case study research titles in the philippines

Verify originality of an essay

Get ideas for your paper

Find top study documents

The List of Case Study Topics On Various Academic Subjects

Updated 18 Jun 2024

Although the majority of academic definitions of case study talk about some process or research work related to the development of a particular person, group of people, or events over a period of time, types of case studies also involve specific analysis to identify problems and find the outcomes. Therefore, the majority of case study topics already include some challenge or an assumption that requires additional research.

The case study usually includes a short description of a problem or an idea that must be explored with the data that should be helpful to let you explore and find the best solutions. For example, turning to a professional case study writing service , you will see that the case studies for nursing students will always differ from those that are used by engineering students. Keeping all these facts and related challenges in mind, we came up with a list of case study topics divided by category.

Case Study Ideas

Coming up with good and reliable case study ideas is essential for college students regardless of their course, existing skills, and academic objectives. Since case study writing explores a plethora of different research methodologies, choosing your topic correctly will help you to avoid such scenarios when your ideas become scattered all over your paper. Have a look at our list of case study ideas based on the subject and use them as a starting point for your future case study assignments. Need help with homework? Hire a professional essay writer .

Case Study Ideas For Psychology

The field of Psychology is quite challenging, which is why it is vital to choose your topic accordingly regardless if you already know the basics or want to overcome writer's block. Here are some interesting ideas to consider based on what is currently popular in various American universities:

• Military operations and the PTSD recovery process.
• The most common misconceptions about children with Autism.
• The workplace leadership and the complex of Emperor.
• The perception of danger in different cultures.
• The origins of bipolar disorder through the prism of domestic violence.
• Covid-19 and related anxiety cases among college students.
• The dangers of advertisements on children's TV networks.
• The negative influence of Instagram and distorted body image.
• Mental recovery of child abuse victims.
• Asthenic syndrome among teenage children.

Case Study Topics In Education

As you are dealing with Education, you should start by exploring the latest changes as the technology is constantly advancing. Compare old and new study methods used in schools or American universities to get the basic idea of competitive case study topics. 

Get your paper in 3 hours!

• Customized writing: 100% original, personalized content.
• Expert editing: polished, standout work.

✔️ Zero AI. Guaranteed Turnitin success.

Here are some of them to explore:

• The challenges of remote education in rural locations in the USA.
• The teaching methods of Montessori schools.
• How to motivate children with learning disabilities?
• Pros and Cons of AI-based systems in education.
• The degree of freedom in Scandinavian schools.
• The role of self-motivation in European middle schools.
• Is Summer Camp education worth it?
• The consequences of improper examination methods.;
• The educative methodologies commonly used by male teachers.
• The changes that have taken place in education during the Covid-19 period.

Information Technology

The students majoring in Data Science or Information Technology sciences also have to face case study writing, which is usually based on various data analysis methods or the impact that technology has in certain fields of life. Still, you can always explore a little bit further and choose different topics for case studies like the ones below:

• Does technology advancement has an end?
• The limitations of the Python programming language.
• The differences between modern programming methods and the "old-school" approaches.
• The analysis of ethical hackers.
• Should one learn to become a hacker to prevent the majority of cyberattacks?
• Is user simplicity always good: WordPress case study?
• The challenges of software development in modern times.
• The safety of data analysis for medical purposes.
• The use of drones in police operations.
• Semantic methods in debugging.

Environmental Science

It is only natural to examine various case studies as you are learning all the complex environmental science aspects. Since the majority of tasks in this field will include either reflective writing or cause-and-effect essays, the use of case study writing cannot be underestimated. We're the  best law essay writing service  that you can trust: we get A grades from our customers.

Here are some ideas to use as the starting points:

• The mobile vessel pump systems that reduce ocean pollution.
• Is saving endangered species possible in our times?
• The cons and pros of ecological tourism.
• The use of politics in the Global Warming campaigns.
• The Earthquake prevention systems in the United States.
• The clarity of Carbon Dioxide Emission reports.
• The reasons why the Kyoto Protocol has double standards.
• The correct method of planting trees in an urban environment.
• How can college students help promote environmental protection.
• The use of Green Technologies during pandemic times.

Marketing Case Study Ideas

As a rule, marketing specialists always have enough to deal with, yet choosing a successful case study topic is not always easy! Do your best to narrow your ideas down to meet the main argument of your thesis statement and the educational objectives. You can browse through a wide range of subjects, including:

• The differences between female and male target marketing methods.
• The unique strategies and popularity of Apple Inc.
• Brand development methods: the most common mistakes.
• German Automotive Industry in the American market.
• Online (digital) versus physical marketing.
• The factors that create customer loyalty in the field of beverages.
• The negativity commonly associated with McDonald's.
• The controversy between Samsung and Apple.
• Is marketing to children morally acceptable?
• The future of marketing methods in the post-Covid-19 world.

Management Case Study Topics

Management is always complex because it involves a plethora of different subjects that must be combined and analyzed. The role of case studies here is vital because it is the best way to learn both old and new methods of management. Consider this list of case study topics on Management:

• Corporate planning and strategic management by Nike Corporation.
• The activity-based costs systems in the Asian markets.
• Is child entrepreneurship taking away the aspect of childhood?
• Should financial management be taught at schools?
• Human Resources Management bias and ethnicity aspects.
• The challenges of global management in modern times.
• The management and social media.
• Does immediate innovation has a place in marketing?
• Sustainable development and globalization.
• Civil rights and the responsibilities of corporate management specialists.

Applied Physics

As you may think that Applied Physics is all about theory or lab experiments, you are quite far from the truth because it also involves case study writing to determine the engineering mistakes or provide college professors with a piece of evidence that you understand the subject correctly.

• Condensed Matter and Mechanical Engineering studies.
• The most common misconceptions about Nanoscience.
• The Green Energy systems in the domestic environment.
• Why the study of Microfluidics is often considered dangerous?
• Quantum Information Science and Data Transfer methods.
• The benefits of Astrophysics lessons for the school children.
• The application of synchrotron radiation and relevant dangers.
• The engineering mindset specifics in Applied Physics.
• Radiation therapy and related mental aspects.
• The role of female scientists in Applied Physics.

SMM Case Study Topics

It is hard to imagine our lives without social media these days. It is only natural that SMM or Social Media Marketing case study topics are becoming even more popular.

Here are some of them you must definitely check:

• The use of children in SMM strategies.
• The challenges of influencers on social media.
• Why the majority of SMM trends are dangerous?
• The reasons why TikTok became popular.
• The importance of impromptu dancing on social media.
• Is SMM Marketing the next best thing for modern sales?
• Online marketing dangers.
• The differences between globalization and mass trend following.
• Social media dangers for children.
• The age gap differences in social media groups.

MBA Case Study Topic Ideas

MBA studies still remain one of the most popular subjects for those who want to start their personal business or promote something innovative. Once you have your MBA degree, you can get employed at some of the world's best companies. Still, as you only study, it is crucial to do all these writing tasks, including reflective journals and case study papers. Have no fear as we have some MBA case study ideas for you:

• Operations management styles at Intel Inc.
• Why the majority of human resource management methods used are outdated today.
• The specifics of marketing research in Japan.
• Customer relationship management and religion.
• Strategic Thinking VS Leadership training.
• MBA marketing specifics.
• The attitude and professional success: Bill Gates personality.
• Steve Jobs' marketing style.
• Financial responsibility of CEOs in the United States.
• The IT marketing through the prism of staff training in marketing.

Human Rights Case Studies

Even though we all have heard about human rights and related challenges these days, it is often uneasy to choose the right case study topic. If you are unsure what to choose, consider these examples of case study topics below:

• The challenges of the Palestinian community.
• Misconceptions about the Black Lives Matter Movement.
• Should children be allowed to vote and participate in politics.
• The gender injustice in the scientific community of American Universities.
• The abuse of female personnel workforce.
• The Anti-Discrimination Act controversies.
• The human rights controversies in the United States versus cases in Canada.
• How can minor children stand for their basic human rights?
• The moral aspect of freedom of speech.
• The human rights activists and their moral principles: South Africa.

Nursing Case Study Subjects

• The privacy of the nurse and patient communications.
• The importance of ER nursing stress reduction methods.
• Should nurses be taught self-defense tactics?
• The presence of ethnic bias in the nursing community.
• The emotional bonds established by the nurses in a team.
• How does team solidarity affect nursing responsibilities?
• The healthcare system in Norway: Bergen hospitals case study analysis.
• Should nurses be granted additional payments for the emotional turbulence that they endure?
• Patients with Alzheimer’s and the modern nursing methods.
• How can nurses help children to communicate more efficiently?

Business Case Study Topics

Regardless of what business field you may encounter for your college studies in the United States, the chances are high that you will need some inspiration for your next case study assignment. Consider taking a look at these topic ideas:

• The quality production differences between Gibson and Fender.
• The link between production quality and strategic thinking implemented by the CEOs.
• The image of the modern business individual today.
• Pricing optimization at Apple Inc.
• The reasons why start-ups became so popular in 2022.
• Market expansion in the Asian markets.
• Industry Landscape in Australia for investment purposes.
• Profitability and moral limitations in business in China.
• Personnel management issues at Amazon business outlets.
• The problems of consumerism in the United States.

Of course, these are only the starting points or the basic ideas that you can use as you think about how to choose a good case study topic for your next project! When in doubt, always consult your academic advisor or hire a professional case study writer to pick the best subject and methodology!

How To Choose Good Case Study Topics?

Starting with your case study topic hunting, follow these simple rules:

• Choose something that inspires you.
• Narrow things down to reflect your main idea the best way possible.
• Explore similar research ideas on the topic.
• Identify the problem(s) and opinions related to your chosen subject.
• Choose relevant methodology that will make it possible to research this or that case study topic.
• Find alternate wording for your case study assignment.
• Brainstorm available case study topics for college students.

Remember that if you are not sure about something, always ask your college advisor and check your grading rubric twice to ensure that you are on the right track!

Analysis Comes First

It must be reminded again that every assignment that you approach must include a preliminary analysis of the topic because you must be aware of various research aspects related to your topic. Take your time to consider different wording patterns and always narrow things down if possible to let your case study writing reflect your thesis and the main ideas. Always provide good evidence and analyze all the available information that you have in the case study instructions. It will help you to provide enough evidence of your research based upon a specific case study. Therefore, brainstorm our case study topics and let your education struggles become easier with our help! And remember that you can always ask us to write my case study!

Was this helpful?

Thanks for your feedback.

Written by David Kidwell

David is one of those experienced content creators from the United Kingdom who has a high interest in social issues, culture, and entrepreneurship. He always says that reading, blogging, and staying aware of what happens in the world is what makes a person responsible. He likes to learn and share what he knows by making things inspiring and creative enough even for those students who dislike reading.

Related Blog Posts

Psychology case study topics: 50+ ideas.

When you are asked to handle topics related to case study psychology, it means that you should know the subject well and explore it the best way po...

Learn How to Write a Case Study Correctly: Tips and Examples

This helpful guide will explain how to write a case study by focusing on the definition, main specifics, and the purpose of such academic writing. ...

PESTLE analysis example: explanation & tips

Understanding the larger environment in which a company operates is vital for planning and making decisions. One of the most effective tools for th...

Join our 150K of happy users

• Get original papers written according to your instructions
• Save time for what matters most

CASE  STUDIES

The overarching project goal is to reinforce public debates about the risks and consequences of authoritarian rule in the Philippines by enabling members of the academic community to become more active and persuasive participants in these debates. The project strategy is to establish a research network with representatives from the academic community, civil society and the media that will undertake a collaborative research project. Impact will be achieved through the establishment of a research network, research-specific capacity-building among network partners, the production of multi-disciplinary and high quality research, and effective dissemination oriented toward social impact. Taken together, these intermediate results will translate into improved research practices and new knowledge that can sustain a more nuanced and fact-based debate on the state of democracy, human rights, and violence in the Philippines.

Segregating Lives, Recycling Violence: Examining the Local Dynamics of Rodrigo Duterte’s Drug War in Barangay Payatas

Abstract Using the experience of Barangay Payatas under Duterte’s drug war, the study examines the continuity of violence as it manifests in a local community and as against the backdrop of state formation, rejecting the notion that violence is distributed equally...

Struggling Women in the Face of Tokhang: A Feminist Action Research on the Women Victim-Survivors in Duterte’s Drug War in Bulacan

When Tokhang was implemented by Duterte, he [my husband] surrendered to the police. He underwent community-based rehabilitation and was eventually released. There were three policemen who went to our house, even though he already surrendered, the police still went to...

The War on Drugs, The Abra Story

Abstract The drug situation in the province of Abra has been the subject of vacillating narratives.From being reported as having the worst case in its region in July 2016, to being, albeitunofficially, declared as drug-free just six-months into the Duterte...

Tokhang in North Caloocan: Weaponizing Local Governance, Social Disarticulation, and Community Resistance

(This is an edited excerpt from a case study written by the author for the project, “Violence, Human Rights, and Democracy in the Philippines.” The project is a joint undertaking by the Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University...

Dissent and Its Consequences under the Duterte Administration: The Cebu Experience

Abstract Rampant repression and persecution, oftentimes violent, underscore the response of the Duterte administration towards dissidents. Documentation of these incidences, however, has hardly included narratives from the Visayas region. Centering on the province of...

The Subnational Dynamics of the War on Drugs: The Case of Iloilo City

Abstract Uncovering the factors contributing to the spike of violent law enforcement in the Duterteadministration requires a research that carefully combines both structural and contextuallevels of analysis. The study analyzes the subnational political dynamics of the...

Factors and Forces That Led to The Marawi Debacle

(This is an excerpt from a case study written by the author for the project, “Violence, Human Rights, and Democracy in the Philippines.” The project is a joint undertaking by the Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the...

The Manobo Community of Han-ayan: Enduring Continuities and Changes in Militarization

(On December 4, 2019 Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana was quoted in media reports that he is not recommending to President Rodrigo Duterte the extension of martial law in Mindanao. The original declaration was made by President Duterte on May 23, 2017 in response to...

Mirroring Duterte

by Karol Ilagan, Agatha Fabricante, and Christine Fabro | Case Studies, Mindanao (This is an excerpt from a case study written by the authors for the project, “Violence, Human Rights, and Democracy in the Philippines.” The project is a joint undertaking by the Third...

Politics of Prowess: (Re)animating Violence, Politics, and Democracy in a Philippine Political Frontier

Abstract The political development of Davao indicates a pattern of leadership marked by tough, unconventional, and high-handed authority. Politicians who exhibit this kind of leadership are recognized and voted to power. They utilize coercive forces and offer the...

"The enemy is here," Omarkhayam was quoted as having told his younger brother, "why do I need to ask permission" to launch an attack? The enemy is here, why shouldn't we fight?" The military believed it was Abu Dar who reinforced Omarkhayam's unprovoked attack on the military detachment.

The formulation of an ethical and political response to the violence continuously visited by the state upon civilian indigenous communities entails a long, complex dialogue, and for that very reason, such a dialogue needs to be initiated soonest. perhaps sharing the tales of the manobo with which i have been entrusted can help in this process, especially as their stories are not simply astonishing, or moving, or interesting, but most importantly, true., the impact of tokhang could be similar to the demolition of communities but its methods are more brutal and sinister while shrouded in extralegal secrecy and affects a wider segment of the local population. it intensifies state intrusion into the lives of the poor, overkill police deployment is legitimized, and the community’s state of underdevelopment is entirely blamed on the drug problem. it also undermines solidarity among neighbors by instigating citizen surveillance which makes it more difficult to promote unity in challenging the reign of oppressive local authorities. community solidarity is shattered by tokhang where everybody is seen as a suspect or snitch in a supposedly drug-affected barangay., one manobo woman declared that “the symbol of martial law here is [the military’s] deployment of drones” (ang hulagway sa martial law diri kining pagpalupad nila og drone). this statement captures what, for the manobo, is the most salient characteristic of life under duterte’s martial law: it is not just the continuing, virtually constant threat or reality of militarization, which, after all, is not peculiar to the duterte administration. rather, it is the community’s perception that they—manobo residents of civilian communities—are actively being targeted by the state’s counterinsurgency forces and programs. because each appearance of the [drone] is, from bitter experience, linked to subsequent military ground operations, the drone is not merely an eye employed in surveillance, but is also a virtual gun sight used to aim the violence of militarization at manobo villages..

• Search Menu
• Sign in through your institution
• Advance Articles
• Editor's Choice
• Supplements
• Open Access Articles
• Research Collections
• Review Collections
• Author Guidelines
• Submission Site
• Open Access Options
• Self-Archiving Policy
• About Health Policy and Planning
• About the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
• HPP at a glance
• Editorial Board
• Advertising and Corporate Services
• Journals Career Network
• Journals on Oxford Academic
• Books on Oxford Academic

Article Contents

Introduction, materials and methods, conclusions, supplementary data, data availability, acknowledgements, author contributions, reflexivity statement, ethical approval, conflict of interest statement.

• < Previous

The policy environment of self-care: a case study of the Philippines

contributed equally to this work.

• Article contents
• Figures & tables
• Supplementary Data

Leonardo Iii Jaminola, Jana Marie Negre, Veincent Christian F Pepito, Arianna Maever Loreche, Manuel M Dayrit, The policy environment of self-care: a case study of the Philippines, Health Policy and Planning , Volume 38, Issue 2, March 2023, Pages 205–217, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czac095

• Permissions Icon Permissions

Self-care is the ability and empowerment of individuals to maintain health through informed health-care decisions, with or without the support of a health provider. High-income countries have made advances to their conceptualization, research and institutionalization of self-care, given its reported benefits to patients, the health system and economy. A similar undertaking in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with already fragile health systems is warranted as highlighted by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Our article therefore aimed to describe and analyse the policy environment of self-care using the Philippines as a case study, which may have relevance to other similar countries and settings that are transitioning towards Universal Health Care (UHC) to reform and strengthen their primary care systems. We conducted 13 key informant interviews and 2 focus group discussions among representatives from the government, the pharmaceutical retail/industry, community retail pharmacy, primary health physicians and health workers, an infirmary administrator and patients and/or patient advocates. We triangulated our qualitative data with findings from our policy review. We found a total of 13 relevant policies on self-care in the Philippines recently drafted and/or implemented from 2016 to 2021 that fall under the broad categories of unifying frameworks and road maps, capacity building and institutional streamlining, regulations and disease guidelines. Our case study highlights the role of the UHC Law as a driver for self-care and patient empowerment towards better health outcomes with its passage resulting in the promulgation of self-care-related policies. Our findings also suggest that changes in the local policy and built environment, and the formal educational and health systems, are needed to foster a culture of responsible self-care. There are notable exemplars in advancing self-care in the region, including Thailand, from which LMICs like the Philippines can draw lessons to make progress on institutionalizing self-care and, ultimately, realizing UHC and Health For All.

The recent passage of the Universal Health Care (UHC) Law in the Philippines resulted in the promulgation of policies on self-care and served as an organizing and guiding principle, around which more policies on self-care can be created.

The value of self-care in the World Health Organization South East Asian region in promoting population health and improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is only being recognized in recent years. A notable exemplar is Thailand in part due to its programmes in capacitating and supporting community health workers, allowing sufficient curriculum time for health, and a taxpayer-funded universal health insurance scheme. The Philippines and other similar LMICs may draw lessons from such models to make progress on institutionalizing self-care and realizing UHC and Health For All.

We propose the following: (1) developing and institutionalizing a national self-care policy to help guide future self-care interventions; (2) training community health workers and making other investments towards primary care; (3) promoting health literacy and integration of self-care throughout various stages in the life-course; (4) creating information, education and communication materials to guide people towards responsible self-care; (5) providing an environment supportive of responsible self-care with opportunities to pursue self-care activities and (6) expanding mental health and other primary care services in rural and remote communities.

Self-care: scope, policy and debate

Self-care involves a wide range of choices and practices, shaped by people’s experiences, beliefs and knowledge. There are many definitions of self-care with divergences across disciplines ( Vellone et al. , 2013 ; Narasimhan et al. , 2019 ; World Health Organization, 2019a ), and the concept of self-care has often been integrated and interchanged with self-efficacy, self-medication, self-management, symptom management and self-monitoring. It has also been associated with responsibility, self-direction and autonomy ( Martínez et al. , 2021 ). There are a variety of activities and areas that are considered self-care, which range from daily activities like maintaining personal hygiene and cleanliness in personal spaces to lifestyle and socialization activities such as ensuring proper nutrition and doing physical exercise and sports ( Tulu et al. , 2021 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) encapsulated self-care within six areas: (1) promotion of health; (2) prevention and control of disease; (3) self-medication; (4) provision of care to dependent persons; (5) seeking primary, hospital and specialist care if necessary and (6) rehabilitation ( World Health Organization, 2019a ). It further linked five outcomes with the implementation of self-care interventions: (1) expansion of access and coverage; (2) improvement in the quality of services; (3) higher equity and lower health disparities; (4) better health, social and human rights situation and (5) reduction in cost while having a more efficient utilization of health-care services and resources.

Recognizing the benefits of self-care with billions in cost savings ( Global Self-Care Federation, 2021 ), several high-income countries have formulated policies institutionalizing it. In Scotland and Wales in the United Kingdom, Manitoba in Canada, and some Australian states, policies focusing on self-management of chronic diseases have been implemented. These policies prioritized the provision of self-management skills for chronic disease patients and the conduct of educational programmes for health-care workers ( O’Connell et al. , 2018 ). Meanwhile, in England, the Expert Patients Programme—a lay-led self-care support programme—was developed to provide courses that aimed to improve the self-care skills of patients and was viewed as effective in increasing the energy levels and self-efficacy of individuals with long-term conditions ( Kennedy et al. , 2007 ). In Ireland, the ‘Living Well with a Chronic Condition: Framework for Self-management Support’ was published in support of an integrated programme to prevent and manage chronic disease with self-management as one of the workstreams ( Greaney and Flaherty, 2020 ). Self-care research and programmes have largely focused on chronic illnesses and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and even the proposed research strategy for self-care mirrors this ( Riegel et al. , 2021 ). Despite the progress in the field of self-care however, there have also been debates, raising concerns about governmental overreach that encroaches on people’s rights to their personal health and well-being. Self-care policies have also been criticized for their overreliance on patients, especially vulnerable ones, to personal autonomy and responsibility that can result in worse health outcomes. This is exemplified in reports of improper use of medicines for certain conditions, and not consulting with a health-care provider for life-threatening conditions until it is too late.

These advances in the field of self-care have been largely limited to high-income countries, the Americas and Europe, with only one monograph on self-care practices and policies in the WHO South East Asian region published in 2009 ( World Health Organization, 2009 ). The document found that while there are health policies and regulations related to concepts associated with self-care, there are no comprehensive self-care policies in the region and its neighbours, especially among the different low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The monograph recommended assessing policies to institutionalize self-care; however, no further studies have documented and analysed self-care policies in LMICs since its publication. Fragile health systems in the context of a global health crisis, together with shortages of human resources and limited health-care capacity and health financing ( Amit et al. , 2021 ), highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of self-care policies in LMICs. This will enable context-specific recommendations on how to further promote self-care in these countries.

The Philippine Health System and the need for self-care

The Philippines, an archipelagic LMIC in Asia that is transitioning towards Universal Health Care (UHC), has incrementally improved its health system through legislation. In 1991, the country adopted a devolved model for health governance with the Department of Health (DOH) as the lead implementer of health policies and programmes in the country. This means that the agency is responsible for providing the country with regulatory services, strategic plans and policy directions, and guidelines and standards for health and health care. Aside from these, DOH also manages regional, speciality and government–corporate hospitals ( Dayrit et al. , 2018 ). Currently, there are 70 DOH hospitals across the country ( Department of Health , 2022a ), with both public and private sectors engaged in the delivery of health services in the country. The public sector is operated by the national and local governments and, as such, is mainly funded by taxes. Apart from DOH, local government units (LGU) supervise different types of health facilities and provide various kinds of services. For example, operations of the district and provincial hospitals fall under the function of provincial governments. Meanwhile, municipal governments are responsible for primary care services (e.g. preventive and promotive health services). These services are implemented by rural health units, local health centres and barangay health stations. Municipalities are also in charge of the construction of clinics and health centres and the purchase of medical supplies and medicines ( Uchimura, 2012 ; Dayrit et al. , 2018 ). There are also independent and highly urbanized cities that give services encompassing both primary and hospital care. The private sector, on the other hand, is made up of both for-profit and non-profit organizations providing different kinds of health-care services. Largely market-oriented, health care provided by the private sector is usually paid for by the clients ( Dayrit et al. , 2018 ).

The devolution of the health system was then followed by the establishment of a national health insurance programme, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) in 1995 to provide financial risk protection and prevent catastrophic health expenditures ( Dayrit et al. , 2018 ). It works by creating benefit packages for certain diseases and procedures, which would be used to subsidize part of the cost of treatment and management and paid directly to the health-care provider upon documentation of service. As of 2021, PhilHealth has >52 million direct and indirect contributors ( Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, 2021 ). However, more than two decades after its establishment, total health spending is still largely out-of-pocket with 52% of health-care expenditures financed by out-of-pocket spending ( Department of Health, 2019a ), and on average, PhilHealth only covers 30% of health-related expenditures ( Dayrit et al. , 2018 ). The burden of paying for health-care services is greater among poorer populations who are more vulnerable to higher health spending in times of critical health situations. They are also more likely to suffer from catastrophic health expenditures, which keep them in poverty ( Banaag et al. , 2019 ).

In 2019, what may be the most significant development in the health sector was the passage of the UHC Act ( Dumaraos, 2014 ; Congress of the Philippines, 2019 ). The law aims to implement a systemic approach to realize universal health in the Philippines and ensure equitable access to quality and affordable health-care services. The law is envisioned to protect Filipinos from financial risk due to health-care expenditures ( Congress of the Philippines, 2019 ). Since its enactment, DOH, together with PhilHealth, has been working on its implementation in both national and local settings and even fast-tracking some developments to aid the country’s response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic ( Department of Health, 2021a ). The UHC Law builds on past policies and aligns with the WHO’s definition and concept of self-care. It therefore provides a good platform for self-care, given its emphasis on primary care and health promotion in the population. However, the implementation of the law has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Through all these reforms, the Philippines made progress in achieving global health targets under the Sustainable Development Goals and its predecessor, the Millennium Development Goals ( Dayrit et al. , 2018 ). Even with these developments, challenges for the health sector remain. In terms of health-care capacity, the country only has 1.2 beds per 1000 population ( Department of Health, 2020a ), which is less than the 2.9 global average of hospital beds per 1000 people as of 2017, or its other neighbours in Southeast Asia ( The World Bank , 2020 ). There have also been issues regarding primary care services in ‘barangays’ (or villages). Only half of the ‘barangays’ in the country are capacitated with at least one barangay health station. Health-care staffing also is a public health issue with only 7.7 doctors per 10 000 population compared with the global average of 15.1 doctors per 10 000 population ( World Health Organization, 2019b , , 2020 ). This problem is more pronounced due to the maldistribution of health-care providers, including doctors, throughout the country, with most of them practising in urban areas ( Kanchanachitra et al. , 2011 ; Flores et al. , 2021 ; Haakenstad et al. , 2022 ).

Responsible self-care provides a cost-effective way of addressing the shortages and challenges in health-care resources and financing, and advancing the transition to UHC ( Amit et al. , 2022 ). The prevalence of self-care among Filipinos has not been previously estimated, but it has been reported that ∼3–6 in 10 Filipinos practise self-medication ( Barber et al. , 2017 ), which constitutes an aspect of self-care. If properly implemented and encouraged, the potential of self-care to improve population health and well-being makes it a vital, albeit under-appreciated, tool of a health-care system ( World Health Organization, 2009 ; 2010 ; Narasimhan et al. , 2019 ).

This article thus aimed to identify and analyse policies on self-care using the Philippines as a case study, with a particular focus on self-care to prevent and manage common acute health conditions including back pain, allergic rhinitis, general acute pain, cough, cold, diarrhoea, constipation and stress. These significantly contribute to the burden of disease and loss of economic productivity ( Sanico, 2004 ; Katelaris et al. , 2011 ; Dutmer et al. , 2019 ; Dierick et al. , 2020 ; Department of Health, 2022b ) but can be managed by patients on their own with strengthened health literacy to make responsible and informed health choices.

This article used a qualitative case study approach to identify and analyse self-care policies in the country. The findings of this article are part of a larger study on self-care that utilized a mixed methods design to identify local studies and policies on self-care and to assess its social value and economic impact. Our findings are informed by our key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) on existing self-care policies in the country, conducted from November 2021 to February 2022, and triangulated by our policy review conducted from January 2022 to March 2022. The policy review followed the general steps of Joanna Briggs Methodology ( Peter et al. , 2020; Antonio et al ., 2021 ). We reported the findings of our KIIs, FGDs and policy review following the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research ( Tong et al. , 2007 ) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews ( Tricco et al. , 2018 ) guidelines, respectively. Further information is provided in the Supplementary Appendix .

Search results

There were 767 records identified from the three databases and four records from expert interviews, with a total of 32 duplicate records. Based on the titles of the records, only 43 were deemed relevant while the remaining 696 were excluded. Two records were not accessible. Of the 41, a total of 26 records did not contain provisions relevant to self-care while two focused on chronic conditions. Our study therefore includes data from 13 policy documents ( Figure 1 ).

Policy review diagram

Summary of findings

All 13 policy documents identified through the interviews, FGDs and policy review were only institutionalized from 2016 onwards, with 12 of them only institutionalized from 2018 onwards ( House of Representatives, 2016 ; 2019 ; 2021 ; Congress of the Philippines, 2018 ; 2019 ; Food and Drug Administration, 2019 ; Department of Health, 2019b , c ; 2020b , c ; 2021b , c , d ) ( Table 1 ). Six documents were from the DOH Document Management and Archiving System database, five were from the House of Representatives Legislative Information System database with one also found in the Senate database and two were only identified through the interviews [i.e. one from DOH and another from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]. Two of the policy documents are laws, seven are DOH Administrative Orders (AOs) or Circulars, one is an advisory from the FDA and three are house bills.

Summary of policy documents related to self-care

Policies did not use the term ‘self-care’ but described self-care-related interventions and concepts including health promotion and health literacy. From these policy documents, we thematically identified four key themes: (1) unifying frameworks and road maps, (2) capacity building and institutional streamlining, (3) regulations and (4) disease guidelines.

The first theme, unifying frameworks and road maps, covers fundamental laws and policies that set goals and frameworks regarding health and the health-care system in the country. These cover republic acts and policies on health promotion and self-care strategies and serve as a basis for future and more specific policies and implementation guidelines. Meanwhile, documents classified under the theme of capacity building and institutional streamlining aim to establish and delineate the role of different agencies and offices in the implementation of health-related policies and strengthen the capacity of the health system on health promotion and self-care. Documents on the control of sale, access and distribution of medicines and health products and services fall under the theme of regulations. Lastly, disease guidelines refer to documents dedicated to the management of a particular disease with a focus on suggested self-care interventions.

Unifying frameworks and road maps

The UHC Act of 2019 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) are crucial national policies in the formation of a healthier population. Under the UHC, the envisioned framework adopts a whole-of-society approach in health protection and promotion. Moreover, the UHC Law seeks to refocus the efforts of the health-care system towards primary health care indicating a focus on self-care practices. This entails encouraging individuals towards healthy living and protection from health risks and empowering them through health literacy ( Table 2 , Quote U1).

Illustrative quotes

As part of the law, the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) was also expanded to protect Filipinos from financial difficulties during medical situations and ensure the provision of health care for all. For this purpose, every citizen is to be automatically included in the NHIP for immediate access and eligibility in availing of health services. The most recent primary care package by PhilHealth is called the ‘Konsultasyong Sulit at Tama’ (‘Konsulta’) ( Table 2 , Quote U2).

Despite this, Filipinos do not go ‘even if there is free testing, diagnostic and treatment, unlike when there is a shoe sale at 50% and you see them start lining up in the morning. Health is their last priority’ (Participant 5, FGD among patients and patient advocates). Beyond affordability, services need to be ‘available, accessible and convenient to access. Especially those who are working, they should be able to access services even on weekends or even 24/7. There is no shortage of innovation. We can definitely drive behaviour change if we address patient needs and preferences’ (Participant 1, FGD among patients and patient advocates).

In line with the UHC and recognition that health literacy among Filipinos needs to be strengthened, the Health Promotion Framework Strategy (HPFS) was developed. The DOH AO 2021-0063 (‘Health Promotion Framework Strategy 2030’) further substantiated health promotion provisions in the UHC Law. The framework serves as the foundation for the development and nationwide implementation of health promotion policies, programmes, plans and activities. The HPFS enumerates seven priority areas for health promotion: diet and physical activity, environmental health, immunization, substance abuse, mental health, sexual and reproductive health, and violence and injury prevention. Using the Ottawa Charter and Bangkok Declaration for Health Promotion as a reference, the HPFS identified five action areas for implementation: developing healthy public policies, creating supportive environments, developing personal skills, strengthening community action and reorienting health services. While all these areas are related to self-care, the most relevant are the development of personal skills and the reorientation of health services. The development of personal skills entails the provision of applicable and useful knowledge to allow for the adoption of health-seeking behaviours. Meanwhile, the reorientation of health services calls for shifting focus on disease prevention and health promotion which includes strengthening self-care practices in the country. The framework also prescribes the use of health literacy as a key strategy to further the promotion of health. This particular strategy necessitates interventions to improve the ability to process, understand and apply health-related information, encourage health-seeking behaviours and practices and apprise decisions related to health. This is a crucial element in the adoption of self-care, given that it is influenced by an individual’s level of health literacy.

Finally, Republic Act No. 11036 or the Mental Health Act of 2018 is another key legislation containing provisions relating to health promotion and self-care that was identified in our qualitative study: ‘I know that the Mental Health Law is meant to ensure that services are provided to individuals with regards mental health issues, which in a way impacts self-care’ (Participant 1, KII with a primary care physician). The law focuses on the integration of comprehensive and effective mental health care not only into the health-care delivery system of the country but also into educational institutions and the workplace. Specific self-care provisions contained in the law include strengthening public awareness campaigns on mental health issues and mental health promotion in educational institutions and the workplace. Moreover, the law also notes the provision of home care services for patients with special needs concretizing the role of self-care in mental health treatment.

Capacity building and institutional streamlining

The passage of the UHC Act paved the way for several developments in the DOH in relation to capacity building and institutional streamlining. As a response to UHC’s directive on the transformation of the Health Promotion and Communication Services (HPCS) to the Health Promotion Bureau (HPB), DOH released AO 2020-0058 (‘Guidelines on the Transformation of the Health Promotion and Communication Service (HPCS) to the Health Promotion Bureau (HPB)’) specifying and clarifying the mandates, roles and responsibilities of the HPB as a branch of the DOH. Under this, the HPB was tasked to coordinate with other concerned bureaus and agencies in the advancement of health promotion. Strategies and programmes of the HPB are expected to address the following: (1) behavioural risk factors, (2) social determinants of health, (3) functional health literacy and (4) healthy settings. Aside from this, there have also been efforts to localize health promotion initiatives through AO 2020-0042 (‘Health Promotion Framework Strategy in Province-wide and City-wide Health Systems’) mandating the implementation of health promotion in province-wide and city-wide health systems (P/CWHSs). With the HPFS in P/CWHSs, the DOH designed and implemented programmes related to it ( Table 2 , Quote C1).

The document also provided guidance and direction for LGUs to operationalize the health promotion mandate stipulated under the UHC and HPFS. The AO also defined the local governance structure of health promotion programmes designating the Provincial/City Health Board as the lead in implementing and evaluating health promotion programmes and policies in the P/CWHS. Through its LGUs, P/CWHSs are tasked to implement health promotion measures including self-care practices such as physical activity, proper nutrition and personal hygiene. The emphasis of policies on preventive aspects, especially among NCDs, was also noted by our participants: ‘I am not aware of any laws on self-care. At the local level, LGU policies are focused on promotion and prevention of NCDs’ (Participant 4, FGD among primary care physicians).

In addition, two records referred to the inclusion of Participatory Action Research (PAR) for health promotion and social mobilization in the national research agenda. DOH formulated a draft policy creating the Realizing Equity through Sustainable Health Action, Participation and Empowerment (RESHAPE) Programme to operationalize provisions regarding PAR in the UHC. The draft policy aims to establish guidelines regarding the provision of financial and technical assistance to implement PAR projects, produce PAR-trained health practitioners and make a network of researchers and institutions that can employ PAR methodology. In relation to this, DOH released Department Circular 2021-0456 (‘Public Consultation on the Draft DOH Administrative Order entitled “Guidelines for Implementing Participatory Action Research for Health Promotion and Social Mobilization Pursuant to Republic Act No. 11223, Establishing the Realizing Equity through Sustainable Health Action, Participation and Empowerment (RESHAPE) Program Thereof”’) to solicit comments on the draft policy. This was followed by the publication of AO 2021-0065 (‘Guidelines on the Implementation of Participatory Action Research for Health Promotion and Social Mobilization Pursuant to Republic Act No. 11223’). The guidelines enumerated themes to be prioritized in PAR projects, which are aligned with the same seven priority areas listed in the HPFS. Through this, the studies of healthy behaviours and self-care are pushed into the national research agenda. The focus on PAR is expected to yield a better understanding of the determinants of health relevant to different communities, examine the linkages between health system performance and social roles and responsibilities and cover the gap between knowledge and practice. As it is focused on health promotion, better self-care interventions for different medical conditions suitable in various contexts can be developed.

Our case study also found two bills that proposed the creation of a central agency for health promotion and a fund dedicated to the works of the agency: House Bill 3657, or the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Act, and House Bill 05515, or the Health Promotion Act of 2019. The former was filed in September 2016, while the latter was filed in November 2019 (or after the enactment of the UHC Law). In general, these bills cover similar scopes but differ in their approaches and proposed implementation, such that our study is treated as different bills. Both bills seek to allocate funding sourced from taxes collected from the purchase of alcohol and tobacco for the use of the health promotion agency. However, House Bill 3657 proposed that the Philippine Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention be organized as a corporate body guided by a Board of Trustees. Meanwhile, House Bill 05515 forwarded the creation of the Health Promotion Commission, a national government agency, as the central body for health promotion. In the bill, the commission is set to work with other government agencies such as the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Education and the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), among others to mainstream health in various areas. For example, the DPWH, together with the Metro Manila Development Authority, is called to design plans which ensure road safety. Moreso, parks and bike lanes are specified as a means of encouraging physical activities and mental wellness. Despite the differences, the ultimate goal of these proposals is to establish an agency to lead the health promotion efforts of the government, mainstream health in all policies and guide the population towards positive health behaviours. Presently, the responsibility is undertaken by the HPB as stipulated in the UHC Act.

Regulations

We identified two regulations: House Bill 10059 (‘An Act Strengthening the Traditional and Complementary Medicine System, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 8423, Otherwise Known as the “Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997”’) and Advisory 2019-154 (‘Internet Sales and Access To Safe Medicine’) issued by the country’s FDA. WHO lists self-management, including self-medication, as one of the areas of self-care ( World Health Organization, 2019a ). Hence, the regulation of accessible self-care interventions such as medicinal products is regarded as a crucial element in bolstering self-practices.

House Bill 10059 aims to update Republic Act 8423 or the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Act of 1997 and modify provisions related to regulation and its enforcement by boosting the powers and functions of the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Healthcare (PITAHC). Specifically, the bill mandates PITAHC to ensure compliance of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) facilities with rules and regulations, grant licences for the practice of TCAM and develop product standards and requirements for TCAM products. The development and implementation of regulations on traditional and alternative health care are argued to lead to better quality and delivery of health-care services. However, there are perceptions that ‘over-regulating products discourage adoption’ (Participant 5, KII with a pharmaceutical retail/industry representative).

Aside from this, Advisory No. 2019-154 issued by the FDA in 2019 tackles the sale of medical products online as a response to the increasing sale of medicines online. The advisory was released to serve as a reminder to the general public that current laws do not permit the online selling of medicines. This problem is not limited to the Philippines as it has also been experienced in other countries and has even been regarded as a global phenomenon ( Vida et al. , 2020 ). Beyond conventional products like over-the-counter medicines being sold online, the sale of traditional therapies such as Chinese herbal products has also been on the rise on the internet ( He and Shi, 2021 ).

Disease guidelines

The Philippines has few policy guidelines providing step-by-step instructions on how to treat certain diseases at home or by oneself. In this study, DOH Circular 2019-0233 (‘Adoption of the National Food and Waterborne Disease Prevention and Control Program Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Infectious Diarrhea Reference Manual’) was the only document found related to the treatment of acute diseases. Through this, the Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) on Acute Infectious Diarrhoea Reference Manual to strengthen the implementation of the National Food and Waterborne Disease (FWBD) Prevention and Control Program was officially adopted. The aim of the guidelines is to standardize the approach regarding the diagnosis, management and prevention of acute infectious diarrhoea. The guidelines recommended several home interventions for mild cases of diarrhoea. For example, the formula for homemade oral rehydration solution (ORS) was described. The guidelines further noted that previously healthy adults who contract acute diarrhoea may also be managed at home with adequate ORS intake, approximately two times the estimated gastrointestinal losses. For health-care workers, there are also detailed criteria provided under what conditions can an adult with diarrhoea be sent home for treatment. Several of our participants in the KIIs and FGDs mentioned taking ORS, probiotics and over-the-counter medicines to self-manage diarrhoea: ‘When I have diarrhoea, I just hydrate myself. If it is bad, I mix sugar and salt in water and drink that solution’ (Participant 4, KII with a government representative). Non-traditional treatments were also identified: ‘In our communities, there are many concoctions to manage diarrhoea including banaba or avocado leaves’ (Participant 2, KII with a patient and/or patient advocate).

Policy recommendations

Policy recommendations to promote self-care in the Philippines varied greatly between the different stakeholders. But there was consensus that changes in the local policy and built environment, and the formal educational and health systems, are needed to foster a culture of responsible self-care. A central theme in our case study is the importance of strengthening health literacy, promoting self-care among children and young adults and having a built environment supportive of self-care ( Table 2 , Quote P1).

From the perspective of patients and patient advocates, they highlighted the need for patient and community involvement in policy-making ( Table 2 , Quote P2).

A participant also mentioned the importance of ‘providing routine and outpatient mental health services in rural areas’ (Participant 9, KII with a patient and/or patient advocate), highlighting the gaps between UHC ambition of providing health care to all and the inequities especially in remote and rural communities. A representative from the pharmaceutical sector suggested ‘making medications more easily accessible to people, but also having guidelines to prevent abuse’ (Participant 8, KII with pharmaceutical retail/industry representative). While DOH is leading the implementation of health programmes and initiatives, other government agencies and departments should also support the health agenda ( Table 2 , Quote P3).

Participants were unanimous in saying that how these policies are implemented also matters. One representative (Participant 3) from the pharmaceutical retail/industry said that ‘health promotion should be done at the local government and even the barangay level’, and an infirmary administrator (Participant 13) mentioned that individuals may be more receptive if health promotion is done on a person-to-person basis.

The UHC Law paved the way for self-care and patient empowerment in the Philippines through legislation, with the majority of the policy documents drafted and/or institutionalized during and after its passage in 2019. The recent development and institutionalization of self-care-related policies in the Philippines highlight the infancy of a formal and unified conceptualization of self-care relative to its advanced development in high-income countries, which may be the experience of other similar LMICs as well. In a 2009 monograph, member countries of the WHO South East Asian Regional Office described self-care policies as being focused on specific aspects of self-care such as TCAM and health promotion ( World Health Organization, 2009 ), similar to the existing Philippine policies. Notably absent in all countries assessed is a national self-care policy; however, among the countries in the monograph, Thailand was significantly advanced with its numerous healthy public policies. This is corroborated in the 2021 Self-Care Readiness Index Report ( Global Self-Care Federation, 2021 ), which assigns a high Self-Care Health Policy score to the country, even higher than developed countries like France, the UK and the USA. The report attributes Thailand’s performance to its tax-funded universal health insurance implemented since 2002, a system that allows its health-care providers to bill for time spent discussing self-care with patients and regulates the practice of TCAM and a strong primary care system including a successful Village Health Volunteer Program. This programme trained local leaders to build trusting relationships, recognize certain conditions, prevent NCDs, serve as early warning and disease surveillance systems and provide basic consultations. Together with sufficient time allotted for physical and mental health throughout the basic education curriculum, this programme was hailed as the main reason for improving health literacy at the community level, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic ( Global Self-Care Federation, 2021 ). In contrast, there are no existing mechanisms by which self-care expenses are reimbursed in the Philippines. The most recent primary care package of the Philippine, the Konsulta package, was identified in our qualitative data. It is a benefit package that aims to encourage access to primary care by reducing outpatient expenditures for routine primary care services and medicines ( Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, 2020 ). While mentioned, we did not include it in the policy documents of our case study since it focuses more on promoting access to primary care within the formal health system, rather than reimbursing self-care expenses. The Philippines also has similar volunteer health workers to Thailand—the ‘barangay’ (or village) health workers (BHWs)—who have been essential in the workforce and health programmes ( Mallari et al. , 2020 ). However, as a result of decentralization of health-care delivery, the effectiveness and functioning of BHWs vary depending on the resources and politics of a locality ( Dodd et al. , 2021 ). Unlike Thailand, the Philippine primary care system needs to be strengthened and its health workforce well supported and financed. With investments in self-care interventions, there should also be enough curriculum time for health as well as investments in community health workers, such as in the provision of technical training and incentives, among others, as this will improve health literacy and empower people to do self-care ( Mallari et al. , 2020 ; Global Self-Care Federation, 2021 ). While Thailand is an exemplar LMIC in the promotion of self-care, the report noted that one indicator Thailand may have to work on is the recognition of the economic value of self-care ( Global Self-Care Federation, 2021 ), which necessitates the evaluation of the impact of of self-care policies to inform government decision-making. Similarly, the Philippines should also fund research on the economic impact and value of self-care in the country.

A continuing debate especially among countries with advanced TCAM regulation, which is one aspect of self-care, is its integration into the formal health-care system due to its perceived lack of effectiveness and safety ( Lee Mendoza, 2009 ). However, misconceptions on regulation and over-regulation of such products remain among individuals who perceive them to be safe ( Marinac et al. , 2007 ), despite concerns by regulatory bodies about their safety and effectiveness. This debate and lack of consensus on TCAM use may be why the Philippines only has a single policy on strengthening TCAM in the country between 2010 and 2022. The purpose of House Bill 10059 was to amend Republic Act 8423 or the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997, which has a 7-fold aim: (1) encourage scientific research on TCAM, (2) promote and advocate the use of TCAM, (3) develop and coordinate skills training courses for TCAM modalities, (4) formulate standards for practice of TCAM and manufacture of natural and organic products, (5) formulate policies for protection of indigenous and natural health resources, (6) formulate policies to strengthen the role of TCAM in the health system and (7) promote traditional and alternative health care in different venues. The 1997 law also established PITAHC which has supported studies on drug development from natural products ( Congress of the Philippines, 1997 ). However, since then, no TCAM bill has been passed into law, and a strong TCAM regulation is still lacking in the country. Similarly, most of the published TCAM studies in the country still focused on drug development studies and studies on the behavioural aspects of TCAM use ( Palileo-Villanueva et al. , 2022 ). The bill strengthening TCAM in Congress could be improved by legislating stricter regulation of TCAM modalities in the market, encouragement of research on TCAM–drug interactions and encouragement of health information literacy on TCAM and self-medication.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to empower patients and decrease the burden on the health system. It further served as a catalyst for the mainstreaming of health promotion in the country. Of note are recent Philippine House Bills on health promotion, which put greater emphasis on its implementation in local governments, allowing the implementation of health promotion activities applied to local needs and contexts ( Department of Health, 2020b ; 2021b ). It remains to be seen if these House Bills are eventually passed into law with the requisite appropriations. In addition to having enabling laws for self-care, our findings suggest that it is critical to improve health literacy or the ability to identify, understand, evaluate and apply information and services to make health-related decisions such as understanding prescription drug instructions and navigating the health system ( US Department of Health and Human Services, 2021 ). Previous studies illustrated the link between low levels of functional health literacy and poorer health outcomes ( Gazmararian et al. , 2003 ; Adams, 2010 ). The health literacy–health nexus has been well studied among chronic disease patients wherein adequate health literacy was seen to improve outcomes of self-management among asthma, diabetes and even cancer patients ( Papadakos et al. , 2018 ). Our case study similarly found a greater focus on noncommunicable and chronic diseases and general health compared with self-limiting conditions. These conditions substantially contribute to disease burden, can be managed with proper guidance and should therefore be included in policies and the proposed research agenda on self-care ( Riegel et al. , 2021 ). Given that research and policy should place the needs of individuals and communities at the centre, PAR as advocated by DOH Circulars and AOs should be considered as a design and methodology. Finally, as with TCAM, over-the-counter medications that are commonly used to manage acute conditions should be better regulated to avoid irrational use and antimicrobial resistance ( Rather et al. , 2017 ).

The establishment of a National Self-Care Service with the general aim of embedding self-care in the provision of routine care and engaging different stakeholders to practice self-care for better health ( Nichols et al. , 2020 ) is one policy that the Philippines can adopt. The integration of self-care in the continuum of primary care is done by enabling patients, consumers, laypeople and the media to be active partners in health care, maintaining quality, regular quality assurance and monitoring and evaluation. Our findings suggest that different stakeholders, agencies, implementers and patients need to be involved to support responsible self-care. This may be a tall order for LMICs, but studies in Brazil show that for every dollar invested in self-care activities, at least six dollars of health-care expenditures are prevented ( Global Self-Care Federation, 2021 ). Analyses from the USA have shown that investments in self-care save billions in health-care expenses and hours for both patients and providers, improving productivity and efficiency ( Global Self-Care Federation, 2021 ). Given the challenges and gaps in the Philippine health system and resources, self-care is a cost-effective strategy towards the realization of UHC and Health For All.

There is progress towards conceptualizing and/or integrating self-care into the health systems of LMICs, as illustrated by the Philippine case study. In the country, we found that 13 policies were only recently drafted and/or institutionalized during and after the passage of the UHC Act of 2019. Among these, four policy documents were categorized under unifying frameworks and road maps, six were categorized under the capacity building and institutional streamlining theme, two were categorized as regulations and one was categorized under disease guidelines. Among the 13 records, six stemmed from the passing of the UHC Act, highlighting the singular importance of the UHC Act in institutionalizing self-care and strengthening health promotion strategies in the Philippines. Moreover, the UHC Act and these policies associated with the UHC represent the growing importance of self-care in realizing Health For All and transitioning the Philippine health-care system from a curative health system to a primary health system. The COVID-19 pandemic hastened the mainstreaming of health promotion initiatives in the country, and while these recent policies and administrative issuances are a start, much more needs to be done to improve people’s understanding about self-care within the context of primary health care to achieve the goal of enhancing the health and quality of life of citizens. Additionally, self-care can be enhanced if we have strong institutions that provide information and confidence to individuals to take care of themselves. Previous analyses have shown the value of self-care and having a comprehensive national self-care strategy, which benefits not only the economy and health systems but patients and providers as well. We identified Thailand as an exemplar, which has outperformed high-income countries in terms of health literacy and self-care policies and outcomes. Other LMICs can draw lessons from such models and experiences to further improve their policies on self-care. Finally, we propose the integration of self-care into the educational and health-care systems, taking into account the evidence and critiques from other countries, which will be even more vital as LMICs accelerate progress on UHC.

Supplementary data are available at Health Policy and Planning online.

The data underlying this article are available in the paper, with policy documents accessible through the links provided in our reference list.

This work was supported by Sanofi Consumer Healthcare. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

We would like to thank Dr Lourdes Sumpaico-Tanchanco, Michelle Edillon and Kriselle Abcede for their invaluable support to this project.

L.J. and J.M.N. assisted with the data collection, data analysis and interpretation, drafting the article and final approval of the paper; A.M.L. and V.C.F.P. assisted with the conception of the work, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, drafting the article, critical revision of the article and final approval of the paper and M.M.D. assisted with the conception of the work, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, critical revision of the article and final approval of the paper.

L.J., J.M.N., A.M.L. and V.C.F.P. are research specialists in the fields of medicine, health policy and public health. M.M.D. is a health systems researcher and former policymaker. He is a Former Secretary of Health of the Republic of the Philippines and Director of the Department of Human Resources for Health at the WHO. All researchers are based in the Philippines.

This study was approved by the University Research Ethics Office of Ateneo de Manila University (Study No. SMPH SELFCARE2022).

None declared.

Adams   R . 2010 . Improving health outcomes with better patient understanding and education . Risk Management and Healthcare Policy   3 : 61 – 72 .

Google Scholar

Amit   AML , Pepito   VCF , Dayrit   MM . 2021 . Early response to COVID-19 in the Philippines . Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal   12 : 56 – 60 .

Amit   AML , Pepito   VCF , Dayrit   MM . 2022 . Advancing Universal Health Coverage in the Philippines through self-care interventions . The Lancet Regional Health—Western Pacific   26 : 100579.

Antonio   CAT , Amit   AML , Reyes   MSGL  et al.    2021 . Practical guidance in the conduct of a scoping review: insights from experience in the College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila . Acta Medica Philippina   55 : 775 – 80 .

Banaag   MS Dayrit   MM Mendoza   RU . 2019 . Health inequity in the Philippines. In: Batabyal   AA , Higano   Y , Nijkamp   P (eds). Disease, Human Health, and Regional Growth and Development in Asia . Singapore : Springer , 163 – 74 .

Google Preview

Barber   DA , Casquejo   E , Ybañez   PL  et al.    2017 . Prevalence and correlates of antibiotic sharing in the Philippines: antibiotic misconceptions and community-level access to non-medical sources of antibiotics . Tropical Medicine & International Health   22 : 567 – 75 .

Congress of the Philippines . 1997 . Republic Act No. 8423 . https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/3083527778!.pdf#:∼:text=In%201997.%20the%20Congress%20enacted%20RA%20No.%208423%2C,Institute%20of%20Traditional%20and%20Alternative%20Health%20Care%20%28PITAHC%29 , accessed 24 September 2022 .

Congress of the Philippines . 2018 . Republic Act No. 11036 . https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2018/06/20/republic-act-no-11036/ , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Congress of the Philippines . 2019 . Republic Act No. 11223 . https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Republic%20Act%20No.%2011223 , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Dayrit   MM , Lagrada   LP , Picazo   OF  et al.    2018 . The Philippines Health System Review . Regional Office for South-East Asia : New Delhi . https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274579/9789290226734-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y , accessed 20 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2019a . National Objectives for Health 2017-2022 . https://doh.gov.ph/node/16880 , accessed 20 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2019b . Adoption of the National Food and Waterborne Disease Prevention and Control Program: Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acute Infectious Diarrhea Reference Manual . https://dmas.doh.gov.ph:8083/Rest/GetFile?id=633229 , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2019c . Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Universal Health Care Act (Republic Act No. 11223) . https://www.philhealth.gov.ph/about_us/UHC-IRR_Signed.pdf , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2020a . Philippine Health Facility Development Plan 2020-2040 . https://doh.gov.ph/node/33029 , accessed 20 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2020b . Health Promotion Framework Strategy in Province-wide and City-wide Health Systems . https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/policies_and_laws/H.1%20AO%202020-0042%20Health%20Promotion%20Framework%20Strategy%20in%20Province-wide%20and%20City-wide%20Health%20System.pdf , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2020c . Guidelines on the Transformation of the Health Promotion and Communication Service (HPCS) to the Health Promotion Bureau (HPB) . https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/policies_and_laws/H.2%20AO%202020-0058%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Health%20Promotion%20and%20Communication%20Service%20%28HPCS%29%20to%20the%20Health%20Promotion%20Bureau%20%28HPB%29.pdf , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2021a . Republic Act (RA) No. 11223 Universal Health Care Act: Implementation Report CY 2020 . https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/2020%20UHC%20Annual%20Accomplishment_0.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0L3zmIlY28sNdjtm3jVDuEapN_y6VIY7hzFwPYDIQblpfgSCdCI-I7vvM , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2021b . Health Promotion Framework Strategy 2030 . https://dmas.doh.gov.ph:8083/Rest/GetFile?id=701365 , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2021c . Guidelines on the Implementation of Participatory Action Research for Health Promotion and Social Mobilization Pursuant to Republic Act No. 11223 . https://dmas.doh.gov.ph:8083/Rest/GetFile?id=701364 , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2021d . Public Consultation on the Draft DOH Administrative Order entitled “Guidelines for Implementing Participatory Action Research for Health Promotion and Social Mobilization Pursuant to Republic Act No. 11223, Establishing the Realizing Equity through Sustainable Health Action, Participation and Empowerment (RESHAPE) Program Thereof ” . https://dmas.doh.gov.ph:8083/Rest/GetFile?id=693665 , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Department of Health.   2022a . DOH Hospitals . https://doh.gov.ph/doh-hospitals-directory , accessed 23 March 2022 .

Department of Health . 2022b . Field Health Services Information System: 2020 Annual Report . https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/FHSIS-2020-updated-June92022.pdf , accessed 29 September 2022 .

Dierick   BJH , van der Molen   T , Flokstra-de Blok   BMJ  et al.    2020 . Burden and socioeconomics of asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and food allergy . Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research   20 : 437 – 53 .

Dodd   W , Kipp   A , Nicholson   B  et al.    2021 . Governance of community health worker programs in a decentralized health system: a qualitative study in the Philippines . BMC Health Services Research   21 : 451.

Dumaraos   GR   2014 . The Aquino Health Agenda: Achieving Universal Health Care for all Filipinos . https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/DOHissue1.pdf , accessed 23 March 2022 .

Dutmer   AL , Schiphorst Preuper   HR , Soer   R  et al.    2019 . Personal and societal impact of low back pain: the Groningen Spine Cohort . Spine   44 : E1443 – 51 .

Flores   ELL , Manahan   EMR , Lacanilao   MPB  et al.    2021 . Factors affecting retention in the Philippine National Rural Physician Deployment Program from 2012 to 2019: a mixed methods study . BMC Health Services Research   21 : 1201.

Food and Drug Administration . 2019 . Internet Sales and Access to Safe Medicine . https://www.fda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FDA-Advisory-No.-2019-154.pdf , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Gazmararian   JA , Williams   MV , Peel   J , Baker   DW . 2003 . Health literacy and knowledge of chronic disease . Patient Education and Counseling   51 : 267 – 75 .

Global Self-Care Federation . 2021 . Self-care Readiness Index . https://selfcarepromise.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Self-Care-Readiness-Index-Report-1.pdf , accessed 28 September 2022 .

Greaney   A , Flaherty   S . 2020 . Self‐care as care left undone? The ethics of the self‐care agenda in contemporary healthcare policy . Nursing Philosophy   21 : e12291.

Haakenstad   A , Irvine   CMS , Knight   M  et al.    2022 . Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 . The Lancet   399 : 2129 – 54 .

He   M , Shi   J . 2021 . Circulation traceability system of Chinese herbal medicine supply chain based on internet of things agricultural sensor . Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems   30 : 100518.

House of Representatives . 2016 . House Bill No. 3657 . https://hrep-website.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/legisdocs/basic_17/HB03657.pdf , accessed 3 March 2022 .

House of Representatives . 2019 . House Bill No. 5515 . https://hrep-website.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/legisdocs/basic_18/HB05515.pdf , accessed 3 March 2022 .

House of Representatives . 2021 . House Bill No. 10059 . https://hrep-website.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/legisdocs/basic_18/HB10059.pdf , accessed 3 March 2022 .

Kanchanachitra   C , Lindelow   M , Johnston   T  et al.    2011 . Human resources for health in southeast Asia: shortages, distributional challenges, and international trade in health services . The Lancet   377 : 769 – 81 .

Katelaris   CH , Lai   CKW , Rhee   C-S  et al.    2011 . Nasal allergies in the Asian–Pacific Population: results from the Allergies in Asia–Pacific Survey . American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy   25 : S3 – 15 .

Kennedy   A , Reeves   D , Bower   P  et al.    2007 . The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a national lay-led self care support programme for patients with long-term conditions: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health   61 : 254 – 61 .

Lee Mendoza   R . 2009 . Is it really medicine? The Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act and informal health economy in the Philippines . Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health   21 : 333 – 45 .

Mallari   E , Lasco   G , Sayman   DJ  et al.    2020 . Connecting communities to primary care: a qualitative study on the roles, motivations and lived experiences of community health workers in the Philippines . BMC Health Services Research   20 : 860.

Marinac   JS , Buchinger   CL , Godfrey   LA  et al.    2007 . Herbal products and dietary supplements: a survey of use, attitudes, and knowledge among older adults . Journal of Osteopathic Medicine   107 : 13 – 23 .

Martínez   N , Connelly   CD , Pérez   A , Calero   P . 2021 . Self-care: a concept analysis . International Journal of Nursing Sciences   8 : 418 – 25 .

Narasimhan   M , Allotey   P , Hardon   A . 2019 . Self care interventions to advance health and wellbeing: a conceptual framework to inform normative guidance . BMJ   365 : l688.

Nichols   T , Calder   R , Morgan   M  et al.    2020 . Self-care for Health: A National Policy Blueprint . https://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/mitchell-institute-self-care-for-health-a-national-policy-blueprint.pdf , accessed 5 October 2022 .

O’Connell   S , Vjc   MC , Savage   E . 2018 . Frameworks for self-management support for chronic disease: a cross-country comparative document analysis . BMC Health Services Research   18 : 583.

Palileo-Villanueva   LM , Palafox   B , Amit   AML  et al.    2022 . Prevalence, determinants and outcomes of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use for hypertension among low-income households in Malaysia and the Philippines . BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies   22 : 1 – 3 .

Papadakos   JK , Hasan   SM , Barnsley   J  et al.    2018 . Health literacy and cancer self-management behaviors: a scoping review . Cancer   124 : 4202 – 10 .

Peters   M Godfrey   C McInerney   P  et al.    2020 . Chapter 11: scoping reviews. In: Aromataris   E , Munn   Z (eds). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis . Adelaide : JBI , 406 – 51 .

Philippine Health Insurance Corporation . 2020 . PhilHealth Circular No. 2020-0022: Implementing Guidelines for the PhilHealth Konsultasyong Sulit at Tama (PhilHealth Konsulta) Package . https://www.philhealth.gov.ph/circulars/2020/circ2020-0022.pdf , accessed 28 September 2022 .

Philippine Health Insurance Corporation . 2021 . 2021 Stats and Charts . https://www.philhealth.gov.ph/about_us/statsncharts/snc2021_1stSem.pdf , accessed 23 March 2022 .

Rather   IA , Kim   B-C , Bajpai   VK , Park   Y-H . 2017 . Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: crisis, current challenges, and prevention . Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences   24 : 808 – 12 .

Riegel   B , Dunbar   SB , Fitzsimons   D  et al.    2021 . Self-care research: where are we now? Where are we going?   International Journal of Nursing Studies   116 : 103402.

Sanico   AM . 2004 . Latest developments in the management of allergic rhinitis . Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology   27 : 181 – 90 .

Tong   A , Sainsbury   P , Craig   J . 2007 . Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups . International Journal for Quality in Health Care   19 : 349 – 57 .

Tricco   AC , Lillie   E , Zarin   W  et al.    2018 . PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation . Annals of Internal Medicine   169 : 467 – 73 .

Tulu   SN , Cook   P , Oman   KS  et al.    2021 . Chronic disease self‐care: a concept analysis . Nursing Forum   56 : 734 – 41 .

Uchimura   H . 2012 . Health development in the decentralized health system of the Philippines: impact of local health expenditures on health. In: Uchimura   H (ed). Fiscal Decentralization and Development . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK , 73 – 99 .

US Department of Health and Human Services . 2021 . What is Health Literacy . https://nnlm.gov/guides/intro-health-literacy , accessed 25 September 2022 .

Vellone   E , Riegel   B , Cocchieri   A  et al.    2013 . Psychometric testing of the self‐care of heart failure index version 6.2 . Research in Nursing & Health   36 : 500 – 11 .

Vida   RG , Merczel   S , Jáhn   E , Fittler   A . 2020 . Developing a framework regarding a complex risk based methodology in the evaluation of hazards associated with medicinal products sourced via the internet . Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal   28 : 1733 – 42 .

The World Bank   2020 . Hospital Beds (per 1,000 People) . https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS , accessed 23 March 2022 .

World Health Organization . 2009 . Self-care in the Context of Primary Health Care: Report of the Regional Consultation . World Health Organization : Geneva . https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/206352/B4301.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y , accessed 20 May 2022 .

World Health Organization . 2010 . Constraints to Scaling up the Health Millennium Development Goals: Costing and Financial Gap Analysis . World Health Organization : Geneva . https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341150/WHO-HSS-HSF-2010.02-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y , accessed 16 May 2022 .

World Health Organization . 2019a . WHO Consolidated Guideline on Self-care Interventions for Health: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights . World Health Organization : Geneva . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544164/ , accessed 16 May 2022 .

World Health Organization . 2019b . World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals . https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565707 , accessed 23 March 2022 .

World Health Organization   2020 . Medical Doctors (per 10 000 Population) . https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/medical-doctors-(per-10-000-population) , accessed 23 March 2022 .

Author notes

• philippines
• statutes and laws
• health care systems
• health care
• universal health care

Email alerts

Citing articles via.

• Recommend to Your Librarian

Affiliations

• Online ISSN 1460-2237
• Copyright © 2024 The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Oxford University Press
• About Oxford Academic
• Publish journals with us
• University press partners
• What we publish
• New features  
• Open access
• Institutional account management
• Rights and permissions
• Get help with access
• Accessibility
• Advertising
• Media enquiries
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Languages
• University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
• Cookie settings
• Cookie policy
• Privacy policy
• Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Case Studies

Learn how our data-driven research and strategy has successfully helped various conglomerates, multinationals, and local companies grow in the Philippines.

Construction & Infrastructure

Multi-Sector Market Assessment in Steel Products

Providing comprehensive multi-sector market assessment for adjacency opportunities in steel products.

Manufacturing

Pre-M&A Cement Market Study

Performing pre-M&A market study for a potential acquisition of a competitor in the Philippine cement industry.

Chemical & Energy

Five-Year Growth Business Plan in Oil Downstream Segment in the Philippines

Helping oil & gas companies to achieve its vision through a five-year growth business plan in the Philippines.

Pre-Entry Business Plan Validation for a Japanese Logistics Firm in the Philippines

Developing a pre-entry business plan for a Japanese MNC entering the Philippine logistic market through a new innovative product initially.

See Our Services

See our offerings to help businesses capturing opportunities and growing revenues in the market.

Read Our Insights

Keep up to date with current dynamic in Indonesia market by accessing our Insights section.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

•  We're Hiring!
•  Help Center

Philippines

• Most Cited Papers
• Most Downloaded Papers
• Newest Papers
• Save to Library
• Last »
• Southeast Asian Studies Follow Following
• Philippine Studies Follow Following
• Southeast Asia Follow Following
• Philippine History Follow Following
• Colonial Philippines Follow Following
• Southeast Asian history Follow Following
• Colonialism Follow Following
• Global History Follow Following
• Asian Studies Follow Following
• The Moros Of Mindanao In Southern Philippines Follow Following

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• Academia.edu Publishing
•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

• Borrow, Renew, Request How to borrow materials, request pdf scans, and interlibrary loans .
• Study Spaces Areas for individual and group study and how to reserve them.
• Course Reserves How to access course-related materials reserved by faculty for their students.
• Services for Faculty and Instructors A list of services offered to faculty and instructors at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
• Library Instruction Request library instruction for your course or register for a workshop.
• Suggest a Purchase Suggest new materials that support teaching, study, or research.
• Other Services Apply for a research carrel or reserve our lactation room.
• Loanable Technology Cables, adaptors, audio and video equipment, and other devices
• Collections An overview of the various library collections.
• Online Databases Search across 100s of library databases.
• Journals Search journals by title or subject.
• Research Guides Guides for subjects, select courses, and general information.
• OneSearch Finds books and other materials in the UH Manoa Library's collection.
• Scholarly Communication Learn about scholarly communication, open access, and our institutional repositories ScholarSpace , eVols , and the UH System Repository .
• Ask a Librarian Get help by email, online form, or phone.
• FAQ Frequently asked questions.
• Accessibility and Disability Information about accessibility and disability.
• Subject Librarians Find a librarian for a specific subject.
• Copyright Help Links to resources about copyright.
• Technology in the Library Wireless access, scanning, printing.
• English 100 Students The starting point for English 100 research.
• Request a Research Appointment Contact us to schedule an in-person appointment.
• Office and Department Contacts View a list of the departments at the library.
• Jobs at the Library Faculty, staff, and student job opportunities.
• Staff Directory Contact information for staff at the library.
• Exhibits Current and past exhibits at the library.
• Support the Library Find out how you can support the library.
• Our Library Annual reports, mission, values, history, and policies.
• Visiting Hours, directions, floor plans
• News, Blogs & Events News, blogs & events from the library.

Philippines: Philippine History

• Architecture
• Martial Arts

Philippine History

• Costumes & Fashion
• Performing Arts
• Sculptures & Paintings
• Food by Region
• Cebuano Language, Literature, History, Arts & Culture
• Human Trafficking
• Marine Ecology & The Environment
• Jose S. Libornio
• Bataan Death March
• HIST 296 ("WWII and Its Legacies in Asia/Pacific")
• Indigenous Peoples of Luzon/The Cordilleras
• The Ilokanos
• The Tagalogs
• Indigenous Peoples in Mindanao
• Mindanao Politics and History
• Islam in the Philippines
• Philippine Boats & Navigation
• Colonial Mentality
• Reference Materials
• Ramon Sison Collection
• Dissertations
• Digital Archives
• U.S. Government Documents on the Philippines

Print 

Agoncillo, T. (1962). Philippine history. Inang Wika Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179914605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A34 

Arcilla, J. (1973). An introduction to Philippine history (2d ed., enl.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998405584605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A82 1973

Women’s role in Philippine history : selected essays. (1996). https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9917408334605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia HQ1757 .C66 1996

Zaide, G. (1951). Great events in Philippine history : patriotic calendar . M. Colcol. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179894605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS667 .Z3

Looney, D. (1977). A beginner’s guide to Philippine history books . Friends of the Filipino People. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180024605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .L66

De la Costa, H. (1965). Readings in Philippine history : selected historical texts presented with a commentary . Bookmark. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998348874605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .C6

Abeto, I. (1989). Philippine history reassessed : a collection of undiscovered historical facts from prehistoric time to 1872 . Integrated Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9915965084605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .A24 1989

Scott, W., & Scott, W. (1984). Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history (Rev. ed.). New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9914729264605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS673.8 .S36 1984

Scott, W. (1982). Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913659044605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .S366

Scott, W. (1992). Looking for the prehispanic Filipino and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916747444605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS673.8 .S355 1992 

Scott, W. (1968). A critical study of the prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history. University of Santo Tomas Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999685544605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668.A2 S36

Gagelonia, P. (1970). Concise Philippine history. Far Eastern University Consumers Cooperative Incorporation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910091030505681  

Print available through LCC 

Zafra, N. (1967). Philippine history through selected sources. Alemar-Phoenix Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999685634605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z273

Valencia, E. (2002). Trade & Philippine history & other exercises. Giraffe Books. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921935834605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia HC453 .V35 2002 v.2

Bernal, R. (1967). Prologue to Philippine history. Solidaridad Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180204605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .B47

De la Costa, H., & Jesswani, P. (1989). A Look at Philippine history. St. Paul Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995873454605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia DS668 .L658 1989

Sánchez-Arcilla Bernal, J. (1990). Recent Philippine history, 1898-1960 . Office of Research and Publications, Ateneo de Manila University. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916211104605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS685 .S265 1990

Zaide, G. (1938). Philippine history and government. S. E. Macaraig co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508434605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .Z3 

Prominent caviteños in Philippine history. (1941). Atty. Eleuterio P. Fojas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996232564605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS688.C38 P96 1941

Alejandro, R., Vallejo, R., & Santiago, A. (2000). Selyo : Philippine history in postage stamps. Published and exclusively distributed by National Book Store, Inc. and Anvil Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920966844605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia HE7265 .A43 2000 

Bernad, M. (1983). Tradition & discontinuity : essays on Philippine history & culture. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913857054605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .B456 1983 

Wickberg, E., Wei, A., & Wu, W. (2001). The Chinese mestizo in Philippine history. Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921693624605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS666.C5 W53 2001 

Quirino, C. (1995). Who’s who in Philippine history. Tahanan Books.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910320113705681  

Print available through Kauai Community College 

Dery, Luis Camara. When the World Loved the Filipinos and Other Essays on Philippine History. España, Manila: UST Pub. House, 2005. Print.  / https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9926868854605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .D47 2005 

Anderson, Gerald H. Studies in Philippine Church History. Ithaca [N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1969. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9912038704605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia BR1260 .A5 

Zaide, Gregorio F. The Pageant of Philippine History : Political, Economic, and Socio-Cultural. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Education Co., 1979. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998680134605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .Z288 

Trillana, Pablo S. The Loves of Rizal and Other Essays on Philippine History, Art, and Public Policy. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 2000. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921091674605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS675.8.R5 T74 2000

Bohol, E. (1948). Outline on Philippine history for the fourth year high school. Bohol Junior Colleg. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179974605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .B8 1948 

Soliven, P. (1999). Half a millennium of Philippine history : snippets of what we were-- snatches of what we ought to be. Phil. Star Daily, Inc. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920391134605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS655 .S65 1999 

Bulletin of Philippine folklore & local history. (1981). Cebuano Studies Center of the University of San Carlos. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919428124605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) DS651 .B84 

McCoy, A., & De Jesus, E. (1982). Philippine social history : global trade and local transformations. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911802664605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia HN713 .P52 1982 

Fernandez, D. (1996). Palabas : essays on Philippine theater history. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9918558194605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia PN2911 .F36 1996 

Kalaw, T. (1969). The Philippine revolution. Jorge B. Vargas Filipiniana Foundation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995181134605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .K3 1969 

Taylor, J. (1971). The Philippine Insurrection against the United States; a compilation of documents with notes and introduction. Eugenio Lopez Foundation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9918622934605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .T38 1971 

Zaide, G. (1957). Philippine political and cultural history (Rev. ed.). Philippine Education Co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma992202714605682  

Location: Hamilton DS668 .Z32 1957 

Agoncillo, T. (1974). Introduction to Filipino history. Radiant Star Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999968264605682  

Gagelonia, P. (1977). Filipino nation : history and government. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998661564605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .G26 

Hornedo, F. (2001). Ideas and ideals: essays in Filipino cognitive history. University of Santo Tomas Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921663694605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS664 .H65 2001 

Marcos, F. (1976). Tadhana: The history of the Filipino people. [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911735624605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .M37 

Root, M. (1997). Filipino Americans : transformation and identity. Sage Publications. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919145254605682  

Location: Hamilton Main E184.F4 F385 1997 

Dery, L. (2006). Pestilence in the Philippines : a social history of the Filipino people, 1571-1800 . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9928888094605682 

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS663 .D47 2006  

Philippine History (Continuation)

Batacan, D. (1972). The Supreme Court in Philippine history; from Arellano to Concepcion. Central Lawbook Pub. Co.; [distributed by Central Book Supply, Manila. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998953074605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia KQH .P6 B37

Ileto, R. (2018). Knowledge and pacification : on the U.S. conquest and the writing of Philippine history . Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9949874814605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS682 .A184 2017 

Zaide, G. (1939). Philippine history and civilization. Philippine associated publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995181154605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .Z25

Diaz, C. (2009). The other Philippine history textbook. Anvil. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9932768274605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .D52 2009

Jose, R. (2006). Recent studies in Philippine history. College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9932306234605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) H1 .P537 v.57

Benitez, C. (1928). Philippine history in stories. Ginn and company. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508274605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .B4

Engel, F. (1979). Philippine history : a brief digest (2nd ed.). [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911330244605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia DS668 .E53 1979

Zaide, G. (1937). Early Philippine history and culture. G.F. Zaide. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999277334605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z23

Zafra, N. (1956). Readings in Philippine history (New ed.). University of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180094605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z28 1956

Zaide, G., & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary sources of Philippine history. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916188534605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .D6 1990

Miravite, R. (1967). Books on Philippine history . [publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996857894605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia Z3298.A4 M53

IBON Teacher’s manual on Philippine history. (2nd ed.). (1981). IBON Data Bank Phils. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999892824605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .I244 1981

Torres, J. (2000). Pananaw : viewing points on Philippine history and culture. UST Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921387604605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS663 .T67 2000 

Ocampo, A., Peralta, J., & Rodriguez, F. (2012). The diorama experience of Philippine history. Ayala Museum. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9941650394605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .O23 2004 

Rasul, J. (n.d.). Philippine history : from thousand years before Magellan. [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9931273854605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS655 .R37 2008 

Gagelonia, P. (1970). The Filipino historian (controversial issues in Philippine history). FEUCCI. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180234605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .G33 

Abinales, P. (2010). The “Local” in Philippine National History: Some Puzzles, Problems and Options. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910993006405681  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS674 .S76 2013 

De Viana, Augusto V. Stories Rarely Told : the Hidden Stories and Essays on Philippine History . Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 2013. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9946341294605682  

Owen, Nrman G. Trends and Directions of Research on Philippine History, an Informal Essay. Place of publication not identified: Publisher not identified, 1975. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180254605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .O94 

Joaquin, N. (1977). A question of heroes : essays in criticism on ten key figures of Philippine history. Ayala Museum. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998474024605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS653.7 .J63 

Scott, W. (1968). A critical study of the prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history. Thesis--University of Santo Tomas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99512344605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 187  

Barrientos, V. (1998). A finding guide to the picture collection of the Filipiniana Division. Part IV, Heroes in Philippine history. Special Collections Section, Filipiniana Division, The National Library. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920366764605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia Reference (Library Use Only) Z3299 .N38 1998 

Alip, E. (1958). Philippine history: political, social, economic; based on the course of study of the Bureau of Public Schools. (7th rev. ed). Alip & Sons. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179924605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A4 1958 

Mastura, M. (1979). The rulers of Magindanao in modern history, 1515-1903 : continuity and change in a traditional realm in the southern Philippines. Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999183994605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS666.M23 M37 1979a 

Lumbera, B., & Lumbera, C. (1997). Philippine literature : a history & anthology (Rev. ed.). Anvil. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9926072204605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia PL5530 .P44 1997

Outline of Philippine history and government, based on the course of study and includes all changes before and after World War II. (Rev. ed.). (1950). Philippine Book Co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508294605682  

Location: Hamilton DS670 .O88 1949 

Voices, a Filipino American oral history. (1984). Filipino Oral History Project. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911221724605682  

Location: Hamilton Main F870.F4 V65 1984 

Gorospe, O. (1933). Making Filipino history in Hawaii. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma997879204605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU620 .M5 v.45 p.241-253 

Rafael, V. (2000). White love and other events in Filipino history. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9922646264605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS685 .R24 2000b

Filipino-American history. (2008). Language, Literature & History Section, Hawaiʻi State Library, Hawaii State Public Library System. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9931245804605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) IN CATALOGING 3124580 

Bautista, V. (2002). The Filipino Americans: (1763-present) : their history, culture, and traditions (2nd ed.). Bookhaus Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9923164014605682  

Location: Hamilton Main E184.F4 B38 2002

Okamura, J. (1991). Filipino organizations: a history. Operation Manong. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995894474605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU624.7.F4 O42 1991 

Agoncillo, T., & Guerrero, M. (1973). History of the Filipino people ([4th ed.]). R.P. Garcia. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919225084605682  

Location: Hamilton Main DS668 .A32 1973

Tubangui, H. (1982). The Filipino nation : a concise history of the Philippines. Grolier International. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913647534605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .F5 1982

Batacan, D. (1966). The laughter of my people: a history of the Filipino people written a smile. Printed by MDB Pfint. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180194605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .B38

Craig, A., Mabini, A., & Rizal, J. (1973). The Filipinos’ fight for freedom; true history of the Filipino people during their 400 years’ struggle. AMS Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9912137304605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .C69 1973

Measham, F. (2016). The secret history of Filipino women. Lifted Brow, The, 29, 49–52. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/informit901765406961917  

Location: ILL through unspecified college 

San Juan, E. (1989). MAKING FILIPINO HISTORY IN A “DAMAGED CULTURE.” Philippine Sociological Review, 37(1/2), 1–11. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/jstor_archive_1241853640  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) DS651 .P462 // Also through JSTOR

Online - Ebook 

Nagano, Y. (2006). Transcultural Battlefield: Recent Japanese Translations of Philippine History. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0 https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/cdl_soai_escholarship_org_ark_13030_qt68t5m5h0  

Link: Through escholarship UCLA https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0  

Project Muse: https://muse-jhu-edu.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/journal/531  

Journal title: Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints 

Aquino, B. (2006). From Plantation Camp to Global Village:100 Years of Filipino History in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910995904405681  

Link: Through UH Scholarspace http://hdl.handle.net/10125/15379  

Databases - Scholarly Works/Articles 

Database: Historical Abstracts 

Serizawa, T. (2019). Translating Philippine history in America’s shadow: Japanese reflections on the past and present during the Vietnam War. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 222–245. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000274  

Database: Business Source Complete 

Reyes, P. L. (2018). Claiming History: Memoirs of the Struggle against Ferdinand Marcos’s Martial Law Regime in the Philippines. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 33(2), 457–498. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1355/sj33-2q  

Database: Points of View Reference Center 

Republic of the Philippines. (2003). In Background Notes on Countries of the World 2003 (pp. 1–15). http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=11208051&site=ehost-live   

Database: MasterFILE Complete 

Trent Smith, S. (2018). A Call to Arms. World War II, 33(3), 64–71. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=131241187&site=ehost-live  

Suter, K. (2007). The Philippines: What Went Wrong with One Asian Economy. Contemporary Review, 289(1684), 53–59. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=24884353&site=ehost-live

FRANCIA, L. H. (2014). José Rizal: A Man for All Generations. Antioch Review, 72(1), 44–60. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.7723/antiochreview.72.1.0044  

Luyt, B. (2019). The early years of Philippine Studies , 1953 to 1966. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 202–221. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000237  

Database: ABI/INFORM 

Mercene, R. (2016, Mar 27). A shining moment in philippine history. Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1776085049?accountid=27140  

A guide to the philippines' history, economy and politics: Daily chart. (2016, May 06). The Economist (Online), Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1787331077?accountid=27140  

Carroll, J. (1961). Contemporary Philippine Historians and Philippine History. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 2(3), 23-35. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20067346  

Zafra, N. (1958). On The Writing Of Philippine History. Philippine Studies, 6(4), 454-460. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42720410  

Larkin, J. (1982). Philippine History Reconsidered: A Socioeconomic Perspective. The American Historical Review, 87(3), 595-628. doi:10.2307/1864158 

Mulder, N. (1994). The Image of Philippine History and Society. Philippine Studies, 42(4), 475-508. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42633467  

OWEN, N. (1974). The Principalia in Philippine History: Kabikolan, 1790-1898. Philippine Studies, 22(3/4), 297-324. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634875  

Baumgartner, J. (1977). Notes on Piracy and Slaving in Philippine History. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 5(4), 270-272. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791568  

Cristina E. Torres. (1997). Health Issues and the Quality of Life in Philippine History. Quality of Life Research, 6(5), 461-462. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4035251  

Farrell, J. (1954). An Abandoned Approach to Philippine History: John R. M. Taylor and the Philippine Insurrection Records. The Catholic Historical Review, 39(4), 385-407. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25015651  

GEALOGO, F. (2013). Reflections of A Filipino Social Historian. Philippine Sociological Review, 61(1), 55-68. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43486355

MAOHONG, B. (2012). On Studies of the History of the Philippines in China. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 60(1), 102-116. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634704  

Nexis Uni 

(October 3, 2020 Saturday). Studies on Philippine history. The Philippine Star. https://advance-lexis-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:6109-GWY1-JCH9-G1MH-00000-00&context=1516831 . 

ABI/INFORM 

Filipino history, culture studied in international seminar. (2019, May 16). Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/2226338201?accountid=27140  

Association For Asian Studies

Totanes, V. R. (2010). History of the Filipino people and martial law: a forgotten chapter in the history of a history book, 1960-2010. Philippine Studies, 58(3), 313–348. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS788208&site=ehost-live  

Okamura, J. Y. (1996). Filipino American history, identity and community in Hawai’i: in commemoration of the 90th anniversary of Filipino migration to Hawai’i. Honolulu. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS515519&site=ehost-live  

Association for Asian Studies 

Rafael, V. L. (1995). Discrepant histories: translocal essays on Filipino cultures. Philadelphia, Pa. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS559630&site=ehost-live  

Association for Asian Studies

Pinzon, J. C. (2015). Remembering Philippine history: satire in popular songs. South East Asia Research, 23(3), 423–442. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS872861&site=ehost-live  

• << Previous: Martial Arts
• Next: Costumes & Fashion >>
• Last Updated: May 29, 2024 10:46 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/philippines

An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution . Use of this site implies consent with our Usage Policy .

Terms of Use | UH System | UH Mānoa

• Research Guides
• Learning Skills
• Teaching Resources
• Study Spaces
• Ask A Librarian
• Interlibrary Loan
• Library Faculty/Staff (Internal)

2550 McCarthy Mall Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA 808-956-7214 (Reference) 808-956-7203 (Circulation)

Library Digital Collections Disclaimer and Copyright information

© University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library

We use cookies to enhance our website for you. Proceed if you agree to this policy or learn more about it.

• Essay Database >
• Essays Samples >
• Essay Types >
• Case Study Example

Philippines Case Studies Samples For Students

7 samples of this type

If you're seeking an applicable method to streamline writing a Case Study about Philippines, WowEssays.com paper writing service just might be able to help you out.

For starters, you should skim our large directory of free samples that cover most diverse Philippines Case Study topics and showcase the best academic writing practices. Once you feel that you've studied the key principles of content presentation and taken away actionable insights from these expertly written Case Study samples, developing your own academic work should go much easier.

However, you might still find yourself in a situation when even using top-notch Philippines Case Studies doesn't let you get the job done on time. In that case, you can contact our writers and ask them to craft a unique Philippines paper according to your individual specifications. Buy college research paper or essay now!

Example Of Case Study On The Human Footprint

Good example of ethical dilemma case study, business: the case of plant relocation, introduction, golden horizon marketing strategy case study examples, acknowledgements.

The research was supported by [name of foundation] who provided the information on the company present and past. I would like to thank [name] for assistance with the information, sharing and evaluation the process of strategy building, sharing the ideas about the built strategy and telling what was done before to develop the company. I would also like to show my gratitude to [name] who gave some precious comments about the work of the company that helped to process the research and work out some ideas of improvement.

Approval Sheet

Don't waste your time searching for a sample.

Get your case study done by professional writers!

Just from $10/page

Good Example Of Finance Case Study

Free airline distribution system case study sample, free case study about mcdonalds in asia, case study on the cultural context of global management, summary of case.

Password recovery email has been sent to [email protected]

Use your new password to log in

You are not register!

By clicking Register, you agree to our Terms of Service and that you have read our Privacy Policy .

Now you can download documents directly to your device!

Check your email! An email with your password has already been sent to you! Now you can download documents directly to your device.

or Use the QR code to Save this Paper to Your Phone

The sample is NOT original!

Short on a deadline?

Don't waste time. Get help with 11% off using code - GETWOWED

No, thanks! I'm fine with missing my deadline