psychological disorders essay pdf

Change Password

Your password must have 6 characters or more:.

a lower case character,
an upper case character,
a special character

Password Changed Successfully

Your password has been changed

Create your account

Forget yout password.

Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions

If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password

Forgot your Username?

Enter your email address below and we will send you your username

If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username

July 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 7 CURRENT ISSUE pp.565-686
June 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 6 pp.461-564
May 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 5 pp.347-460
April 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 4 pp.255-346
March 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 3 pp.171-254
February 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 2 pp.83-170
January 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 1 pp.1-82

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has updated its Privacy Policy and Terms of Use , including with new information specifically addressed to individuals in the European Economic Area. As described in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, this website utilizes cookies, including for the purpose of offering an optimal online experience and services tailored to your preferences.

Please read the entire Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. By closing this message, browsing this website, continuing the navigation, or otherwise continuing to use the APA's websites, you confirm that you understand and accept the terms of the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including the utilization of cookies.

What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values

KENNETH S. KENDLER M.D. ,

Search for more papers by this author

Imagine you are a member of the admissions committee for DSM-V. Your set of applications include night-eating syndrome, hoarding, racism, and Internet addiction. It is your job to decide if these are “real” psychiatric disorders worthy of inclusion in DSM-V. By what criteria would you decide if these applications represent a true mental disorder versus a non-disordered “problem of living” or social deviance?

In this thought-provoking book, clinical psychologist and philosopher Derek Bolton asks whether it is possible to develop a single clear definition of mental disorder to which such a committee could refer. Perhaps surprisingly, he reaches a negative conclusion, writing, “there is no natural, principled boundary between normal and abnormal conditions of suffering” (p. 194).

Much of Bolton’s book critiques the naturalist approach to mental illness. This idea—probably a comfortable one to many readers of this journal—is that there exists in the real world a clear distinction between mental health and disorder. All we have to do is be smart enough to find it and define it clearly. He evaluates several approaches to naturalist definitions of psychiatric disorders. However, he spends the most time on the influential work of Jerry Wakefield, which emphasizes an objective dysfunction of an evolved mental process, the consequences of which cause harm to the individual. At the risk of oversimplification, Bolton suggests that in principle it is just too hard to know what represents a dysfunction of an evolved mental system. Since Homo sapiens evolved in a social milieu, and many of our mental functions develop in an intertwined manner from both genetic and environmental factors, trying to distinguish social from evolutionary dysfunction may be inherently impossible. Problems could also arise when an evolved system is not really dysfunctional, but the environment has changed so dramatically that its impact has become harmful (perhaps an underlying explanation for the obesity epidemic). He argues that Wakefield, rather than trying to make the difficult determination of what functions have evolved for what purpose, actually uses a rough “understandability” measure when, for example, he argues that conduct disorder should not be applied to children growing up in some inner-city neighborhoods where gang membership might be adaptive or that depression should not be diagnosed when it occurs after a major loss. Bolton also examines and rejects the concept that mental disorders represent the breakdown of meaningful connections. With regard to the important issue of the abuse of psychiatry, as occurred in the former Soviet Union, he concludes that is more a task for governments and judicial systems than for psychiatric diagnostic manuals.

Ultimately, Bolton opts for a harm-based approach to defining what should go into our diagnostic manuals. That is the point of greatest consensus for all stakeholders in the business of mental health. He dislikes the term “disorder,” because in many of these syndromes, mental life remains ordered and meaningful.

I suspect most readers, like myself, will find this book a bit disturbing. We would much prefer a comfortable and neat and tidy solution to this boundary problem. Given the current ascendancy of the biological psychiatric paradigm, many of us want to ground ourselves in our physician identity and see ourselves as treating “real” biological disorders that can be cleanly and decisively separated from problems of living and social deviance. Bolton tries hard to puncture this comfortable belief system.

Bolton writes well, with only a modest amount of “philosophy-speak.” My main gripe is the book is not concise. Many of his well-developed arguments are repeated several times in different forms. I also think he underestimates the striking differences across disorders in seeking generic solutions to definitional questions about mental disorders.

I began this book with only a modest knowledge of the relevant literature and a rather naive sense that with a bit of “hard thinking,” we could come up with a clear, defensible definition of mental disorders. Upon completion, I no longer believed as such and have a much deeper appreciation of the subtlety and complexity of this definitional question. Did Bolton convince me the problem is intractable? Not quite, but my naiveté has surely been laid to rest.

Who should read this book? This book will be of most value to those who, because of their clinical or research work (or because they are contributing to current revisions of DSM and ICD manuals), are really interested in the problem of defining the boundaries of psychiatric illness. While it is not the easiest of reads, such individuals will be amply rewarded for their efforts. This book might be of interest to a wider group of individuals, from the fields of both mental health and philosophy, who want to see a good example of analytic philosophy being applied with skill and scholarship to a difficult real-world problem that really matters.

Book review accepted for publication July 2008 (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08060944).

Reprints are not available; however, Book Forum reviews can be downloaded at http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org.

Cited by None

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values

2008, American Journal of Psychiatry

Related Papers

Julie Perrin

Journal of Clinical Psychology

Bessel van der Kolk

Bonnie J Burstow

Jessica Stern

Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry

Walter Penk

Psychiatria Danubina

Miro Jakovljević

Medical Anthropology Quarterly

Sue Estroff

American Journal of Sociology

Eric Caplan

Journal of Politics and Law

This paper will discuss the recognition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in legal cases based on the historical development of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM). Further the discussion will draw on the diagnostic relationship between the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It is important to understand how the courts received evidence in relation to a person’s traumatic experience and to define the limits of liability for psychiatric illness cases. In tort law, the courts had been cautious to permit recovery to underserving litigants. Interpreting traumatic experiences from psychiatry to law, at times, do not succeed in a claim for compensation. Belanger-Hardy opined ‘Tort Law has always viewed mental harm with caution, not to say scepticism’. Historically, compensation for PTSD claims have always been awarded on ad hoc basis in tort law for fear of opening the floodgates. In Saadati v Moorhead , Brown J acknowledged the ...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

Sign in through your institution

Browse content in Arts and Humanities
Browse content in Archaeology
Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology
Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Archaeology by Region
Archaeology of Religion
Archaeology of Trade and Exchange
Biblical Archaeology
Contemporary and Public Archaeology
Environmental Archaeology
Historical Archaeology
History and Theory of Archaeology
Industrial Archaeology
Landscape Archaeology
Mortuary Archaeology
Prehistoric Archaeology
Underwater Archaeology
Urban Archaeology
Zooarchaeology
Browse content in Architecture
Architectural Structure and Design
History of Architecture
Residential and Domestic Buildings
Theory of Architecture
Browse content in Art
Art Subjects and Themes
History of Art
Industrial and Commercial Art
Theory of Art
Biographical Studies
Byzantine Studies
Browse content in Classical Studies
Classical Literature
Classical Reception
Classical History
Classical Philosophy
Classical Mythology
Classical Art and Architecture
Classical Oratory and Rhetoric
Greek and Roman Papyrology
Greek and Roman Archaeology
Greek and Roman Epigraphy
Greek and Roman Law
Late Antiquity
Religion in the Ancient World
Social History
Digital Humanities
Browse content in History
Colonialism and Imperialism
Diplomatic History
Environmental History
Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours
Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
Historical Geography
History by Period
History of Emotions
History of Agriculture
History of Education
History of Gender and Sexuality
Industrial History
Intellectual History
International History
Labour History
Legal and Constitutional History
Local and Family History
Maritime History
Military History
National Liberation and Post-Colonialism
Oral History
Political History
Public History
Regional and National History
Revolutions and Rebellions
Slavery and Abolition of Slavery
Social and Cultural History
Theory, Methods, and Historiography
Urban History
World History
Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning
Language Learning (Specific Skills)
Language Teaching Theory and Methods
Browse content in Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
Cognitive Linguistics
Computational Linguistics
Forensic Linguistics
Grammar, Syntax and Morphology
Historical and Diachronic Linguistics
History of English
Language Evolution
Language Reference
Language Variation
Language Families
Language Acquisition
Lexicography
Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic Theories
Linguistic Typology
Phonetics and Phonology
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Translation and Interpretation
Writing Systems
Browse content in Literature
Bibliography
Children's Literature Studies
Literary Studies (Romanticism)
Literary Studies (American)
Literary Studies (Modernism)
Literary Studies (Asian)
Literary Studies (European)
Literary Studies (Eco-criticism)
Literary Studies - World
Literary Studies (1500 to 1800)
Literary Studies (19th Century)
Literary Studies (20th Century onwards)
Literary Studies (African American Literature)
Literary Studies (British and Irish)
Literary Studies (Early and Medieval)
Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers)
Literary Studies (Gender Studies)
Literary Studies (Graphic Novels)
Literary Studies (History of the Book)
Literary Studies (Plays and Playwrights)
Literary Studies (Poetry and Poets)
Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature)
Literary Studies (Queer Studies)
Literary Studies (Science Fiction)
Literary Studies (Travel Literature)
Literary Studies (War Literature)
Literary Studies (Women's Writing)
Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
Mythology and Folklore
Shakespeare Studies and Criticism
Browse content in Media Studies
Browse content in Music
Applied Music
Dance and Music
Ethics in Music
Ethnomusicology
Gender and Sexuality in Music
Medicine and Music
Music Cultures
Music and Media
Music and Culture
Music and Religion
Music Education and Pedagogy
Music Theory and Analysis
Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti
Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques
Musicology and Music History
Performance Practice and Studies
Race and Ethnicity in Music
Sound Studies
Browse content in Performing Arts
Browse content in Philosophy
Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art
Epistemology
Feminist Philosophy
History of Western Philosophy
Metaphysics
Moral Philosophy
Non-Western Philosophy
Philosophy of Language
Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Perception
Philosophy of Action
Philosophy of Law
Philosophy of Religion
Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
Practical Ethics
Social and Political Philosophy
Browse content in Religion
Biblical Studies
Christianity
East Asian Religions
History of Religion
Judaism and Jewish Studies
Qumran Studies
Religion and Education
Religion and Health
Religion and Politics
Religion and Science
Religion and Law
Religion and Art, Literature, and Music
Religious Studies
Browse content in Society and Culture
Cookery, Food, and Drink
Cultural Studies
Customs and Traditions
Ethical Issues and Debates
Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts
Natural world, Country Life, and Pets
Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge
Sports and Outdoor Recreation
Technology and Society
Travel and Holiday
Visual Culture
Browse content in Law
Arbitration
Browse content in Company and Commercial Law
Commercial Law
Company Law
Browse content in Comparative Law
Systems of Law
Competition Law
Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law
Government Powers
Judicial Review
Local Government Law
Military and Defence Law
Parliamentary and Legislative Practice
Construction Law
Contract Law
Browse content in Criminal Law
Criminal Procedure
Criminal Evidence Law
Sentencing and Punishment
Employment and Labour Law
Environment and Energy Law
Browse content in Financial Law
Banking Law
Insolvency Law
History of Law
Human Rights and Immigration
Intellectual Property Law
Browse content in International Law
Private International Law and Conflict of Laws
Public International Law
IT and Communications Law
Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law
Law and Society
Law and Politics
Browse content in Legal System and Practice
Courts and Procedure
Legal Skills and Practice
Primary Sources of Law
Regulation of Legal Profession
Medical and Healthcare Law
Browse content in Policing
Criminal Investigation and Detection
Police and Security Services
Police Procedure and Law
Police Regional Planning
Browse content in Property Law
Personal Property Law
Study and Revision
Terrorism and National Security Law
Browse content in Trusts Law
Wills and Probate or Succession
Browse content in Medicine and Health
Browse content in Allied Health Professions
Arts Therapies
Clinical Science
Dietetics and Nutrition
Occupational Therapy
Operating Department Practice
Physiotherapy
Radiography
Speech and Language Therapy
Browse content in Anaesthetics
General Anaesthesia
Neuroanaesthesia
Clinical Neuroscience
Browse content in Clinical Medicine
Acute Medicine
Cardiovascular Medicine
Clinical Genetics
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Dermatology
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Gastroenterology
Genito-urinary Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Medical Toxicology
Medical Oncology
Pain Medicine
Palliative Medicine
Rehabilitation Medicine
Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology
Rheumatology
Sleep Medicine
Sports and Exercise Medicine
Community Medical Services
Critical Care
Emergency Medicine
Forensic Medicine
Haematology
History of Medicine
Browse content in Medical Skills
Clinical Skills
Communication Skills
Nursing Skills
Surgical Skills
Medical Ethics
Browse content in Medical Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Paediatric Dentistry
Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics
Surgical Dentistry
Medical Statistics and Methodology
Browse content in Neurology
Clinical Neurophysiology
Neuropathology
Nursing Studies
Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Gynaecology
Occupational Medicine
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology (ENT)
Browse content in Paediatrics
Neonatology
Browse content in Pathology
Chemical Pathology
Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
Histopathology
Medical Microbiology and Virology
Patient Education and Information
Browse content in Pharmacology
Psychopharmacology
Browse content in Popular Health
Caring for Others
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Self-help and Personal Development
Browse content in Preclinical Medicine
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Reproduction, Growth and Development
Primary Care
Professional Development in Medicine
Browse content in Psychiatry
Addiction Medicine
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Forensic Psychiatry
Learning Disabilities
Old Age Psychiatry
Psychotherapy
Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Public Health
Browse content in Radiology
Clinical Radiology
Interventional Radiology
Nuclear Medicine
Radiation Oncology
Reproductive Medicine
Browse content in Surgery
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery
General Surgery
Neurosurgery
Paediatric Surgery
Peri-operative Care
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Surgical Oncology
Transplant Surgery
Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
Vascular Surgery
Browse content in Science and Mathematics
Browse content in Biological Sciences
Aquatic Biology
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Developmental Biology
Ecology and Conservation
Evolutionary Biology
Genetics and Genomics
Microbiology
Molecular and Cell Biology
Natural History
Plant Sciences and Forestry
Research Methods in Life Sciences
Structural Biology
Systems Biology
Zoology and Animal Sciences
Browse content in Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Crystallography
Environmental Chemistry
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry
Mineralogy and Gems
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Polymer Chemistry
Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry
Theoretical Chemistry
Browse content in Computer Science
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Architecture and Logic Design
Game Studies
Human-Computer Interaction
Mathematical Theory of Computation
Programming Languages
Software Engineering
Systems Analysis and Design
Virtual Reality
Browse content in Computing
Business Applications
Computer Games
Computer Security
Computer Networking and Communications
Digital Lifestyle
Graphical and Digital Media Applications
Operating Systems
Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography
Atmospheric Sciences
Environmental Geography
Geology and the Lithosphere
Maps and Map-making
Meteorology and Climatology
Oceanography and Hydrology
Palaeontology
Physical Geography and Topography
Regional Geography
Soil Science
Urban Geography
Browse content in Engineering and Technology
Agriculture and Farming
Biological Engineering
Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building
Electronics and Communications Engineering
Energy Technology
Engineering (General)
Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology
History of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical Engineering and Materials
Technology of Industrial Chemistry
Transport Technology and Trades
Browse content in Environmental Science
Applied Ecology (Environmental Science)
Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science)
Environmental Sustainability
Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science)
Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science)
Natural Disasters (Environmental Science)
Nuclear Issues (Environmental Science)
Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science)
Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science)
History of Science and Technology
Browse content in Materials Science
Ceramics and Glasses
Composite Materials
Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion
Nanotechnology
Browse content in Mathematics
Applied Mathematics
Biomathematics and Statistics
History of Mathematics
Mathematical Education
Mathematical Finance
Mathematical Analysis
Numerical and Computational Mathematics
Probability and Statistics
Pure Mathematics
Browse content in Neuroscience
Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience
Development of the Nervous System
Disorders of the Nervous System
History of Neuroscience
Invertebrate Neurobiology
Molecular and Cellular Systems
Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System
Neuroscientific Techniques
Sensory and Motor Systems
Browse content in Physics
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Biological and Medical Physics
Classical Mechanics
Computational Physics
Condensed Matter Physics
Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics
History of Physics
Mathematical and Statistical Physics
Measurement Science
Nuclear Physics
Particles and Fields
Plasma Physics
Quantum Physics
Relativity and Gravitation
Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics
Browse content in Psychology
Affective Sciences
Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Criminal and Forensic Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
Health Psychology
History and Systems in Psychology
Music Psychology
Neuropsychology
Organizational Psychology
Psychological Assessment and Testing
Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction
Psychology Professional Development and Training
Research Methods in Psychology
Social Psychology
Browse content in Social Sciences
Browse content in Anthropology
Anthropology of Religion
Human Evolution
Medical Anthropology
Physical Anthropology
Regional Anthropology
Social and Cultural Anthropology
Theory and Practice of Anthropology
Browse content in Business and Management
Business Ethics
Business History
Business Strategy
Business and Technology
Business and Government
Business and the Environment
Comparative Management
Corporate Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility
Entrepreneurship
Health Management
Human Resource Management
Industrial and Employment Relations
Industry Studies
Information and Communication Technologies
International Business
Knowledge Management
Management and Management Techniques
Operations Management
Organizational Theory and Behaviour
Pensions and Pension Management
Public and Nonprofit Management
Strategic Management
Supply Chain Management
Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice
Criminology
Forms of Crime
International and Comparative Criminology
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
Development Studies
Browse content in Economics
Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics
Asian Economics
Behavioural Finance
Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics
Econometrics and Mathematical Economics
Economic History
Economic Methodology
Economic Systems
Economic Development and Growth
Financial Markets
Financial Institutions and Services
General Economics and Teaching
Health, Education, and Welfare
History of Economic Thought
International Economics
Labour and Demographic Economics
Law and Economics
Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
Microeconomics
Public Economics
Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
Welfare Economics
Browse content in Education
Adult Education and Continuous Learning
Care and Counselling of Students
Early Childhood and Elementary Education
Educational Equipment and Technology
Educational Strategies and Policy
Higher and Further Education
Organization and Management of Education
Philosophy and Theory of Education
Schools Studies
Secondary Education
Teaching of a Specific Subject
Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs
Teaching Skills and Techniques
Browse content in Environment
Applied Ecology (Social Science)
Climate Change
Conservation of the Environment (Social Science)
Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science)
Natural Disasters (Environment)
Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science)
Browse content in Human Geography
Cultural Geography
Economic Geography
Political Geography
Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies
Communication Studies
Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences
Browse content in Politics
African Politics
Asian Politics
Chinese Politics
Comparative Politics
Conflict Politics
Elections and Electoral Studies
Environmental Politics
Ethnic Politics
European Union
Foreign Policy
Gender and Politics
Human Rights and Politics
Indian Politics
International Relations
International Organization (Politics)
International Political Economy
Irish Politics
Latin American Politics
Middle Eastern Politics
Political Behaviour
Political Economy
Political Institutions
Political Theory
Political Methodology
Political Communication
Political Philosophy
Political Sociology
Politics and Law
Politics of Development
Public Policy
Public Administration
Qualitative Political Methodology
Quantitative Political Methodology
Regional Political Studies
Russian Politics
Security Studies
State and Local Government
UK Politics
US Politics
Browse content in Regional and Area Studies
African Studies
Asian Studies
East Asian Studies
Japanese Studies
Latin American Studies
Middle Eastern Studies
Native American Studies
Scottish Studies
Browse content in Research and Information
Research Methods
Browse content in Social Work
Addictions and Substance Misuse
Adoption and Fostering
Care of the Elderly
Child and Adolescent Social Work
Couple and Family Social Work
Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work
Emergency Services
Human Behaviour and the Social Environment
International and Global Issues in Social Work
Mental and Behavioural Health
Social Justice and Human Rights
Social Policy and Advocacy
Social Work and Crime and Justice
Social Work Macro Practice
Social Work Practice Settings
Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice
Welfare and Benefit Systems
Browse content in Sociology
Childhood Studies
Community Development
Comparative and Historical Sociology
Economic Sociology
Gender and Sexuality
Gerontology and Ageing
Health, Illness, and Medicine
Marriage and the Family
Migration Studies
Occupations, Professions, and Work
Organizations
Population and Demography
Race and Ethnicity
Social Theory
Social Movements and Social Change
Social Research and Statistics
Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Sociology of Religion
Sociology of Education
Sport and Leisure
Urban and Rural Studies
Browse content in Warfare and Defence
Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research
Land Forces and Warfare
Military Administration
Military Life and Institutions
Naval Forces and Warfare
Other Warfare and Defence Issues
Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution
Weapons and Equipment

What is Mental Disorder? An essay in philosophy, science, and values

< Previous

Introduction

Published: February 2008
Cite Icon Cite
Permissions Icon Permissions

The effects of mental disorder are apparent and pervasive, in suffering, loss of freedom and life opportunities, negative impacts on use of education, work satisfaction and productivity, complications in law, institutions of healthcare, intensive scientific research into causes and cures and so on. Suffering, loss of functioning, and perceived threat are among the personal and social experiences that can lead to mental health services. Once the problems are brought to the attention of mental health services and mental disorder is diagnosed, a range of possible outcomes is licensed, including offer of treatment, funding and perhaps, depending on severity and other circumstances, paid leave from work due to illness, possible shame and stigma, and in extreme cases compulsory admission to hospital, or acceptance of no or diminished responsibility in the Courts. Mental health professionals engage with the problems inside institutional structures using manuals for diagnosis and providing treatments that are increasingly required to be backed by scientific evidence of effectiveness. The social and institutional outcomes of assigning a diagnosis are important topics for social scientific theory and research. However, earlier in the chain of events and consequences are the social manifestations of mental disorder, open for all to see, and most importantly the personal and interpersonal effects, experienced by the people with the problems, their families and friends.

Personal account

Sign in with email/username & password
Get email alerts
Save searches
Purchase content
Activate your purchase/trial code
Add your ORCID iD

Institutional access

Sign in with username/password
Recommend to your librarian
Institutional account management
Get help with access

Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:

IP based access

Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.

Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutionâ€™s website and Oxford Academic.

Click Sign in through your institution.
Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutionâ€™s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.

Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.

Society Members

Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:

Sign in through society site

Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see â€˜Sign in through society siteâ€™ in the sign in pane within a journal:

Click Sign in through society site.
When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.

If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.

Sign in using a personal account

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.

A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.

Viewing your signed in accounts

Click the account icon in the top right to:

View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
View the institutional accounts that are providing access.

Signed in but can't access content

Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.

For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.

Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.

Month:	Total Views:
October 2022	1
January 2023	2
February 2023	3
March 2023	1
May 2023	5
October 2023	2
December 2023	3
February 2024	1
March 2024	1

About Oxford Academic
Publish journals with us
University press partners
What we publish
New features
Open access
Rights and permissions
Accessibility
Advertising
Media enquiries
Oxford University Press
Oxford Languages
University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
Cookie settings
Cookie policy
Privacy policy
Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Warning: The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function. more...

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it's official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Publications
Account settings
Browse Titles

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Common Mental Health Disorders: Identification and Pathways to Care. Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society (UK); 2011. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 123.)

Common Mental Health Disorders: Identification and Pathways to Care.

Abramowitz JS. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients who have comorbid major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2004; 60 :1133–1141. [ PubMed : 15389622 ]
Abramowitz JS, Schwartz SA, Moore KM, et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pregnancy and the puerperium: a review of the literature. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2003; 17 :461–478. [ PubMed : 12826092 ]
Adler R, Vasiliadis A, Bickell N. The relationship between continuity and patient satisfaction: a systematic review. Family Practice. 2010; 27 :171–178. [ PubMed : 20053674 ]
Adli M, Bauer M, Rush AJ. Algorithms and collaborative-care systems for depression: are they effective and why? A systematic review. Biological Psychiatry. 2006; 59 :1029–1038. [ PubMed : 16769294 ]
Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Kester A. The value of the CAGE in screening for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in general clinical populations: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal Clinical Epidemiology. 2004; 57 :30–39. [ PubMed : 15019008 ]
Agarwal G, Crooks VA. The nature of informational continuity of care in general practice. British Journal of General Practice. 2008; 58 :e17–e24. [ PMC free article : PMC2576310 ] [ PubMed : 19000395 ]
AGREE Collaboration. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. Quality and Safety in Health Care. 2003; 12 :18–23. [ PMC free article : PMC1743672 ] [ PubMed : 12571340 ]
Akesson KM, Saveman BI, Nilsson G. Health care consumers' experiences of information communication technology: a summary of literature. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2007; 76 :633–645. [ PubMed : 16931133 ]
Akiskal HS. A developmental perspective on recurrent mood disorders: a review of studies in man. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986; 22 :579–586. [ PubMed : 3797565 ]
Allgulander C, Jørgensen T, Wade A, et al. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with generalised anxiety disorder: evaluation conducted alongside an escitalopram prevention trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2007; 23 :2543–2549. [ PubMed : 17825130 ]
Almond S, Healey A. Mental health and absence from work. Work, Employment and Society. 2003; 17 :731–742.
Altman D, Bland M. Statistics notes: diagnostic tests 2: predictive values. British Medical Journal. 1994; 309 :102. [ PMC free article : PMC2540558 ] [ PubMed : 8038641 ]
Altman D, Bland M. Statistics notes: diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity and specificity. British Medical Journal. 1994; 308 :1552. [ PMC free article : PMC2540489 ] [ PubMed : 8019315 ]
Anderson C, Blenkinsopp A, Armstrong M. Feedback from community pharmacy users on the contribution of community pharmacy to improving the public's health: a systematic review of the peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed literature 1990–2002. Health Expectations. 2001; 7 :191–202. [ PMC free article : PMC5060240 ] [ PubMed : 15327458 ]
Anderson LM, Scrimshaw SC, Fullilove MT, et al. Culturally competent healthcare systems: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventative Medicine. 2003; 24 :68–79. [ PubMed : 12668199 ]
Andlin-Sobocki P, Jönsson B, Wittchen HU, et al. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe. European Journal of Neurology. 2005; 12 :1–27. [ PubMed : 15877774 ]
Andrews G, Jenkins R, editors. Management of Mental Disorders. 1st edn. Sydney: WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health and Substance Misuse; 1999.
Andrews G, Slade T. Interpreting scores on the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001; 25 :494–497. [ PubMed : 11824981 ]
Andrews G, Slade T, Peters L. Classification in psychiatry: ICD–10 versus DSM-IV. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1999; 174 :3–5. [ PubMed : 10211143 ]
Andrews G, Sanderson K, Corry J, et al. Utilising survey data to inform public policy: comparison of the cost-effectiveness of treatment of ten mental disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 184 :526–533. [ PubMed : 15172947 ]
Angst J, Gamma A, Endrass J. Risk factors for the bipolar and depression spectra. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003; 108 :15–19. [ PubMed : 12956808 ]
Antony MM, Roth D, Swinson RP, et al. Illness intrusiveness in individuals with panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or social phobia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998; 186 :311–315. [ PubMed : 9612449 ]
APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edn. Washington DC: APA; 2000.
Apter A, Horesh N, Gothelf D, et al. Depression and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003; 75 :181–189. [ PubMed : 12798258 ]
Arnau R, Meagher MW, Norris MP, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with primary care medical patients. Health Psychology. 2001; 20 :112–119. [ PubMed : 11315728 ]
Azarmina P, Wallace P. Remote interpretation in medical encounters: a systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2005; 11 :140–145. [ PubMed : 15901441 ]
Badamgarav E, Weingarten SR, Henning JM, et al. Effectiveness of disease management programs in depression: a systematic review. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 160 :2080–2090. [ PubMed : 14638573 ]
Bajaj P, Borreani E, Ghosh P, et al. Screening for suicidal thoughts in primary care: the views of patients and general practitioners. Mental Health in Family Medicine. 2008; 5 :229–235. [ PMC free article : PMC2777583 ] [ PubMed : 22477874 ]
Balas EA, Jaffrey F, Kuperman GJ, et al. Electronic communication with patients: evaluation of distance medicine technology. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997; 278 :152–159. [ PubMed : 9214532 ]
Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2005; 19 :567–596. [ PubMed : 16272179 ]
Barbui C, Tansella M. Identification and management of depression in primary care settings: a meta-review of evidence. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale. 2006; 15 :276–283. [ PubMed : 17203620 ]
Barlow DH. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000; 283 :2529–2536. [ PubMed : 10815116 ]
Beach MC, Gary TL, Price EG, et al. Improving health care quality for racial/ethnic minorities: a systematic review of the best evidence regarding provider and organization interventions. BMC Public Health. 2006; 6 :104. [ PMC free article : PMC1525173 ] [ PubMed : 16635262 ]
Bebbington PE, Dean C, Der G, et al. Gender, parity and the prevalence of minor affective disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991; 158 :40–45. [ PubMed : 2015450 ]
Beck AT. BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory Manual. 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Harcourt Brace; 1996.
Bee PE, Bower P, Lovell K, et al. Psychotherapy mediated by remote communication technologies: a meta-analytic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2008; 8 :60. [ PMC free article : PMC2496903 ] [ PubMed : 18647396 ]
Beney J, Bero LA, Bond C. Expanding the roles of outpatient pharmacists: effects on health services utilisation, costs, and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000;(3):CD000336. [ PubMed : 10908471 ]
Berlin JA., on behalf of University of Pennsylvania Meta-analysis Blinding Study Group. Does blinding of readers affect the results of meta-analysis? Lancet. 1997; 350 :185–186. [ PubMed : 9250191 ]
Bernal G. Intervention development and cultural adaptation research with diverse families. Family Process. 2006; 45 :143–151. [ PMC free article : PMC1693965 ] [ PubMed : 16768015 ]
Bernal G, Domenech Rodriguez MM. Advances in Latino family research: cultural adaptations of evidence-based interventions. Family Process. 2009; 48 :169–178. [ PubMed : 19579903 ]
Bhui K, Stansfeld S, Hull S, et al. Ethnic variations in pathways to and use of specialist mental health services in the UK. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 182 :105–116. [ PubMed : 12562737 ]
Biederman J, Petty C, Faraone SV, et al. Moderating effects of major depression on patterns of comorbidity in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2004; 126 :143–149. [ PubMed : 15123393 ]
Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, et al. The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995; 8 :75–90. [ PubMed : 7712061 ]
Blashki G, Judd F, Piterman L. General Practice Psychiatry. NSW, Australia: McGraw-Hill; 2007.
Bobes J, Gonzalez MP, Bascaran MT, et al. Quality of life and disability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry. 2001; 16 :239–245. [ PubMed : 11418275 ]
Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS. Affective disorders and suicide risk: a reexamination. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000; 157 :1925–1932. [ PubMed : 11097952 ]
Bouman A, van Rossum E, Nelemans P, et al. Effects of intensive home visiting programs for older people with poor health status: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research. 2008; 8 :74. [ PMC free article : PMC2364620 ] [ PubMed : 18387184 ]
Bower P, Gilbody S. Stepped care in psychological therapies: access, effectiveness and efficiency: narrative literature review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005; 186 :11–17. [ PubMed : 15630118 ]
Bower P, Sibbald B. Systematic review of the effect of on-site mental health professionals on the clinical behaviour of general practitioners. British Medical Journal. 2000; 320 :614–617. [ PMC free article : PMC27305 ] [ PubMed : 10698881 ]
Bower P, Gilbody S, Richards D, et al. Collaborative care for depression in primary care: making sense of a complex intervention: systematic review and meta-regression. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 189 :484–493. [ PubMed : 17139031 ]
Breier A, Charney DS, Heninger GR. Agoraphobia with panic attacks: development, diagnostic stability, and course of illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986; 43 :1029–1036. [ PubMed : 3767595 ]
Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, et al. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991; 48 :216–222. [ PubMed : 1996917 ]
Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000; 68 :748–766. [ PubMed : 11068961 ]
Bridges KW, Goldberg DP. Somatic presentations of depressive illness in primary care. In: Freeling P, Downey LJ, Malkin JC, editors. The Presentation of Depression: Current Approaches. London: Royal College of General Practitioners; 1987. pp. 9–11.
British Medical Association & NHS Employers. Revisions to the GMS Contract 2006/07: Delivering Investment in General Practice. London: NHS Employers & General Practitioners Committee; 2006. Available at: http://www .bma.org.uk /employmentandcontracts /independent_contractors /general_medical _services_contract/NewDEs0706.jsp .
British Medical Association & NHS Employers. Quality and Outcomes Framework Guidance for GMS Contract 2009/10: Delivering Investment in General Practice. London: NHS Employers & General Practitioners Committee; 2008. Available at: http://www .bma.org.uk /images/QoF%20Guidance %20-%20April%202008_tcm41-182872.pdf .
British Medical Association & the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary (BNF 59). London: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 2010.
Brown C, Schulberg HC, Madonia MJ, et al. Treatment outcomes for primary care patients with major depression and lifetime anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 153 :1293–1300. [ PubMed : 8831437 ]
Brown G, Harris T. The Social Origins of Depression: a Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. London: Tavistock Publications; 1978.
Brown TA, O'Leary TA, Barlow DH. Generalised anxiety disorder. In: Barlow DH, editor. Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders: a Step-by-Step Treatment Manual. 3rd edn. New York: Guilford Press; 2001. pp. 154–208.
Bruce ML, Hoff RA. Social and physical health risk factors for first-onset major depressive disorder in a community sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1994; 29 :165–171. [ PubMed : 7939965 ]
Bunn F, Byrne G, Kendall S. The effects of telephone consultation and triage on healthcare use and patient satisfaction: a systematic review. British Journal of General Practice. 2005; 55 :956–961. [ PMC free article : PMC1570504 ] [ PubMed : 16378566 ]
Bushnell J, McLeod D, Dowell A, et al. Do patients want to disclose psychological problems to GPs? Family Practice. 2005; 22 :631–637. [ PubMed : 16055471 ]
Butler R, Hatcher S, Price J, et al. Depression in adults: psychological treatments and care pathways. BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2007; 8 :1016. [ PMC free article : PMC2943776 ] [ PubMed : 19454109 ]
Byrne GJ, Pachana NA. Development and validation of a short form of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory: the GAI-SF. International Psychogeriatrics. 2011; 23 :125–131. [ PubMed : 20561386 ]
Callaghan P, Eales S, Coates T, et al. A review of research on the structure, process and outcome of liaison mental health services. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2003; 10 :155–165. [ PubMed : 12662332 ]
Campbell S, Roland MO, Buetow SA. Defining quality of care. Social Science and Medicine. 2000; 51 :1611–1625. [ PubMed : 11072882 ]
Campbell-Sills L, Norman SB, Craske MG, et al. Validation of a brief measure of anxiety-related severity and impairment: the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS). Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009; 112 :92–101. [ PMC free article : PMC2629402 ] [ PubMed : 18486238 ]
Cassano P, Fava M. Depression and public health: an overview. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002; 53 :849–857. [ PubMed : 12377293 ]
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. NHS Economic Evaluation Database Handbook. York: University of York; 2007. Available at http://www .york.ac.uk /inst/crd/pdf/nhseed-handb07.pdf .
Chaix B, Merlo J, Chauvin P. Comparison of a spatial approach with the multilevel approach for investigating place effects on health: the example of healthcare utilisation in France. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2005; 59 :517–526. [ PMC free article : PMC1757051 ] [ PubMed : 15911650 ]
Chang-Quan H, Bi-Rong D, Zhen-Chan L, et al. Collaborative care interventions for depression in the elderly: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2009; 57 :446–455. [ PubMed : 19174704 ]
Chapman JL, Zechel A, Carter YH, et al. Systematic review of recent innovations in service provision to improve access to primary care. British Journal of General Practice. 2004; 54 :374–381. [ PMC free article : PMC1266174 ] [ PubMed : 15113523 ]
Christensen H, Griffiths K, Gulliver A, et al. Models in the delivery of depression care: a systematic review of randomised and controlled intervention trials. BMC Family Practice. 2008; 9 :25. [ PMC free article : PMC2390560 ] [ PubMed : 18454878 ]
Christensen KS, Fink P, Toft T, et al. A brief case-finding questionnaire for common mental disorders: the CMDQ. Family Practice. 2005; 22 :448–457. [ PubMed : 15814580 ]
Clark DA. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OCD. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. [ PubMed : 26334081 ]
Clark DM, Layard R, Smithies R, et al. Improving Access to Psychological Therapy: initial evaluation of two UK demonstration sites. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2009; 47 :910–920. [ PMC free article : PMC3111658 ] [ PubMed : 19647230 ]
Cochrane LJ, Olson CA, Murray S, et al. Gaps between knowing and doing: understanding and assessing the barriers to optimal health care. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 2007; 27 :94–102. [ PubMed : 17576625 ]
Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.0. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration; 2008. [Computer programme]
Collacott RA. People with Down syndrome and mental health needs. In: Barnes N, editor. Psychiatric and Behavioural Disorders in Developmental Disabilities and Mental Retardation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
Cooper S, Smiley E, Morrison J, et al. Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence and associated factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 190 :27–35. [ PubMed : 17197653 ]
Cooper SA. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderly compared with younger adults with learning disabilities. British Journal of Health Psychology. 1997; 170 :375–380. [ PubMed : 9246258 ]
Cougle JR, Keough ME, Riccardi CJ, et al. Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-replication. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2009; 43 :825–829. [ PubMed : 19147159 ]
Craven MA, Bland R. Better practices in collaborative mental health care: an analysis of the evidence base. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 51 (Suppl. 1):7S–72S. [ PubMed : 16786824 ]
Creamer M, Burgess P, McFarlane AC. Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Psychological Medicine. 2001; 31 :1237–1247. [ PubMed : 11681550 ]
CSIP Choice and Access Team. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies: Positive Practice Guide. London: Department of Health; 2007.
Cuijpers P. Psychological outreach programmes for the depressed elderly: a meta-analysis of effects and dropout. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1998; 13 :41–48. [ PubMed : 9489580 ]
Curtis L. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care. Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent; 2009.
Das AK, Olfson M, McCurtis HL, et al. Depression in African Americans: breaking barriers to detection and treatment. Applied Evidence. 2006; 55 :30–39. [ PubMed : 16388764 ]
Das-Munshi J, Goldberg D, Bebbington PE, et al. Public health significance of mixed anxiety and depression: beyond current classification. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008; 192 :171–177. [ PubMed : 18310574 ]
Davidson JR, Zhang W, Connor KM, et al. A psychopharmacological treatment algorithm for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2010; 24 :3–26. [ PMC free article : PMC2951594 ] [ PubMed : 18832431 ]
Davidson JRT, Book SW, Colket JT, et al. Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine. 1997; 27 :153–160. [ PubMed : 9122295 ]
Dennis C, Chung-Lee L. Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: a qualitative systematic review. Birth. 2006; 33 :323–331. [ PubMed : 17150072 ]
Dennis RE, Boddington SJ, Funnell NJ. Self-report measures of anxiety: are they suitable for older adults? Aging & Mental Health. 2007; 11 :668–677. [ PubMed : 18074254 ]
Department of Health. National Service Framework for Mental Health: Modern Standards and Service Models. London: Department of Health; 1999. Available at: http://www .dh.gov.uk /en/Publicationsandstatistics /Publications /PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance /DH_4009598 .
Department of Health. National Service Framework for Older People. London: Department of Health; 2001. Available at: http://www .dh.gov.uk /en/Publicationsandstatistics /Publications /PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance /DH_4003066 .
Department of Health. Models of Care for Alcohol Misusers. London: Department of Health; 2006. Available at: http://www .dh.gov.uk /en/Publicationsandstatistics /Publications /PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance /DH_4136806 .
Department of Health. Delivering Race Equality in Mental Health Care: A Review. London: Department of Health; 2009. Available at: http://www .dh.gov.uk /en/Publicationsandstatistics /Publications /PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance /DH_4139351 .
Dixon-Woods M, Kirk D, Agarwal S, et al. Vulnerable Groups and Access to Health Care: a Critical Interpretive Review. London: National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation; 2005. [10 August 2011]. Report for the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R & D (NCCSDO) Available at: http://www .sdo.nihr.ac .uk/files/project/SDO _ES_08-1210-025_V01.pdf .
Dodd S, Berk M. Predictors of antidepressant response: a selective review. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2004; 8 :91–100. [ PubMed : 24926841 ]
Dowrick C. Case or continuum? Analysing general practitioners' ability to detect depression. Primary Care Psychiatry. 1995; 1 :255–257.
Dowrick C, Gask L, Edwards S, et al. Researching the mental health needs of hard-to-reach groups: managing multiple sources of evidence. BMC Health Services Research. 2009; 9 :226. [ PMC free article : PMC2799397 ] [ PubMed : 20003275 ]
Dowrick C, Leydon GM, McBride A, et al. Patients' and doctors' views on depression severity questionnaires incentivised in UK quality and outcomes framework: qualitative study. British Medical Journal. 2009; 338 :663. [ PubMed : 19299474 ]
Dowrick C, Gask L, Edwards S. Programme to increase equity of access to high quality mental health services in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010; 122 :18–19.
DuPont RL, Rice DP, Shiraki S, et al. Economic costs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Medical Interface. 1995; 8 :102–109. [ PubMed : 10141765 ]
DuPont RL, Rice DP, Miller LS, et al. Economic costs of anxiety disorders. Anxiety. 1998; 2 :167–172. [ PubMed : 9160618 ]
Dwamena B. MIDAS: Stata Module for Meta-Analytical Integration of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies. Boston, MA: Boston College Department of Economics; 2009. Statistical Software Components S456880.
Dy SM, Garg P, Nyberg D, et al. Critical pathway effectiveness: assessing the impact of patient, hospital care, and pathway characteristics using qualitative comparative analysis. Health Services Research. 2005; 40 :499–516. [ PMC free article : PMC1361153 ] [ PubMed : 15762904 ]
Eack SM, Greeno CG, Lee B. Limitations of the Patient Health Questionnaire in identifying anxiety and depression in community mental health: many cases are undetected. Research on Social Work Practice. 2006; 16 :625–631. [ PMC free article : PMC3899353 ] [ PubMed : 24465121 ]
Eccles M, Freemantle N, Mason J. North of England evidence based guideline development project: methods of developing guidelines for efficient drug use in primary care. British Medical Journal. 1998; 316 :1232–1235. [ PMC free article : PMC1112989 ] [ PubMed : 9553004 ]
Edlund MJ, Swann AC. The economic and social costs of panic disorder. Hospital & Community Psychiatry. 1987; 38 :1277–1288. [ PubMed : 3692456 ]
Ehlers A, Gene-Cos N, Perrin M. Low recognition of post-traumatic stress disorder in primary care. London Journal of Primary Care. 2009; 2 :36–42. [ PMC free article : PMC3695460 ] [ PubMed : 23814612 ]
Emmerson B, Frost A, Fawcett L, et al. Do clinical pathways really improve clinical performance in mental health settings? Australasian Psychiatry. 2006; 14 :395–398. [ PubMed : 17116079 ]
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Research on Work-Related Stress. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities; 2000. Available at http://osha .europa.eu /en/publications/reports/203/view .
Evans-Lacko SE, Jarrett M, McCrone P, et al. Clinical pathways in psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008; 193 :4–5. [ PubMed : 18700210 ]
Fava M, Kendler K. Major depressive disorder. Neuron. 2000; 28 :335–341. [ PubMed : 11144343 ]
Fechner-Bates S, Coyne JC, Schwenk TL. The relationship of self-reported distress to depressive disorders and other psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1994; 62 :550–559. [ PubMed : 8063981 ]
Fekadu A, Wooderson SC, Markoloulo K, et al. What happens to patients with treatment resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009; 116 :4–11. [ PubMed : 19007996 ]
Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O'Connor PG. Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000; 160 :1977–1989. [ PubMed : 10888972 ]
Fineberg NA, Roberts A. Obsessive compulsive disorder: a twenty-first century perspective. In: Fineberg NA, Marazziti D, Stein D, editors. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: a Practical Guide. London: Martin Dunitz; 2001. pp. 1–13.
Fineberg NA, O'Doherty C, Rajagopal S. How common is obsessive-compulsive disorder in a dermatology outpatient clinic? The Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003; 64 :152–155. [ PubMed : 12633123 ]
First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, et al. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders: Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997.
Fischer JE, Bachmann LM, Jaeschke R. A readers' guide to the interpretation of diagnostic test properties: clinical example of sepsis. Intensive Care Medicine. 2003; 29 :1043–1051. [ PubMed : 12734652 ]
Fisher TL, Burnet DL, Huang ES, et al. Cultural leverage: interventions using culture to narrow racial disparities in health care. Medical Care Research Review. 2007; 64 :243–282. [ PMC free article : PMC2505343 ] [ PubMed : 17881628 ]
Flores G. The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: a systematic review. Medical Care Research Review. 2005; 62 :255–299. [ PubMed : 15894705 ]
Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Mavissakalian MR, Freeman RF, editors. Long-Term Treatments of Anxiety Disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996. pp. 285–308.
Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, et al. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1993; 6 :459–473.
Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Goodman WK, et al. DSM-IV field trial: obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995; 152 :90–96. [ PubMed : 7802127 ]
Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, et al. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment. 1997; 9 :445–451.
Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ. Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: The Guilford Press; 2008.
Foy R, Hempel S, Rubenstein L, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of interactive communication between collaborating primary care physicians and specialists. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010; 152 :247–258. [ PubMed : 20157139 ]
Francis JL, Weisberg RB, Dyck IR, et al. Characteristics and course of panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia in primary care patients. Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007; 9 :173–179. [ PMC free article : PMC1911170 ] [ PubMed : 17632648 ]
Frederick JT, Steinman LE, Prochaska T, et al. Community-based treatment of late life depression: an expert panel-informed literature review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2007; 33 :222–249. [ PubMed : 17826584 ]
Freeston M, Rheaume J, Ladouceur R. Correcting faulty appraisals of obsessive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996; 34 :446. [ PubMed : 8687365 ]
Frost R, Steketee G. Issues in the treatment of compulsive hoarding. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 1999; 6 :397–407.
Gask L, Dowrick C, Dixon C, et al. A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention for GPs in the assessment and management of depression. Psychological Medicine. 2004; 34 :63–72. [ PubMed : 14971627 ]
Gask L, Lever-Green G, Hays R. Dissemination and implementation of suicide prevention training in one Scottish region. BMC Health Services. 2008; 8 :246. [ PMC free article : PMC2614991 ] [ PubMed : 19055769 ]
Gensichen J, Beyer M, Muth C, et al. Case management to improve major depression in primary health care: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine. 2005; 36 :7–14. [ PubMed : 16356292 ]
Gerber PD, Barrett JE, Barrett JA, et al. The relationship of presenting physical complaints to depressive symptoms in primary care patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1992; 7 :170–173. [ PubMed : 1487765 ]
Gilbody S, Whitty P, Grimshaw J, et al. Educational and organizational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003; 289 :3145–3152. [ PubMed : 12813120 ]
Gilbody S, Bower P, Fletcher J, et al. Collaborative care for depression: a cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer term outcomes. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006; 166 :2314–2321. [ PubMed : 17130383 ]
Gilbody S, Richards D, Brealey S, et al. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2007; 22 :1596–1602. [ PMC free article : PMC2219806 ] [ PubMed : 17874169 ]
Gilbody SM, House AO, Sheldon TA. Psychiatrists in the UK do not use outcomes measures: national survey. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 180 :101–103. [ PubMed : 11823316 ]
Giles DE, Jarrett RB, Biggs MM, et al. Clinical predictors of recurrence in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989; 146 :764–767. [ PubMed : 2729427 ]
Gill SC, Butterworth P, Rodgers B, et al. Validity of the mental health component scale of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (MCS-12) as measure of common mental disorders in the general population. Psychiatry Research. 2007; 152 :63–71. [ PubMed : 17395272 ]
Glover G, Webb M, Evison F. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies: a Review of the Progress Made by Sites in the First Roll-out Year. Stockton-on-Tees: North East Public Health Observatory; 2010.
Goldberg D, Privett M, Ustun B, et al. The effects of detection and treatment on the outcome of major depression in primary care: a naturalistic study in 15 cities. The British Journal of General Practice. 1998; 48 :1840–1844. [ PMC free article : PMC1313290 ] [ PubMed : 10198504 ]
Goldberg DP, Bridges K. Somatic presentations of psychiatric illness in primary care settings. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1988; 32 :137–144. [ PubMed : 3042995 ]
Goldberg DP, Huxley PJ. Common Mental Disorders: a Bio-Social Model. London: Tavistock/Routledge; 1992.
Goldberg DP, Steele JJ, Smith C. Teaching psychiatric interview techniques to family doctors epidemiological research as basis for the organization of extramural psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia; proceedings of the ‘Second European Symposium on Social Psychiatry’; Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus. 26–28 September, 1979; 1980. pp. 41–47.
Goldberg DP, Steele JJ, Smith C, et al. Training family doctors to recognise psychiatric illness with increased accuracy. Lancet. 1980; 2 :521–523. [ PubMed : 6105569 ]
Goldberg DP, Jenkins L, Millar T, et al. The ability of trainee general practitioners to identify psychological distress among their patients. Psychological Medicine. 1993; 23 :185–193. [ PubMed : 8475207 ]
Goodwin G. Neurobiological aetiology of mood disorders. In: Gelder MG, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Andreasen N, editors. New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000. pp. 711–719.
Gothelf D, Aharonovsky O, Horesh N, et al. Life events and personality factors in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2004; 45 :192–198. [ PubMed : 15124149 ]
Greenberg PE, Sisitsky T, Kessler RC, et al. The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 :427–435. [ PubMed : 10453795 ]
Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Depression in primary health care: from evidence to policy. Medical Journal of Australia. 2008; 188 :81–83. [ PubMed : 18429744 ]
Grilli R, Ramsay C, Minozzi S. Mass media interventions: effects on health service utilisation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002;(1):CD000389. [ PubMed : 11869574 ] [ CrossRef ]
Griner D, Smith T. Culturally adapted mental health intervention: a meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy. 2006; 43 :531–548. [ PubMed : 22122142 ]
Gruen RL, Weeramanthri TS, Knight SS, et al. Specialist outreach clinics in primary care and rural hospital settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;(1):CD003798. [ PMC free article : PMC9016793 ] [ PubMed : 14974038 ]
Gulliford M, Figueroa-Munoz J, Morgan M, et al. What does ‘access to health care’ mean? Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. 2007; 7 :186–188. [ PubMed : 12171751 ]
Gunn J, Diggens J, Hegarty K, et al. A systematic review of complex system interventions designed to increase recovery from depression in primary care. BMC Health Services Research. 2006; 6 :88. [ PMC free article : PMC1559684 ] [ PubMed : 16842629 ]
Hakkaart-van Roijen L, van Straten A, Al M, et al. Cost-utility of brief psychological treatment for depression and anxiety. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 188 :323–329. [ PubMed : 16582058 ]
Hall A, A'Hern R, Fallowfield L. Are we using appropriate self-report questionnaires for detecting anxiety and depression in women with early breast cancer? European Journal of Cancer. 1999; 35 :79–85. [ PubMed : 10211092 ]
Hansard. House of Commons: Written Answers from Mary Eagle, 27 May 2004, col. 1790W. London: Stationery Office; 2004.
Hardeveld F, Spijker J, De Graaf R, et al. Prevalence and predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder in the adult population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2010; 122 :184–191. [ PubMed : 20003092 ]
Harkness EF, Bower PJ. On-site mental health workers delivering psychological therapy and psychosocial interventions to patients in primary care: effects on the professional practice of primary care providers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(1):CD000532. [ PMC free article : PMC7068168 ] [ PubMed : 19160181 ]
Harris T. Introduction to the work of George Brown. In: Harris T, editor. Where Inner and Outer Worlds Meet: Psychosocial Research in the Tradition of George W. Brown. London & New York: Routledge; 2000. pp. 1–52.
Haworth JE, Moniz-Cook E, Clark AL, et al. An evaluation of two self-report screening measures for mood in an out-patient chronic heart failure population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007; 22 :1147–1153. [ PubMed : 17457953 ]
Heideman J, van Rijswijk E, van Lin N, et al. Interventions to improve management of anxiety disorders in general practice. British Journal of General Practice. 2005; 55 :867–873. [ PMC free article : PMC1570770 ] [ PubMed : 16282004 ]
Heim C, Nemeroff CB. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry. 2001; 49 :1023–1039. [ PubMed : 11430844 ]
Henkel V, Mergl R, Kohnen R, et al. Identifying depression in primary care: a comparison of different methods in a prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal. 2003; 326 :200–201. [ PMC free article : PMC140277 ] [ PubMed : 12543837 ]
Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001; 158 :1568–1578. [ PubMed : 11578982 ]
Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Genetic and environmental sources of covariation between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 161 :1581–1587. [ PubMed : 15337647 ]
Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Myers JM, et al. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for anxiety disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005; 62 :182–189. [ PubMed : 15699295 ]
Hewitt CE, Gilbody SM, Brealey S, et al. Methods to identify postnatal depression in primary care: an integrated evidence synthesis and value of information analysis. Health Technology Assessment. 2009; 13 :36. [ PubMed : 19624978 ]
Horowitz MJ, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1979; 41 :209–218. [ PubMed : 472086 ]
Huffman JC, Pollack MH. Predicting panic disorder among patients with chest pain: an analysis of the literature. Psychosomatics. 2003; 44 :222–236. [ PubMed : 12724504 ]
Humphris GM, Morrison T, Lindsay SJ. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms. Community Dental Health. 1995; 12 :143–150. [ PubMed : 7584581 ]
IAPT. The IAPT Data Handbook: Guidance on Recording and Monitoring Outcomes to Support Local Evidence-Based Practice. Version 1.0. 2010. See http://www .iapt.nhs.uk .
Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D. Assessing the quality of reports of randomised clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials. 1996; 17 :1–12. [ PubMed : 8721797 ]
Jeffries D. Ever been HAD? British Journal of General Practice. 2006; 56 :885–886. [ PMC free article : PMC1927103 ] [ PubMed : 17132361 ]
Jimison H, Gorman P, Woods S, et al. Barriers and drivers of health information technology use for the elderly, chronically ill, and underserved. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment. 2008; 175 :1–1422. [ PMC free article : PMC4781044 ] [ PubMed : 19408968 ]
Jung HP, Baerveldt C, Olesen F, et al. Patient characteristics as predictors of primary health care preferences: a systematic literature analysis. Health Expectations. 2003; 6 :160–181. [ PMC free article : PMC5060177 ] [ PubMed : 12752744 ]
Kairy D, Lehoux P, Vincent CF, et al. A systematic review of clinical outcomes, clinical process, healthcare utilization and costs associated with telerehabilitation. Disability & Rehabilitation. 2009; 31 :1–21. [ PubMed : 18720118 ]
Katona C. Managing depression and anxiety in the elderly patient. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 10 :427–432. [ PubMed : 11114487 ]
Kendler KS. Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder same genes, (partly) different environments – revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 30 :68–75. [ PubMed : 8864151 ]
Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Neale MC, et al. Genetic risk factors for major depression in men and women: similar or different heritabilities and same or partly distinct genes? Psychological Medicine. 2001; 31 :605–616. [ PubMed : 11352363 ]
Kendler L, Prescott C. A population-based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999; 56 :39–44. [ PubMed : 9892254 ]
Kendrick T, Dowrick C, McBride A, et al. Management of depression in UK general practice in relation to scores on depression severity questionnaires: analysis of medical record data. British Medical Journal. 2009; 339 :b750. [ PubMed : 19299475 ]
Kendrick T, King F, Albertella L, et al. GP treatment decisions for depression: an observational study. British Journal of General Practice. 2005; 55 :280–286. [ PMC free article : PMC1463130 ] [ PubMed : 15826435 ]
Kendrick T, Stevens L, Bryant A, et al. Hampshire Depression Project: changes in the process of care and cost consequences. British Journal of General Practice. 2001; 51 :911–913. [ PMC free article : PMC1314148 ] [ PubMed : 11761205 ]
Kennedy BL, Schwab JJ. Utilization of medical specialists by anxiety disorder patients. Psychosomatics. 1997; 38 :109–112. [ PubMed : 9063040 ]
Kessing LV. Epidemiology of subtypes of depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2007; 433 :85–89. [ PubMed : 17280574 ]
Kessler D, Bennewith O, Lewis G, et al. Detection of depression and anxiety in primary care: follow up study. British Medical Journal. 2002; 325 :1016–1017. [ PMC free article : PMC131021 ] [ PubMed : 12411363 ]
Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995; 52 :1048–1060. [ PubMed : 7492257 ]
Kessler RC, Stang P, Wittchen HU, et al. Lifetime co-morbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine. 1999; 29 :555–567. [ PubMed : 10405077 ]
Kessler RC, Greenberg PE, Mickelson KD, et al. The effects of chronic mental health conditions on work loss and work cut back. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001; 43 :218–225. [ PubMed : 11285869 ]
Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Dewit DJ, et al. Distinguishing generalized anxiety disorder from major depression: prevalence and impairment from current pure and comorbid disorders in the US and Ontario. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2002; 11 :99–111. [ PMC free article : PMC6878424 ] [ PubMed : 12459823 ]
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003; 289 :3095–3105. [ PubMed : 12813115 ]
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age of onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005; 62 :593–602. [ PubMed : 15939837 ]
Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, et al. Prevalence, severity and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005; 62 :617–627. [ PMC free article : PMC2847357 ] [ PubMed : 15939839 ]
Khan A, Leventhala RM, Khan S, et al. Suicide risk in patients with anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of the FDA database. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002; 68 :183–190. [ PubMed : 12063146 ]
Khanna S, Rajendra PN, Channabasavanna SM. Life events and onset of obsessive compulsive disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1988; 34 :305–309. [ PubMed : 3235293 ]
King M, Walker C, Levy G, et al. Development and validation of an international risk prediction algorithm for episodes of major depression in general practice attendees: the PredictD study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008; 65 :1368–1376. [ PubMed : 19047523 ]
Kinnersley P, Edwards A, Hood K, et al. Interventions before consultations to help patients address their information needs by encouraging question asking: systematic review. British Medical Journal. 2008; 337 :485–494. [ PMC free article : PMC2500196 ] [ PubMed : 18632672 ]
Kisely S, Gater R, Goldberg DP. Results from the Manchester Centre. In: Üstün TB, Sartorius N, editors. Mental Illness in General Health Care: an International Study. Chichester: Wiley; 1995. pp. 175–191.
Knapp M. Hidden costs of mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 183 :477–478. [ PubMed : 14645015 ]
Knapp M, Ilson S. Economic aspects of depression and its treatment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2002; 15 :69–75.
Knaup C, Koesters M, Schoefer D, et al. Effect of feedback of treatment outcome in specialist mental healthcare: a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 195 :15–22. [ PubMed : 19567889 ]
Kobak KA, Taylor LH, Dottl SL, et al. A computer-administered telephone interview to identify mental disorders. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997; 278 :905–910. [ PubMed : 9302242 ]
Kobak KA, Schaettle SC, Greist JH, et al. Computer-administered rating scales for social anxiety in a clinical drug trial. Depression and Anxiety. 1998; 7 :97–145. [ PubMed : 9656089 ]
Koran LM, Ringold AL, Elliott MA. Olanzapine augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 :514–517. [ PubMed : 10937610 ]
Krasucki C, Ryan P, Ertan T, et al. The FEAR: A rapid screening instrument for generalized anxiety in elderly primary care attenders. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1999; 14 :60–68. [ PubMed : 10029937 ]
Krefetz DG, Steer RA, Jermyn RT, et al. Screening HIV-infected patients with chronic pain for anxiety and mood disorders with the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory-Fast Screens for medical settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2004; 11 :283–289.
Krochmalik A, Jones MK, Menzies RG. Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT) for treatment-resistant compulsive washing. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001; 39 :897–912. [ PubMed : 11480831 ]
Kroenke K, Jackson JL, Chamberlin J. Depressive and anxiety disorders in patients presenting with physical complaints: clinical predictors and outcome. The American Journal of Medicine. 1997; 103 :339–347. [ PubMed : 9375700 ]
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2001; 16 :606–613. [ PMC free article : PMC1495268 ] [ PubMed : 11556941 ]
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007; 146 :317–325. [ PubMed : 17339617 ]
Kupfer DJ. Long-term treatment of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991; 52 :28–34. [ PubMed : 1903134 ]
Lambert MJ, Whipple JL, Hawkins EJ. Is it time for clinicians to routinely track patient outcome? A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2003; 10 :288–301.
Lambert MJ, Gregersen AT, Burlingame GM. The Outcome Questionnaire-45. In: Murish ME, editor. Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment. 3rd edn. Vol. 3. New Jersey: Erlbaum; 2004. pp. 191–234.
Lang A, Norman S, Means-Christensen A, et al. Abbreviated Brief Symptom Inventory for use as an anxiety and depression screening instrument in primary care. Depression and Anxiety. 2009; 26 :537–543. [ PubMed : 19016462 ]
LaSalle VH, Cromer KR, Nelson KN, et al. Diagnostic interview assessed neuropsychiatric disorder comorbidity in 334 individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety. 2004; 19 :163–173. [ PubMed : 15129418 ]
Layard R. The Depression Report: a New Deal for Depression and Anxiety Disorders. London: Centre for Economic Performance; 2006. Available at: http://cep .lse.ac.uk /pubs/download/special/depressionreport .pdf .
Lecrubier Y, Sheehan D, Weiller E, et al. The MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): a short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry. 1997; 12 :224–231.
Leon AC, Portera L, Weissman MM. The social costs of anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995; 166 :19–22. [ PubMed : 7794589 ]
Lewinsohn PM, Solomon A, Seeley JR, et al. Clinical implications of ‘subthreshold’ depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000; 109 :345–351. [ PubMed : 10895574 ]
Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, et al. Social phobia: review of a neglected anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1985; 42 :729–736. [ PubMed : 2861796 ]
Lindesay J, Jagger C, Hibbett M, et al. Knowledge, uptake and availability of health and social services among Asian Gujarati and white elderly persons. Ethnicity and Health. 1997; 2 :59–69. [ PubMed : 9395589 ]
Lochner C, Stein DJ. Heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2003; 11 :113–132. [ PubMed : 12893502 ]
Love AW, Kissane DW, Bloch S, et al. Diagnostic efficiency of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in women with early stage breast cancer. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 36 :246–250. [ PubMed : 11982548 ]
Lowe B, Spitzer RL, Grafe K, et al. Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians' diagnoses. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004; 78 :131–140. [ PubMed : 14706723 ]
Malhi GS, Parker GB, Greenwood J. Structural and functional models of depression: from sub-types to substrates. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2005; 111 :94–105. [ PubMed : 15667428 ]
Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, et al. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005; 294 :2064–2074. [ PubMed : 16249421 ]
Mann T. Clinical Guidelines: Using Clinical Guidelines to Improve Patient Care within the NHS. London: Department of Health; 1996.
Marciniak M, Lage MJ, Landbloom RP, et al. Medical and productivity costs of anxiety disorders: case control study. Depression and Anxiety. 2004; 19 :112–120. [ PubMed : 15022146 ]
Marciniak MD, Lage MJ, Dunayevich E, et al. The cost of treating anxiety: the medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs. Depression and Anxiety. 2005; 21 :178–184. [ PubMed : 16075454 ]
Marks I. Behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a decade of progress. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1997; 42 :1021–1027. [ PubMed : 9469234 ]
Marks J, Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. Determinants of the ability of general practitioners to detect psychiatric illness. Psychological Medicine. 1979; 9 :337–353. [ PubMed : 472079 ]
Marshall M, Crowther R, Almaraz-Serrano AM, et al. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of day care for people with severe mental disorders: (1) acute day hospital versus admission; (2) vocational rehabilitation; (3) day hospital versus outpatient care. Health Technology Assessment. 2001; 5 :1–75. [ PubMed : 11532238 ]
McCrone P, Dhanasiri S, Patel A, et al. Paying the Price: the Cost of Mental Health Care in England to 2026. London: King's Fund; 2008. Available at: http://www .kingsfund .org.uk/publications/paying_the_price .html .
McManus S, Meltzer H, Brugha T, et al. Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007: Results of a Household Survey. Leicester: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester; 2009.
McMillan D, Gilbody S, Beresford E, et al. Can we predict suicide and non-fatal self-harm with the Beck Hopelessness Scale? A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. 2007; 37 :769–778. [ PubMed : 17202001 ]
McNally RJ. Remembering Trauma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2003.
Means-Christensen AJ, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, et al. Using five questions to screen for five common mental disorders in primary care: diagnostic accuracy of the Anxiety and Depression Detector. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2006; 28 :108–118. [ PubMed : 16516060 ]
Meghani SH, Brooks JM, Gipson-Jones T, et al. Patient-provider race-concordance: does it matter in improving minority patients' health outcomes? Ethnicity & Health. 2009; 14 :107–130. [ PMC free article : PMC3209820 ] [ PubMed : 19012091 ]
Meltzer H, Bebbington P, Brugha T, et al. The reluctance to seek treatment for neurotic disorders. Journal of Mental Health. 2000; 9 :319–327.
Microsoft. Microsoft Word and Excel. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft; 2007. [computer software]
Mitchell A, Vaze A, Sanjay Rao S. Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009; 374 :609–619. [ PubMed : 19640579 ]
Mitchell AJ, Subramaniam H. Prognosis of depression in old age compared to middle age: a systematic review of comparative studies. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005; 162 :1588–1601. [ PubMed : 16135616 ]
Moffat J, Sass B, McKenzie K, et al. Improving pathways into mental health care for black and ethnic minority groups: a systematic review of the grey literature. International Review of Psychiatry. 2009; 21 :439–449. [ PubMed : 20374159 ]
Montgomery SA, Kasper S, Stein DJ, et al. Citalopram 20 mg, 40 mg and 60 mg are all effective and well tolerated compared with placebo in obsessive compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001; 16 :75–86. [ PubMed : 11236072 ]
Moscicki EK. Epidemiology of completed and attempted suicide: toward a framework for prevention. Clinical Neuroscience Research. 2001; 1 :310–323.
Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, et al. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007; 370 :851–858. [ PubMed : 17826170 ]
Murray C, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997; 349 :1498–1504. [ PubMed : 9167458 ]
Murray CJL, Lopez AD, Jamison DT. The global burden of disease in 1990: summary results, sensitivity analysis and future directions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1994; 72 :495–509. [ PMC free article : PMC2486716 ] [ PubMed : 8062404 ]
Narrow WE, Rae DS, Robins LN, et al. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys' estimates. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002; 59 :115–123. [ PubMed : 11825131 ]
National Patient Safety Agency. Preventing Suicide: a Toolkit for Mental Health Services. London: NHS NPSA; 2009.
NCCMH. Depression: Management of Depression in Primary and Secondary Care. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2004. [Full guideline]
NCCMH. Self-harm: the Short-term Physical and Psychological Management and Secondary Prevention of Self-harm in Primary and Secondary Care. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2004. [Full guideline] [ PubMed : 21834185 ]
NCCMH. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): the Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2005. [Full guideline]
NCCMH. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2006. [Full guideline] [ PubMed : 21834191 ]
NCCMH. Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2007. [Full guideline]
NCCMH. Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2008. [Full guideline] [ PubMed : 21834194 ]
NCCMH. Drug Misuse: Opioid Detoxification. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2008. [Full guideline] [ PubMed : 21452460 ]
NCCMH. Depression in Adults with a Chronic Physical Health Problem: Treatment and Management. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2010. [Full guideline] [ PubMed : 22259826 ]
NCCMH. Depression: the Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults. Updated edn. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2010. [Full guideline]
NCCMH. Generalised Anxiety Disorder in Adults: Management in Primary, Secondary and Community Care. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2011. [Full guideline] [ PubMed : 22536620 ]
NCCMH. Alcohol-use Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management of Harmful Drinking and Alcohol Dependence. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2011. [Full guideline] [ PubMed : 22624177 ]
NCCMH. Self-harm: Longer-term Management. Leicester & London: The British Psychological Society & the Royal College of Psychiatrists; (forthcoming)
Nelson JC, Delucchi K, Schneider LS. Anxiety does not predict response to antidepressant treatment in late life depression: results of a meta-analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2009; 24 :539–544. [ PubMed : 19334041 ]
Nestadt G, Addington A, Samuels J, et al. The identification of OCD: related subgroups based on comorbidity. Biological Psychiatry. 2003; 53 :914–920. [ PubMed : 12742679 ]
Neumeyer-Gromen A, Dipl-Soz TL, Stark K, et al. Disease management programs for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medical Care. 2004; 42 :1211–1221. [ PubMed : 15550801 ]
New Zealand Guidelines Group. Identification of Common Mental Disorders and Management of Depression in Primary Care: an Evidence-Based Best Practice Guideline. Wellington: New Zealand Guidelines Group; 2008.
Newman MG, Zuellig AR, Kachin KE, et al. Preliminary reliability and validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-IV: a revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Therapy. 2002; 33 :215–233.
Newth S, Rachman S. The concealment of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001; 39 :457–464. [ PubMed : 11280343 ]
NHS Information Centre. Quality and Outcomes Framework Database. 2008. [website]. Available at: www .ic.nhs.uk/qof .
NICE. Anxiety: Management of Anxiety (Panic Disorder, With Or Without Agoraphobia, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder) in Adults in Primary, Secondary and Community Care. 2004. NICE Clinical Guideline 22. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG22 [NICE guideline] [ PubMed : 20945576 ]
NICE. Depression: Management of Depression in Primary and Secondary Care. 2004. NICE Clinical Guideline 23. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG23 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Self-harm: the Short-term Physical and Psychological Management and Secondary Prevention of Self-harm in Primary and Secondary Care. 2004. NICE Clinical Guideline 16. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG16 [NICE guideline] [ PubMed : 21834185 ]
NICE. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. 2005. NICE Clinical Guideline 31. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG31 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): the Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care. 2005. NICE Clinical Guideline 26. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG26 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Bipolar Disorder: the Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Adolescents, in Primary and Secondary Care. 2006. NICE Clinical Guideline 38. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG38 [NICE guideline] [ PubMed : 21796830 ]
NICE. Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance. 2007. NICE Clinical Guideline 45. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG45 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions. 2007. NICE Clinical Guideline 51. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG51www.nice.org.uk/CG51 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Drug Misuse: Opioid Detoxification. 2007. NICE Clinical Guideline 52. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG52 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Depression: the Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults. 2009. NICE Clinical Guideline 90. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG90 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Depression in Adults with a Chronic Physical Health Problem: Treatment and Management. 2009. NICE Clinical Guideline 91. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG91 [NICE guideline] [ PubMed : 19748379 ]
NICE. Medicines Adherence: Involving Patients in Decisions about Prescribed Medicines and Supporting Adherence. 2009. NICE Clinical Guideline 76. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG76 . [ PubMed : 21834197 ]
NICE. The Guidelines Manual. London: NICE; 2009. [ PubMed : 27905714 ]
NICE. Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder (With or Without Agoraphobia) in Adults: Management in Primary, Secondary and Community Care. 2011. NICE Clinical Guideline 113. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG113 [NICE guideline]
NICE. Alcohol-use Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management of Harmful Drinking and Alcohol Dependence. 2011. NICE Clinical Guideline 115. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG115 . [NICE guideline] [ PubMed : 22624177 ]
NICE. Self-harm: Longer-term Management. 2011. NICE Clinical Guideline 133. Available at: www .nice.org.uk/CG133 . [NICE guideline]
Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146,538 participants in 54 observational studies. European Heart Journal. 2006; 27 :2763–2774. [ PubMed : 17082208 ]
Noyes J, Clarkson C, Crowe RR, et al. A family study of generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987; 144 :1019–1024. [ PubMed : 3605423 ]
Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME. A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1984; 10 :300–312. [ PubMed : 6729414 ]
Oakley Browne MA, Wells JE, Scott KM, et al. Lifetime prevalence and projected lifetime risk of DSM-IV disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 40 :865–874. [ PubMed : 16959012 ]
O'Dwyer LA, Baum F, Kavanagh A, et al. Do area-based interventions to reduce health inequalities work? A systematic review of evidence. Critical Public Health. 2007; 17 :317–335.
Olfson M, Gameroff MJ. Generalized anxiety disorder, somatic pain and health care costs. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2007; 29 :310–316. [ PubMed : 17591507 ]
Ostler K, Thompson C, Kinmonth ALK, et al. The influence of socioeconomic deprivation on the prevalence and outcome of depression in primary care: the Hampshire Depression Project. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001; 178 :12–17. [ PubMed : 11136204 ]
Ouimette P, Cronkite R, Prins A, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder, anger and hostility, and physical health status. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004; 192 :566. [ PubMed : 15387159 ]
Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, et al. Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 2003; 129 :52–73. [ PubMed : 12555794 ]
Panella M, Demarchi ML, Carnevale L, et al. The management of schizophrenia through clinical pathways. Value Health. 2006; 9 :318.
Parkerson GRJ, Broadhead WE. Screening for anxiety and depression in primary care with the Duke Anxiety-Depression Scale. Family Medicine. 1997; 29 :177–181. [ PubMed : 9085098 ]
Patel V, Araya R, de Lima M, et al. Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies. Social Science & Medicine. 1999; 49 :1461–1471. [ PubMed : 10515629 ]
Patel V, Kirkwood BR, Pednekar S, et al. Gender disadvantage and reproductive health risk factors for common mental disorders in women. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006; 63 :404–413. [ PubMed : 16585469 ]
Patten SB. Are the Brown and Harris ‘vulnerability factors’ risk factors for depression? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 1991; 16 :267–271. [ PMC free article : PMC1188364 ] [ PubMed : 1797101 ]
Paulden M, Palmer S, Hewitt C, et al. Screening for postnatal depression in primary care: cost effectiveness analysis. British Medical Journal. 2010; 339 :b5203. [ PMC free article : PMC2797050 ] [ PubMed : 20028779 ]
Petersen T, Andreotti CF, Chelminski I, et al. Do comorbid anxiety disorders impact treatment planning for outpatients with major depressive disorder? Psychiatry Research. 2009; 169 :7–11. [ PubMed : 19596155 ]
Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G. Gender differences in depression: critical review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000; 177 :486–492. [ PubMed : 11102321 ]
Pies R. Should psychiatrists use atypical antipsychotics to treat nonpsychotic anxiety. Psychiatry. 2009; 6 :29–37. [ PMC free article : PMC2720845 ] [ PubMed : 19724759 ]
Pignone M, DeWalt DA, Sheridan S, et al. Interventions to improve health outcomes for patients with low literacy: a systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2005; 20 :185–192. [ PMC free article : PMC1490066 ] [ PubMed : 15836553 ]
Pignone MP, Gaynes BN, Rushton JL, et al. Screening for depression in adults: a summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002; 136 :765–776. [ PubMed : 12020146 ]
Pilling S, Mavranezouli I. Economic model misrepresents NICE guidance. British Medical Journal. 2010 February 20; 2010. [Letter]
Ploeg J, Feightner J, Hutchison B, et al. Effectiveness of preventive primary care outreach interventions aimed at older people: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Canadian Family Physician. 2005; 51 :1244–1245. [ PMC free article : PMC1479461 ] [ PubMed : 16926937 ]
Pompili M, Serfini G, Del Casale A, et al. Improving assessment in mood disorders: the struggle against relapse, reoccurrence and suicide risk. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2009; 9 :985–1004. [ PubMed : 19589049 ]
Poole NA, Morgan JF. Validity and reliability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy clinic: the HADS in a cardiomyopathy population. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2006; 28 :5–58. [ PubMed : 16377366 ]
Popay J, Roberts H, Sowden A, et al. Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews: a Product from the ESRC Methods Programme (Version I). Lancaster: Institute of Health Research; 2006. 2006.
Powell J. Systematic review of outreach clinics in primary care in the UK. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy. 2002; 7 :177–178. [ PubMed : 12171749 ]
Priest RG, Vize C, Roberts A, et al. Lay people's attitudes to treatment of depression: results of opinion poll for Defeat Depression Campaign just before its launch. British Medical Journal. 1996; 313 :858–859. [ PMC free article : PMC2359082 ] [ PubMed : 8870574 ]
Prins MA, Verhaak PFM, Bensing JM, et al. Health beliefs and perceived need for mental health care of anxiety and depression: the patients' perspective explored. Clinical Psychology Review. 2008; 28 :1038–1058. [ PubMed : 18420323 ]
Rachman S. A cognitive theory of obsessions: elaborations. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1998; 36 :385–401. [ PubMed : 9670600 ]
Rachman S. A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002; 40 :625–639. [ PubMed : 12051482 ]
Rachman S. Fear of contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004; 42 :1227–1255. [ PubMed : 15381436 ]
Ramachandani P, Stein A. The impact of parental psychiatric disorder on children. British Medical Journal. 2003; 327 :242–243. [ PMC free article : PMC1126643 ] [ PubMed : 12896914 ]
Richards M, Maughan B, Hardy R, et al. Long-term affective disorder in people with mild intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001; 179 :523–527. [ PubMed : 11731356 ]
Rodriguez M, Valentine JM, Son JB, et al. Intimate partner violence and barriers to mental health care for ethnically diverse populations of women. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2009; 10 :358–374. [ PMC free article : PMC2761218 ] [ PubMed : 19638359 ]
Rogers A, Hassell K, Nicolaas G. Demanding Patients? Analysing the Use of Primary Care. Milton Keynes: Open University Press; 1999.
Rosenfeld R, Dar R, Anderson D, et al. A computer-administered version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychological Assessment. 1992; 4 :329–332.
Roth A, Fonagy P. What Works For Whom? A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research. New York: Guilford Publications; 2004.
Rowe SK, Rapaport MH. Classification and treatment of sub-threshold depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2006; 19 :9–13. [ PubMed : 16612172 ]
Rush JA, Trivedia MT, Carmodya TJ, et al. One-year clinical outcomes of depressed public sector outpatients: a benchmark for subsequent studies. Biological Psychiatry. 2004; 56 :46–53. [ PubMed : 15219472 ]
Salkovskis PM, Shafran R, Rachman S, et al. Multiple pathways to inflated responsibility beliefs in obsessional problems: possible origins and implications for therapy and research. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1999; 37 :1055–1072. [ PubMed : 10500320 ]
Salokangas RKR, Poutanen O. Risk factors for depression in primary care: findings of the TADEP project. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998; 48 :171–180. [ PubMed : 9543207 ]
Sareen J, Jacobi F, Cox BJ, et al. Disability and poor quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and physical conditions. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006; 166 :2109–2116. [ PubMed : 17060541 ]
Sartorius N. The economic and social burden of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 :8–11. [ PubMed : 11444765 ]
Sartorius N. Eines der letzen Hindernisse einer verbesserten psychiatrischen Versorgung: das Stigma psychisher Erkrankung. [[One of the last obstacles to better mental health care: the stigma of mental illness]]. Neuropsychiatrie. 2002; 16 :5–10. (Ger).
Scheppers E, van Dongen E, Dekker J, et al. Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities: a review. Family Practice. 2006; 23 :325–348. [ PubMed : 16476700 ]
Schmitz N, Kruse J, Heckrath C, et al. Diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R) as screening instruments. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1999; 34 :360–366. [ PubMed : 10477956 ]
Schnurr PP, Green BL, editors. Trauma and Health: Physical Consequences of Exposure to Extreme Stress. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2003.
Schünemann HJ, Best D, Vist G, et al. Letters, numbers, symbols and words: how to communicate grades of evidence and recommendations. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2003; 169 :677–680. [ PMC free article : PMC202287 ] [ PubMed : 14517128 ]
Scogin F, Hanson A, Welsh D. Self-administered treatment in stepped-care models of depression treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003; 59 :341–349. [ PubMed : 12579549 ]
Shah R, McNiece R, Majeed A. General practice consultation rates for psychiatric disorders in patients aged 65 and over: prospective cohort study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001; 16 :57–63. [ PubMed : 11180486 ]
Sherbourne CD, Wells KB, Judd LL. Functioning and well-being of patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 153 :213–218. [ PubMed : 8561201 ]
Shimokawa K, Lambert MJ, Smart DW. Enhancing treatment outcome of patients at risk of treatment failure: meta-analytic and mega-analytic review of a psychotherapy quality assurance system. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2010; 78 :298–311. [ PubMed : 20515206 ]
Simon G, Ormel J, VonKorff M, et al. Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995; 152 :352–357. [ PubMed : 7864259 ]
Simon GE, Goldberg DP, von Korff M, et al. Understanding crossnational differences in depression prevalence. Psychological Medicine. 2002; 32 :585–594. [ PubMed : 12102373 ]
Simpson SM, Krishnan LL, Kunik ME, et al. Racial disparities in diagnosis and treatment of depression: a literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2007; 78 :3–14. [ PubMed : 17102936 ]
Singleton N, Bumpstead R, O'Brien M, et al. Psychiatric Morbidity Among Adults Living in Private Households. London: The Stationery Office; 2001.
Skoog G, Skoog I. A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999; 56 :121–127. [ PubMed : 10025435 ]
Skultety KM, Zeiss A. The treatment of depression in older adults in the primary care setting: an evidence-based review. Health Psychology. 2006; 25 :665–674. [ PubMed : 17100494 ]
Slattery MJ, Dubbert BK, Allan AJ, et al. Prevalence of obsessive compulsive-disorder in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004; 65 :301–306. [ PubMed : 15096067 ]
Smiley E. Epidemiology of mental health problems in adults with learning disabilities: an update. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2005; 11 :214–222.
Smith AB, Wright EP, Rush R, et al. Rasch analysis of the dimensional structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Psycho-Oncology. 2006; 15 :817–827. [ PubMed : 16353288 ]
Smolders M, Laurant M, Roberge P, et al. Knowledge transfer and improvement of primary and ambulatory care for patients with anxiety. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2008; 53 :277–293. [ PubMed : 18551849 ]
Solomon SD, Davidson JRT. Trauma: prevalence, impairment, service use and cost. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997; 58 :5–11. [ PubMed : 9329445 ]
Souêtre E, Lozet H, Cimarosti I, et al. Cost of anxiety disorders: impact of comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1994; 38 :151–160. [ PubMed : 7799247 ]
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, et al. Validation and utility of a self-report version of the PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999; 282 :1737–1744. [ PubMed : 10568646 ]
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006; 166 :1092–1097. [ PubMed : 16717171 ]
Stansfeld SA, Fuhrer R, Shipley MJ, et al. Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999; 56 :302–307. [ PMC free article : PMC1757742 ] [ PubMed : 10472303 ]
Stark D, Kiely M, Smith A, et al. Anxiety disorders in cancer patients: their nature, associations, and relation to quality of life. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2002; 14 :3137–3148. [ PubMed : 12118028 ]
StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 10. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2007.
Steketee G, Frost R, Bogart K. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996; 34 :675–684. [ PubMed : 8870295 ]
Taylor S. Assessment of obsessions and compulsions: reliability, validity, and sensitivity to treatment effects. Clinical Psychology Reviews. 1995; 15 :261–296.
Taylor S, Thordarson DS, Sachting I. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Anthony MM, Barlow DH, editors. Handbook of Assessment and Treatment Planning for Psychological Disorders. New York: Guilford Press; 2002. pp. 182–214.
Thomas CM, Morris S. Cost of depression among adults in England in 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 183 :514–519. [ PubMed : 14645022 ]
Thompson C, Kinmonth AL, Steven L, et al. Effects of a clinical-practice guideline and practice-based education on detection and outcome of depression in primary care: Hampshire Depression Project randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2000; 355 :50–57. [ PubMed : 10675118 ]
Thompson C, Ostler K, Peveler RC, et al. Dimensional perspective on the recognition of depressive symptoms in primary care. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001; 179 :317–323. [ PubMed : 11581111 ]
Tiemens BG, Ormel J, Jenner JA, et al. Training primary-care physicians to recognize, diagnose and manage depression: does it improve patient outcomes? Psychological Medicine. 1999; 29 :833–845. [ PubMed : 10473310 ]
Titov N, Andrews G, Robinson E, et al. Clinician-assisted internet-based treatment is effective for generalized anxiety disorder: randomized controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 43 :905–912.
Tylee A, Walters P. Underrecognition of anxiety and mood disorders in primary care: why does the problem exist and what can be done ? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007; 68 :27–30. [ PubMed : 17288504 ]
Tyrer P, Baldwin D. Generalised anxiety disorder. The Lancet. 2006; 368 :2156–2166. [ PubMed : 17174708 ]
Tyrer P, Seivewright H, Johnson T. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: predictors of 12-year outcome of dysthymia, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine. 2004; 34 :1385–1394. [ PubMed : 15724870 ]
Üstün TB, Sartorius N, editors. Mental Illness in General Health Care: an International Study. Chichester: Wiley; 1995.
Van Citters AD, Bartels SJ. A systematic review of the effect of community-based mental health outreach services for older adults. Psychiatric Services. 2004; 55 :1237–1249. [ PubMed : 15534012 ]
van Oppen P, Arntz A. Cognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1994; 32 :79–87. [ PubMed : 8135725 ]
Van Voorhees BW, Walters AE, Prochaska M, et al. Reducing health disparities in depressive disorders outcomes between non-Hispanic whites and ethnic minorities: a call for pragmatic strategies over the life course. Medical Care Research and Review. 2007; 64 :157–194. [ PubMed : 17766647 ]
Vanhaecht K, Bollmann M, Bower K, et al. Prevalence and use of clinical pathways in 23 countries: an international survey by the European Pathway Association. Journal of Integrated Care Pathways. 2007; 10 :28–34.
Vanherck P, Vanhaecht K, Sermeus W. Effects of clinical pathways: do they work? Journal of Integrated Pathways. 2004; 8 :95.
Von Korff M, Shapiro S, Burke JD, et al. Anxiety and depression in a primary care clinic: comparison of Diagnostic Interview Schedule, General Health Questionnaire, and practitioner assessments. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987; 44 :152–156. [ PubMed : 3813810 ]
Waraich P, Goldner EM, Somers JM, et al. Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 49 :124–138. [ PubMed : 15065747 ]
Warrilow AE, Beech B. Self-help CBT for depression: opportunities for primary care mental health nurses? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2009; 16 :792–803. [ PubMed : 19824973 ]
Weathers FW, Ford J. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL–C, PCL–S, PCL–M, PCL–PR) In: Stamm BH, editor. Measurement of Stress, Trauma and Adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press; 1996.
Webb SA, Diefenbach G, Wagener P, et al. Comparison of self-report measures for identifying late-life generalized anxiety in primary care. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2008; 21 :223–231. [ PMC free article : PMC2597543 ] [ PubMed : 19017779 ]
Weich S, Lewis G. Poverty, unemployment and common mental disorders: population based study. British Medical Journal. 1998; 317 :115–119. [ PMC free article : PMC28602 ] [ PubMed : 9657786 ]
Weich S, Lewis G. Material standard of living, social class, and the prevalence of the common mental disorders in Great Britain. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 1998; 52 :8–14. [ PMC free article : PMC1756605 ] [ PubMed : 9604035 ]
Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale – Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane T, editors. Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press; 1997. pp. 399–411.
Weissman MM, Merikangas KR. The epidemiology of anxiety and panic disorders: an update. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986; 47 :11–17. [ PubMed : 3519588 ]
Weissman MM, Broadhead WM, Olfson M, et al. A diagnostic aid for detecting (DSM-IV) mental disorders in primary care. General Hospital Psychiatry. 1998; 20 :1–11. [ PubMed : 9506249 ]
Welkowitz LA, Struening EL, Pittman J, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and comorbid anxiety problems in a national anxiety screening sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2000; 14 :471–482. [ PubMed : 11095541 ]
Wells A. Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2000.
Westen K, Morrison A. A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: an empirical examination of the status of empirically supported treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001; 69 :875–899. [ PubMed : 11777114 ]
Wetherell JL, Kim DS, Lindamer LA, et al. Anxiety disorders in a public mental health system: clinical characteristics and service use patterns. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2007; 104 :179–183. [ PMC free article : PMC2128749 ] [ PubMed : 17408752 ]
Whelan-Goodinson R, Ponsford J, Schonberger M. Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury as compared with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009; 114 :94–102. [ PubMed : 18656266 ]
Whitaker S, Read S. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among people with intellectual disabilities: an analysis of the literature. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2006; 19 :330–345.
Whittle C, Hewison A. Integrated care pathways: pathways to change in health care? Journal of Health Organization and Management. 2007; 21 :297–306. [ PubMed : 17713189 ]
WHO. The ICD–10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1992.
WHO. The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2002. [ PubMed : 14741909 ]
Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, et al. Case-finding instruments for depression: two questions are as good as many. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1997; 12 :439–445. [ PMC free article : PMC1497134 ] [ PubMed : 9229283 ]
Wilkinson MJB, Barczak P. Psychiatric screening in general practice: comparison of the general health questionnaire and the hospital anxiety depression scale. The Journal of Royal College of General Practitioners. 1988; 38 :311–313. [ PMC free article : PMC1711493 ] [ PubMed : 3255827 ]
Williams JW, Noel PH, Cordes JA, et al. Is this patient clinically depressed? Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002; 287 :1160–1170. [ PubMed : 11879114 ]
Williamson RJ, Neale BM, Sterne A, et al. The value of four mental health self-report scales in predicting interview-based mood and anxiety disorder diagnoses in sibling pairs. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2005; 8 :101–107. [ PubMed : 15901472 ]
Wilson A, Tobin M, Ponzio V, et al. Developing a clinical pathway in depression: sharing our experience. Australasian Psychiatry. 1997; 7 :17–9.
Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe-a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005; 15 :357–376. [ PubMed : 15961293 ]
Wittchen HU, Carter R, Pfister H, et al. Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000; 15 :319–328. [ PubMed : 11110007 ]
Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Beesdo K, et al. Generalised anxiety and depression in primary care: prevalence, recognition, and management. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 :24–34. [ PubMed : 12044105 ]
World Bank. World Development Report: Investing in Health Research Development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Bank; 1993.
Yonkers KA, Warshaw MG, Massion AO, et al. Phenomenology and course of generalised anxiety disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 168 :308–313. [ PubMed : 8833684 ]
Zatzick DF, Marmar CR, Weiss DS, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997; 154 :1690–1695. [ PubMed : 9396947 ]
Zhu B, Zhao Z, Ye W, et al. The cost of comorbid depression and pain for individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 2009; 197 :136–139. [ PubMed : 19214050 ]
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983; 67 :361–370. [ PubMed : 6880820 ]
Zimmerman M, McDermut W, Mattia JI. Frequency of anxiety disorders in psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000; 157 :1337–1340. [ PubMed : 10910803 ]
Zohar J, Judge R. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 169 :468–474. [ PubMed : 8894198 ]

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Enquiries in this regard should be directed to the British Psychological Society.

Cite this Page National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Common Mental Health Disorders: Identification and Pathways to Care. Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society (UK); 2011. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 123.) REFERENCES.
PDF version of this title (1.4M)

Other titles in this collection

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines

Related NICE guidance and evidence

Common mental health disorders: Evidence Update March 2013: A summary of selected new evidence relevant to NICE clinical guideline 123 'Common mental health disorders: identification and pathways to care' (2011)
2018 surveillance of common mental health problems: identifification and pathways to care (NICE guideline CG123)

Related information

PMC PubMed Central citations
PubMed Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

REFERENCES - Common Mental Health Disorders REFERENCES - Common Mental Health Disorders

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

Connect with NLM

National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894

Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure

Help Accessibility Careers

Supported by

Critic’s Notebook

I Saw My Anxiety Reflected in ‘Inside Out 2.’ It Floored Me.

In a way that’s both cathartic and devastating, Pixar’s latest portrays how anxiety can take hold, our critic writes.

Share full article

A still from the movie “Inside Out 2” shows the character of Anxiety — an orange cartoon with big eyes and frayed hair — waving to other animated characters.

By Maya Phillips

At the climax of Pixar’s “Inside Out 2,” Riley, a freshly pubescent teen with a gaggle of new personified emotions, becomes so overwhelmed with anxiety that she has a panic attack.

In the theater, I whispered to my friend that I’d forgotten to bring my panic attack medication. I’d said it as a joke — but at the sight of this anxious animated teenager, my whole body’s choreography changed. My muscles tensed. I pressed my right palm down hard to my chest and took a few deep yoga breaths, trying to cut off the familiar beginnings of an attack.

This depiction of how quickly anxiety can take hold was overwhelming. I saw my own experiences reflected in Riley’s. “Inside Out 2” felt personal to me in a way that was equally cathartic and devastating: It’s a movie that so intimately understands how my anxiety disorder upends my everyday life.

“Inside Out 2” picks up two years after the 2015 film “Inside Out,” as Riley is about to start high school. With puberty comes a group of new emotions, led by Anxiety. A manic orange sprite voiced by Maya Hawke, Anxiety bumps out the old emotions and inadvertently wreaks havoc on Riley’s belief system and self-esteem as she tries to manage the stress of a weekend hockey camp.

When an emotion takes over in the “Inside Out” movies, a control board in Riley’s mind changes to that feeling’s color; Anxiety’s takeover, however, is more absolute. She creates a stronghold in Riley’s imagination, where she forces mind workers to illustrate negative hypothetical scenarios for Riley’s future. Soon, Riley’s chief inner belief is of her inadequacy; the emotions hear “I’m not good enough” as a low, rumbling refrain in her mind.

I’m familiar with anxiety’s hold on the imagination; my mind is always writing the script to the next worst day of my life. It’s already embraced all possibilities of failure. And my anxiety’s ruthless demands for perfection often turn my thoughts into an unrelenting roll-call of self-criticisms and insecurities.

We are having trouble retrieving the article content.

Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access.

Already a subscriber? Log in .

Want all of The Times? Subscribe .

COMMENTS

PDF Psychological Disorders
problems get classified as "mental disorders," and sometimes they don't. In addition, the reasons why people experience problems are highly complex. Indeed, psychological disorders are at least as complex as why people ex-perience or do anything else. It is important for students to understand the complexity of psychological disorders.
(PDF) Psychological Disorders
called psychological disorders are not disorders at all. Szasz (1961/2010) proclaimed that "disease or illness can only affect the body; hence, there can be no mental illness" (p. 267).
The psychological perspective on mental health and mental disorder
The contribution of the Psychological Sciences. Psychology can broadly be defined as an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of basic psychological functions like perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, as well as complex psychological processes such as decision‐making, volition and behaviour control, including its neural and biological ...
What is a mental disorder? An exemplar-focused approach
Table 3. DSM-5 definition of mental disorder. A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or development processes underlying mental functioning.
What is Mental Disorder? An essay in philosophy, science, and values
Bolton, Derek, What is Mental Disorder? An essay in philosophy, science, and values, ... This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. View Article Abstract & Purchase Options. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values
mental illness. This idea—probably a comfortable one to many readers of this journal—is that there exists in the real world a clear distinction between mental health and disorder. All we have to do is be smart enough to find it and define it clearly. He evaluates several approaches to naturalist defini-tions of psychiatric disorders.
PDF Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders
how they are adapted to study abnormal behavior/mental disorders. We will conclude with an overview of what mental health professionals do. Module Outline • 1.1. Understanding Abnormal Behavior • 1.2. Classifying Mental Disorders • 1.3. The Stigma of Mental Illness • 1.4. The History of Mental Illness • 1.5. Research Methods in ...
What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values
Ultimately, Bolton opts for a harm-based approach to defining what should go into our diagnostic manuals. That is the point of greatest consensus for all stakeholders in the business of mental health. He dislikes the term "disorder," because in many of these syndromes, mental life remains ordered and meaningful.
(PDF) What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and
This paper will discuss the recognition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in legal cases based on the historical development of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM). Further the discussion will draw on the diagnostic relationship between the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
(PDF) Mental health disorders
PDF | On Jan 1, 2013, D. Murphey and others published Mental health disorders | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
PDF CHAPTER 1 An introduction to mental health and mental illness
development or self-actualisation mental health is based on the individual's relation to reality in terms of. autonomy, perception of reality, environmental mastery mental health is the ability of the individual to integrate developing and. differing aspects of themselves over time.
PDF Psychological Disorders
3. Psychological Disorders. To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal. William James (1842-1910) There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004). [current population of US is 307 million] Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures of the world.
(PDF) Anxiety: Insights into Signs, Symptoms, Etiology ...
The anxiety is associated with restlessness, feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty in concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, and irritability ...
PDF Clinical Psychology Review
1. The biomedical model of mental disorder: a critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research Mental disorders are brain diseases caused by neurotransmitter dysregulation, genetic anomalies, and defects in brain structure and function. Yet, scientists have not identiﬁed a biological cause of, or
Introduction
The effects of mental disorder are apparent and pervasive, in suffering, loss of freedom and life opportunities, negative impacts on use of education, work satisfaction and productivity, complications in law, institutions of healthcare, intensive scientific research into causes and cures and so on.
PDF Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Immediate treatment of a manic episode might include anticonvulsants such as Depakote. or an antipsychotic medicine. Anxiolytics (antianxiety) Tranquilizers or anxiolytics are used to treat anxiety disorders. Common drugs used today are usually benzo-diazepines (e.g., Librium and Valium).
Evidence-based psychological treatments for mental disorders
Unfortunately, the trend toward under treating mental disorders is not limited to the USA. A national survey of 16-64 year olds in Great Britain over a 7-year period (1993-2000) reported that only a quarter of people with a mental disorder were receiving some kind of treatment in 2007, unchanged from 2000 (Jenkins et al., 2009).
Essay On Psychological Disorders
Essay on Psychological Disorders - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. essay on psychological disorders
(PDF) Depression
Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Download full-text PDF. Read full-text. Download citation. Copy link Link copied. ... mental disorders, A meta-analysis Br J Psychiatry, 170, 205-228.
PDF Psypsypsychological Disorders
psychological disorders that are characterised by superstition, ignorance and fear. Again it is commonly believed that psychological disorder is something to be ashamed of. The stigma attached to mental illness means that people are hesitant to consult a doctor or psychologist because they are ashamed of their problems. Actually, psychological ...
Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A
Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions, and, if left untreated, it can increase the risk for substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and suicide. In the past 20 years, a large number of studies on the risk and protective factors of depression have been undertaken in various fields, such as genetics, neurology, immunology, and ...
Commentary: Understanding PTSD, Getting Effective Treatment
Post-traumatic stress disorder, known as PTSD, is a mental health disorder that may develop following a traumatic event in which a person is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. PTSD can be treated, and symptoms can be reduced. The military's use of its updated 2023 PTSD treatment guidelines will further improve the outlook of PTSD patients.
(PDF) Defining mental health and mental illness
the term mental health problems is used to cover a broad spectrum of conditions ranging. from diagnosable disorders such as anxiety and depression, through to acting out behaviours. The BMA (2006 ...
PDF Behavioral Health among Older Adults: Results from the 2021 ...
development of mental disorders. 5 Stigma surrounding mental illness and substance use can create a barrier for older adults to seek treatment for mental or substance use disorders. Older adults also can have difficulty accessing behavioral health treatment because of cost, transportation, and challenges in navigating the healthcare system. 6
REFERENCES
Gill SC, Butterworth P, Rodgers B, et al. Validity of the mental health component scale of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (MCS-12) as measure of common mental disorders in the general population. Psychiatry Research. 2007;152:63-71.
"Inside Out 2" Understands How Anxiety Effects Me
Joy's words decimated me. For years my therapist has warned me against allowing my anxiety to steal my capacity for joy. I'm infamous for letting hypothetical losses and mishaps suck the air ...

Change Password

Password Changed Successfully

Create your account

Forgot your Username?

What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values

What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS

Sign in through your institution

Introduction

Personal account

Institutional access

IP based access

Society Members

Sign in through society site

Sign in using a personal account

Viewing your signed in accounts

Signed in but can't access content

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Common Mental Health Disorders: Identification and Pathways to Care.

Other titles in this collection

Related NICE guidance and evidence

Related information

Recent Activity

I Saw My Anxiety Reflected in ‘Inside Out 2.’ It Floored Me.

COMMENTS