the assignment of my life summary quizlet

'The most important assignment of my life' -- an interview with Ruth Gruber

Ruth Gruber died last week at 105. She was an accomplished journalist and humanitarian. But in Oswego she is remembered and celebrated for the role she played when the United States offered safe harbor to 986 European refugees during World War II.

Gruber worked for the department of the interior when she was chosen to escort the mostly Jewish refugees on their voyage to America. They were housed at Fort Ontario in Oswego for the remainder of the war. Eventually, Gruber championed the refugees' fight to gain American citizenship.

WRVO was able to capture her story in an interview in 1984.

Audio from Gruber's interview with WRVO, which was collected with assistance from professor Lawrence Baron, is archived online . "Oral Histories: Emergency Refugee Shelter at Fort Ontario (Safe Haven)"/Tape 271, Special Collections, Penfield Library, SUNY Oswego, Oswego, NY.

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Ruth Gruber

A life dedicated to rescue.

By Michael Feldberg

READ: Ruth Gruber, Journalist Who Helped Holocaust Survivors, Dies at 105

Ruth Gruber led a remarkable life dedicated to rescuing her fellow Jews from oppression. After earning her bachelor’s and master’s degree by age 19, she accepted a fellowship in 1931 to study in Cologne, Germany. While completing her doctorate there (the New York Times described her then as the world’s youngest Ph.D. at age 20), Gruber attended Nazi rallies and listened to Adolf Hitler vituperate against Americans, and particularly Jews. She completed her studies and returned to America, attuned from then on to the threats that totalitarianism posed to the Jewish people.

READ: One Ruth Gruber Says Goodbye to Another

In 1932, Gruber started her career as a journalist. In 1935, the New York Herald Tribune asked her to write a feature series about women under communism and fascism. She traveled across Europe to the far reaches of Siberia to cover the story. Harold L. Ickes, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Secretary of the Interior, read Gruber’s writings about life in Siberia and asked her to study the prospects of Alaska for homesteading G.Is after World War II. After this assignment, Gruber’s life-defining moment came in 1944, when Ickes asked her to take on another special mission: secretly escorting a group of 1,000 Jewish refugees from Italy to the United States.

Despite the grim news coming out of Europe throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s, the United States Congress steadfastly refused to lift the quota on Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe to the United States. Finally acting by executive authority, President Roosevelt invited a group of 1,000 Jewish refugees living in limbo in Naples to “visit” the United States. The refugees were to be “guests” of the President and lodged at Fort Ontario, a decommissioned Army base near Oswego in northernmost New York. Ickes asked Gruber to travel to Italy secretly to meet and escort the refugees.

Ickes gave Gruber the rank of “simulated general.” He explained, “If you’re shot down and the Nazis capture you as a civilian, they can kill you as a spy. But as a general, according to the Geneva Convention, they have to give you food and shelter and keep you alive.” In Italy, Gruber boarded the Army troop transport Henry Gibbins along with 1,000 wounded American soldiers and the refugees. Throughout the voyage, Nazi seaplanes and U-boats hunted the Gibbins.

Aboard ship, Gruber recorded the refugees’ case histories. She told them, “You are the first witnesses coming to America. Through you, America will learn the truth of Hitler’s crimes.” She took notes as the refugees told their stories, but she often had to stop because her tears blurred the ink in her notebook. The grateful refugees began calling Gruber “Mother Ruth,” and looked to her for protection. As historian Barbara Seaman observed, “She knew from then on, her life would be inextricably bound up with rescuing Jews in danger.”

On arriving safely in New York, the refugees were immediately transferred to Fort Ontario. As guests of the President without any rights conferred by the possession of a travel visa, the refugees were locked behind a barbed wire-topped, chain link fence. U. S. government agencies argued about whether the refugees should be allowed to stay at the fort or, at some point, be deported back to Europe. Gruber lobbied Congress and FDR on behalf of keeping them at Ft. Ontario through the end of the war.

Gruber finally prevailed. In 1945, after Germany’s surrender, the refugees were allowed to apply for American residency. Some became citizens and went on to have extraordinary careers as radiologists, physicists, composers, teachers, physicians and writers. One, Dr. Alex Margulies, who came as a teenager from Yugoslavia, helped develop the CAT-scan and the MRI. Another, Rolph Manfred, helped develop the Polaris and Minuteman missiles. Later, Manfred dedicated his life to teaching engineers in developing countries about peaceful uses of atomic energy.

For more about Ruth Gruber’s life, read her memoir Witness: One of the Great Correspondents of the 20th Century Tells Her Story . Other books include Exodus 1947: The Ship that Launched a Nation and Haven: The Dramatic Story of 1,000 World War II Refugees and How They Came to America . 

Chapters in American Jewish History are provided by the American Jewish Historical Society, collecting, preserving, fostering scholarship and providing access to the continuity of Jewish life in America for more than 350 years (and counting). Visit www.ajhs.org .

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The Story of My Life

42 pages • 1 hour read

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Summary and Study Guide

In her autobiography, The Story of My Life, Helen Keller recounts her early childhood through to her college years, outlining the various wonders and struggles she encountered on the way to achieving her dream.

Growing up in a small Alabama town, Keller suffers an illness just shy of her second birthday which robs her of her eyesight and hearing. She finds herself isolated due to her disabilities and her inability to communicate or be understood by others. Keller’s frustration and depression manifest themselves in temper tantrums which steadily grow out of control. In desperation, her parents take her to Baltimore to be evaluated by a prominent eye doctor. Although he cannot help Keller, he recommends her parents contact Dr. Alexander Graham Bell in Washington, who in turn connects them with Mr. Anagnos from the Perkins Institution. From there, Miss Sullivan is sent to Keller’s home as a tutor for the young girl. Sullivan’s arrival changes Keller’s life, bringing her out from the darkness of her mind into the light of the world.

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From Miss Sullivan, Keller learns to love nature and education , particularly reading. For a child who had felt isolated and trapped, these gifts allow her to use her imagination and to begin to define who she is as an individual. These were essential foundations for Keller’s confidence and self-esteem, both of which were to be frequently challenged in the coming years.

As her education continues, Keller learns a series of valuable lessons, one of which involves the accidental plagiarism of a short story. Although Keller is found innocent of intent, her confidence is shaken, and it takes her some time to recover from the scars left by the incident and the supportive friend lost in the process.

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Keller has a series of adventures and trips with Miss Sullivan always by her side. She begins to learn how to speak aloud, giving her power she previously has not owned. Ultimately, Keller determines that she wants to attend college, and her parents do everything possible to make that happen. Keller is enrolled in the Cambridge School for Young Ladies wherein she would, upon passing her exams, be allowed to apply for admission into Radcliffe.

Despite the obstacles before her and the disadvantages she has to contend with due to her disabilities, Keller presses on, refusing to give up her dream. With great perseverance , and with the help of her teacher, friends, and family, Keller passes her courses and enters Radcliffe. Even though a college education is not what she had imagined it would be, Keller learns to value analysis and different ways of examining subject matter. She still prefers to reflect on the feelings she has from her studies rather than minute information, but she understands the importance of studying topics in this way.

Keller succeeds in achieving her dream and in overcoming obstacles that most people would not be able to defeat. Her determination to become an educated, well-rounded person makes for an inspiring and stirring autobiography.

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The Story of My Life

By helen keller.

• The Story of My Life Summary

Helen Keller was born on June 27, 1880 in the small town of Tuscumbia, Alabama. When she was a year old, she was stricken with an illness that left her without sight or hearing. In the early years after her illness, it was difficult for her to communicate, even with her family; she lived her life entirely in the dark, often angry and frustrated with the fact that no one could understand her. Everything changed in March of 1887, when Helen's teacher, Anne Sullivan , came to live with the family in Alabama and turned Helen's world around.

Miss Sullivan taught Helen the names of objects by giving them to her and then spelling out the letters of their name in her hand. Helen learned to spell these words through imitation, without understanding what she was doing, but eventually had a breakthrough and realized that everything had a name, and that Miss Sullivan was teaching them to her. From this point on, Helen acquired language rapidly; she particularly enjoyed learning out in nature, where she and her teacher would take walks and she would ask questions about her surroundings. Soon after this, Helen learned how to read; Miss Sullivan taught her this by giving her strips of cardboard with raised letters on them, and then having her act out the sentence with objects. Soon, Helen could read entire books.

In May 1888, Helen went north to visit Boston with her mother and teacher. She spent some time studying at the Perkins Institute for the Blind, and quickly befriended the other blind girls who were her age. They spent a vacation at Brewster in Cape Cod, where Helen experienced the ocean for the first time. Following this, they spent nearly every winter up north.

Once she had learned to read, Helen was determined next to learn how to speak. Her teacher and many others believed it would be impossible for her to ever speak normally, but she resolved to reach that point. Miss Sullivan took her to the Horace Mann School in 1890 to begin learning with Miss Sarah Fuller , and Helen learned by feeling the position of Miss Fuller's lips and tongue when she spoke. The moment she spoke her first words, "It is warm," was a powerful memory for her: she was thrilled that she might be able to speak to her family and friends at last.

The winter of 1892 was a troubling time for Helen. Seemingly inspired by the beautiful fall foliage around her, she wrote a story called "The Frost King," and sent it up to her teacher at the Perkins Institute as a gift. It soon came out that Helen's story was quite like another in a published book, called "The Frost Fairies." Helen had been read the original story as a child, and the words had remained so ingrained in her mind that she'd unwittingly plagiarized them when she wrote her own story. This tainted Helen's relationship with her Perkins Institute teacher, Mr. Anagnos , and made her distrust her own mind and the originality of her thoughts for a long time.

In 1894 Helen attended the Wright-Humanson School for the Deaf in New York City, and began studying formal subjects like history, Latin, French, German, and arithmetic. In 1896, she began her studies at the Cambridge School for Young Ladies in Massachusetts, which would prepare her to eventually attend Radcliffe College, the women's college affiliated with Harvard University. This was her first time attending school with girls who could see or hear, rather than other students who were also deaf or blind. Though it was a challenge, she persevered; however, her mother eventually withdrew her from the Cambridge School to finish her Radcliffe preparation with a private tutor, because they did not agree with the Cambridge School principal's wish to lighten Helen's course load. She successfully qualified for Radcliffe in 1899, and entered college in the fall of 1900. Though college presented unique obstacles for Helen to overcome, she deeply appreciated her opportunity to attend.

Helen uses the final chapters of her memoir to discuss certain things that are particularly important to her, like her love of books, her favorite pastimes, and the friends she made who shaped her life. Two additional sections of the autobiography include Helen's personal letters written throughout her youth, as well as supplementary commentary by her editor, with a first-hand account by Helen's teacher, Anne Sullivan.

The Story of My Life Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for The Story of My Life is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

Describe the structure used to organize helen's story

The structure is in three parts . The first two, Miss Keller's story and the extracts from her letters, form a complete account of her life as far as she can give it. Her style is called Affectionate Recollection. Despite the hardships Keller...

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The Story of My Life by Helen Keller

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Study Guide for The Story of My Life

The Story of My Life study guide contains a biography of Helen Keller, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

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The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women

Ruth gruber.

by Barbara Seaman

Journalist and writer Ruth Gruber, photographed circa 1944 when she escorted Jewish refugees to the United States. Courtesy of Ruth Gruber

Ruth Gruber graduated from New York University at eighteen and travelled to Germany to study, where at age twenty, she became the youngest PhD in the world. She returned to the United States, where she became the first foreign correspondent allowed to travel to the Soviet Arctic and witness Stalin’s gulags. In 1944, Gruber was made a simulated US general to escort European refugees to America. Deeply moved by the stories of the refugees, she recorded them in her book  Haven . In the years leading up to Israel’s independence, Gruber visited concentration camps and profiled David Ben-Gurion and other Israeli leaders. She covered the crisis of the  Exodus 1947 as it unfolded, and her book became the basis for Leon Uris’s novel and the award-winning movie. In 1985, she helped rescue Ethiopian Jews and recorded their stories.

Early Life and Education

Ruth Gruber moved across most of the twentieth century as a compassionate writer, eloquent speaker, humanitarian, and rescuer of Jews.

Gruber was born on September 30, 1911, in Brooklyn, the fourth of five children of David and Gussie (Rockower) Gruber, Russian Jewish immigrants who owned a wholesale and retail liquor store and later went into real estate. She graduated from New York University at age eighteen and in 1930 won a fellowship to the University of Wisconsin, where she received her MA in German and English literature. In 1931, Gruber received a fellowship from the Institute of International Education for study in Cologne, Germany. Her parents pleaded with her not to go: Hitler was coming to power. Nevertheless, she went to Cologne and took courses in German philosophy, modern English literature, and art history. She also attended Nazi rallies, her American passport in her purse, a tiny American flag on her lapel. She listened, appalled, as Hitler ranted hysterically against Americans and even more hysterically against Jews.

Gruber’s professors asked her to stay in Cologne and study for a PhD. Analyzing the writings of Virginia Woolf, she received her doctorate magna cum laude in one year. The  New York Times  reported that, at age twenty, she was the youngest PhD in the world.

Early Journalism Career and Work with the Government

Gruber returned home in the midst of the Great Depression and, like most of her peers, was unable to find a job, so she began writing. After many rejections of her work, she wrote an article about Brooklyn, describing its colorful neighborhoods as a microcosm of Europe, which the  New York Times  bought for the Sunday paper. Then Gruber began sending stories to the  New York Herald Tribune,  and with their acceptance felt she had found her home.

In 1935, she won another fellowship, given at the recommendation of the Guggenheim Foundation, to write a study of women under fascism, communism, and democracy. The  Herald Tribune  gave her press credentials, and she became the first foreign correspondent, male or female, allowed to fly through Siberia into the Soviet Arctic. She lived among pioneers and prisoners, many of them Jews, in the gulag in Stalin’s iron age.

In 1941, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, after reading her book  I Went to the Soviet Arctic,  sent Gruber as his field representative to make a social and economic study of Alaska in connection with opening it for GIs and homesteaders. For over eighteen months she covered the vast territory by plane, train, truck, paddle-wheel steamer, and dogsled. On Gruber’s return to Washington, Ickes appointed her his special assistant. She worked for him five years.

In 1944, while war and the Holocaust raged, President Roosevelt decided to bring a thousand refugees from Europe to Fort Ontario, a former army camp in Oswego, a small town in upper New York State. Gruber was selected by Ickes to fly to Europe on a secret mission to escort the refugees to America. Ickes told her, “You’re going to be given the rank of simulated general,” and he explained: “If you’re shot down and the Nazis capture you as a civilian, they can kill you as a spy. But as a general, according to the Geneva Convention, they have to give you food and shelter and keep you alive.”

Escorting the refugees by ship from Naples, Italy, Gruber recorded their stories of how they had survived. Often, she had to stop writing because tears were wiping out the words in her notebook. Soon the refugees began calling her “Mother Ruth.” The voyage became the defining Jewish moment of her life. She knew that from then on, her life would be inextricably bound with rescuing Jews in danger.

Gruber’s book about the experience,  Haven: The Unknown Story of 1,000 World War II Refugees,  became the basis for the permanent Holocaust exhibit in the State Museum in Albany called “From Holocaust to Haven.” On Sunday, October 6, 2002, she helped dedicate the Safe Haven Museum in Oswego, NY. In her honor the museum library is called The Dr. Ruth Gruber Library and Resource Center.

In 2001,  Haven  was made into a four-hour television miniseries by Columbia Broadcasting System. The actress Natasha Richardson played Ruth, and Anne Bancroft received an Emmy nomination for her role as Ruth’s mother.

Israel Reporting and Exodus 1947

In 1946, the war over, Gruber left the government and returned to journalism. The  New York Post  asked her to cover the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine. For four months, she traveled with the committee to the death camps and the displaced persons camps in Germany, then she went on to Palestine, where she became a trusted friend of the founding fathers and mothers of the State of Israel. Her profiles of David Ben-Gurion, who was then almost unknown in the United States, made American readers aware of his prophetic character and unswerving Lincoln-like determination to build a Jewish state.

The next year, Gruber returned to the  New York Herald Tribune  as a foreign correspondent and traveled with the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine through Europe and the Middle East. In Jerusalem, she learned that a ship called  Exodus 1947,  with forty-five hundred survivors of the Holocaust aboard, was battling the British in the Mediterranean. Gruber decided to cover the  Exodus.

In Haifa, surrounded by tanks and barbed wire, Gruber watched as British soldiers carried down the battered bodies of Bill Bernstein, the beloved American second mate, and two sixteen-year-old orphans. Some of the refugees came down dejectedly; those who refused were pulled down. All were transferred to three prison ships,  Runnymede Park ,  Ocean Vigour , and  Empire Rival . The British told her they were being sent to the island of Cyprus, where in three years from 1945 to 1948 fifty-two thousand survivors of the Holocaust were imprisoned. She flew to Cyprus to wait for the ships, but they never came. Instead, they were returned to Port de Bouc, near Marseilles, the port from which they had sailed. After three weeks, the British announced they were sending the Jews of the  Exodus  back to Germany. They selected Gruber as the pool correspondent to represent the American press. Her photos of the agony inside the  Runnymede Park  were sent by the  Herald Tribune  around the world, and her photo of the swastika painted on the British Union Jack became  Life  magazine’s Picture of the Week. Her book,  Exodus 1947: The Ship that Launched a Nation , provided source material for the book and movie  Exodus  and for numerous TV documentaries.

Later Reporting and Personal Life

In 1951, Gruber married Philip H. Michaels, a lawyer, vice president of the Sachs Quality Stores, and a member of the New York City Youth Board. In 1952, at age forty-one, she gave birth to her first child, Celia; her son, David, was born in 1954. Gruber continued working as a special foreign correspondent for the  Herald Tribune,  covering every major wave of immigrants into Israel until the paper’s demise in 1966. At the same time, she also wrote a popular column for  Hadassah Magazine,  “Diary of an American Housewife,” and, as a volunteer, served as associate chair of the Greater New York Women’s Division of United Jewish Appeal, where she wrote and directed the scripts for their many performances. In 1991, she became honorary chair of the Israel Bonds Golda Meir Club.

Michaels died in 1968, and six years later Gruber married Henry Rosner, then deputy commissioner of the New York City Department of Human Resources. He accompanied her to Israel, where she spent nearly a year writing her best-known biography,  Raquela: A Woman of Israel,  which won the National Jewish Book Award for Best Book on Israel in 1979. In 1982, Henry Rosner died.

In 1985, Gruber traveled to the isolated Jewish villages in the highlands of Ethiopia to aid in the rescue of the Ethiopian Jews. Her book  Rescue: The Exodus of the Ethiopian Jews  was acclaimed by critics and such leaders as Menachem Begin, Abba Eban, and Elie Wiesel. The recipient of many awards, in 1995 Gruber was given Na’amat USA’s Golda Meir Human Rights Award for her life’s work. That same year, for  Na’mat Woman  magazine, she covered the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. In 1997, she won several prestigious awards from the Simon Wiesenthal Center’s Museum of Tolerance for her lifelong work rescuing Jews. In 1998, Gruber received a Lifetime Achievement Award from her peers in the American Society of Journalists and Authors as “a pioneering journalist and author whose books chronicle the most important events of the twentieth century.” In 2010, the Norman Mailer Center awarded Gruber a special Distinguished Journalism Prize.

Gruber received five honorary doctorates including University of Wisconsin, University of New York (SUNY) Oswego and Hebrew Union College.

In 2001, at the age of ninety, she completed a twenty-city tour to publicize the reprinting of four of her books. When asked the secret of her success, Ruth Gruber replied, “Have dreams, have visions and let no obstacle stop you.”

Gruber passed away on November 17, 2016, at the age of 105.

Selected Works by Ruth Gruber

Inside of Time: My Journey from Alaska to Israel: A Memoir with Eleanor Roosevelt, Harold L. Ickes, Golda Meir, and Other Friends  (2003). It received a Pulitzer nomination.

Ahead of Time: My Early Years as a Foreign Correspondent  (1991).

Destination Palestine: The Story of the Haganah Ship Exodus 1947  (1948). Republished in a revised edition as  Exodus 1947: The Ship that Launched a Nation  (1999).

Felisa Rincon de Gautier: The Mayor of San Juan  (1972).

Haven: The Unknown Story of 1,000 World War II Refugees  (1983).

I Can Tell It Now: Members of the Overseas Press Club  (1960).

Israel on the Seventh Day  (1968).

Israel Today: Land of Many Nations  (1958).

Israel Without Tears  (1950).

Puerto Rico: Island of Promise  (1960).

Raquela: A Woman of Israel  (1978).

Rescue: The Exodus of the Ethiopian Jews  (1987).

Science and the New Nations  (1961).

They Came to Stay  (1976).

Virginia Woolf: A Study  (1934).

Virginia Woolf: The Will to Create as a Woman (2005)

I Went to the Soviet Arctic  (1939).

Witness: One of the Great Correspondents of the Twentieth Century Tells Her Story (2007)

Sources for this biography include Ruth Gruber’s books, magazine articles, lectures, and appearances in films and documentaries, including  The Great Depression  for PBS,  Truman  for PBS,  Exiles and Emigrants  for Los Angeles County Museum of Art,  Exodus 1947,  and the 1997 Oscar Award Documentary  The Long Way Home,  her biography on the website “Miriam’s Cup,” as well as interviews and conversations with the author.

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How to cite this page

Seaman, Barbara. "Ruth Gruber." Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women . 27 February 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on June 8, 2024) <https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gruber-ruth>.

The Story of My Life

Helen keller, ask litcharts ai: the answer to your questions.