Continuous 24*7 Water Supply System: A Review of Literature
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- Nitin P. Sonaje 9 ,
- Mukund M. Pawar 10 &
- Nitin D. More 10
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- Techno-Societal 2016, International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Societal Applications
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Modern improvements in water analysis methods have highlighted the many advantages of a continuous water distribution system over an intermittent water supply system. Early studies in this discipline mostly focused on case studies that described the difficulties and benefits of putting continuous water delivery systems in place. These studies gave important information about the process of implementation, budgetary considerations, and how people responded to the altered water supply system. In order to identify leaks and enhance water quality, the leakages were analysed using a representative sample of water from the end user’s water tap that was tested for chlorine and turbidity monitoring.
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Sonaje, N.P., Pawar, M.M., More, N.D. (2024). Continuous 24*7 Water Supply System: A Review of Literature. In: Pawar, P.M., et al. Techno-societal 2022. ICATSA 2022. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34644-6_16
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Assessing sustainability in rural water supply systems in developing countries using a novel tool based on multi-criteria analysis.
1. Introduction
2. materials and methods, 2.1. indicators to assess sustainability in rural water supply systems, 2.2. development of a tool to assess rwss sustainability, 2.3. application of the tool in the sustainability assessment of a rural water supply system in a case of study, 2.3.1. selection of the study area, 2.3.2. data collection, 2.3.3. data analysis, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. tool for assessing the sustainability of rural water supply systems, 3.1.1. selection of indicators, population characteristics, users acceptability, accountability and transparency, collective action, policies, rules, and norms, administration, operation, and maintenance (ao&m), post-construction support, access to water, appropriate technology, infrastructure, reliability, water quality, financial knowledge, risks to service provision, environmental impact of technology, 3.1.2. weighting of attributes and indicators, 3.2. sustainability assessment of a rural water supply system in a páramo community, 3.2.1. population characteristics, 3.2.2. users acceptability, 3.2.3. accountability and transparency, 3.2.4. collective action, 3.2.5. conflicts, 3.2.6. policies, rules, and norms, 3.2.7. administration, operation, and maintenance (ao&m), 3.2.8. post-construction support, 3.2.9. access to water, 3.2.10. appropriate technology, 3.2.11. infrastructure, 3.2.12. reliability, 3.2.13. water quality, 3.2.14. financial knowledge, 3.2.15. funding, 3.2.16. risks to service provision, 3.2.17. environmental impact of technology, 3.3. insights from applying the tool, 4. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Attribute | Wa | Indicator Code | Wi | Data Collection Method | Indicator Code | Wi | Data Collection Method | Indicator Code | Wi | Data Collection Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Population characteristics | 0.06 | 1.1 | 0.05 | HS | 1.4 | 0.05 | HS | 1.7 | 0.10 | HS |
1.2 | 0.20 | TL | 1.5 | 0.05 | HS | |||||
1.3 | 0.50 | WM | 1.6 | 0.05 | HS | |||||
2. Users acceptability | 0.06 | 2.1 | 0.20 | HS | 2.3 | 0.20 | HS | 2.5 | 0.20 | HS |
2.2 | 0.35 | HS | 2.4 | 0.05 | HS | |||||
3. Accountability and transparency | 0.02 | 3.1 | 0.25 | FG; SSI | 3.3 | 0.25 | FG; SSI; HS | |||
3.2 | 0.25 | FG; SSI | 3.4 | 0.25 | FG; SSI | |||||
4. Collective action | 0.06 | 4.1 | 0.05 | HS; FG; SSI | 4.5 | 0.10 | HS; FG; SSI | 4.9 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; TL |
4.2 | 0.05 | HS; FG; SSI | 4.6 | 0.05 | HS; FG; SSI | 4.10 | 0.05 | HS; FG; SSI | ||
4.3 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; TL | 4.7 | 0.20 | HS; FG; SSI | |||||
4.4 | 0.35 | HS | 4.8 | 0.05 | HS | |||||
5. Conflicts | 0.04 | 5.1 | 0.30 | FG; SSI; TL | 5.2 | 0.40 | FG; SSI; TL | 5.3 | 0.30 | HS; FG; SSI |
6. Policies, rules, and norms | 0.02 | 6.1 | 0.30 | FG; SSI | 6.2 | 0.70 | FG; SSI | |||
7. Administration, Operation, and Maintenance | 0.04 | 7.1 | 0.02 | FG; SSI | 7.7 | 0.01 | FG; SSI | 7.13 | 0.02 | FG; SSI; O |
7.2 | 0.15 | FG; SSI | 7.8 | 0.10 | FG; SSI | 7.14 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; O; SI | ||
7.3 | 0.01 | FG; SSI | 7.9 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; O | 7.15 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; O; SI | ||
7.4 | 0.01 | FG; SSI | 7.10 | 0.01 | FG; SSI; O | 7.16 | 0.10 | FG; SSI | ||
7.5 | 0.01 | FG; SSI | 7.11 | 0.01 | FG; SSI; O; SI | 7.17 | 0.10 | FG; SSI | ||
7.6 | 0.12 | FG; SSI | 7.12 | 0.03 | FG; SSI; O | |||||
8. Post-construction support | 0.01 | 8.1 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; O | 8.2 | 0.70 | FG; SSI; O | 8.3 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; O |
9. Access | 0.08 | 9.1 | 0.70 | FG; SSI; SI; O; SM | 9.2 | 0.30 | HS; FG; SSI | |||
10. Appropriateness | 0.13 | 10.1 | 0.20 | O | 10.3 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; SI; O | 10.5 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; SI; O |
10.2 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; SI; O | 10.4 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; SI; O | |||||
11. Infrastructure | 0.09 | 11.1 | 0.40 | WM; FG; SSI | 11.4 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; SI; O | 11.7 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; SI; O |
11.2 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; SI; O | 11.5 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; SI; O | 11.8 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; SI; O | ||
11.3 | 0.10 | FG; SSI; SI; O | 11.6 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; SI; O | 11.9 | 0.05 | HS; FG; SSI | ||
12. Reliability | 0.08 | 12.1 | 0.40 | HS; FG; SSI | 12.3 | 0.05 | HS; FG; SSI | 12.5 | 0.20 | HS; FG; SSI |
12.2 | 0.30 | HS; FG; SSI | 12.4 | 0.05 | HS; FG; SSI | |||||
13. Water quality | 0.14 | 13.1 | 0.80 | WM | 13.2 | 0.20 | WM | |||
14. Financial knowledge | 0.02 | 14.1 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; O | 14.3 | 0.30 | FG; SSI; O | |||
14.2 | 0.30 | FG; SSI; O | 14.4 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; O | |||||
15. Funding | 0.05 | 15.1 | 0.30 | FG; SSI; O | 15.3 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; HS | 15.5 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; O |
15.2 | 0.05 | FG; SSI; O | 15.4 | 0.20 | FG; SSI; HS | 15.6 | 0.35 | FG; SSI | ||
16. Risks to service provision | 0.09 | 16.1 | 0.50 | WM | 16.3 | 0.10 | SI | |||
16.2 | 0.30 | SI | 16.4 | 0.10 | HS; O | |||||
17. Environmental impact of technology | 0.01 | 17.1 | 0.15 | WM | 17.4 | 0.10 | SI; WM | 17.7 | 0.10 | SI; WM |
17.2 | 0.10 | SI; WM | 17.5 | 0.10 | SI; WM | |||||
17.3 | 0.40 | WM | 17.6 | 0.05 | SI; WM |
Sustainability Indicator | Weight of Indicator (Wi) | Qualitative Value Judgement | Data Collection Method | Behavior in the Case Study | Score (S) | Wi*S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage (%) of people that have completed high school (1.1) | 0.05 | The educational level of the community facilitates system functioning | HS | Only 12% of SR had a high school or above level of education. | 1 | 0.05 |
Population growth rate (%) (1.2) | 0.20 | Population growth is not a hazard for the system capacity in the short-term | TL | Population growth was 4%, which could be an issue and a pressure factor due to the fragile páramo ecosystem. | 1 | 0.20 |
Percapita water demand/World Health Organization standard (100 lpcd) [ ] (1.3) | 0.50 | User water practices are not a hazard for the system capacity in the short-term | WM | Water demand was 740 lpcd. With increasing population growth (4%) and productive uses of water, water provision could be at risk if water management strategies are not considered. | 1 | 0.50 |
Percentage (%) of users who have been trained in water, sanitation, and hygiene issues (1.4) | 0.05 | Users have been trained in water, sanitation, and hygiene issues | HS | 0% of SR had received training in water, sanitation, and hygiene issues. | 1 | 0.05 |
Percentage (%) of users who understand how the system is managed (1.5) | 0.05 | Users understand how the system is managed | HS | 52% of SR indicated they understood how the system was managed. | 3 | 0.15 |
Percentage (%) of Users who understand how the system is operated and maintained (1.6) | 0.05 | Users understand how the system is operated and maintained | HS | 68% of SR indicated they understood how the system was operated and maintained. | 4 | 0.20 |
Percentage (%) of Users who believe they are able to pay for the water service (1.7) | 0.1 | Users believe they are able to pay for the water service | HS | 97% of SR indicated they were able to pay for the water service. | 5 | 0.50 |
1.7 |
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Domínguez, I.; Oviedo-Ocaña, E.R.; Hurtado, K.; Barón, A.; Hall, R.P. Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis. Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 5363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195363
Domínguez I, Oviedo-Ocaña ER, Hurtado K, Barón A, Hall RP. Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis. Sustainability . 2019; 11(19):5363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195363
Domínguez, Isabel, Edgar Ricardo Oviedo-Ocaña, Karen Hurtado, Andrés Barón, and Ralph P. Hall. 2019. "Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis" Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195363
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