overview of key treatment approaches for depression:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is one of the most widely used and empirically supported psychotherapeutic approaches for depression. The primary objective is to recognize and confront maladaptive ideas and negative thought patterns that exacerbate symptoms of depression. CBT also teaches individuals coping skills and strategies to modify behaviors and improve mood regulation.
• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): IPT aims to improve interpersonal functioning and relationships by addressing interpersonal conflicts, role transitions, grief, and social isolation. IPT helps individuals develop healthier relationships and improve their mood by exploring and resolving interpersonal issues.
• Psychodynamic Therapy: Psychodynamic therapy explores unconscious conflicts, early life experiences, and interpersonal dynamics that contribute to depression. By gaining insight into underlying psychological processes and unresolved issues, individuals can achieve emotional awareness and make meaningful life changes.
• Antidepressant Medications: Doctors commonly prescribe antidepressants to alleviate depressive symptoms by targeting neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain. Among the classes of antidepressants utilized include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). The intensity of the symptoms, the side effect profile, and the patient’s response all influence the pharmaceutical decision.
• Adjunctive Medications: In some cases, adjunctive medications such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or anti-anxiety medications may be prescribed alongside antidepressants to augment their effects, particularly in cases of treatment-resistant depression or when specific symptoms such as anxiety or agitation are prominent.
• Exercise and Physical Activity: Studies have indicated that consistent exercise increases neurotransmitter levels, lowers inflammation, and promotes neurogenesis, all having antidepressant benefits. Exercises that increase heart rate, lower stress levels, and promote general well-being include aerobic training, yoga, and tai chi.
• Mindfulness and Meditation: Mindfulness-based interventions, such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), help individuals cultivate present-moment awareness and acceptance of thoughts and emotions. Meditation practices promote relaxation, reduce rumination, and enhance emotional regulation.
• Nutritional Interventions: Some evidence suggests that dietary modifications, such as increasing consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, folate, and magnesium and reducing intake of processed foods and sugar, may have a beneficial impact on mood and mental health. Patients can also use supplemental foods like vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids as adjuvant therapies.
• ECT and TMS: ECT and TMS are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques used in cases of severe, treatment-resistant depression. While TMS employs magnetic fields to activate particular brain regions linked to mood regulation, ECT involves giving electrical currents to the brain while the patient is conscious. Typically, professionals reserve these treatments for individuals who have not responded to other interventions.
• Self-Help and Supportive Interventions: Self-help strategies, such as journaling, relaxation techniques, and engaging in pleasurable activities, can complement formal treatment approaches and empower individuals to manage their symptoms. Through peer support networks, online forums, and support groups, people can connect with others going through similar struggles, exchange experiences, and get support and affirmation.

Strategies for Coping and Management of Depression

Living with depression requires a combination of professional treatment and personal coping strategies. These coping strategies empower individuals to manage their symptoms and improve their overall well-being actively. Here are some real-life tips for coping with and managing depression:

• Building a Support System: Cultivate a support network of friends, family, and trusted individuals who understand your condition and offer non-judgmental support. Communicate openly about your needs, expressing how others can assist you during challenging times. Attend support groups or engage in online communities where individuals share experiences, coping strategies, and encouragement.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Establish a daily routine with regular sleep patterns, balanced meals, and physical activity to promote overall well-being. Prioritize self-care activities, such as mindfulness exercises, warm baths, or hobbies, to increase your satisfaction and relaxation. Consume caffeine, alcohol, and processed meals in moderation, as they might affect mood and energy levels.
• Stress Management Techniques: Develop your knowledge and proficiency with stress-reduction methods like progressive muscle relaxation, guided visualization, and deep breathing exercises. To prevent feeling overwhelmed, make reasonable goals and divide work into smaller, more doable chunks. Explore activities that bring joy and relaxation, such as listening to music, enjoying nature, or practicing creative pursuits.
• Relapse Prevention Strategies: Develop a relapse prevention plan with your mental health professional, outlining early warning signs and coping strategies. Regularly monitor and reflect on your mood, energy levels, and stressors, adjusting self-care practices as needed. Stay connected with your treatment team, even during periods of stability, to address potential challenges proactively.
• Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques: Challenge negative thoughts by identifying and disputing irrational beliefs. Positive and realistic affirmations should take the place of negative self-talk. Practice behavioral activation by engaging in activities that bring a sense of accomplishment and pleasure, even when motivation is low. Use a mood journal to track daily activities, thoughts, and emotions, identifying patterns and recognizing triggers.
• Holistic Approaches: Explore alternative therapies such as acupuncture, massage, or yoga to complement traditional treatments and promote relaxation. To develop present-moment awareness, incorporate mindfulness exercises into your everyday routine, such as mindful breathing or mindful walking. Consider the role of spirituality or religious practices in providing a sense of purpose, connection, and comfort.
• Professional Guidance: Attend regular therapy sessions and actively engage in the therapeutic process, discussing concerns, progress, and setbacks openly. Collaborate with your mental health professional to explore and tailor treatment options, adjusting interventions as needed. Be proactive in seeking help during difficult periods, recognizing that reaching out for support is a sign of strength.

Real-Life Examples

Here are real-life examples of individuals who faced depression and fought back:

• Emily’s Triumph Over Depression: Emily, a 30-year-old teacher, experienced severe depression following the loss of her job and the end of a long-term relationship. She struggled with overwhelming sadness, low self-esteem, and thoughts of suicide. Determined to overcome her depression, Emily sought therapy and enrolled in group counseling sessions. Through therapy, Emily learned coping skills, challenged negative thought patterns, and built a support network of friends and family. With perseverance and professional support, Emily regained her confidence, found a new job, and reconnected with her passion for teaching.
• Michael’s Resilience Against Major Depressive Disorder: Michael, a 40-year-old software engineer, faced a major depressive episode triggered by chronic stress at work and strained relationships. He experienced profound feelings of despair, loss of interest in activities, and persistent fatigue. Despite the challenges, Michael reached out to a psychiatrist and started medication along with therapy sessions. He committed to regular exercise and mindfulness practices, which helped alleviate his symptoms. Through perseverance and a strong support system, Michael successfully managed his depression, repaired relationships, and found renewed purpose in his career.
• Sophie’s Journey to Recovery from Postpartum Depression: Sophie, a 35-year-old mother of twins, struggled with postpartum depression after the birth of her children. She experienced overwhelming guilt, anxiety, and difficulty bonding with her babies. Sophie sought help from her healthcare provider and joined a postpartum support group where she connected with other mothers facing similar challenges. With the support of therapy and medication, Sophie learned to prioritize self-care, set realistic expectations, and accept help from loved ones. Over time, Sophie’s symptoms improved, and she formed strong emotional bonds with her children, embracing motherhood with confidence and joy.
• David’s Triumph Over Bipolar Depression: David, a 50-year-old business owner, faced bipolar depression characterized by alternating periods of intense sadness and manic episodes. His condition significantly impacted his business and strained his relationships with family and friends. David sought comprehensive treatment, including medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. With the support of his treatment team and loved ones, David learned to recognize early warning signs of mood swings, manage stress, and prioritize self-care. Despite setbacks, David remained resilient and committed to his recovery journey, ultimately regaining stability in his personal and professional life.

Breaking the Stigma Surrounding Depression

The stigma surrounding depression and mental illness persists despite increased awareness and advocacy efforts. Stigma refers to negative attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that contribute to discrimination, prejudice, and social exclusion of individuals with mental health conditions. Breaking the stigma surrounding depression is essential for promoting understanding, empathy, and access to effective treatment and support. Here’s a detailed exploration of strategies for combating stigma:

• Education and Awareness: Education is a powerful tool for challenging misconceptions and dispelling myths about depression. Accurate knowledge of depression’s causes, signs, and available treatments can promote understanding and lessen stigma and fear. Promoting empathy and compassion is mostly dependent on media representations of mental illness, public awareness efforts, and educational programs.
• Challenging Stereotypes and Misconceptions: Challenging stereotypes and misconceptions about depression involves confronting negative attitudes and beliefs that perpetuate stigma. Emphasizing that depression is a medical condition, not a personal weakness or character flaw, helps counteract blame and judgment. Highlighting the diverse experiences of individuals living with depression promotes empathy and encourages open dialogue.
• Promoting Open Dialogue and Disclosure: Encouraging open discourse about depression fosters a safe and supportive environment where people may share their experiences, challenges, and accomplishments. Normalizing conversations about mental health reduces shame and secrecy, empowering individuals to seek help and support without fear of judgment or discrimination. Role models and public figures who speak openly about their experiences with depression help reduce stigma and inspire others to seek help.
• Humanizing the Experience of Depression: Humanizing the experience of depression involves recognizing the individual behind the diagnosis and acknowledging the complexity of mental illness. Sharing personal stories, experiences, and perspectives humanizes the impact of depression, emphasizing that it can affect anyone regardless of age, gender, race, or socioeconomic status. Encouraging empathy, compassion, and solidarity fosters a sense of community and support.
• Addressing Structural and Systemic Barriers: Addressing structural and systemic barriers to mental health care is essential for ensuring equitable access to treatment and support. Advocating for policies and practices that prioritize mental health parity, reduce stigma, and improve access to affordable, culturally competent care helps address disparities in mental health services. Investing in community-based resources, crisis intervention services, and early intervention programs promotes resilience and recovery.
• Empowering Individuals and Communities: Empowering individuals and communities to advocate for their mental health rights and needs is essential for challenging systemic inequities and promoting social change. Providing opportunities for peer support, self-advocacy, and community engagement enables individuals to become agents of change and champions for mental health awareness and acceptance.
• Cultivating Inclusive and Supportive Environments: Cultivating inclusive and supportive environments involves creating spaces where individuals feel accepted, valued, and respected regardless of their mental health status. Fostering a culture of acceptance, empathy, and inclusion promotes mental health and well-being for all members of society. Organizations, workplaces, schools, and communities can implement policies and practices that promote mental health literacy, foster resilience, and prevent discrimination.

Depression is a multifaceted mental health challenge that demands comprehensive understanding, compassion, and effective intervention. Its pervasive impact extends beyond individual suffering, affecting relationships, work, and daily functioning. Through tailored treatment approaches, including therapy, medication, and lifestyle modifications, individuals can find hope and healing on their journey toward recovery. Real-life examples underscore the resilience and courage of those facing depression, inspiring others to seek support and advocate for mental health awareness. We can build a world where people feel empowered to tackle sadness and embrace life with fresh vigor and purpose if we continue to destigmatize it, prioritize mental well-being, encourage empathy, and provide support.

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Depression as a Psychological Disorder Essay

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Introduction

Depression is a popular mental condition that can affect anyone. It has various forms, symptoms, and ways of development, which may all be different for each person (Stringaris, 2017). The World Health Organization (2017) calculated in 2015 that 4.4% of the total world population suffers from depression, with 322 million unique cases registered worldwide (p. 8).

Moreover, they concluded that since 2005 the number of people with depressive disorders increased by 18.4%, which “reflects the overall growth of the global population, as well as a proportionate increase in the age groups” (World Health Organization, 2017, p. 8). Thus, the topic of depression remains a scientific point of interest per the continuing growth of population numbers worldwide. Summarizing and evaluating the information that trusted journals have published on the topic of depression might help create a well-rounded review of the condition and the scientific community’s understanding of it.

The Present Definition of a Depressive Disorder

Depression can be defined as a disorder that affects a person’s mental health, resulting in a dampened emotional state for an extended time. It is an exhausting mental condition that affects people’s daily lives by influencing them towards adopting negative patterns of behavior (Lu, Li, Li, Wang, & Zhang, 2016). People with depression may respond to external stimuli dully and, thus, become unable to experience the same breadth of emotion that had previously been available to them. In turn, these circumstances lead to increased rates of suicide among those suffering from major depressive disorders, particularly among adolescents, making it a “potentially lethal” mental health condition (Stringaris, 2017, p. 1287).

The World Health Organization (2017) distinguishes between depressive and anxiety disorders, outlining the fact that different circumstances cause the two problems. However, depression may be identified as retaining a leading position in mental health studies. This popularity may be due to its ability to be used as an umbrella term for different combinations of depressive symptoms.

The Background Mechanisms and Symptoms of Depression in Literature

The likely causes of depression can be gathered into a long list. Its lineup may include a person’s genetic predisposition, various environmental influences, hormonal fluctuations, and even traumatic life experiences. Initially, researchers even linked depressive disorders with a lack of serotonin, the absence which continues to be thought of as the leading cause of clinical depression (Cowen & Browning, 2015). However, no proven evidence regarding why people become depressed exists (World Health Organization, 2017).

Nonetheless, hypotheses regarding chemical imbalances and disruptions of neural networks within the brain remain the process’s leading explanations (Cowen & Browning, 2015; Lu et al., 2016). Due to these continuing doubts within the scientific community, the most common identification for depression remains how a person behaves (Fried & Nesse, 2015). Therefore, while the origins of depression remain hidden, clinical practitioners continue paying close attention to how people reveal their illness to provide them with treatment.

Symptomatology is the mass of collected evidence regarding a person’s health. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a person should demonstrate at least five out of nine symptoms below to de considered depressed:

1. depressed mood; 2. markedly diminished interest or pleasure; 3. increase or decrease in either weight or appetite; 4. insomnia or hypersomnia; 5. psychomotor agitation or retardation; 6. fatigue or loss of energy; 7. feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt; 8. diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness; and 9. recurrent thoughts of death. (Fried & Nesse, 2015, p. 1-2).

While this list may not be considered final, it remains the basis for identifying depression. Nonetheless, it is essential to note that all people experience depression differently (Salk, Hyde, & Abramson, 2017). Furthermore, some symptoms may carry more weight during diagnosis than others (Fried, Epskamp, Nesse, Tuerlinckx, & Borsboom, 2016). Thus, the widely accepted DSM-5 standard relies on a person’s self-identification per their personal understanding of their behavior.

Treatment: Who and How

It may be appropriate to preface treatment options for depressive disorders with a highlight of groups that may be at risk. Research findings suggest that women report higher incidences of depression than men due to both their different socioeconomic positions and inherent “biological sex differences,” which link with hormonal changes, for example, different estrogen levels (Albert, 2015, p. 219; Mojtabai, Olfson, & Han, 2016). A paper by Salk et al. (2017) reports that this difference between the numbers of depressed men and women reaches its highest point during adolescence, evening out only after teenagers reach adulthood. Considering additional factors, such as “abuse, education and income,” may also help identify other population levels that could be susceptible to depression (Albert, 2015, p. 219). Thus, while women retain a higher possibility of becoming depressed, other factors that are independent of gender also play a role in deciding at-risk groups.

Depression’s treatment can merely attempt to correct people’s behavior, considering the hidden nature of its causes. Thus, antidepressants may be highlighted as remaining the most popular treatment option. The “pharmacological actions of drugs” continue to be the best currently available link to both treating the condition and examining what may cause it (Cowen & Browning, 2015, p. 158). However, the majority of antidepressants cause side effects that are equal to the symptoms of depression, for example, lessened emotional responsivity, fatigue, and suicidal tendencies (Fried & Nesse, 2015). This fact is particularly painful to consider in combination with the findings of a paper by Mojtabai et al. (2016) that states that treatment trends from “2005 to 2014” have remained unchanged (p. 6). Therefore, it may be assumed that the continuing lack of knowledge regarding the causes of depression may be preventing its treatment methods from progressing to new levels.

The Problem with Defining Depression

The scientific community may be moving towards rejecting using depression as an umbrella term. Instead, it could be showing a tendency to focus on people’s individual experiences. The ongoing research processes struggle to identify depression as either a sum of its symptoms or a separate condition (Fried & Nesse, 2015). Furthermore, most researchers cannot agree on whether the depressive disorder is a spectrum or a sequence of events (Stringaris, 2017). However, they admit that rejecting depression, as a term, would be harmful to mental health practice (Stringaris, 2017). Thus, when Stringaris (2017) asks, “What is depression?” it is not a rhetorical question, but rather a recognition of the current state of affairs (p. 1288).

Therefore, the findings of researchers who attempt to categorize people by their population type, for example, Albert (2015), Mojtabai et al. (2016), and Salk et al. (2017), become problematic per their disregard for depression’s subgroups. The fact that people with different symptoms and magnitudes of depression can be considered ill could be a continuing research restriction.

Recognizing the existence of varying stages of depression should lead to questioning the proposed DSM-5 symptom-checker since it is the one on which most of the diagnoses are based. Both studies by Fried and Nesse (2015) and Fried et al. (2016) support the idea that personal experiences remain more critical during diagnosis than checklists. Haroz et al. (2017) further outline the DSM-5 as a western-oriented mental healthcare tool that does not carry the same effect for non-western populations. These facts may be in line with current research trends, as they seem to discourage using depression as an umbrella term. However, as identified by Stringaris (2017), this development could lead to either a perfection of existing clinical approaches or “vast confusion among clinicians and patients” (p. 1288). Thus, while these research papers could help define the future of depression awareness, the benefits of the foundation provided by the DSM-5 should not be rejected.

Existing Hindrances to Perfecting Treatment Methods

The used literature may indicate a continuing period of inactivity in developing new treatment methods for depression. This area of study remains mainly medicine-focused, full of side effects, and directed towards removing the illness’s symptoms rather than the sickness itself. The two existing brain-related and chemical explanations for depression may be the most traditional, but they too remain underdeveloped and under-tested. Lu et al. (2016) recognize that their cited and conducted experiments, which focus on rodents and mice, can have only a limited number of suggestions for treating human depression. However, the paper by Cowen and Browning (2015) that highlights the chemical serotonin as the catalyst for people’s “emotional processing” during treatment may hold serious meaning for future research (p. 160). Nonetheless, the continuing lack of answers regarding the causes of depression, its nature, and progress may pose the biggest problem in finding a cure.

The Future of Current Research Trends

The existing differences within the mental health scientific community may be driving the topic of depression in different directions. The statistics regarding the worldwide numbers of depressed people may become troublesome to consider since Haroz et al. (2017) claim that different cultures report depression differently. Thus, focusing on at-risk groups with an approach that raises awareness for mental health may be the future of depression studies (Mojtabai et al., 2016). Moreover, Stringaris (2017) urges researchers to “being open to the fact that both [depression’s] content may prove heterogeneous, and that its boundaries may need to shift” (p. 128). Thus, research still has to prove most facts about depression. However, a lack of definitive answers may mean a greater extent of flexibility when deciding the appropriate research and treatment methods.

The carried out literature review allowed outlining the major scientific trends in modern-day depression studies. Depression remains one of the most popularly studied mental health conditions, with researchers applying the term to people who show any combination of its many symptoms. However, the cause of the sickness remains unknown, which prevents researchers from predicting how it can progress. As such, depression studies retain a high amount of flexibility, which may be considered both a positive and negative thing.

Thus, current trends focus on instead promoting different sides of depressive disorder studies, from determining at-risk groups to documenting brain processes during illness through conducting experiments. By doing so, researchers hope to understand the disease’s origins through testing various treatment methods. This development may expand the current understanding of depressive disorders’ different features. Therefore, modern depression research remains an ongoing process that hopes to better the quality of care provided to those suffering from the condition.

Albert, P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN , 40 (4), 219-221. Web.

Cowen, P. J., & Browning, M. (2015). What has serotonin to do with depression? World Psychiatry , 14 (2), 158-160. Web.

Fried, E. I., & Nesse, R. M. (2015). Depression sum-scores don’t add up: Why analyzing specific depression symptoms is essential. BMC Medicine , 13 (1), 1-11. Web.

Fried, E. I., Epskamp, S., Nesse, R. M., Tuerlinckx, F., & Borsboom, D. (2016). What are ‘good’ depression symptoms? Comparing the centrality of DSM and non-DSM symptoms of depression in a network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders , 189 , 314-320. Web.

Haroz, E. E., Ritchey, M., Bass, J. K., Kohrt, B. A., Augustinavicius, J., Michalopoulos, L.,… Bolton, P. (2017). How is depression experienced around the world? A systematic review of qualitative literature. Social Science & Medicine , 183 , 1-29. Web.

Lu, C., Li, Q., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. F. (2016). A short glance at the neural circuitry mechanism underlying depression. World Journal of Neuroscience , 6 (03), 184-192. Web.

Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics , 138 (6), 1-10. Web.

Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin , 143 (8), 783. Web.

Stringaris, A. (2017). What is depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 58 (12), 1287-1289. Web.

World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

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Living with depression: my experience

Amy shares her experience of living with depression.

Depression... it just eats you up from the inside out. It’s like a monster inside your head that takes over. The worst thing is to know that my family and friends were doing all they could yet I still felt so lonely. Anything that was said to me, I managed to turn into a bad thing. I was literally my own worst enemy. I would come home and feel so exhausted from all of the voices in my head that I would just sleep to block it all out. I didn’t want to wake up because living was a nightmare. I felt sick with the fear of night time because that’s when the voices got even louder. I would get so frustrated because it seemed impossible to sleep, as if insomnia and depression go hand in hand.

I knew I needed help but asking for it just made me feel like a burden. I wanted to be free of meds, doctors, counsellors, hospitals and negative thoughts. I felt as if I had lost myself and wouldn’t ever be the same again. I had no motivation to do anything because I couldn't see a future for myself. Anxiety caused me to believe everyone was faking their love for me. ‘Cheer up’ was the worst thing anyone said to me. Those two words triggered thousands of horrible thoughts and I was beating myself up for not hiding how I felt well enough from everyone around me.

I wanted everyone to know how I felt but I didn’t dare tell them. Eventually I just isolated myself in my room because no contact with people meant nothing could go wrong, surely?

At the moment I rely on medication and I am grateful to have it because I know it has really helped me. At the same time, I balance the wish that I could be free of it with the fear that it might lead to a relapse.

The scariest thing about my whole recovery process is that the only person who can truly help me is me. I have learnt to change my thought processes and stop bullying myself, it's a habit that's been hard to break but I know I've made some positive changes.

2013 was a rollercoaster ride and admittedly one with more lows than highs. I feel I have been to hell and back but would I change what I have been through? If I was to be totally honest I don’t think I would. That doesn’t mean that depression is a good thing because it definitely isn’t, but I believe you must turn your negative experiences into positive ones if you can.

If I hadn't been through these things I wouldn’t have learnt that the most important thing in life is to be happy. I have now received all of my university offers to study football business and I can now see a future. I hope to build a career in something that I love, something that will make ME happy, not focusing on what others want from me.

If I was to give one piece of advice to others who are struggling, it would be not to suffer in silence. There are people out there who have been through everything that you are experiencing and have come out on the other side. In fact, their experiences have made them who they are today. It may seem impossible to overcome but believe me, you will get there.

You shouldn't feel guilty for feeling the way you do because depression is an illness like any other, it isn’t any more self centred than having a broken leg. I was always told to show myself the same respect and concern that I would show for others. We are so accepting of other parts of our bodies breaking, why can't we be that way about our minds too? 

Struggling with  depression  can be really hard, but there is support available. You can  contact your local Mind  or call our Infoline on 0300 123 3393.

Essay on Depression

Essay generator.

Depression, a common yet often misunderstood mental health disorder, intricately intertwines with our thinking patterns. This essay aims to explore the depths of depression, how it affects thinking, and the broader implications for individuals, particularly for students engaging in essay writing competitions.

Depression is more than just a fleeting sense of sadness. It is a clinical condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in life. Its symptoms range from changes in sleep and appetite to difficulty concentrating and feelings of worthlessness.

The Science Behind Depression

Depression stems from a complex interaction of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Neuroscientific research suggests that depression is linked to changes in neurotransmitter levels, such as serotonin and dopamine, and neural circuitry in the brain.

Depression’s Impact on Thinking

Depression significantly affects cognitive processes. It alters the way individuals perceive themselves, their lives, and the world around them.

• Negative Thought Patterns : Individuals with depression often experience persistent negative thoughts. They may have a pessimistic view of themselves, believing they are inadequate or worthless.
• Rumination : Those suffering from depression tend to ruminate, or excessively think about their problems and distress. This rumination can create a vicious cycle, exacerbating depressive symptoms and impairing problem-solving.
• Impaired Cognitive Functioning : Depression can affect concentration, memory, and decision-making capabilities. It can lead to difficulties in focusing and retaining information, impacting academic and professional performance.
• Distorted Reality : In severe cases, depression can lead to distorted thinking, where one’s perception of reality is significantly impaired. This might include having an overly negative interpretation of minor events or believing in things that have no basis in reality.

The Role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a common and effective treatment for depression. It is based on the concept that changing negative thinking patterns and behaviors can lead to changes in emotions.

• Identifying Negative Thoughts : CBT involves recognizing and challenging negative thought patterns.
• Behavioral Activation : It encourages engaging in activities that are rewarding or enjoyable, even when one doesn’t feel like it.
• Developing Coping Strategies : CBT helps in developing practical skills to manage symptoms and cope with challenges.

Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults

Depression in adolescents and young adults is a serious mental health concern that can have significant and lasting effects on individuals’ lives. Here are some key aspects to consider:

• Prevalence: Depression is not uncommon among adolescents and young adults. It is estimated that around 15% of teenagers will experience at least one major depressive episode before reaching adulthood.
• Symptoms: The symptoms of depression in this age group can vary but often include persistent sadness, changes in sleep and appetite, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, and even thoughts of self-harm or suicide.
• Impact on Daily Life: Depression can severely disrupt daily life. Young people with depression may struggle academically, socially, and in their family relationships. It can lead to school absenteeism, social withdrawal, and even substance abuse.
• Risk Factors: Various factors can increase the risk of depression in adolescents and young adults, including genetic predisposition, family history of depression, trauma or abuse, chronic illness, and high levels of stress.
• Co-Occurring Disorders: Depression often co-occurs with other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and eating disorders, making diagnosis and treatment more complex.
• Barriers to Seeking Help: Many adolescents and young adults may hesitate to seek help for depression due to stigma, lack of awareness, or fear of judgment. This can delay diagnosis and treatment.
• Treatment Options: Treatment for depression typically includes psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy), medication (in some cases), lifestyle changes (like regular exercise and a healthy diet), and support from family and friends.
• Importance of Early Intervention: Early intervention is crucial in managing depression. Recognizing the signs and symptoms and seeking help promptly can improve outcomes and prevent the worsening of the condition.
• Prevention: Efforts to prevent depression in this age group include promoting emotional resilience, teaching coping skills, providing a supportive environment, and reducing stressors when possible.
• Family and Peer Support: The support of family members and friends is invaluable in helping adolescents and young adults cope with depression. Open communication and understanding can make a significant difference.
• Educational and Community Resources: Schools and communities can play a vital role in recognizing and addressing depression. Educational programs and accessible mental health resources can benefit young individuals.

Breaking the Stigma

There is a significant stigma attached to depression, often preventing individuals from seeking help. Breaking this stigma is essential.

• Open Conversations : Encouraging discussions about mental health can foster a more supportive environment.
• Education and Awareness : Educating people about the realities of depression is crucial in dispelling myths and misconceptions.
• Promoting Mental Health Resources : Access to mental health resources and counseling should be promoted in schools and workplaces.

Personal Reflections in Essay Writing

When writing about depression, it’s important to:

• Use Empathetic Language : Be sensitive and understanding in your choice of words.
• Incorporate Personal Narratives : If comfortable, sharing personal experiences can provide a powerful perspective.
• Highlight Resilience and Hope : Focus on stories of overcoming challenges, resilience, and the potential for positive change.

In conclusion, Depression, a complex interplay of emotional, cognitive, and biological factors, profoundly impacts thinking patterns. Understanding this relationship is crucial, especially for students who may face academic and social pressures that can exacerbate these issues. Writing about depression in a thoughtful, informed, and empathetic manner not only raises awareness but also contributes to a more supportive and understanding society. As we continue to explore and understand depression, we open doors to more effective treatments and a world where mental health is given the attention and care it deserves.

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What is depression?

Depression (also known as major depression, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working.

To be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks.

There are different types of depression, some of which develop due to specific circumstances.

• Major depression includes symptoms of depressed mood or loss of interest, most of the time for at least 2 weeks, that interfere with daily activities.
• Persistent depressive disorder (also called dysthymia or dysthymic disorder) consists of less severe symptoms of depression that last much longer, usually for at least 2 years.
• Perinatal depression is depression that occurs during pregnancy or after childbirth. Depression that begins during pregnancy is prenatal depression, and depression that begins after the baby is born is postpartum depression.
• Seasonal affective disorder is depression that comes and goes with the seasons, with symptoms typically starting in the late fall or early winter and going away during the spring and summer.
• Depression with symptoms of psychosis is a severe form of depression in which a person experiences psychosis symptoms, such as delusions (disturbing, false fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things others do not hear or see).

People with  bipolar disorder  (formerly called manic depression or manic-depressive illness) also experience depressive episodes, during which they feel sad, indifferent, or hopeless, combined with a very low activity level. But a person with bipolar disorder also experiences manic (or less severe hypomanic) episodes, or unusually elevated moods, in which they might feel very happy, irritable, or “up,” with a marked increase in activity level.

Other depressive disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR)   include disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (diagnosed in children and adolescents) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (that affects women around the time of their period).

Who gets depression?

Depression can affect people of all ages, races, ethnicities, and genders.

Women are diagnosed with depression more often than men, but men can also be depressed. Because men may be less likely to recognize, talk about, and seek help for their feelings or emotional problems, they are at greater risk of their depression symptoms being undiagnosed or undertreated.

Studies also show higher rates of depression and an increased risk for the disorder among members of the LGBTQI+ community.

What are the signs and symptoms of depression?

If you have been experiencing some of the following signs and symptoms, most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks, you may have depression:

• Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
• Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
• Feelings of irritability, frustration, or restlessness
• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
• Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
• Fatigue, lack of energy, or feeling slowed down
• Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
• Difficulty sleeping, waking too early in the morning, or oversleeping
• Changes in appetite or unplanned weight changes
• Physical aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause that do not go away with treatment
• Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attempts

Not everyone who is depressed experiences all these symptoms. Some people experience only a few symptoms, while others experience many. Symptoms associated with depression interfere with day-to-day functioning and cause significant distress for the person experiencing them.

Depression can also involve other changes in mood or behavior that include:

• Increased anger or irritability
• Feeling restless or on edge
• Becoming withdrawn, negative, or detached
• Increased engagement in high-risk activities
• Greater impulsivity
• Increased use of alcohol or drugs
• Isolating from family and friends
• Inability to meet the responsibilities of work and family or ignoring other important roles
• Problems with sexual desire and performance

Depression can look different in men and women. Although people of all genders can feel depressed, how they express those symptoms and the behaviors they use to cope with them may differ. For example, men (as well as women) may show symptoms other than sadness, instead seeming angry or irritable. And although increased use of alcohol or drugs can be a sign of depression in anyone, men are more likely to use these substances as a coping strategy.

In some cases, mental health symptoms appear as physical problems (for example, a racing heart, tightened chest, ongoing headaches, or digestive issues). Men are often more likely to see a health care provider about these physical symptoms than their emotional ones.

Because depression tends to make people think more negatively about themselves and the world, some people may also have thoughts of suicide or self-harm.

Several persistent symptoms, in addition to low mood, are required for a diagnosis of depression, but people with only a few symptoms may benefit from treatment. The severity and frequency of symptoms and how long they last will vary depending on the person, the illness, and the stage of the illness.

If you experience signs or symptoms of depression and they persist or do not go away, talk to a health care provider. If you see signs or symptoms of depression in someone you know, encourage them to seek help from a mental health professional.

If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline   at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org   . In life-threatening situations, call 911 .

What are the risk factors for depression?

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States . Research suggests that genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors play a role in depression.

Risk factors for depression can include:

• Personal or family history of depression
• Major negative life changes, trauma, or stress

Depression can happen at any age, but it often begins in adulthood. Depression is now recognized as occurring in children and adolescents, although children may express more irritability or anxiety than sadness. Many chronic mood and anxiety disorders in adults begin as high levels of anxiety in childhood.

Depression, especially in midlife or older age, can co-occur with other serious medical illnesses, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, chronic pain, and Parkinson’s disease. These conditions are often worse when depression is present, and research suggests that people with depression and other medical illnesses tend to have more severe symptoms of both illnesses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  has also recognized that having certain mental disorders, including depression and schizophrenia, can make people more likely to get severely ill from COVID-19.

Sometimes a physical health problem, such as thyroid disease, or medications taken for an illness cause side effects that contribute to depression. A health care provider experienced in treating these complicated illnesses can help determine the best treatment strategy. 

How is depression treated?

Depression, even the most severe cases, can be treated. The earlier treatment begins, the more effective it is. Depression is usually treated with psychotherapy , medication , or a combination of the two.

Some people experience treatment-resistant depression, which occurs when a person does not get better after trying at least two antidepressant medications. If treatments like psychotherapy and medication do not reduce depressive symptoms or the need for rapid relief from symptoms is urgent, brain stimulation therapy  may be an option to explore.

Quick tip : No two people are affected the same way by depression, and there is no "one-size-fits-all" treatment. Finding the treatment that works best for you may take trial and error.

Psychotherapies

Several types of psychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can help people with depression by teaching them new ways of thinking and behaving and helping them change habits that contribute to depression. Evidence-based approaches to treating depression include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). Learn more about psychotherapy .

The growth of telehealth for mental health services , which offers an alternative to in-person therapy, has made it easier and more convenient for people to access care in some cases. For people who may have been hesitant to look for mental health care in the past, virtual mental health care might be an easier option.

Medications

Antidepressants are medications commonly used to treat depression. They work by changing how the brain produces or uses certain chemicals involved in mood or stress. You may need to try several different antidepressants before finding the one that improves your symptoms and has manageable side effects. A medication that has helped you or a close family member in the past will often be considered first.

Antidepressants take time—usually 4–8 weeks—to work, and problems with sleep, appetite, and concentration often improve before mood lifts. It is important to give a medication a chance to work before deciding whether it’s right for you. Learn more about mental health medications . 

New medications, such as intranasal esketamine , can have rapidly acting antidepressant effects, especially for people with treatment-resistant depression. Esketamine is a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  for treatment-resistant depression. Delivered as a nasal spray in a doctor’s office, clinic, or hospital, it acts rapidly, typically within a couple of hours, to relieve depression symptoms. People who use esketamine will usually continue taking an oral antidepressant to maintain the improvement in their symptoms.

Another option for treatment-resistant depression is to take an antidepressant alongside a different type of medication that may make it more effective, such as an antipsychotic or anticonvulsant medication. Further research is needed to identify the role of these newer medications in routine practice.

If you begin taking an antidepressant, do not stop taking it without talking to a health care provider . Sometimes people taking antidepressants feel better and stop taking the medications on their own, and their depression symptoms return. When you and a health care provider have decided it is time to stop a medication, usually after a course of 9–12 months, the provider will help you slowly and safely decrease your dose. Abruptly stopping a medication can cause withdrawal symptoms.

Note : In some cases, children, teenagers, and young adults under 25 years may experience an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. The FDA advises that patients of all ages taking antidepressants be watched closely, especially during the first few weeks of treatment.

If you are considering taking an antidepressant and are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, talk to a health care provider about any health risks to you or your unborn or nursing child and how to weigh those risks against the benefits of available treatment options.

To find the latest information about antidepressants, talk to a health care provider and visit the FDA website  .

Brain stimulation therapies

If psychotherapy and medication do not reduce symptoms of depression, brain stimulation therapy may be an option to explore. There are now several types of brain stimulation therapy, some of which have been authorized by the FDA to treat depression. Other brain stimulation therapies are experimental and still being investigated for mental disorders like depression.

Although brain stimulation therapies are less frequently used than psychotherapy and medication, they can play an important role in treating mental disorders in people who do not respond to other treatments. These therapies are used for most mental disorders only after psychotherapy and medication have been tried and usually continue to be used alongside these treatments.

Brain stimulation therapies act by activating or inhibiting the brain with electricity. The electricity is given directly through electrodes implanted in the brain or indirectly through electrodes placed on the scalp. The electricity can also be induced by applying magnetic fields to the head.

The brain stimulation therapies with the largest bodies of evidence include:

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
• Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
• Magnetic seizure therapy (MST)
• Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

ECT and rTMS are the most widely used brain stimulation therapies, with ECT having the longest history of use. The other therapies are newer and, in some cases, still considered experimental. Other brain stimulation therapies may also hold promise for treating specific mental disorders.

ECT, rTMS, and VNS have authorization from the FDA to treat severe, treatment-resistant depression. They can be effective for people who have not been able to feel better with other treatments; people for whom medications cannot be used safely; and in severe cases where a rapid response is needed, such as when a person is catatonic, suicidal, or malnourished.

Additional types of brain stimulation therapy are being investigated for treating depression and other mental disorders. Talk to a health care provider and make sure you understand the potential benefits and risks before undergoing brain stimulation therapy. Learn more about these brain stimulation therapies .

Natural products

The FDA has not approved any natural products for treating depression. Although research is ongoing and findings are inconsistent, some people use natural products, including vitamin D and the herbal dietary supplement St. John’s wort, for depression. However, these products can come with risks. For instance, dietary supplements and natural products can limit the effectiveness of some medications or interact in dangerous or even life-threatening ways with them.

Do not use vitamin D, St. John’s wort, or other dietary supplements or natural products without talking to a health care provider. Rigorous studies must be conducted to test whether these and other natural products are safe and effective.

Daily morning light therapy is a common treatment choice for people with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Light therapy devices are much brighter than ordinary indoor lighting and considered safe, except for people with certain eye diseases or taking medications that increase sensitivity to sunlight. As with all interventions for depression, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up by a health care provider are strongly recommended. Research into the potential role of light therapy in treating non-seasonal depression is ongoing.

How can I find help for depression?

A primary care provider is a good place to start if you’re looking for help. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out next steps. Find tips for talking with a health care provider about your mental health.

You can learn more about getting help on the NIMH website. You can also learn about finding support  and locating mental health services  in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. 

Once you enter treatment, you should gradually start to feel better. Here are some other things you can do outside of treatment that may help you or a loved one feel better:

• Try to get physical activity. Just 30 minutes a day of walking can boost your mood.
• Try to maintain a regular bedtime and wake-up time.
• Eat regular, healthy meals.
• Break up large tasks into small ones; do what you can as you can. Decide what must get done and what can wait.
• Try to connect with people. Talk with people you trust about how you are feeling.
• Delay making important decisions, such as getting married or divorced, or changing jobs until you feel better. Discuss decisions with people who know you well.
• Avoid using alcohol, nicotine, or drugs, including medications not prescribed for you.

How can I find a clinical trial for depression?

Clinical trials are research studies that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, including depression. The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future.

Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct many studies with people with and without depression. We have new and better treatment options today because of what clinical trials have uncovered. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you.

To learn more or find a study, visit:

• Clinical Trials – Information for Participants : Information about clinical trials, why people might take part in a clinical trial, and what people might experience during a clinical trial
• Clinicaltrials.gov: Current Studies on Depression   : List of clinical trials funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) being conducted across the country
• Join a Study: Depression—Adults : List of studies currently recruiting adults with depression being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD
• Join a Study: Depression—Children : List of studies currently recruiting children with depression being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD
• Join a Study: Perimenopause-Related Mood Disorders : List of studies on perimenopause-related mood disorders being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD
• Join a Study: Postpartum Depression : List of studies on postpartum depression being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD

Where can I learn more about depression?

Free brochures and shareable resources.

• Chronic Illness and Mental Health: Recognizing and Treating Depression : This fact sheet provides information about the link between depression and chronic disease. It describes what a chronic disease is, symptoms of depression, and treatment options, and presents resources to find help for yourself or someone else.
• Depression : This brochure provides information about depression, including different types of depression, signs and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, treatment options, and how to find help for yourself or a loved one.
• Depression in Women: 4 Things to Know : This fact sheet provides information about depression in women, including signs and symptoms, types of depression unique to women, and how to get help.
• Perinatal Depression : This brochure provides information about perinatal depression, including how it differs from “baby blues,” causes, signs and symptoms, treatment options, and how to find help for yourself or a loved one.
• Seasonal Affective Disorder : This fact sheet provides information about seasonal affective disorder, including signs and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, causes, and treatment options.
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): More Than the Winter Blues : This infographic provides information about how to recognize the symptoms of SAD and what to do to get help.
• Teen Depression: More Than Just Moodiness : This fact sheet is for teens and young adults and provides information about how to recognize the symptoms of depression and what to do to get help.
• Digital Shareables on Depression : These digital resources, including graphics and messages, can be used to spread the word about depression and help promote depression awareness and education in your community.

Federal resources

• Depression   (MedlinePlus - also en español  )
• Moms’ Mental Health Matters: Depression and Anxiety Around Pregnancy   ( Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)

Research and statistics

• Journal Articles   : This webpage provides articles and abstracts on depression from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine).
• Statistics: Major Depression : This webpage provides the statistics currently available on the prevalence and treatment of depression among people in the United States.
• Depression Mental Health Minute : Take a mental health minute to watch this video on depression.
• NIMH Experts Discuss the Menopause Transition and Depression : Learn about the signs and symptoms, treatments, and latest research on depression during menopause.
• NIMH Expert Discusses Seasonal Affective Disorder : Learn about the signs and symptoms, treatments, and latest research on seasonal affective disorder.
• Discover NIMH: Personalized and Targeted Brain Stimulation Therapies : Watch this video describing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Brain stimulation therapies can be effective treatments for people with depression and other mental disorders. NIMH supports studies exploring how to make brain stimulation therapies more personalized while reducing side effects.
• Discover NIMH: Drug Discovery and Development : One of the most exciting breakthroughs from research funded by NIMH is the development of a fast-acting medication for treatment-resistant depression based on ketamine. This video shares the story of how ketamine infusions meaningfully changed the life of a participant in an NIMH clinical trial.
• Mental Health Matters Podcast: Depression: The Case for Ketamine : Dr. Carlos Zarate Jr. discusses esketamine—the medication he helped discover—for treatment-resistant depression. The podcast covers the history behind the development of esketamine, how it can help with depression, and what the future holds for this innovative line of clinical research.

Last Reviewed: March 2024

Unless otherwise specified, the information on our website and in our publications is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.

Essay On Depression: Causes, Symptoms And Effects

Our life is full of emotional ups and downs, but when the time of down lasts too long or influences our ability to function, in this case, probably, you suffer from common serious illness, which is called depression. Clinical depression affects your mood, thinking process, your body and behaviour. According to the researches, in the United States about 19 million people, i.e. one in ten adults, annually suffer from depression, and about 2/3 of them do not get necessary help. An appropriate treatment can alleviate symptoms of depression in more than 80% of such cases. However, since depression is usually not recognized, it continues to cause unnecessary suffering.

Depression is a disease that dominates you and weakens your body, it influences men as well as women, but women experience depression about two times more often than men.

Since this issue is very urgent nowadays, we decided to write this cause and effect essay on depression to attract the public attention one more time to this problem. I hope it will be informative and instructive for you. If you are interested in reading essays on similar or any other topic, you should visit our website . There you will find not only various essays, but also you can get help in essay writing . All you need is to contact our team, and everything else we will do for you.

Depression is a strong psychological disorder, from which usually suffers not only a patients, but also his / hers family, relatives, friends etc.

General information

More often depression develops on the basis of stress or prolonged traumatic situation. Frequently depressive disorders hide under the guise of a bad mood or temper features. In order to prevent severe consequences it is important to figure out how and why depression begins.

Symptoms and causes of depression

As a rule, depression develops slowly and insensibly for a person and for his close ones. At the initial stage most of people are not aware about their illness, because they think that many symptoms are just the features of their personality. Experiencing inner discomfort, which can be difficult to express in words, people do not ask for professional help, as a rule. They usually go to doctor at the moment, when the disease is already firmly holds the patient causing unbearable suffering.

Risk factors for depression:

• being female;
• the presence of depression in family anamnesis;
• early depression in anamnesis;
• early loss of parents;
• the experience of violence in anamnesis;
• personal features;
• stressors (parting, guilt);
• alcohol / drug addiction;
• neurological diseases (Parkinson's disease, apoplexy).

Signs of depression

Depression influences negatively all the aspects of human life. Inadequate psychological defense mechanisms, in their turn, affect destructively not only psychological, but also biological processes.

The first signs of depression are apathy, not depending on the circumstances, indifference to everything what is going on, weakening of motor activity; these are the main clinical symptoms of depression . If their combination is observed for more than two weeks, urgent professional help is required.

Psychological symptoms:

• depressed mood, unhappiness;
• loss of interest, reduced motivation, loss of energy;
• self-doubt, guilt, inner emptiness;
• decrease in speed of thinking, inability to make decisions;
• anxiety, fear and pessimism about the future;
• daily fluctuations;
• possible delirium;
• suicidal thoughts.

Somatic symptoms:

• vital disorders;
• disturbed sleep (early waking, oversleeping);
• eating disorders;
• constipation;
• feeling of tightness of the skull, dizziness, feeling of compression;
• vegetative symptoms.

Causes of depression

It is accepted to think in modern psychiatry that the development of depression, as well as most of other mental disorders, requires the combined effect of three factors: psychological, biological and social.

Psychological factor (“Personality structure”)

There are three types of personality especially prone to depression:

1) “Statothymic personality” that is characterized by exaggerated conscientiousness, diligence, accuracy;

2) Melancholic personality type with its desire for order, constancy, pedantry, exessive demands on itself;

3) Hyperthymic type of personality that is characterized by self-doubt, frequent worries, with obviously low self-esteem.

People, whose organism biologically tends to depression development, due to education and other social environmental factors form such personality features, which in adverse social situations, especially while chronic stress, cause failure of psychological adaptation mechanisms, skills to deal with stress or lack of coping strategies.

Such people are characterized by:

• lack of confidence in their own abilities;
• excessive secrecy and isolation;
• excessive self-critical attitude towards yourself;
• waiting for the support of the close ones;
• developed pessimism;
• inability to resist stress situations;
• emotional expressiveness.

Biological factor:

• the presence of unfavorable heredity;
• somatic and neurological head injury that violated brain activity;
• changes in the hormonal system;
• chronobiological factors: seasonal depressive disorders, daily fluctuations, shortening of REM sleep;
• side effects of some medications.
• Heredity and family tendency to depression play significant role in predisposition to this disease. It is noticed that relatives of those who suffer from depression usually have different psychosomatic disorders.

Social factor:

• the presence of frequent stress situations, chronic stress;
• adverse family relationships;
• adverse childhood experience, the absence of tenderness from parents, ill-treatment and sexual harassment, interpersonal loss, severe methods of education, negative childhood memories;
• urbanization;
• significant changes in the life;
• population migration;
• increased lifetime.

People in a state of chronic stress suffer from depression more often. If some acute stress situation happens during the period of chronic stress, the probability of depression symptoms development increases.

If you decide to fight the depression, remember that you are not alone! Every fifth person in the world at least once in the life experienced depression. If you notice the signs of depression that disturb you for more than two weeks, you should go to the specialist.

Do not delay visit, in this case time does not heal. The professionalism of the doctors and a complex program of treatment will help to get rid of any kind of depression.

Where to go for help

If you do not where to go for help, ask your family physician, obstetrician, gynecologist or the clinic. In an emergency situation, the emergency doctor can provide temporary help for patients with emotional problems and give them an advice where and how they can ask for the further help.

Here is the list of people and organizations that can diagnose and suggest a course of treatment, or can give a direction to the examination and treatment.

• Family doctors.
• Such specialists as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and consultants on mental health.
• Health maintenance organizations.
• Local centers for the treatment of mental illness.
• The Department of Psychiatry in hospitals and outpatient clinics.
• Programs at universities and medical schools.
• Family assistance services and social services departments.
• Private clinics and institutions.
• Care centers in the workplace.
• Local health and (or) mental health communities.

It is very important in depressive episode treatment to understand that this is depression of a certain person, do not make attempts to excessive generalization of symptoms and factors of disease development. It requires personal approach to each patient.

So, as you can see, depression is a serious disease that requires professional treatment. If you manage to recognize the signs of depression at its early stage and ask for professional help, you can successfully overcome this problem. I hope this essay about depression was useful for you, and you got what you were looking for.

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Characteristics and causes of depression

Types of depression, treatments for depression.

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depression , in psychology , a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. A person who is depressed usually experiences several of the following symptoms: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or pessimism; lowered self-esteem and heightened self-depreciation; a decrease or loss of ability to take pleasure in ordinary activities; reduced energy and vitality; slowness of thought or action; loss of appetite ; and disturbed sleep or insomnia .

If you are experiencing a crisis or would like to speak with someone about depression, call the National Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 or contact the Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741 .

Depression differs from simple grief or mourning, which are appropriate emotional responses to the loss of loved persons or objects. Where there are clear grounds for a person’s unhappiness, depression is considered to be present if the depressed mood is disproportionately long or severe vis-à-vis the precipitating event. The distinctions between the duration of depression, the circumstances under which it arises, and certain other characteristics underlie the classification of depression into different types. Examples of different types of depression include bipolar disorder , major depressive disorder (clinical depression), persistent depressive disorder , and seasonal affective disorder .

Depression is probably the most common psychiatric complaint and has been described by physicians since before the time of ancient Greek physician Hippocrates , who called it melancholia . The course of the disorder is extremely variable from person to person; it may be mild or severe, acute or chronic. Untreated, depression may last an average of four months or longer. Depression is twice as prevalent in women than in men. The typical age of onset is in the 20s, but it may occur at any age.

Depression can have many causes. Unfavorable life events can increase a person’s vulnerability to depression or trigger a depressive episode. Negative thoughts about oneself and the world are also important in producing and maintaining depressive symptoms. However, both psychosocial and biochemical mechanisms seem to be important causes; the chief biochemical cause appears to be the defective regulation of the release of one or more naturally occurring neurotransmitters in the brain , particularly norepinephrine and serotonin . Reduced quantities or reduced activity of these chemicals in the brain is thought to cause the depressed mood in some sufferers.

Depression is also associated with disordered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep . A region of the brain known as the amygdala contains neurons that project into the brainstem and appear to be involved in modulating REM sleep. The amygdala is also associated with processing negative thoughts and may be enlarged, hyperactive, or otherwise dysfunctional in some depressed persons. Although the significance of these associations is yet to be defined, the link between depression, disordered REM sleep, and abnormalities of the amygdala has led to new avenues of research into the neurobiology and treatment of depression.

Research suggests that depression is also linked to physical activity , whereby physical activity may lower a person’s risk of developing depression. Individuals who exercise typically report better mental health and are less likely to be depressed, compared with individuals who do not exercise.

Bipolar disorder , major depressive disorder, and persistent depressive disorder are the primary types of depression. A person who experiences alternating states of depression and mania (abnormal elevation of mood) or hypomania (distinct, though not necessarily abnormal, elevation of mood) is said to suffer from bipolar disorder. Major depressive disorder is characterized by severe symptoms that disrupt the individual’s daily life, typically with effects on appetite, sleep, work, or the ability to enjoy life. Episodes of major depression can occur at any age and may occur once or multiple times in an affected person’s life. Persistent depressive disorder involves symptoms that last two or more years, sometimes marked by episodes of major depression.

Other types of depression include postpartum depression, psychotic depression, and seasonal affective disorder, each of which develops under specific circumstances. Postpartum depression develops in women in the period following childbirth . Symptoms include anxiety , a lack of interest in caring for the infant, and feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or inadequacy. Postpartum depression is longer-lasting and more severe than the “baby blues,” a common condition among women after childbirth that typically involves mood swings, feelings of sadness, and crying spells. Psychotic depression arises against a background of psychosis , which may involve symptoms of delusions , hallucinations, or paranoia . Seasonal affective disorder is characterized by the onset of depressive symptoms in autumn and winter, which are alleviated with increased exposure to natural light in spring and summer.

There are three main treatments for depression. The two most important—and widespread by far—are psychotherapy and psychotropic medication , specifically antidepressants such as bupropion . Psychotherapy aims to alter the patient’s maladaptive cognitive and behavioral responses to stressful life events while also giving emotional support to the patient. Antidepressant medications, by contrast, directly affect the chemistry of the brain and presumably achieve their therapeutic effects by correcting the chemical dysregulation that is causing the depression. Two types of medications, tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; e.g., fluoxetine [ Prozac ]), though chemically different, both serve to prevent the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin (and in the case of tricyclic antidepressants, norepinephrine as well). This results in the buildup or accumulation of neurotransmitters in the brain and allows them to remain in contact with the nerve cell receptors longer, thus helping to elevate the patient’s mood. By contrast, the antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) interfere with the activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that is known to be involved in the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin.

In cases of severe depression in which therapeutic results are needed quickly, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has sometimes proved helpful. In this procedure, a convulsion is produced by passing an electric current through the person’s brain. For most persons with depression, however, the best therapeutic results are obtained by using a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. ( See also therapeutics .)

Some persons with depression are affected by treatment-resistant depression (TRD), meaning that they are refractory to existing therapies. For those individuals, scientists have been investigating alternative therapeutic approaches, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) and gene therapy . In DBS, experimental research has focused on the implantation of an electrode in a region of the brain known as the nucleus accumbens, which is located in the striatum (neostriatum) deep within the cerebral hemispheres and is associated with emotions and feelings such as fear, pleasure, and reward. Studies of depressed animals and postmortem studies of the brains of patients with depression have revealed that reduced levels of a protein known as p11 in cells of the nucleus accumbens are associated with depression. In depressed animals, increasing p11 levels in the nucleus accumbens using gene therapy has been found to relieve depression-like symptoms. Both DBS and gene therapy, however, are associated with potentially dangerous side effects.

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Depression: Definition, Risks, Symptoms and Treatment

• Categories: Depression

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Words: 585 |

Published: Jan 29, 2019

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Words: 585 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

• Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs),
• Atypical antidepressants,
• Tricyclic antidepressants,
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), or other medications.

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Home / Essay Samples / Health / Depression / Exploring the Depths of Depression: An Argumentative View

Exploring the Depths of Depression: An Argumentative View

• Category: Health
• Topic: Depression , Mental Illness , Suicide

Pages: 1 (658 words)

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