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Field Experiment
| Field Experiment | |
|---|---|
| Start | |
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| Level | 10-70 |
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| Experience | 3,950 |
| Reputation | +150 |
| Rewards | 13 45 74 |
| Shareable | Yes |
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- 1 Objectives
- 2 Description
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- 8 Patch changes
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Help LOU-C run her tests in Whaler's Nook.
- Activate the Geoscanner
- Talk to LOU-C Fitzcog in Whaler's Nook.
Description
Thanks to you, our geological survey is now operating at nearly 96% efficiency!
<LOU-C furrows her eyebrows.>
Those are rookie numbers.
Help me run the samples you collected through my Geoscanner 289-07. It should give us a baseline as to what exactly is going on at the plateau.
You will receive:
- +150 reputation with Dragonscale Expedition
For science!
They say to expect the unexpected, but wow... this is unprecedented!
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We have moved to Warcraft Wiki. Click here for information and the new URL.
Field Experiment
| Field Experiment | |
|---|---|
| Start | |
| End | |
| Level | 65-68 |
| Category | |
| Experience | 3,950 |
| Reputation | +150 |
| Rewards | 13 45 74 |
| Shareable | Yes |
| Previous | , , |
| Next | & |
- 1 Objectives
- 2 Description
- 5 Completion
- 7 Progression
- 8 Patch changes
- 9 External links
Objectives [ ]
Help LOU-C run her tests in Whaler's Nook .
- Activate the Geoscanner
- Talk to LOU-C Fitzcog in Whaler's Nook.
Description [ ]
Thanks to you, our geological survey is now operating at nearly 96% efficiency!
<LOU-C furrows her eyebrows.>
Those are rookie numbers.
Help me run the samples you collected through my Geoscanner 289-07. It should give us a baseline as to what exactly is going on at the plateau.
Rewards [ ]
You will receive:
- +150 reputation with Dragonscale Expedition
Progress [ ]
For science!
Completion [ ]
They say to expect the unexpected, but wow... this is unprecedented!
Progression [ ]
Patch changes [ ]
External links [ ]
- World of Warcraft
- 2 Xal'atath
- 3 Sylvanas Windrunner
Cadherin-26 drives macrophage alternative activation via suppressing STUB1-mediated IL-4Rα ubiquitination in asthma
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Rationale：IL-4 receptor (IL-4R)-mediated alternative activation of macrophage drives type 2 airway inflammation. Cadherin-26 (CDH26) upregulates epithelial type II IL-4R signaling in asthma. However, whether CDH26 contributes to type I IL-4R-mediated macrophage activation and the mechanism by which CDH26 upregulates IL-4R expression remains unknown. Objectives: To investigate whether CDH26 promotes macrophage alternative activation via suppressing IL-4Rα ubiquitination-proteasomal degradation. Methods: CDH26 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells of asthma patients was examined using quantitative PCR and immunostaining. Airway inflammation and macrophage activation were assessed in ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged macrophage-specific Cdh26-deficient mice. Mechanistic experiments included IL-4Rα degradation and ubiquitination assay, CDH26 co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis. Cdh26 siRNA encapsulated lipid nanoparticles were used to treat the mouse model. Measurements and Results: CDH26 expression was enhanced in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from patients with eosinophilic asthma and was localized to lung macrophages. Airway eosinophilia, mucus overproduction and macrophage alternative activation were significantly suppressed in ovalbumin-challenged macrophage-specific Cdh26-deficient mice compared to control mice. Cdh26 deficiency inhibits IL-4Rα expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, CDH26 knockdown enhances whereas CDH26 overexpression suppresses IL-4Rα ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Mechanistically, CDH26 directly interacts with STUB1 and suppresses the binding of STUB1 to IL-4Rα and subsequent ubiquitination-proteasomal degradation. Cdh26 siRNA encapsulated lipid nanoparticles markedly alleviate airway inflammation, mucus overproduction and macrophage alternative activation in the mouse model. Conclusions: CDH26 interacts with STUB1 and suppresses STUB1-mediated IL-4Rα ubiquitination-proteasomal degradation, thereby amplifying IL-4R signaling in macrophages in asthma. CDH26 is a potential therapeutic target for asthma.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Funding Statement
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 82170036), Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province (grant 2024BCB280), Innovation and Translation Project of Tongji Hospital (grant 2023CXZH006), Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2024AFB622), Research Foundation of Tongji Hospital (2023B06)
Author Declarations
I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:
The study was approved by the ethics committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.
I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).
I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.
Data Availability
All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors.
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Experiments
Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison in Research Methods in Education , 2017
The design experiment can be considered as a special case of a field experiment; it has its roots in experimental research, both in ‘true’ and quasi-experiments, and is intended to provide formative feedback on, for example, practical problems in, say, teaching and learning, and to bridge the potential gap between research and practice (Brown, 1992, p. 143; Reinking and Bradley, 2008; Bradley and Reinking, 2011; Engeström, 2011; Seel, 2011, p. 925; Anderson and Shattuck, 2012; Laurillard, 2012), in other words, to enhance the external validity of an experiment. The design experiment strives to avoid the artificial world of the laboratory and the lack of applicability to ‘real-world problems’ that follows from this artificial condition (Bradley and Reinking, 2011; Reinking and Bradley, 2008; Seel, 2011; Laurillard, 2012), and to have direct practical relevance to the complex world of teaching, learning and classrooms. Given their intended direct relevance to classrooms and the field nature – the diverse, complex, ‘real world’ of an actual classroom – design experiments may not be able to fulfil the requirements of a true experiment, for example, in randomization or in the application of controls. In these respects, design experiments are similar to action research (cf. Anderson and Shattuck, 2012).
External validity and public health
Sridhar Venkatapuram, Alex Broadbent in The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Public Health , 2023
The other reason they give for doubting the trade-off is because the notion of the “artificiality” of experimental settings, used to justify its existence, is vague and ambiguous (Jimenez-Buedo and Miller 2010: 307). The difficulty in blaming the artificiality of experimental environments for external validity failure is that none of the proponents of this view explain in exactly which respects the environments are meant to differ. In any case, it is clear that there is a lot more to the external validity problem than just a concern about the artificiality of experimental settings. This can be seen by considering the case of so-called field experiments or observational studies, where causes and effects are observed in real-world settings. In these studies, there is nothing artificial about the experimental context; yet, the external validity question is still a legitimate concern. This is because we can have cases where a field experiment exposes a clear causal relation evident in one context, but this causal relation does not hold in a new context because of different confounding factors, for example.
Randomization Tests or Permutation Tests? A Historical and Terminological Clarification
Vance W. Berger in Randomization, Masking, and Allocation Concealment , 2017
Interestingly, another statistical heavyweight, Jerzy Neyman, did something very similar with respect to giving credit to Fisher for the randomization design principle as Edward Pitman did with respect to giving credit to Fisher for developing the test. In his notorious paper, read before the Industrial and Agricultural Research Section of the Royal Statistical Society, Neyman (1935, p. 109) stated:Owing to the work of R. A. Fisher, “Student” and their followers, it is hardly possible to add anything essential to the present knowledge concerning local experiments…. One of the most important achievements of the English School is their method of planning field experiments known as the method of Randomized Blocks and Latin Squares.
Does an economic incentive affect provider behavior? Evidence from a field experiment on different payment mechanisms
Published in Journal of Medical Economics , 2019
Xiaoyu Xi, Ennan Wang, Qianni Lu, Piaopiao Chen, Tian Wo, Kammy Tang
We used a field experiment study design to examine the behaviors of physicians. If a laboratory experiment were performed instead of a field experiment, the conclusions might not be valid due to hyper-abstraction and simplification26. However, the participants in a field study were not restricted to college students, instead, they were adults in society. Moreover, the experimental environment was not confined to a laboratory. A field experiment, as defined by Harrison and List27, was an experiment conducted in multiple locations, including laboratories and actual environments. Its participants included both students and non-college adults. Therefore, under the real social conditional, the experiment subjects could make realistic choices. Above all, because of the differences between the experimental environment and subjects, the field experiment could represent actual conditions in a real environment, and subjects might act instinctively as they do in daily life, increasing the external validity of results28.
Employees’ Improvisational Behavior: Exploring the Role of Leader Grit and Humility
Published in Human Performance , 2022
Arménio Rego, Andreia Vitória, Miguel Pina e Cunha, Bradley P. Owens, Ana Ventura, Susana Leal, Camilo Valverde, Rui Lourenço-Gil
While providing overall support for the proposed causal direction of our model, our research is not without limitations. First, other causalities are possible. For example, employees may develop higher self-efficacy, hope, and optimism after making improvisations that are revealed to be successful. It is also possible that leaders adopt more perseverant efforts in pursuing challenging goals as a consequence of their higher employees’ PsyCap. Although the experiment was designed to enhance realism, which enhances confidence in hypothesized causality, it also suffers from modest external validity and other limitations (Lonati et al., 2018). Future studies should include covariates to rule out confounding and endogeneity effects, should adopt other experimental designs, and should be carried out in real organizational settings (Antonakis, Bendahan, Jacquart, & Lalive, 2014). A field experiment would represent a very important step forward in that endeavor, although abundant obstacles (methodological and practical) may make the endeavor unfeasible. Second, future studies may explore boundary conditions of the PsyCap-improvisation relationship. For example, is the relationship more positive when employees experience psychological safety?
Impact of safety training and interventions on training-transfer: targeting migrant construction workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics , 2020
Rahat Hussain, Akeem Pedro, Do Yeop Lee, Hai Chien Pham, Chan Sik Park
Notwithstanding, even though the culturally diverse nature of the work crews is a valuable aspect to evaluate migrant worker safety performance, it is hard to engage labourers for such practice. Similarly, the extent of interventions being implemented during and after training sessions is difficult to control. To address these challenges, the experiment design phase of this research has focused more on the reasons for training failures from both the literature and current migrant worker issues in industry. The approach presented in this study measures the combined impact of all interventions in a field experiment; however, in order to improve the reliability and validity in measurement, the individual effects of interventions should also be considered in further studies.
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Champion decathlete Damian Warner is the oldest in the field – and ready to wow at the Olympics again
Damian Warner’s gold in Tokyo set an Olympic record in one of the oldest events at the Games, and arguably its most difficult
The last time most Canadians watched Damian Warner, it was the Tokyo Olympics in 2021, and he was making his case as the world’s best athlete.
The decathlete from London, Ont., led all competitors from start to finish with a record-breaking performance in the gruelling 10-event athletics competition. It was contested over two days in blistering August temperatures, in a stadium with no fans to applaud the accomplishments.
With an impressive score of 9,018 points, Canada's Damian Warner won gold for men's decathlon at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The Canadian Press
Warner scored 9,018 points – eclipsing 9,000 is very rare in decathlon – and won gold in Tokyo, setting an Olympic record in one of the oldest events at the Games, and arguably its most difficult – competing at shot put, pole vault, high jump, javelin, discus, and long jump, plus four running races.
Recognizing his feat, Team Canada chose him as flag bearer. He led compatriots wearing masks and Canadian jean jackets in closing out an Olympics full of emotional performances and pandemic restrictions.
Now at 34, Warner is competing in his fourth Summer Games in Paris, starting Friday. He has improved with each Olympics – fifth at London 2012, bronze in Rio 2016, before gold in Tokyo. His performance in the long jump was so good it would have earned him bronze if he’d competed in that individual event. He’s in TV commercials, on grocery store billboards and on Cheerios boxes. So does he feel pressure to repeat as Olympic gold medalist?
“Only the pressure that I put on myself. It’s important to me and something that I believe that I can do,” he said. “But I’m not attuned to any outside pressure.”
Damian Warner competes in the decathlon long jump event at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. DYLAN MARTINEZ/Reuters
He is the favourite in Paris. Canada was supposed to have a formidable one-two punch in the decathlon, with Warner and Pierce LePage, countrymen and the world’s two best. Warner is Olympic champion, but LePage won the world championship last year in Budapest, Hungary, with 8,909 points, second highest in the history of the worlds, while Warner finished second. The two were expected to jockey for gold in Paris.
But LePage isn’t competing in Paris. The 28-year-old from Whitby, Ont., pulled out of with a back injury, announcing it on Instagram on July 17 . LePage said he had suffered a herniated disc in April and needs surgery on his back.
LePage tried until the last minute, testing himself in events but found, “there was no power, nothing was really going on.” He said he made the tough decision to withdraw rather than risk further injury, to miss Paris and focus on getting healthy to defend his world title next year.
“The last couple of months have been pretty draining, to say the least,” LePage said in the Instagram video. “It’s really tough to see your dream kind of slip away.”
Canadian decathletes Damian Warner, left, and Pierce Lepage compete at the 2023 world championship in Budapest. Suffering from a recent back injury, LePage won’t compete alongside Warner at the Paris Olympics. FABRIZIO BENSCH/Reuters
LePage had finished fifth at the Tokyo Olympics in 2021, then was runner-up at the 2022 worlds before winning in 2023. But LePage had not competed in a full decathlon since. He missed the Canadian Olympic trials in late June.
The decathlon competition got another jolt on Thursday when world record holder Kevin Mayer of France, 32, was ruled out of the event because of a thigh injury. The two-time Olympic silver medalist picked up the injury as he fell heavily during the 110-metre hurdles leg of a triathlon at the Paris Diamond League earlier this month.
While LePage is not in Paris, Warner said the rise of his fellow Canadian helped motivate him, too.
“His success has kind of made me be like ‘okay, let’s keep doing this,’” Warner said of LePage. “My drive to succeed in the sport is higher than it’s ever been, and I probably owe a lot of that to Pierce and his emergence in the sport.”
The two decathletes know each other well, but they don’t train together. LePage trains mostly at Toronto’s York University. Warner has always remained in London, Ont., training at Western University with Gar Leyshon and Dennis Nielsen, the same high-school teachers who noticed his athletic potential, supported the kid being raised by a single mother, and got him started in basketball, football and track and field.
That loyalty infused his training for Tokyo during the pandemic. With sports facilities closed, the same coaches and his community in London gave materials, equipment and muscle to help turn an aged hockey arena into a makeshift temporary training facility for Warner. They fashioned an ad hoc track and pits so he could practise his events, bringing in planks of wood, sand and gym mats. Many of the distances weren’t right inside that rink, so he’d sprint and finish into a crash mat. He trained in that improvisational way, while many of his competitors around the world prepared for the Olympics as usual, without COVID-19 restrictions.
“Our workload was way less than normal, and at the time, I was thinking ‘this is not going to be enough to achieve our dreams.’ But we went and scored higher than we’ve ever scored, and we won the gold medal,” Warner said. “So I had to look back and say maybe these ideas that I had in my head were wrong, all this training that I thought I needed to do.”
While his training for Paris has been more conventional, back at Western’s track, his 2021 experience changed how his team designs his workload.
“I’m 34 years old now, I’m the oldest athlete in the field, and I can’t do as much as someone that’s 19 or 20,” Warner said. “So what are the important things that I need to do so that I can stay healthy but also have enough fitness to perform well? We try to do as little as possible, and I think that we learned that in 2021.”
Warner and partner Jen Cotton have a three-year-old son, Theo, and await another baby due this fall. While Warner used to train six days a week for more than four hours at a time, now he trains five days a week, for two or three hours.
Warner doesn’t focus on hitting any particular score in Paris. He has a special calculator on his phone that computes decathlon points for each event, based on the time or distance achieved. He used to obsess over projecting how many total points he would need to win a competition, and then fixate on achieving that number as he progressed in the events.
But from experience, he’s learned that calculating a points total to chase is a faulty goal. Every decathlon has different weather and conditions, and you can’t control your competitors’ performances. One day it might take 8,800 points to win. On another, 8,700 might suffice. He now limits his use of the calculator.
“You’re trying to chase a ghost at that point,” Warner said. “You just need to go out there, take it all in, and compete against the competitors that are there on that day.”
Damian Warner competes in the men's decathlon javelin throw during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images
Getting all the equipment to the track and in place for each event is dizzying. On five of his past six trips to competitions, his bags have been lost, with all his equipment and the 10 different pairs of shoes he uses during events.
The sprint calls for light spikes, he said, while the shoes he wears for shot put have no spikes at all. For javelin, he needs a strong, bulky shoe. And don’t get him started on flying overseas with the pole-vault poles – an item many airlines quickly decline.
“It’s one of the more unglamorous parts about being a decathlete,” Warner said. “Lugging around all the equipment that you need.”
The Olympic decathlon begins at 10 a.m. on Aug. 2 with the 100-metre event, the first of five events that day, with five more on Day 2, concluding with the 1,500-metre race late on the night of Aug. 3. Warner has learned over years of meets that if he tries to remain mentally dialled into the competition for every hour of that two-day period, he will exhaust himself.
Damian Warner competes in the men's decathlon pole vault event on day thirteen of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Cameron Spencer/Getty Images
While he used to be very serious throughout, now he’s more conversational with his competitors and coaches between events. After the first day of competition, he tries to eat as much food as he can handle, and then relaxes in his room, often tuning out over some episodes of The Office before sleeping in preparation to resume the decathlon the next morning.
Just as in Tokyo, heat is an issue in Paris. Warner seems unbothered by the idea of sprinting, throwing and jumping in sizzling temperatures. He turns it into a positive.
“I prefer when it’s really hot, because I feel like being an old man I don’t have to warm up as much,” Warner said with a laugh. “I’ve competed in really cold weather, really hot weather, rainy weather, so I’m prepared for anything.”
Because decathlons are so gruelling, just finishing is a source of pride, and the decathletes and coaches often share a lengthy time together at the end, hugging and congratulating each other.
“If somebody beats me, I’ll shake their hand,” Warner said. “And if not, then I’ll stand on top of the podium.”
He thinks it’s a shame that he accepts the medal on the podium by himself, that he’s alone for that belting-out-the-anthem moment, when he knows the contribution of his four coaches – Leyshon, Nielsen, Vickie Croley and Dave Collins – plus his sport psychologist, agent, training partners and his family.
“I don’t want to be the centre of attention. I don’t want to be the person that gets all the praise,” Warner said. “While I get the medal, I feel like that medal should be shared with a lot of different people, because they worked just as hard as I did.”
At 34, Damian Warner is competing in his fourth Summer Games in Paris. Cole Burston/The Globe and Mail
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9 Flowering Succulent Plants That’ll Wow You With Their Blooms
Say yes to these low maintenance plants with gorgeous blooms.
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Copyright Eric Reichbaum/Getty Images
Succulents are known for their ultra low-maintenance care requirements, fascinating silhouettes, and thick “leaves.” While we often think of succulents as simply green plants, several varieties put on a dazzling display of colorful blooms . Some of these flowering succulent plants blossom year-round while others have seasonal flowers. There’s even one that blooms for just one 24-hour period. Consider adding any of these beautiful succulents to your growing collection.
- Melvin Cubian, a gardening expert with PlantIn
- Evan Torchio, founder at Tree Menders
- Lisa Root, owner of Root Houseplants
- JP Varvarigos, 3rd generation florist and owner of Wellington Florist
Maria Mosolova/Getty Images
The moss rose ( Portulaca grandiflora ) is an annual succulent that's primarily grown outdoors since it has a creeping habit that provides beautiful ground cover . “They are a gardener’s favorite for highlighting bare spots, primarily in limited spaces like vertical gardens, windows, or hanging baskets, due to their dramatic weeping vines studded with stunning flowers,” notes Melvin Cubian, a gardening expert with PlantIn .
It’s not technically a rose, he adds, but it does produce a similar showy flower alongside its succulent stems. He says that many varieties are also created to showcase numerous flowers with different colors all at once, which usually bloom in the warm season and continuously till the first autumn frost.
String of Pearls
Oscar Yoshinori Toyofuku/Getty Images
In its native environment (Cape Province), string of pearls ( Senecio rowleyanus ) grows on the ground, forming a mat by crawling over and under other plants. In the non-wild, though, you’ll find these beauties grown in hanging baskets with their foliage cascading over the edge. “Its modified leaves are small, pea-like spheres—they’re engineered to store water, minimize water consumption, and facilitate plant survival in dry climates,” explains Lisa Root, owner of Root Houseplants .
These plants bloom only once per year, but typically with a few flowers per plant that give off a spicy, cinnamon-like scent . “Its flowers are round and resemble pom poms; they are white with yellow anthers and red stamens,” Root says.
Queen of the Night
Hendri/getty images
The queen of the night ( Epiphyllum oxypetalum ) lives up to her dramatic name, blooming only once per year on a single evening, says Evan Torchio, founder at Tree Menders . These cactus blooms are quite enchanting with their oversized, fragrant white petals. “They are worth the wait,” Torchio says. “ To keep the plant happy, give it bright, indirect sunlight and water it regularly, letting the soil dry slightly between waterings.”
anamariategzes/getty images
For a tropical flowering succulent option check out the Hoya carnosa compacta , which flowers nearly year-round. “There are several variations with different leaf shapes and color patterns,” says JP Varvarigos, 3rd generation florist and owner of Wellington Florist . He’s particularly fond of a boutique variety called “Hindu Rope” that’s over 20 years old. It produces a beautiful pink flower among the plant’s twisting leaves.
franck metois/getty images
This popular succulent ( Crassula ovata ) has thick and glossy jade-colored leaves with a tree-like silhouette. It’s a great indoor option, and some people believe that keeping it around helps usher in good luck and prosperity. In the winter, it produces a small, star-shaped flower in either pink or white that contrasts beautifully against the plant’s green leaves.
Old Lady Cactus
VSFP/Getty images
It’s a funny name, but the old lady cactus ( Mammillaria hahniana ) is called such because of its soft, white, fuzzy hairs that grow all over the plant. “After long periods of drought or cool season, you will be rewarded by its magenta multi-petalled flowers, crowning the tip of each mature stem,” Cubian says. He adds that the plant also starts to create a clumped, “eggs in a basket” sort of appearance and that you can re-pot each “egg.”
Widow's-thrill
Elizabeth Fernandez/Getty Images
Another variety of flowering succulent is the Kalanchoe , which comes in about 125 varieties. “The one with the most flowers is the widow's-thrill, or Kalanchoe blossfeldiana plant,” Varvarigos says. “It's also known as flaming Katy, Christmas Kalanchoe , and Madagascar widow's-thrill.” He says the plant produces a lush bouquet of blooms that come in a range of colors, including red, orange, pink, yellow, and white, depending on the species.
Living Stones
kazumi miyamoto/getty images
Living Stones ( Lithops ), which resemble an array of juicy, colorful pebbles—are a wonder even without blooms. Each plant has two thick and fleshy leaves that grow opposite each other and very low to the ground. Come autumn, a delicate, daisy-like flower emerges from the fissure. This plant slowly spreads sideways by producing clusters of nearby pups and can be grown either indoors or outdoors.
Zebra-Striped Lifesaver
Satakorn/getty images
This flowering succulent plant produces spiky conical stems that grow in clumps that stretch up and outward. In the spring through summer, the Huernia zebrina produces almost cartoonish-like flowers. “The rubbery petals present themselves in yellow, streaked with brown to purplish lines, resembling a zebra pattern, with central brown and glossy ring,” explains Cubian. Unlike most succulent species that have a hankering for direct sunlight, this species thrives best in shady spots or inside.
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Field experiments, explained
Editor’s note: This is part of a series called “The Day Tomorrow Began,” which explores the history of breakthroughs at UChicago. Learn more here.
A field experiment is a research method that uses some controlled elements of traditional lab experiments, but takes place in natural, real-world settings. This type of experiment can help scientists explore questions like: Why do people vote the way they do? Why do schools fail? Why are certain people hired less often or paid less money?
University of Chicago economists were early pioneers in the modern use of field experiments and conducted innovative research that impacts our everyday lives—from policymaking to marketing to farming and agriculture.
Jump to a section:
What is a field experiment, why do a field experiment, what are examples of field experiments, when did field experiments become popular in modern economics, what are criticisms of field experiments.
Field experiments bridge the highly controlled lab environment and the messy real world. Social scientists have taken inspiration from traditional medical or physical science lab experiments. In a typical drug trial, for instance, participants are randomly assigned into two groups. The control group gets the placebo—a pill that has no effect. The treatment group will receive the new pill. The scientist can then compare the outcomes for each group.
A field experiment works similarly, just in the setting of real life.
It can be difficult to understand why a person chooses to buy one product over another or how effective a policy is when dozens of variables affect the choices we make each day. “That type of thinking, for centuries, caused economists to believe you can't do field experimentation in economics because the market is really messy,” said Prof. John List, a UChicago economist who has used field experiments to study everything from how people use Uber and Lyft to how to close the achievement gap in Chicago-area schools . “There are a lot of things that are simultaneously moving.”
The key to cleaning up the mess is randomization —or assigning participants randomly to either the control group or the treatment group. “The beauty of randomization is that each group has the same amount of bad stuff, or noise or dirt,” List said. “That gets differenced out if you have large enough samples.”
Though lab experiments are still common in the social sciences, field experiments are now often used by psychologists, sociologists and political scientists. They’ve also become an essential tool in the economist’s toolbox.
Some issues are too big and too complex to study in a lab or on paper—that’s where field experiments come in.
In a laboratory setting, a researcher wants to control as many variables as possible. These experiments are excellent for testing new medications or measuring brain functions, but they aren’t always great for answering complex questions about attitudes or behavior.
Labs are highly artificial with relatively small sample sizes—it’s difficult to know if results will still apply in the real world. Also, people are aware they are being observed in a lab, which can alter their behavior. This phenomenon, sometimes called the Hawthorne effect, can affect results.
Traditional economics often uses theories or existing data to analyze problems. But, when a researcher wants to study if a policy will be effective or not, field experiments are a useful way to look at how results may play out in real life.
In 2019, UChicago economist Michael Kremer (then at Harvard) was awarded the Nobel Prize alongside Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo of MIT for their groundbreaking work using field experiments to help reduce poverty . In the 1990s and 2000s, Kremer conducted several randomized controlled trials in Kenyan schools testing potential interventions to improve student performance.
In the 1990s, Kremer worked alongside an NGO to figure out if buying students new textbooks made a difference in academic performance. Half the schools got new textbooks; the other half didn’t. The results were unexpected—textbooks had no impact.
“Things we think are common sense, sometimes they turn out to be right, sometimes they turn out to be wrong,” said Kremer on an episode of the Big Brains podcast. “And things that we thought would have minimal impact or no impact turn out to have a big impact.”
In the early 2000s, Kremer returned to Kenya to study a school-based deworming program. He and a colleague found that providing deworming pills to all students reduced absenteeism by more than 25%. After the study, the program was scaled nationwide by the Kenyan government. From there it was picked up by multiple Indian states—and then by the Indian national government.
“Experiments are a way to get at causal impact, but they’re also much more than that,” Kremer said in his Nobel Prize lecture . “They give the researcher a richer sense of context, promote broader collaboration and address specific practical problems.”
Among many other things, field experiments can be used to:
Study bias and discrimination
A 2004 study published by UChicago economists Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan (then at MIT) examined racial discrimination in the labor market. They sent over 5,000 resumes to real job ads in Chicago and Boston. The resumes were exactly the same in all ways but one—the name at the top. Half the resumes bore white-sounding names like Emily Walsh or Greg Baker. The other half sported African American names like Lakisha Washington or Jamal Jones. The study found that applications with white-sounding names were 50% more likely to receive a callback.
Examine voting behavior
Political scientist Harold Gosnell , PhD 1922, pioneered the use of field experiments to examine voting behavior while at UChicago in the 1920s and ‘30s. In his study “Getting out the vote,” Gosnell sorted 6,000 Chicagoans across 12 districts into groups. One group received voter registration info for the 1924 presidential election and the control group did not. Voter registration jumped substantially among those who received the informational notices. Not only did the study prove that get-out-the-vote mailings could have a substantial effect on voter turnout, but also that field experiments were an effective tool in political science.
Test ways to reduce crime and shape public policy
Researchers at UChicago’s Crime Lab use field experiments to gather data on crime as well as policies and programs meant to reduce it. For example, Crime Lab director and economist Jens Ludwig co-authored a 2015 study on the effectiveness of the school mentoring program Becoming a Man . Developed by the non-profit Youth Guidance, Becoming a Man focuses on guiding male students between 7th and 12th grade to help boost school engagement and reduce arrests. In two field experiments, the Crime Lab found that while students participated in the program, total arrests were reduced by 28–35%, violent-crime arrests went down by 45–50% and graduation rates increased by 12–19%.
The earliest field experiments took place—literally—in fields. Starting in the 1800s, European farmers began experimenting with fertilizers to see how they affected crop yields. In the 1920s, two statisticians, Jerzy Neyman and Ronald Fisher, were tasked with assisting with these agricultural experiments. They are credited with identifying randomization as a key element of the method—making sure each plot had the same chance of being treated as the next.
The earliest large-scale field experiments in the U.S. took place in the late 1960s to help evaluate various government programs. Typically, these experiments were used to test minor changes to things like electricity pricing or unemployment programs.
Though field experiments were used in some capacity throughout the 20th century, this method didn’t truly gain popularity in economics until the 2000s. Kremer and List were early pioneers and first began experimenting with the method in the 1990s.
In 2004, List co-authored a seminal paper defining field experiments and arguing for the importance of the method. In 2008, he and UChicago economist Steven Levitt published another study tracing the history of field experiments and their impact on economics.
In the past few decades, the use of field experiments has exploded. Today, economists often work alongside NGOs or nonprofit organizations to study the efficacy of programs or policies. They also partner with companies to test products and understand how people use services.
There are several ethical discussions happening among scholars as field experiments grow in popularity. Chief among them is the issue of informed consent. All studies that involve human test subjects must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) to ensure that people are protected.
However, participants in field experiments often don’t know they are in an experiment. While an experiment may be given the stamp of approval in the research community, some argue that taking away peoples’ ability to opt out is inherently unethical. Others advocate for stricter review processes as field experiments continue to evolve.
According to List, another major issue in field experiments is the issue of scale . Many experiments only test small groups—say, dozens to hundreds of people. This may mean the results are not applicable to broader situations. For example, if a scientist runs an experiment at one school and finds their method works there, does that mean it will also work for an entire city? Or an entire country?
List believes that in addition to testing option A and option B, researchers need a third option that accounts for the limitations that come with a larger scale. “Option C is what I call critical scale features. I want you to bring in all of the warts, all of the constraints, whether they're regulatory constraints, or constraints by law,” List said. “Option C is like your reality test, or what I call policy-based evidence.”
This problem isn’t unique to field experiments, but List believes tackling the issue of scale is the next major frontier for a new generation of economists.
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Xbox Going Big at gamescom 2024 with Starfield DLC, Stalker 2, WoW, More - IGN Daily Fix
In today's Daily Fix: The biggest video game even in the world is just a few weeks away—yes we're talking about gamescom happening in Germany later this month. Xbox is the only one of the three major console makers attending the show, and they're bringing their A-game. Indiana Jones and the Great Circle, World of Warcraft: The War Within, Starfield's new DLC, S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 and more have already been announced for the show. In other news, BioWare's upcoming Dragon Age: The Veilguard still doesn't have a release date, but that could change soon. And finally, if you have Amazon Prime, this month's free games offering is not too bad. Deus Ex: Mankind Divided headlines the list, and was one of the best games of 2016, along with some indie hits and a few Tomb Raiders.
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Strategy Guide
Three phase fight with 3 bosses. In each phase you fight one boss until they die and the next one joins the fight.
You always fight Neldris first, Thadrion second, and Rionthus last. They each have different abilities.
In P2, Thadrion regularly applies a permanent DoT on players that constantly stacks. Dispelling it makes it jump to a new player and reset stacks. You'll deal with several of them.
All 3 bosses apply the same tank debuff. Tanks need to collide to clear it , which applies a DoT to the raid proportionate to the number of stacks cleared.
You fight Neldris first.
MOVE OUT IF MARKED.
DON'T STAND IN THE
PATH OF THE BOSS.
Neldris marks a few players and then dashes through them, dealing damage and applying a 15s bleed to them and any players in his trajectory.
DODGE THE FRONTAL CONE.
Massive frontal cone toward a random player.
MOVE OUT TO
REDUCE DAMAGE.
Neldris roars and deals damage to the raid; the damage is reduced the farther away players are.
A ll 3 boss' melee attacks apply a permanent stacking DoT.
Touching another player (usually the other tank) who also has the DoT clears both players and applies a 20s stackable DoT to everyone.
Don't reset less than 20s apart. If you clear at high stacks, prepare some healing CDs.
You fight Thadrion second.
USE DEFENSIVES AND
HOLD DISPELS AS
LATE AS POSSIBLE.
Regularly, Thadrion applies a permanent DoT on players that constantly stacks. Dispelling it makes it jump to a new player and resets stacks.
Dispelled players drop a circle that explodes a few seconds later.
You'll deal with more DoTs throughout P2. They disappear when Thadrion dies.
DODGE THE SWIRLS.
Thadrion launches projectiles in the room. Dodge them.
Similar to P1
Regularly, Thadrion starts a channel that deals damage to the raid.
You fight Rionthus last.
BUMP THE BALLS BEFORE
THEY REACH THE BOSS.
Regularly, Rionthus spawns a ball that slowly moves toward him. If it reaches him, he gets a 10% health absorb shield.
Players can bump into the balls to knock them away, which deals some damage to players.
MOVE CIRCLES OUT
OF THE RAID.
Regularly, Rionthus channels a beam on a few players that deals damage. They are then marked with a circle, slowing them and dealing damage to anyone nearby.
WATCH WHERE THE
BOSS WILL FLY AND DODGE.
Rionthus goes to the edge of the room and flies in a straight line lengthwise across the room twice, dealing massive damage to any players hit.
There are 3 possible lanes Rionthus may fly over. He will favor the lane where most players are.
A ll 3 bosses melee attacks apply a permanent stacking DoT.
Touching another player (usually the other tank) who also has the DoT clears both players and applies everyone a 20s stackable DoT .
A general WeakAura pack that provides "icon" style mechanics/debuff as well as short descriptions for each. Pretty standard. We also recommend downloading Causese Sound addon to hear vocal announcements. Feel free to thank the amazing Causese here (sorry, no Twitter that I know of...).
Another must have by Causese if you play or are planning to play tank. It informs you when to taunt and how your co-tank is doing with their mechanics.
Make sure to checkout the Causese Sound addon to also pair it with appropriate sound announcements.
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Field Experiments
Last updated 22 Mar 2021
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Experiments look for the effect that manipulated variables (independent variables) have on measured variables (dependent variables), i.e. causal effects.
Field experiments are conducted in a natural setting (e.g. at a sports event or on public transport), as opposed to the artificial environment created in laboratory experiments. Some variables cannot be controlled due to the unpredictability of these real-life settings (e.g. the public interacting with participants), but an independent variable will still be altered for a dependent variable to be measured against.
Evaluation of field experiments:
- Field experiments generally yield results with higher ecological validity than laboratory experiments, as the natural settings will relate to real life.
- Demand characteristics are less of an issue with field experiments than laboratory experiments (i.e. participants are less likely to adjust their natural behaviour according to their interpretation of the study’s purpose, as they might not know they are in a study).
- Extraneous variables could confound results due to the reduced control experimenters have over them in non-artificial environments, which makes it difficult to find truly causal effects between independent and dependent variables.
- Ethical principles have to be considered, such as the lack of informed consent; if participants are not made aware of their participation in an experiment, privacy must be respected during observations and participants must be debriefed appropriately when observations come to an end.
- Precise replication of the natural environment of field experiments is understandably difficult, so they have poor reliability, unlike laboratory experiments where the exact conditions can be recreated.
- Field experiments are more susceptible to sample bias, as participants are often not randomly allocated to experimental conditions (i.e. participants’ groups are already pre-set rather than randomly assigned).
- Field experiments
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Warcraft Mounts
A field guide to mounts in the World of Warcraft.
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Experiment 12-B
Some believe Experiment 12-B is the result of a covert SI-7 initiative, others consider it the outcome of embyronic tinkering by goblin scientists. No matter the case, this much is certain: given its strength, speed and agility, Experiment 12-B was a success!
Riding Requirements:
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Introduced in:
Travel mode:.
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- Flying (+150%, +280% or +310% speed)
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Kim Kardashian Fangirls Over Gwyneth Paltrow Wearing SKIMS: ‘Love You and Wow!’
Paltrow sported a dark brown SKIMS bodysuit as she snapped a mirror selfie and shared it to her Instagram Stories
Gabrielle Rockson is a staff writer-reporter for PEOPLE. She joined PEOPLE in 2023 and covers entertainment and human interest stories. She's interviewed David Beckham, Zendaya, Timothée Chalamet and many others. Her previous work can be found in OK! Magazine, MyLondon, GRM Daily, and more.
:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Biopicture-7aed89e79c07468e879a00bb6ff007dc.jpg "field experiment wow")
Monica Schipper/Getty; Gwyneth Paltrow/Instagram
Kim Kardashian is fangirling over Gwyneth Paltrow !
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“Lovvveeeeee youuuuuu and woww!!!!!,” the SKIMS founder wrote across the photo.
In the picture, Paltrow wore a dark brown bodysuit as she held up her phone and snapped a mirror selfie.
“#wellnesswednesday before a break,” the Goop founder captioned the original photo. “@skims for exercise."
Kim Kardashian/Instagram
Kardashian also reposted a snap of Olympic champions Simone Biles and Jordan Chiles wearing SKIMS Olympic robes after her brand sponsored Team USA at the 2024 Paris Olympics.
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She added, "The athletes in our campaign look incredible in the collection, and I can’t wait to cheer them on this summer in SKIMS!”
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Gorloc Shore Field Experiment Cancel [DNT]Spell details.
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COMMENTS
Field Experiment - First press on Geoscanner 289-07 and just wait. 8. No Dwarf Left Behind - Go to 4 points in order: - Mordigan's Field Notes 9.39 42.49 notes - Mordigan's Flask 9.99 41.31 small flask on stone - Mordigan's Boots 9.94 39.66 boots - Mordigan's Pants 10.61 41.23 pants 9.
Thanks for Watching! If this guide helped you out, please leave a comment, like and Subscribe If you are looking for cheap games and want to support my chann...
Objectives. Help LOU-C run her tests in Whaler's Nook.. Activate the Geoscanner; Talk to LOU-C Fitzcog in Whaler's Nook. Description. Thanks to you, our geological survey is now operating at nearly 96% efficiency!
Description. Thanks to you, our geological survey is now operating at nearly 96% efficiency! <LOU-C furrows her eyebrows.>. Those are rookie numbers. Help me run the samples you collected through my Geoscanner 289-07. It should give us a baseline as to what exactly is going on at the plateau.
Field Experiment WoW Quest. Where is WoW Field Experiment The Azure Span quest objective location. You can complete World of Warcraft Field Experiment quest ...
Field Experiment WoW quest video. This video shows how to complete WoW Field Experiment quest and all the related locations. Leave a comment, If you have any...
The Forgotten Experiments notably drops the Tailoring recipe Pattern: Undulating Sporecloak and Tier Set Hand tokens. The Forgotten Experiments' regular loot has the following item levels: 405 (LFR), 418 (Normal), 431 (Heroic), 444 (Mythic). You can find a complete list of loot tables in our Aberrus Loot Guide and Tier Sets Overview. Disclaimer
Can be used while mounted. Can be used while sitting. Unaffected by invulnerability. Does not break stealth. Generates no threat. Ignore Line of Sight. Allow While Invisible. Does not require shapeshift. No initial Threat.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the potential of GPT-4, a large language model, in assisting radiologists to determine brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols. Materials and methods: We used brain MRI protocols from a specific hospital, covering 20 diseases or examination purposes, excluding brain tumor protocols. GPT-4 was given system prompts to add one MRI sequence for the ...
Field experiments offer researchers a way to test theories and answer questions with higher external validity because they simulate real-world occurrences. Some researchers argue that field experiments are a better guard against potential bias and biased estimators.As well, field experiments can act as benchmarks for comparing observational data to experimental results.
Example 1: Behavioral Economics. In a field experiment conducted by researchers studying behavioral economics: Objective: To investigate the impact of social norms on charitable donations. Method: Researchers set up different scenarios at a shopping mall where they varied the presence of bystanders when asking for donations.
Rationale：IL-4 receptor (IL-4R)-mediated alternative activation of macrophage drives type 2 airway inflammation. Cadherin-26 (CDH26) upregulates epithelial type II IL-4R signaling in asthma. However, whether CDH26 contributes to type I IL-4R-mediated macrophage activation and the mechanism by which CDH26 upregulates IL-4R expression remains unknown. Objectives: To investigate whether CDH26 ...
Field Experiment. A field experiment is a type of research study where certain variables are intentionally manipulated and controlled in a natural setting or environment. Unlike a laboratory experiment, field experiments have less control over experimental conditions and extraneous variables, making it more difficult to infer causality.
Damian Warner's gold in Tokyo set an Olympic record in one of the oldest events at the Games, and arguably its most difficult The last time most Canadians watched Damian Warner, it was the Tokyo ...
Field Experiment Quest ID 66175 WoW- World Of Warcraft Dragonflight Quest Guide_____This video is made by World of Warcraft Guides and Gameplay Ho...
Oscar Yoshinori Toyofuku/Getty Images. In its native environment (Cape Province), string of pearls (Senecio rowleyanus) grows on the ground, forming a mat by crawling over and under other plants.In the non-wild, though, you'll find these beauties grown in hanging baskets with their foliage cascading over the edge. "Its modified leaves are small, pea-like spheres—they're engineered to ...
Field experiments, explained. Editor's note: This is part of a series called "The Day Tomorrow Began," which explores the history of breakthroughs at UChicago. Learn more here. A field experiment is a research method that uses some controlled elements of traditional lab experiments, but takes place in natural, real-world settings.
Failed Experiment - Also gives you progress towards Battle in the Shadowlands using all level 25 pets when Failed Experiment is active. - This is actually a 2-pet strategy, so feel free to put any pet you want in the last slot, as long as the first two pets are from the ones listed below. Location: Maldraxxus 54, 28 Team: Mei Li Sparkler (1/2/2)
Indiana Jones and the Great Circle, World of Warcraft: The War Within, Starfield's new DLC, S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 and more have already been announced for the show. In other news, BioWare's upcoming ...
The Forgotten Experiments strategy for Normal, Heroic, and Mythic difficulty. Learn about WeakAuras, spells, timers, and abilities. Filter for DPS, healer, or tank. ... and Wipefest will do the rest, by using data from Warcraft Logs to display insights and timelines for raid encounters. Answer common mechanical questions about every pull, while ...
We analyze a field experiment conducted in Florence (Italy) to assess how appropriate incentives assigned to high-school classes may induce teens to visit museums in their free time. Noncompliance and spillover effects make the impact evaluation of this clustered encouragement design challenging. We propose to blend principal stratification and ...
️Enjoy watching and don't forget to LIKE and SHARE ️Description:Thanks to you, our geological survey is now operating at nearly 96% efficiency! [LOU-C furr...
Experiments look for the effect that manipulated variables (independent variables) have on measured variables (dependent variables), i.e. causal effects. Field experiments are conducted in a natural setting (e.g. at a sports event or on public transport), as opposed to the artificial environment created in laboratory experiments. Some variables cannot be controlled due to the unpredictability ...
A field guide to mounts in the World of Warcraft. Experiment 12-B. Some believe Experiment 12-B is the result of a covert SI-7 initiative, others consider it the outcome of embyronic tinkering by goblin scientists.
Kim Kardashian shared a snap on her Instagram Stories on Wednesday, July 31, of Gwyneth Paltrow wearing SKIMS. '#wellnesswednesday before a break @skims for exercise,' the Goop founder captioned ...
Field Experiment, Word of Warcraft Dragonflight Quest
Screenshots containing UI elements are generally declined on sight, the same goes for screenshots from the modelviewer or character selection screen. The higher the quality the better! Please review our Screenshot Guidelines before submitting! Simply type the URL of the video in the form below. In the Uncategorized Spells category.
Easy Magnet Experiment #4: The Jitters. Place two rectangular magnets underneath the donut magnet. Gently pull on the donut magnet to release it from the magnetic field then let it drop and swing over the rectangular magnets. It will quickly be caught right back in the magnetic field and move quickly back and forth in a jitterbug dance. Looks Like
field experiments about email. list slideshow. 1 45. souvenir 159 - brick lamp no.2; souvenir 150 - spring table no.1; souvenir 168 - 167 - laser print street poster; detail: souvenir 146 - counterweight light no.1; installation view: souvenir shop, 2014; installation view: souvenir shop, 2014;