paul 1993 critical thinking

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Critical thinking : how to prepare students for a rapidly changing world

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Critical thinking : what every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world

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Critical Thinking: How to Prepare Students for a Rapidly Changing World Paperback – January 1, 1995

• Print length 572 pages
• Language English
• Publisher Foundation for Critical Thinking
• Publication date January 1, 1995
• Dimensions 6.25 x 1.75 x 9.25 inches
• ISBN-10 0944583091
• ISBN-13 978-0944583098
• See all details

Product details

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Foundation for Critical Thinking; 1st edition (January 1, 1995)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 572 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0944583091
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0944583098
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2.15 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.25 x 1.75 x 9.25 inches
• #24,391 in Business Management (Books)
• #88,095 in Philosophy (Books)

About the author

Richard paul.

As Director of Research and Professional Development at the Center for Critical Thinking and Chair of the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, Dr. Paul is an internationally recognized authority on critical thinking, with eight books and over 200 articles on the subject. He has written books for every grade level and has done extensive experimentation with teaching tactics and strategies, and devising, among other things, novel ways to engage students in rigorous self-assessment.

Dr. Paul has received four degrees and has given lectures on critical thinking at many universities in both the United States and abroad, including Harvard, the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, and the universities of Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, British Columbia, Toronto, and Amsterdam. He taught beginning and advanced courses in critical thinking at the university level for over 20 years. He has been the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including Distinguished Philosopher (by the Council for Philosophical Studies, 1987), O.C. Tanner Lecturer in Humanities (by Utah State University, 1986), Lansdown Visiting Scholar (by the University of Victoria, 1987), and the Alfred Korsybski Memorial Lecturer (by the Institute for General Semantics, 1987).

His views on critical thinking have been canvassed in the New York Times, Education Week, The Chronicle of Higher Education, American Teacher, Reader’s Digest, Educational Leadership, Newsweek, and U.S. News and World Report. For more information about Dr. Paul and the work of the Center and Foundation for Critical Thinking, go to www.criticalthinking.org

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• DOI: 10.1002/CC.36819927703
• Corpus ID: 145465990

Critical thinking: What, why, and how

• Richard W. Paul
• Published 1 March 1992
• New Directions for Community Colleges

200 Citations

A long and winding path: requirements for critical thinking in project work, teaching critical thinking in social work practice courses.

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Engaging Students in Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: A Brief Review of the Literature

The identification and location of critical thinking and critiquing in design and technology education, critical thinking skills and dispositions of turkish pre-service teachers: a systematic review of research, teaching information skills in the information age: the need for critical thinking, contextual teaching and learning to develop critical thinking and practical skills, the power of problem‐based learning in developing critical thinking skills: preparing students for tomorrow’s digital futures in today’s classrooms, philosophy, critical thinking and philosophy for children, the knowledge practices of critical thinking, one reference, learning to think, related papers.

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Ideas to Action (i2a)

• Paul-Elder Critical Thinking Framework

Critical thinking is that mode of thinking – about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. (Paul and Elder, 2001). The Paul-Elder framework has three components:

• The elements of thought (reasoning)
• The  intellectual standards that should be applied to the elements of reasoning
• The intellectual traits associated with a cultivated critical thinker that result from the consistent and disciplined application of the intellectual standards to the elements of thought

According to Paul and Elder (1997), there are two essential dimensions of thinking that students need to master in order to learn how to upgrade their thinking. They need to be able to identify the "parts" of their thinking, and they need to be able to assess their use of these parts of thinking.

Elements of Thought (reasoning)

The "parts" or elements of thinking are as follows:

• All reasoning has a purpose
• All reasoning is an attempt to figure something out, to settle some question, to solve some problem
• All reasoning is based on assumptions
• All reasoning is done from some point of view
• All reasoning is based on data, information and evidence
• All reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by, concepts and ideas
• All reasoning contains inferences or interpretations by which we draw conclusions and give meaning to data
• All reasoning leads somewhere or has implications and consequences

Universal Intellectual Standards

The intellectual standards that are to these elements are used to determine the quality of reasoning. Good critical thinking requires having a command of these standards. According to Paul and Elder (1997 ,2006), the ultimate goal is for the standards of reasoning to become infused in all thinking so as to become the guide to better and better reasoning. The intellectual standards include:

Intellectual Traits

Consistent application of the standards of thinking to the elements of thinking result in the development of intellectual traits of:

• Intellectual Humility
• Intellectual Courage
• Intellectual Empathy
• Intellectual Autonomy
• Intellectual Integrity
• Intellectual Perseverance
• Confidence in Reason
• Fair-mindedness

Characteristics of a Well-Cultivated Critical Thinker

Habitual utilization of the intellectual traits produce a well-cultivated critical thinker who is able to:

• Raise vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely
• Gather and assess relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively
• Come to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards;
• Think open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences; and
• Communicate effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems

Paul, R. and Elder, L. (2010). The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools. Dillon Beach: Foundation for Critical Thinking Press.

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Paul, R. W. (1993). Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world. Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.

has been cited by the following article:

TITLE: Nurturing Creativity: Whose Wisdom Is of Most Worth?

KEYWORDS: Creativity; Risk-Taking; Motivation; Imagination; Problem-Solving

JOURNAL NAME: Creative Education , Vol.4 No.9B , September 30, 2013

ABSTRACT: Researchers and practitioners interested in creativity have explored the concept at length. Wehner, Csikszentmihalyi and Magyari-Beck (1991) examined 100 doctoral dissertations on creativity and found a “parochial isolation” of various studies concerning creativity. There were relevant dissertations from psychology, education, business, history, sociology and other fields. However, different fields tended to use different terms and to focus on different aspects of what seemed to be a basic phenomenon. As instances of creativity are located in multiple domains and homes, one of the learning outcomes in ‘The Malaysian Curriculum Specification for English language’ requires that students be able to express themselves creatively and imaginatively. A discussion about what we might call real creativity, and how we might develop pedagogies in fostering this, is long overdue. In this presentation, the researcher will also highlight on how creativity might be conceptualized and how creativity within education in particular might respond to this rapidly shifting world. I hope then to problematize creativity, and to propose ways in which pedagogies may be meaningfully developed or resurrected in the twenty-first century education.

Related Articles:

• Open   Access Articles Critical Thinking as a Resilience Factor in an Engineering Program Benítez  , Canales   Creative Education Vol.4 No.9 , September 10, 2013 DOI: 10.4236/ce.2013.49087
• Open   Access Articles Barriers in Teaching Critical Thinking in Islamic Education Mohd Isa Hamzah, Nursafra Mohd Zhaffar, Khadijah Abdul Razak Creative Education Vol.9 No.14 , October 31, 2018 DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.914175
• Open   Access Articles The Importance of Critical Thinking on Teaching Learning Process Howaida Awad Elballal Shamboul Open Journal of Social Sciences Vol.10 No.1 , January 10, 2022 DOI: 10.4236/jss.2022.101003
• Open   Access Articles Tools for Teaching and Role-Modeling Critical Thinking Paul A. Wagner Psychology Vol.13 No.8 , August 31, 2022 DOI: 10.4236/psych.2022.138086
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Homicide: Life on the Street, Starring Law & Order's Richard Belzer and Andre Braugher, Comes to Peacock

The unconventional cop drama ran for a total of 122 episodes and connected deeply to the world of Law & Order .

All seven seasons of Homicide: Life on the Street , the Emmy Award-winning police procedural that ran on NBC from 1993 to 1999 for a total of 122 episodes (and a TV movie finale), is officially coming to Peacock , the NBCUniversal streaming service announced today. Based on the non-fiction book  Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets  by David Simon (best-known as creator of  The Wire ), the series was developed by Paul Attanasio, the Oscar-nominated screenwriter behind Donnie Brasco .

Starring two late, great actors — Andre Braugher ( Brooklyn Nine-Nine ) and Richard Belzer ( Law & Order: Special Victims Unit ) — the show "portrays the brutal detective work of a homicide department in Baltimore," reads the synopsis. "With an electrifying cast of characters, this hour-long drama intrigues viewers with the reality of 'life on the street.'"

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Daniel Baldwin, Ned Beatty, Reed Diamond, Giancarlo Esposito, Michelle Forbes, Peter Gerety, Isabella Hofmann, Clark Johnson, Yaphet Kotto, Melissa Leo, Toni Lewis, Michael Michele, Max Perlich, Jon Polito, Kyle Secor, Jon Seda, and Callie Thorne co-star.

In addition to winning four Primetime Emmys throughout its run, Homicide: Life on the Street also received critical acclaim from the Television Critics Association, Directors Guild of America, NAACP, and Writers Guild of America.

Tom Fontana, Barry Levinson, Henry Bromell, and Jim Finnerty served as executive producers on the series. David Simon was a producer alongside Gail Mutrux, Julie Martin, James Yoshimura, Jorge Zamacona, and Anya Epstein. 

Where to Stream Homicide: Life on the Street

All seven seasons of  Homicide: Life on the Street  will make their first-time debut on Peacock Monday, August 19.

How Homicide: Life on the Street Broke the Classic Cop Show Formula

Speaking with the Television Academy in 2009, Attanasio recalled how he initially didn't want to be a part of the project, thinking that he couldn't improve upon the formula of  Hill Street Blues . Nevertheless, he was encouraged to at least meet with Levinson by his agent.

"[Barry] said, 'I want to do a cop show with no car chases and no gun battles. And I said, 'That's impossible! I'm yours. I'm there.' Because it seemed like such a crazy, foolhardy idea ... How do you take all of the cliches that make a cop show interesting to watch, pick them out — and what do you put in their place? He had an incredible vision of what the show would look like. The whole jump-cutting and it was all handheld camera and the color was very faded. So, it was dirty and it was rough and it was raw. Because it was handheld, we would light the stage and the actors never knew who was gonna be on camera. We would block it, but then the camera would go [in all directions], so they always had to be on their game. They always had to be acting all the way.

RELATED:  Tony Goldwyn's Real-Life Daughter Tess Plays His Child on Law & Order Season 23 Finale

He continued: "It allowed us to play with the form and the show was very un-formulaic. Every week, we just said, 'Let's tell the story from whatever point-of-view we want to tell it. Maybe the murder happens at the beginning, maybe it doesn't happen until the end. Maybe there's no murder, maybe there's 10 murders.' Whatever it was, we decided we'd let the story dictate the rhythm of the writing. And so, it was enormous fun for the writers because we could do anything we wanted."

Is Homicide: Life on the Street Connected to Law & Order ?

Yes. Both Braugher and Belzer guest-starred as their  Homicide  characters — Detectives Frank Pembleton and John Munch — in the sixth season of Law & Order   (another NBC property).

Following the conclusion of Life on the Street in 1999 (the series finale movie aired the following year), Detective Munch moved to New York City, where he became a regular fixture of the Special Victims Unit. Braugher, on the other hand, would appear in several episodes of SVU  years later via a brand-new role: defense attorney, Bayard Ellis .

How to Subscribe to Peacock

The NBCUniversal platform currently offers  two monthly subscription plans : Premium ($5.99 a month with ads) and Premium Plus ($11.99 a month with no ads and download access for certain titles). If you're a student, you can enjoy the Premium plan  for just $1.99  for an entire year!

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