short essay on jallianwala bagh in english

Essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred on 13th April 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, in the state of Punjab. It was a cold-blooded murder of Indians which was executed by an acting Brigadier General named Reginald Dyer.

Short and Long Essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in English

Here I’m presenting short and long essays on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in different words limit that is useful for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. The language is kept simple so that every student can understand these essays properly.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) Amritsar witnessed the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April 1919, Sunday.

2) Hundreds died and thousands of Indians were injured in this terrible massacre.

3) British General Reginald Dyer was responsible for conducting the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

4) It was the time when the British imposed Rowlett Act which was unfavorable to the Indians.

5) To show disagreement, leader Hansraj conducted a meeting at Jallianwala Bagh on 12 April 1919.

6) On the next day, the British imposed a curfew and then martial law at Jallianwala Bagh.

7) On 13 April 1919 many people gathered to enjoy the festival of Baisakhi.

8) General O’Dyer along with his army, opened firing for fifteen minutes at the spot.

9) People were unable to escape as all the exit points were blocked by the General Dyer.

10) Many innocent Indian men, women, and children were killed in the incident.

Essay 1 (250 Words) – The Massacre: New Precedent of Barbarism

Introduction

On 13 th April 1919 thousands of innocent Indians lost their lives at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. The dead included women and children who were on the way back to their homes after visiting the Golden Temple.

The Massacre – New Precedent of Barbarism

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre that occurred on 13th April 1919 was a new precedent on Barbarism, constituted by an oppressive ideology of the British Indian government.

I wake of some protests; the British government had imposed Martial Law in Amritsar, Punjab. The law prohibited public gatherings and movements from one place to another. However, the warning wasn’t conveyed to the masses on time, causing a large number of people gathering for the annual Baisakhi fair, on 13th April. But, the local administration cleared off the area, forcing the visitors to move away. Many of them went to the Golden Temple while others headed to Jallianwala Bagh as it was the only large ground available and the rest of the city was under martial law.

This irked a British Brigadier General named Reginald Dyer, ordered his troop to fire indiscriminately at the people gathered inside the Jallianwala Bagh. The only main exit which also worked as an exit was blocked by the Dyer. All the other exit gates were too narrow and were also closed. Poor people had nowhere to go and around 500 to 600 were shot dead and thousands were injured, many critically injured.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the most barbaric and well thought out cold blood mass murder of innocent Indians on Indian soil. Nothing could have ever justified such atrocity on innocent and unarmed civilians and the day is the darkest day in India’s freedom struggle.

Essay 2 (400 Words) – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: How this Fateful Incident Took Place

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is the mass murder of innocent Indians that took place on 13 April 1919 at Jallianwala located in the center of Amritsar in Punjab. The massacre, which resulted in the loss of life of innocent citizens and injured thousands, was perpetrated by a British acting Brigadier General named Reginald Dyer.

The Brewing Unrest

The circumstances that led to the massacre had been brewing up in the last three to four years, particularly in the state of Punjab. It all started with the 1915 Defence of India Act and the 1919 Rowlett Act. Both acts were pressed in by the British government to curb the civil liberties of Indians. This was done fearing an 1857 mutiny like organized uprising once again by the Indian extremist groups and political parties.

After the Rowlett Act was passed, turn of events, resulted in the arrest of two freedom fighters from Punjab, namely, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. On 10th April 1919, protesters demanding the release of Satyapal and Kitchlew, were fired at in Amritsar, resulting in several deaths. This incident was the trigger of large violent protests all throughout Punjab. In the wake of the violent uprising, the British government pressed Martial Law in the state of Punjab.

On 12th April, the eve of massacre, Hans Raj, an associate of Kitchlew, made the announcement of a public protest meeting at 06:30 PM the following day, on April 13th at Jallianwala Bagh. The meeting was to be peaceful in nature wherein the future strategy for the release of leaders would be discussed. Fatefully, April 13th was also the Vaisakhi day.

The Fateful Incident

A large fair on Baisakhi was held in Amritsar. Small merchants and crowds from nearby areas visit the fair for doing business and for entertainment. With the government pressing Martial Law, any kind of public gathering was prohibited and so the fair automatically became cancelled. This made the crowd consisting of small merchants, women, children, and families, turning up to Jallianwala Bagh before finally heading for home.

By the evening thousands have gathered in the Bag. In the meanwhile, General Dyer was informed about the gathering. At around 06:30 PM, he marched in the Bagh with his army contingent and opened fire at the unsuspecting and unarmed crowd. No attempt to disperse the crowd, whatsoever, was made neither by the General nor any other official. The firing continued for around fifteen minutes, resulting in over 500 deaths and thousands of injured.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the worst and the most saddening incident ever in the history of India. It brings to fore the true face of imperialism and makes freedom all the more valuable.

Essay 3 (500 – 600 Words) – Reason behind Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is the massacre of a crowd of Indians gathered at Jallianwala Bagh located in Amritsar in Punjab state. The incident took place on 13 th April 1919 and was premeditated by an acting Brigadier General named Reginald Dyer or General Dyer.

In The Background

Before the Jallianwala Massacre, there were two acts implemented by the British government, leading to a high level of unrest among the Indian masses – these were the Defence of India Act 1915 and the Rowlatt Act 1919.

During World War I (1914-1918), Indian soldiers participated in large numbers for the British, in Europe, Middle East, and Africa. Even Indian labours were sent in large numbers by the British government of India. The involvement of Indian soldiers and labours in World War I was opposed by certain political factions and also the general population of India.

India’s huge money and resources were wasted in fighting for the British in the world war. This gave rise to a mutiny of kind in West Bengal and Punjab, that near around made the local British administration defunct. Therefore, sensing a mass uprising the British government brought the Defence of India Act in 1915, to curtail the civil liberties of Indian citizens.

To make the situation worst Rowlett Act was passed on 10th March 1919 which was only an extension of the Defense of India Act and further curtailed civil liberties.

Unrest in Punjab

The Rowlett Act initiated huge political unrest in India. People came down to streets protesting against the Act. The situation was particularly worst in Punjab, where thousands of protesters gathered at the Amritsar’s Deputy Commissioner’s residence on 1st April 1919. They were demanding the release of two Indian leaders – Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. Reportedly a military picket present at the location, shot at the protesters, killing several of them.

This instigated a series of violent protests all over Punjab. On the evening of 12th April, a day before the massacre; a peaceful meeting was organized by supporters of Kitchlew to plan for his release.

The Day of Massacre

Following the violent protests, the British administration was fearing an 1857 type uprising. Therefore the government pressed Martial Law on 13th April, prohibiting the gathering of people in one place. However, this message wasn’t clear and in time, conveyed to the masses. Incidentally, 13th April was a Baisakhi day and merchants from different parts of the state had come to Amritsar, for the fair.

But, in wake of the government prohibiting any fair, these people had nowhere to go, so they naturally turned to Jallianwala Bagh. There a small political; the meeting was being conducted; though, a maximum of visitors were merchants and commoners who came for the Baisakhi festival. By the mid-afternoon, thousands of Indians have gathered at the bagh.

General Reginald Dyer got the information of this huge public gathering and started charting out a plan to handle it. Sometime around the evening after 18:30 Hrs, general Dyer came to the Bagh with ninety soldiers and blocking the only main entrance, ordered the shooting.

The people shot at were unarmed men, women, and children, who had probably gathered to spend time as the curfew restricted Baisakhi celebrations. Shooting continued for 10-15 minutes, killing around 500 innocent Indians, including, men, women, and children, and wounding a thousand others. After the massacre, General Dyer marched back with his contingent, and no attempt was made by the British administration to rescue the victims.

The day of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the saddest day in the history of India. It shows the evilest face of British Rule in India which is also probably the cruelest.

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions on Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Ans . Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in Amritsar city of Punjab.

Ans . The festival of Baisakhi was being celebrated by the people on the day of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Ans . The British General Dyer gave orders to fire on people in Jallianwala Bagh.

Ans . It is the name of a well in which many people jumped to save their lives during this incident.

Ans . The Rowlatt Act (passed in March 1919) was known as the Black Bill in India.

Ans . It was passed by the British government to curtail the civil liberty of the people.

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Remembering Jallianwala Bagh massacre: Speech, short note, posters and more

Reflecting on the jallianwala bagh massacre, delve into this article featuring speeches, drawings, posters and short notes emphasising the significance of honouring the victims' courage and sacrifice. share posters and deliver heartfelt speeches to honour and pay tribute..

New Delhi: Jallianwala Bagh, located in the city of Amritsar in the Indian state of Punjab, is a historic public garden that holds immense significance in India’s struggle for independence. It gained worldwide attention due to the tragic event known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which occurred on April 13, 1919.

Each year this day is remembered as a solemn occasion that commemorates one of the darkest chapters in India’s history. The massacre shocked the world and ignited a wave of outrage and condemnation, both in India and abroad. Today, as we remember the victims of this senseless act of brutality, we honour their courage, sacrifice, and resilience.

Here are short notes, speech ideas, posters and drawings to deliver and share on this dark day and pay homage, tribute and respect to those who lost their lives while fighting and standing for the Independence.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre speech in English

• Good [morning/afternoon/evening], ladies and gentlemen. Today, I stand before you to shed light on a dark chapter in Indian history – the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. This tragic event, which took place on April 13, 1919, continues to evoke feelings of sorrow and outrage even a century later. Let us remember and pay homage to thousands who lost their lives that day.
• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred during a time of heightened tension in India, following years of British colonial rule and the implementation of repressive policies such as the Rowlatt Act. On that fateful day, thousands of unarmed civilians had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to peacefully protest against these unjust laws and paid an unbearable amount by sacrificing their lives.
• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre left an indelible scar on the collective consciousness of India, serving as a symbol of colonial oppression and the struggle for independence. Today, we honour the memory of those who lost their lives in this senseless act of violence and reaffirm our commitment to justice, peace, and freedom for all.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre short note

• Remembering Jallianwala Bagh: “April 13, 1919 – a date etched in history as the day of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. We pay tribute to the innocent lives lost in this tragic event and vow to never forget their sacrifice.”
• Colonial Atrocity Unveiled: “The Jallianwala Bagh massacre revealed the brutal face of British colonial rule in India. It stands as a stark reminder of the atrocities committed against the Indian people and their struggle for freedom.”
• Echoes of Tragedy: “The echoes of gunfire at Jallianwala Bagh still resonate a century later, serving as a sombre reminder of the price paid for India’s independence. We honour the courage of those who stood up against oppression.”
• Call for Justice: “The Jallianwala Bagh massacre demands justice for its victims and accountability for those responsible. As we remember this dark chapter in history, we renew our commitment to uphold the values of democracy, peace, and human rights.”

Write a newspaper report on Jallianwala Bagh massacre

• Headline: “Tragedy Strikes: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Leaves Hundreds Dead” Body: In a shocking display of brutality, British troops indiscriminately opened fire on unarmed civilians gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on April 13, 1919. The peaceful gathering, attended by men, women, and children, quickly turned into a bloodbath as bullets rained down on the unsuspecting crowd. Eyewitnesses recount scenes of chaos and horror as people scrambled for cover, trampled one another in a desperate bid to escape, and fell to the ground, their bodies pierced by bullets. The massacre, which lasted for about ten minutes, left a trail of death and devastation, with estimates of casualties ranging from several hundred to over a thousand. General Reginald Dyer, the man responsible for ordering the troops to open fire, defended his actions as a necessary measure to quell what he perceived as a seditious gathering. However, his ruthless use of force against unarmed civilians has been widely condemned both in India and abroad. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre has sent shockwaves across the nation, sparking outrage and protests against British colonial rule. It has galvanised the Indian independence movement, with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi denouncing the massacre as a heinous crime against humanity. As the dust settles and the full extent of the tragedy becomes clear, calls for justice and accountability grow louder. The British government’s response to the massacre, characterised by half-hearted apologies and inadequate reparations, has only fueled demands for a formal apology and recognition of the atrocities committed. Amidst the grief and anger, the spirit of resilience and defiance shines through. The people of India vow to honour the memory of those who perished at Jallianwala Bagh by continuing the struggle for freedom, justice, and equality. Conclusion: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre stands as a dark chapter in India’s history, a stark reminder of the brutalities inflicted by colonial powers on the colonised. As the nation mourns the loss of innocent lives, it also reaffirms its commitment to the ideals of liberty, democracy, and human dignity, vowing never to forget the sacrifice of those who fell at Jallianwala Bagh.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre drawing

Jallianwala Bagh massacre posters

Jallianwala Bagh is a memorial and a reminder of the sacrifices of the martyrs who lost their lives in the struggle for India’s independence. The garden serves as a place of remembrance and reflection, attracting visitors from across the country and the world to pay homage to the victims of one of the darkest chapters in India’s history.

Paragraph on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the greatest tragedy of Indian history that took place on 13 th April in 1919. It resulted in the brutal assassination of thousands of unsuspecting Indian pupils. The massacre was condemned by some and some also justified it; nevertheless, it was an act of extreme barbarism.

Short and Long Paragraphs on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Paragraph 1 – 100 words.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre also called the Amritsar Massacre took place on 13th April 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh located in Amritsar city in Punjab state. Thousands of Indians were gathered to peacefully protest against the British atrocities and anti-Indian policies. The crowd also consisted of women and children.

The acting military commander of Amritsar, Reginald Dyer entered the park with his troops and asked them to open fire on the crowd. The panicked crowd rushed to the already locked exits and narrow passages. Those who escaped the bullets became victims of stampede and suffocation. The day was a very dark phase in the history of modern India.

Paragraph 2 – 120 Words

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a brutal killing of thousands of unarmed and unsuspecting Indians gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. The massacre took place on 13th April 1919 on the day of Baisakhi festival.

The main conspirator behind this barbaric act was a British Army, officer General Dyer. Thousands of Indian men, women, and children have gathered at the Bagh to join a peaceful protest against the Rowlatt Act.

General Dyer blocked the only main exit of the park and asked his troops to open fire. The firing continued for around ten minutes until the ammunitions were exhausted and thousands of lives were lost. More people were killed due to stampede and suffocation than with the direct bullet wounds.

Paragraph 3 – 150 Words

On a fateful day of Baisakhi on 13th April 1919, thousands of Indians were killed by a contingent of the British Army under the command of General Dyer. The General ordered his troops to open fire on the unsuspecting crowd, resulting in over a thousand deaths.

It is a shameful scar on British Indian history, shameful for the Britishers of course, but no less shameful for the Indians. The reason being, the troop that opened fire on an unarmed crowd constituted of Indian soldiers from Sikh and Gorkha regiments. Dyer ordered his troops to shoot at the crowd from a high bank.

He also ordered them to kneel down and fire to inflict maximum casualties. Soldiers were also ordered to reload their rifles several times until the ammunition exhausted after around ten minutes. Around one hundred and twenty bodies were recovered from a well which was located in the middle of the park.

Paragraph 4 – 200 Words

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a murder of thousands of Indians, committed by one acting Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer.  On 13th April 1919, Dyer ordered his troops to open fire at peacefully gathered Indians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. Ironically the soldiers those fired at the crowd consisted of Gurkha and Sikh regiments of the British Indian Army.

Despite being Indians themselves, they were so loyal to their British masters that they readily opened fire on the unsuspecting crowd of men, women, and children. The massacre causes thousands of deaths due to bullet injuries and stampede.

The action of Dyer got mixed reactions from over the world. Rudyard Kipling, the famous English writer stated that Dyer just did what he felt was the right thing to do. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood and highly condemned the act of Dyer.

The most heartbreaking analysis of the events at Jallianwala Bagh was done by Mahatma Gandhi. Sadly, Gandhi justified the acts of Dyer, by stating that as per his own perspective, Dyer was saving the lives of other Britishers living in Amritsar. How a peacefully gathered mob constituting largely of women and children, was a potential threat to the life of someone, was never ever made clear neither by Dyer nor by Mahatma Gandhi.

Paragraph 5 – 250 Words

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a mass murder of Indians that took place on 13th April 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. The incident happened on the day of Baisakhi, which is a major festival celebrated in the state of Punjab.

Thousands of Indians gathered in the Bagh to peacefully celebrate Baisakhi and also to protest against the deportation of two national leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal. Many merchants and traders from far off places had come to Amritsar to do business on the occasion of Baisakhi.

But as a curfew was imposed by the British Administration and any celebration prohibited, people naturally gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh. Around six thousand Indians have gathered by mid-afternoon. General Dyer knew about the developments but he didn’t make any attempt to peacefully disperse the crowd.

Without giving any sort of warning to the gathered crowd, General Dyer entered the Bagh with armed troops and blocked the only wide exit at the Bagh. When the panicked crowd was trying to leave the park, choking the only exit gate, General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire at the crowd towards the densest section.

After about spending over 1600 rounds and around ten minutes, a cease-fire was ordered by Dyer. He is later known to have said that the action was not to disperse but to teach Indians not to disobey. Many people jump to their death in the only well at the center of the park to save themselves from the bullets.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions

Ans. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on 13th April 1919.

Ans. A massacre means the killing of a large number of people.

Ans. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre made Bhagat Singh Angry and made him fight against British Raj.

Ans. The people were protesting against Simon Commission.

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Gondwana University and Other Exam News

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay – Check out the 100 words, 200 words and 500-word Essays here!

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a tragic event that occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, India. It was a turning point in the Indian independence movement and a dark chapter in India’s colonial history. On that fateful day, a peaceful gathering of thousands of men, women, and children in Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden, was mercilessly fired upon by British soldiers, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of innocent people. The incident shook the country and led to widespread protests against British colonial rule. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made by Indian freedom fighters in their struggle for independence. Find the short and long essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre here.

Table of Contents

100-Word Essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, occurred on April 13, 1919, at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab state. Hundreds of Indians gathered peacefully to protest Colonial crimes and anti-Indian policies. There were also ladies and children in the audience.

Reginald Dyer, the acting military commander of Amritsar, entered the park with his forces and ordered them to begin fire on the throng. The terrified crowd dashed to the already-locked doors and tiny passageways. Those who managed to avoid the gunfire were victims of a stampede and asphyxia. The day marked a low point in contemporary India’s history.

200-Word Essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was committed by acting Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, who murdered hundreds of Indians. Dyer ordered his men to open fire on peacefully assembled Indians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on April 13, 1919. Paradoxically, the soldiers who fired at the mob were from the British Indian Army’s Gurkha and Sikh regiments.

Despite the fact that they were Indians, they were so faithful to their British masters that they opened fire on an unsuspecting throng of men, women, and children. Thousands of people are killed as a result of bullet injuries and a stampede during the slaughter. Dyer’s acts elicited conflicting emotions around the world. The famed English writer Rudyard Kipling claimed that Dyer simply did what he thought was the appropriate thing to do. Rabindranath Tagore surrendered his knighthood and strongly criticized Dyer’s actions.

Mahatma Gandhi provided the most devastating description of the happenings at Jallianwala Bagh. Unfortunately, Gandhi excused Dyer’s actions by claiming that Dyer was saving the lives of other British residents of Amritsar. Dyer and Mahatma Gandhi never explained how a peacefully formed mob, mostly composed of women and children, could pose a threat to someone’s life.

300-Word Essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a tragic event in Indian history that took place on April 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, Punjab. It was a turning point in India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. The incident saw a peaceful gathering of thousands of men, women, and children in Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden, brutally fired upon by British soldiers. The incident led to the deaths of hundreds of innocent people and left a deep wound in the psyche of the Indian people.

The gathering in Jallianwala Bagh was a protest against the arrest and deportation of two prominent Indian leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, by the British authorities. The crowd was peaceful and unarmed, and most of the people were unaware of the British curfew imposed that day. General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge, ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd, without warning and without mercy. The firing continued for almost ten minutes, resulting in the death of at least 379 people, with over a thousand injured.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a horrific act of brutality and a grave violation of human rights. It became a turning point in the Indian freedom struggle, as it led to a wave of protests and agitation across the country. It sparked a mass movement against British colonial rule, with people from all walks of life coming together to demand freedom and independence for India.

The massacre led to the formation of the Non-Cooperation Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, which marked a new phase in India’s struggle for independence. The incident galvanized the Indian people and brought together different communities, religions, and castes for a common cause. It highlighted the need for self-rule and strengthened the resolve of the Indian people to fight for their rights and dignity.

In conclusion, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a tragic event in Indian history that shook the country and the world. It was a turning point in the Indian freedom struggle and led to the emergence of a mass movement against British colonial rule. The incident serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by Indian freedom fighters in their struggle for independence and their determination to achieve a free and democratic India.

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500-Word Essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred when a group of Indians assembled at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab state, were massacred. On April 13, 1919, an incident occurred that was planned by acting Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, also known as General Dyer.

The Rowlatt Act 1919 and the Defence of India Act 1915 were two British laws that were put into effect before the Jallianwala Massacre and caused significant agitation among the Indian people.

Indian soldiers served in huge numbers for the British during World War I (1914–1918) in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The British government of India sent out a lot of Indian laborers as well.

Several political groups as well as the Indian populace as a whole opposed the use of Indian soldiers and laborers in World War I.

The vast resources and money that India had to spend were wasted fighting in the war for the British. This led to a minor rebellion in West Bengal and Punjab, which almost brought down the local British government. In order to restrict Indian citizens’ civil liberties, the British government passed the Defence of India Act in 1915 after sensing a widespread uprising.

The Rowlett Act, which was only an extension of the Defense of India Act and significantly restricted civil freedoms, was approved on March 10, 1919, making the situation much worse.

In India, the Rowlett Act sparked severe political upheaval. Thousands flocked to the streets to demonstrate against the Act. The situation was particularly bad in Punjab, where on April 1, 1919, thousands of demonstrators assembled at the home of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar. They called for the release of Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two prominent Indian politicians. According to reports, a military picket stationed nearby opened fire on the demonstrators, killing several of them.

This sparked a string of violent demonstrations across Punjab. An informal gathering to discuss Kitchlew’s release was organized by his supporters on the evening of April 12, the day before the tragedy.

The Day of Massacre 

The British government was worried about an uprising similar to the one in 1857 after the violent riots. In order to prevent crowding in one spot, the authorities declared martial law on April 13. Yet, this message wasn’t clear and eventually reached a large audience.

Interestingly, April 13th was a Baisakhi day, and for the fair, traders from all over Punjab came to Amritsar.

But, as the government forbade any fair, these people were left nowhere to go and naturally turned to Jallianwala Bagh. A minor political gathering was taking place there, but most of the attendees were commoners and businesspeople who traveled for the Baisakhi celebration. Thousands of Indians have arrived around the bagh by mid-afternoon.

After learning about this significant public gathering, General Reginald Dyer set about developing a strategy to deal with it. General Dyer arrived at the Bagh sometime after 18:30 Hrs. with 90 soldiers, blocked the single main entrance, and then gave the order to fire.

Unarmed men, women, and children who had likely gathered to pass the time while the curfew prevented Baisakhi celebrations were the ones who were shot at. For ten to fifteen minutes, shots were fired, resulting in the deaths of 500 innocent Indians—men, women, and children—and 1,000 injuries. General Dyer marched back with his contingent after the killing, and the British government made no attempt to save the victims.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre day was the most tragic day in Indian history. It demonstrates the cruelest and most terrible side of British Authority in India.

FAQs on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre happened on April 13, 1919.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a tragic event in Indian history that took place on April 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, Punjab. It was a turning point in India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. The incident led to the deaths of hundreds of innocent people and left a deep wound in the psyche of the Indian people.

The gathering in Jallianwala Bagh was a protest against the arrest and deportation of two prominent Indian leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, by the British authorities. The crowd was peaceful and unarmed, and most of the people were unaware of the British curfew imposed that day. General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge, ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd, without warning, and without mercy.

At least 379 people were killed, and over a thousand were injured in the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge, was responsible for ordering the troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd. The British government was also responsible for the massacre as they had imposed harsh martial law in the region, leading to widespread discontent among the Indian people.

By Gauri Malik

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Write a short note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

On 10th april 1919, two nationalist leaders- dr saifuddin kitchlew and dr satya pal were arrested in punjab under the infamous rowlatt act. on 13th april 1919, people gathered in a small park in amritsar which was called the jalllianwala bagh, to protest against these arrests. the peaceful gathering was attended by men, women and children. general dyer, a british military officer, stationed a regiment of soldiers at the only entrance of the park, declared the meeting illegal and without warning ordered his soldiers to fire. the firing lasted for ten minutes, till all the ammunition was exhausted. more than a thousand people were killed and over twice that number wounded. the massacre was worth calling genocide and it stunned the entire country. on 30th may 1919, rabindranath tagore renounced his knighthood. gandhi returned the kaiser-i-hind gold medal given to him for his work during boer war..

Jallianwala Bagh Essay in English

Jallianwala Bagh Essay in English , India has gone through many struggles in its history and some wounds can never be healed like Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Jallianwala Bagh incident has a major impact on the heart of India and we still talk about and children read it in books. Jallianwala Bagh incident took place in the year 1919 and was the most painful incident that happened due to the British rule.

This incident was brutal because thousands of innocent Indians were assassinated by the British rulers. Jallianwala Bagh was an extreme incident and even talking about it in 2022 is painful.  No Indian wants to remember it but the impact of this incident is intensely powerful in the heart and minds of Indians.  On the 13 th of April, this dark day took place and thousands of Indians were brutally murdered.

The incident happened in Amritsar which is a city in the Punjab state.  On this day thousands of people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to protest. People were protesting peacefully wishing to be free from British rule, but this peaceful protest took a dark turn.  There were men, women, children, and even the elderly who were protesting against the anti-Indian policies and British atrocities.

Reginald dyer is responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre who was military commander at that time. He entered the park along with his troops and without any warning, he ordered to open fire on the protesting crowd.

Essay on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay

Jallianwala Bagh incident is something we wish to forget but it is impossible. Thousands of Indians were brutally murdered by the general dyer. The crowd panicked and rushed to the exit but the passages were narrow and everyone was stuck inside the narrow passages.

Bullets were coming right at them and to escape bullets people started rushing to exit the place. Many died due to suffocation and stampede. This day is the darkest day in the history of India when many innocent men, women, and children lost their lives in a very painful manner.

Jallianwala Bagh Paragraph

Jallianwala Bagh was the conspiracy of a general dyer who took the lives of children women and men. These people were innocent and only wish to get free from the cruel rule of the British. They were protesting against the Rowlett act general dyer blocked all the exit gates of Jallianwala Bagh and open fire was ordered by him.

The situation was horrible because there were scary sounds of bullets firing and this firing continued for ten minutes. It ended until all the ammunition was empty in the body of Indians and thousands lost their lives. Bollywood has made movies on Jallianwala Bagh and by watching these movies it is very easy to feel the pain of our brothers and sisters who lost their lives in the brutal massacre.

Many were killed due to direct hits by bullets and others died in the stampede. 13 th April 1919 was the day when Indians were killed brutally by the British army and it was a shameful act. It completely eliminated the concept of humanity because one human killed thousands of others brutally by trapping them in the park. Dyer killed many children who were there just to protest. 

Indians were fighting for their rights and for their survival in their own country. Indians were killed in their motherland which included thousands of innocent souls. This act was shameful for all humans.

Jallianwala Bagh Hatyakand Essay in English

It was a more shameful act for the Indians because the troops that opened fire on protestors were soldiers from the Gorkha and Sikh regiments. The guns were in the hands of Indians and the bullets came out from them which killed their own brothers and sisters. Without any hesitation soldiers of India opened fire on people who were empty-handed.

They were not having any guns, or shields on them that could protect them from bullets coming right at them. This is a scary thought and we all Indians are shameful of this.  Dyer ordered Indian soldiers and the crowd was shot dead. Every single soul that was peacefully protesting died on this dark day.

The guns were in the hands of the Indian soldiers who were loyal to British rulers at that time.  Dyer was a devil who ordered his troops to kneel down and fire so that maximum causalities can take place. Soldiers reloaded many times to shoot protestors. 120 bodies were also recovered from the well. This well is located in the center of the Jallianwala Bagh. Many jumped into the well to escape from bullets but died.

This brutal act of dyer got mixed reactions from all over the world. It is hard to say who is responsible for this shameful act because leaders like Gandhi justified the brutal act of dyer by sitting dyer was saving lives of Britishers who were living in the Amritsar city at that time. This is a serious question which we must speak about how a peacefully gathered mob just protesting in peace is a threat to the Britishers.

The crowd mainly had women and children in it. No one ever answered this important question neither Gandhi nor the dyer. It was a crystal clear murder of thousands of Indians who were naïve and innocent. They never suspected what is going to happen next. On 13 th April 1919 was the day of Baisakhi which is a major festival in Punjab.

The crowd was given no warning and what they got was bullets coming right at them.  The crowd panicked and lost their lives in a painful manner. Dyer said that he did this to teach Indians about obeying but no one ever justified the death of thousands of Indians who got bullets in return. Jallianwala Bagh incident shook many freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh.  Jallianwala Bagh massacre made him angry and he took the stand and became a brave freedom fighter that was afraid of nothing.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre is a very sad and hurting incident for Indians and the fact is Indians were also responsible for this dark day. It is a dark day that we can never get out of history and our lives.

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Essay, Paragraph, Speech on “Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy” Complete Paragraph, Speech for Classes 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.

Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a cardinal incident in the history of Punjab. It occurred on 13th April, 1919 A.D. on the day of Baisakhi Festival. It is such unforgettable tragedy which would be remembered for ever in Punjab. This incident created feeling of hat redness against the British Government among Indians. It was much because of this tragedy that Gandhiji initiated the Non-co-operation movement to extract the British from the country. Thus, this massacre has also special importance in the Indian history.

Causes leading to the circumstances of Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy-Michael 0′ Dyer, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab was very cruel. He used to be committed many atrocities on people. He had no faith in political reforms and consequently no sympathy with the political agitators. Michael didn’t allow Lokmanya Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal to enter Punjab. When Rowlett Act was passed by British Government. It was harshly protested by Indians. Moti Lal Nehru called it `Anarchial and Revolutionary crimes act’. On the behalf of Gandhiji, strikes and processions were peacefully held in different parts of India. When the people of Punjab heard the news that Gandhi was arrested. Riots took place in Gujranwala, Lahore and Kasur of Punjab. Therefore, chaos and disorder spread in the whole of Punjab. On 10 April 1919 A.D. Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchulu who were the main leaders of Congress, were called by Magistrate of Amritsar in his house. They were arrested there and deported to Dharamsala. Therefore, the members of Congress took out a huge procession to release them while hearing the news of arrest of their leaders. They visited the residence of Deputy Commissioner. When procession was marching ahead peacefully. At that time British Army shooted unarmed peoples at Railway crossing. About 10 peoples were died due to this incident. It created more dissatisfaction among demonstrators. Excited people held a procession by raising them on their shoulder again and assaulted some of Europeans too. The buildings of Allied and National Banks were set on fire. Crowd dispersed when British Army reached there. However, Govt fired on innocent peoples. It led to the great commotion.

On 12 April, 1919 A.D. a declaration was issued by General Dyer who was the incharge of troops that no meetings or gatherings were to be held by Indians in future,  no steps were taken to check whether the peoples were obeying the notice or not. He imposed Article no. 144 in Amritsar. But, no information was given to public about it.

Origin of Jallianwala Tragedy – A large number of peoples gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at the day of Baisakhi on 13 April. 1919 A.D.. All the peoples were unarmed when more than ten thousands of people gathered to take part in meeting. It was surrounded with houses from all the sides. Although there were other doors of the garden but, all were locked. Only one door was opened. Meeting continued upto evening. Suddenly, General Dyre approached near Jallianwala Bagh with 100 Indian soliders, 50 British soliders and some of machine gunners. Meeting was taking place peacefully. People were having their leader’s views. Dr. Kitchulu and Satyapal presented a resolution to release Gandhiji from the Jail. Moreover, Rowlatt Act was also opposed in the meeting. General Dyre ordered his soldiers to fire on gathering. He didn’t even warn them to disperse. Soldiers kept on firing unless the whole of ammunition was finished people started running to and fro. The whole of Jallianwala Bagh was filled with dead bodies after a short while. About 1650 bullets were fired from machine guns. Thereafter, General Dyre went from there without seeing the condition of people. According the Government report. About 379 peoples were killed and 1200 wounded. But, according to Congress report, 1000 peoples were martyred an 3,000 wounded. In this way, Government report was very much less as compared to actual report.

Government imposed several restrictions on press after the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh in Punjab. So that no presser could publish cruel attitude of British towards Indians in newspapers. Neither any body was allowed to go outside of Punjab, nor enter into Punjab slowly and slowly. The incident of Jallianwala Bagh massacre spread not only in the whole of Punjab but also other parts of India. The Punjab tragedy had a lasting impact on succeeding generation. Rabindra Nath Tagore renounced his knighthood as a measure of protest. Gandhi returned the `Kaiser-i-Hind’ medal given to him for his work during the Boer War. C.F. Andrews, a friend of Tagore, Gandhi and Nehru, wrote to Mahadev Desai after a visit to Amritsar, “It was a massacre a butchery”.

Other events occurred in Amritsar – General Dyre committed many atrocities on innocent peoples. The supply of water and electricity was chised in Amritsar. But, the most harsh punishment was an orderof crawling. Its main reason was to attack on lady Doctor, Miss Sherwood by some of people when she was going to her villa by riding on cycle in a street of Amritsar. Indiscriminate arrests, confiscation of property, floggings and whippings were freely resorted to. There were shooting, hangings and bombing in the air, while at Amritsar innocent men and women were made to crawl like worms on bellies.

All these outrages naturally shocked the people of India and raised a strong wave of discontent throughout the country. Those people who helped Miss Sherwood were also not forgiven. In this way, persecutions of General Dyre were at their climax.

(i) Ticket of third class of Railway was closed. As a result, Common people now couldn’t travel. (ii) Those peoples were punished to break the law.

(iii) Walking of two or more people together on railway lines was prohibited.

(iv) Cycles of all the citizens except that of the Europeans were snatched.

(v) People who closed their shops were compelled either to open their shops or to pay fine heavily. British fixed cost of commodities.

(vi) Martial law commissioners tried on 298 people in Amritsar. Out of them, 51 were sentenced to death, 46 to Kala Paani, 2 imprisonment for 10 years, 79 the imprisonment for 7 years, 10 for 5 years, 13 for 3 years, 11 for a few days.

Proclamation of Martial law in Punjab : Martial law was imposed in Punjab. It created feeling of fear in the mind of people. Martial law was strictly imposed in Lahore by laying upon Curfew. Persons who walked in the streets of the city were either sentenced to imprisonment or compelled to pay fine heavily. Generally, persons walking after 8°clock at night were punished.

Shopkeepers of the closed “shops on the orders of British Government have only two ways. They had either to sell their commodities freely or were blown them with bullets. Person to be posted the notice of Martial law on the walls of houses were made responsible Neither any one could tar notice nor soil it but, they were not allowed to go out from the house; for the protection of posters. Students of college had to present four times in a day before British Army. The motor cycles and motor cars were snatched from Indians and given to British Army. Langer system was stopped. British snatched about 300 carts from people during the time of Martial law. It is said that all the professors of a college including principal were imprisoned on being torn the notice of Martial law from the wall. The main officer of Lahore during this time was Colonel Johnson. Bombs were thrown in Gujranwala. Curfew was forced upon not only in Gujranwala but also in the cities of Kasur and Sheikupura. People were also beaten there by British Army. They were tried and punished.

Inspection of Jallianwala Bagh : Several restrictions were imposed on punishing news related to Jallianwala Bagh tragedy in the newspapers. It created resentment not only in Punjab, but in other parts of India also. Rabindra Nath Tagore returned his title named as `Sir’. Sir Sanskaran Nayyer resigned from the executive council of Viceroy. Congress demended Inspection Committee for Jallianwala Bagh tragedy on the behalf of people. British Government first, didn’t pay any attention to form a committee. At last, a committee was formed to check atrocities of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy. It was named as `Hunter Committee’. Because the president of the committee was Sir Willian Hunter. It was consisted of four British and three Indian members to enquire into the Punjab disturbances. Moti Lal Nehru, GandhiJi and Madan Mohan Malviya became the member of Hunter Committee. Before the Hunter Committee began its proceedings the Government passed an Indemnity Act for the protection of the officers. It was called as the ‘White Washing Bill’ and severely criticized by Moti Lal.

Report of Hunter Committee

Hunter Committee presented its report in May, 1920 A.D. Therefore, on the basis of this report, Government took following steps :-

(a) An act was passed to fulfill the loss of people. All the officials were suspended related to Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.

(b) Governor General’s Friends, Lieutenant General of Punjab, Michael O’-Dyer was declared innocent, but he was dismissed from the post to appease the Indians.

Criticism – The incident of Jallianwala Bagh was bitterly opposed by Nationalist leaders. Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindra Nath Tagore returned the titles of ‘Kesar-e-Hind’ and ‘Sir’ to the British Government. Many people’s were put into imprisonment without trial. It created feeling of discontentment against British rule.

In short, we can say that Jalianwala Bagh tragedy shook the whole of Nation. M.K. Gandhi, the apostle of peace and non-violence could not tolerate such blindly massacre. Therefore, he expounded his dissatisfaction against British Government through ‘Non – co-operation Movement’ which was launched in 1920 A.D. Many peoples from different states of country took part in this movement to drive the British out of India. At last, they had to leave India on 15th August, 1947.

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Write a Newspaper Report on the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre [With PDF]

In this article, you will find how to write a report on the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. So let’s get started.

Troops Open Fired in Jallianwala Bagh; Thousands Killed and Injured

By Suprity Acharyya

Amritsar; April 14, 1919: More than a thousand people killed and injured in an open fire by troops in Amritsar at Jallianwala Bagh. The Amritsar city was going under martial law since the last few weeks due to violent protests and riots against the Rowlatt Act and mass gathering was strictly prohibited by law.

The local people, mostly unaware of the martial law situation, gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to celebrate the Vaisakhi festival and to protest against the arrest of local leader Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal under the Rowlatt Act.

As reports are coming out, general Reginald Dyer who is currently the officer-in-charge to maintain law and order in Punjab province approached the Jallianwala Bagh ground with 6 tankers and a large number of armed forces fired openly with no previous warning till they ran out of their ammunition.

As per the government report, the total death count in this incident is 379 but the Congress is accusing the government of hiding the real number of deaths and injuries. According to the Indian National Congress, the real death count may exceed a thousand people and more than 1500 is severely injured by this open fire.

While India is heavily shocked by this sudden incident. All national leaders as well as major political parties have sent their deep condolences to the families of dead people.

High-Level Enquiry Commission Created to Review Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

New Delhi; October 15, 1919: The honourable secretary of the state, Lord Edwin Montagu yesterday issued an order for the creation of a high-level enquiry commission to review the massacre that occurred in Jallianwala Bagh last April.

It was the 13th of April when the troops under the leadership of General Reginald Dyer fired 1650 rounds of bullets on the people peacefully protesting in the Jallianwala Bagh ground against the unlawful arrest of two local leaders under Rowlatt Act.

The leaders of Indian National Congress say that more than a thousand people had died in the massacre and another 1500 injured. To review the whole incident the secretary of the state has ordered the creation of an enquiry committee under the chairmanship of Lord William hunter.

As per the reports are coming out, the committee will be formed with 7 members including 3 Indians. This committee will be scheduled to visit the massacre ground and will question general Reginald Dyer.

The Commission has been asked to submit its report within 1 year after finishing their enquiry. Rash Behari Ghosh, the senior Congress leader has said that the whole India is looking towards the Commission seeking justice.

England Regretting Jallianwala Bagh Massacre after Century Passes

Delhi; April 11, 2019: A regret has come from the United Kingdom for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1919 on the hundred years anniversary of the horrendous incident.

The honourable prime minister of the UK Theresa May yesterday addressed the British parliament with the message of regret for the massacre that occurred in Amritsar of the Punjab province in the former British colony of India.

It was 13th of April 1919 when more than a thousand people were killed through an open fire ordered by a British general Reginald Dyer. The people who gathered in Jallianwala Bagh were completely unaware of the martial law situation going in contemporary Punjab.

They gathered to celebrate the Baisakhi festival and to protest peacefully against the heinous Rowlatt Act. It was a part of the Rowlatt Satyagraha declared by Gandhiji and the mass was completely unarmed. The British prime minister has said that this incident is a scar in the history between the relation of India and the United Kingdom.

She further said that Britain deeply regretted the incident. In reply to the prime minister, the leader of the opposition from the Labour party, Mr Jeremy Corbyn extended the call for a full, clear and unequivocal apology to India.

Former Indian Diplomat Demands Unequivocal Apology from England for Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

New Delhi; April 15, 2019: On the 10th of this month the British prime minister Theresa May regretted the incident of 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre of Amritsar.

Just after 5 days of the regret message from the UK parliament, former Indian diplomat Mr Shashi Tharoor demanded a clear and unequivocal apology from the United Kingdom for the horrendous massacre that occurred during the British rule of India in the Punjab province.

In an interview to BBC Mr Tharoor has said that for about 200 years the British imperial power kept looting India and left the nation as one of the poorest in the world. He has further said that the British crown used to possess a tendency of hiding proper data in regard to every little aspect.

Here he pointed out the report of the Hunter Commission 1919 that it was highly misinterpreted the massacre occurred in Jallianwala Bagh. Then he said that Britain should apologize to India unequivocally for the Amritsar massacre instead of regretting it after a hundred years.

Thereafter the former diplomat Mr Shashi Tharoor also mentioned about the manipulation of data during the 1943 famine in Bengal.

So I hope you found report writing on the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre helpful and also learned how to write this report as well.

Do have some topic ideas that you want me to cover?

Feel free to put those in the comment section just below the article.

Essay on Jallianwala Bagh in English

Today, we are sharing an  Essay on Jallianwala Bagh in English . This article can help students who are looking for information  about   Essays on Jallianwala Bagh.  This essay is very simple and easy to remember. The level of these Lines is moderate so any student can write on this topic.

Essay on Jallianwala Bagh (100-150 words)

Jallianwala Bagh is a historical site in Amritsar, Punjab, India, that holds immense significance in the country’s freedom struggle. It gained prominence due to a tragic incident that took place on April 13, 1919. On that fateful day, British colonial forces, under the command of General Reginald Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful gathering of Indians who had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the repressive Rowlatt Act.

The brutal massacre resulted in the loss of hundreds of innocent lives and left an indelible mark on the Indian freedom movement. Jallianwala Bagh serves as a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought for India’s independence.

Today, Jallianwala Bagh stands as a memorial, commemorating the victims of the massacre. It features a memorial plaque, a well, and preserved bullet marks on the walls, serving as haunting reminders of the tragic event. The site attracts visitors from all over the world, seeking to pay their respects and learn about this significant chapter in India’s history.

Jallianwala Bagh stands as a solemn testament to the resilience and determination of the Indian people in their quest for freedom, reminding us of the price paid for independence and the importance of cherishing and preserving our hard-fought liberties.

Essay on Jallianwala Bagh (200-300 words)

Jallianwala Bagh, located in Amritsar, Punjab, India, holds immense historical significance in the country’s struggle for freedom. It is forever etched in the collective memory of the Indian people as the site of one of the most horrific and tragic incidents during British colonial rule.

On April 13, 1919, thousands of Indians gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to peacefully protest against the repressive Rowlatt Act imposed by the British. However, their peaceful demonstration was met with extreme brutality. General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge, ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd, trapped within the confined space of the Bagh. The hail of bullets continued for about ten minutes, resulting in the loss of hundreds of innocent lives, and leaving many more injured.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre became a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It ignited a wave of outrage and rebellion across the nation, fueling the determination of Indians to rid themselves of British colonial rule.

Today, Jallianwala Bagh stands as a solemn memorial to the victims of the massacre. The site has been preserved to honour their memory and remind future generations of the sacrifices made for freedom. The well into which people jumped to escape the bullets, the bullet-marked walls, and the Martyrs’ Memorial are haunting reminders of the brutality that unfolded there.

Visiting Jallianwala Bagh evokes a mix of emotions – sadness, anger, and a sense of reverence for those who laid down their lives. It serves as a powerful symbol of the resilience, courage, and determination of the Indian people in their pursuit of freedom.

The significance of Jallianwala Bagh goes beyond its historical importance. It serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving human rights, upholding justice, and never forgetting the price paid for independence. It stands as a testament to the indomitable spirit of the Indian people and their unwavering commitment to securing a better future.

Essay on Jallianwala Bagh (350-450 words)

Jallianwala Bagh, situated in Amritsar, Punjab, holds a prominent place in the history of India’s struggle for independence. The name “Jallianwala Bagh” translates to “Garden of the Jallianwala,” named after the owners of the land. However, it is forever associated with the horrific massacre that took place on April 13, 1919.

During that time, India was under British colonial rule, and a wave of discontent and unrest was sweeping across the nation. The Rowlatt Act, which granted the British extensive powers to suppress any form of dissent, had sparked widespread protests. On that fateful day, thousands of people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to express their opposition to the oppressive law and demand their fundamental rights.

Unbeknownst to the peaceful crowd, General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge of Amritsar, arrived with a contingent of soldiers. Without any warning or attempt to disperse the crowd, Dyer ordered his troops to open fire. The hail of bullets continued for about ten minutes, leaving a trail of death and destruction in its wake.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was an act of extreme brutality and a gross violation of human rights. The official figures state that around 379 people were killed and over a thousand were injured. However, it is widely believed that the actual number of casualties was much higher, as many bodies were disposed of secretly or thrown into the nearby river.

The repercussions of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre reverberated across the nation. The incident sparked outrage and served as a catalyst for the Indian independence movement. It galvanized the spirit of resistance and united people from all walks of life against British rule.

Jallianwala Bagh, now transformed into a memorial, stands as a solemn reminder of the sacrifices made during the struggle for freedom. The site preserves the bullet-riddled walls, the well into which people jumped to escape the bullets, and a memorial that commemorates the lives lost on that tragic day.

Visiting Jallianwala Bagh evokes a profound sense of sadness and reverence. It is a place where history comes alive, allowing us to connect with the past and pay homage to those who laid down their lives for the ideals of freedom and justice. It serves as a constant reminder of the price paid for independence and the ongoing struggle for human rights around the world.

Jallianwala Bagh holds a significant place in India’s collective memory. It symbolizes the resilience, determination, and unity of the Indian people in their pursuit of freedom. It stands as a testament to the power of ordinary individuals coming together to challenge oppressive forces and fight for a better future.

Essay on Jallianwala Bagh (500-700 words)

Jallianwala Bagh, located in Amritsar, Punjab, India, is a site that encapsulates a painful chapter in the history of the country’s freedom struggle. The events that unfolded on April 13, 1919, forever etched the name “Jallianwala Bagh” in the collective memory of the Indian people as a symbol of colonial oppression and the resilience of the human spirit.

During the era of British colonial rule, India was gripped by a fervent desire for independence. The Rowlatt Act, enacted in 1919, further curtailed civil liberties, causing widespread outrage. In response, a public meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden, to peacefully protest against this repressive legislation.

However, the peaceful gathering quickly turned into a nightmare. As the meeting commenced, General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge of Amritsar, arrived with a contingent of soldiers. Without issuing any warning or giving the crowd an opportunity to disperse, Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed civilians trapped within the confined space of Jallianwala Bagh.

The hail of bullets lasted for about ten minutes, targeting men, women, and children alike. The crowd scrambled to find shelter, but there was no escape from the relentless onslaught. The impact of this brutal and indiscriminate massacre was devastating. Official records state that approximately 379 people lost their lives, with over a thousand injured. The actual numbers, however, are believed to be much higher.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre sent shockwaves throughout India and the world, igniting a fire of outrage and resistance against British rule. It served as a turning point in the country’s struggle for independence, galvanizing the spirit of nationalism and awakening a collective desire for freedom.

Today, Jallianwala Bagh stands as a solemn memorial to the victims of the massacre. The site has been preserved and transformed into a place of remembrance and reflection. The bullet marks on the walls, the well into which people jumped to escape the bullets, and the Martyrs’ Memorial stand as poignant reminders of the sacrifices made by those who fought for liberty.

Visiting Jallianwala Bagh evokes a mix of emotions. It is a place of sorrow, as the bullet-riddled walls bear witness to the horrific violence that unfolded within its confines. It is a place of remembrance, as the Martyrs’ Memorial honours the lives lost on that tragic day. And it is a place of resilience, as it serves as a testament to the indomitable spirit of the Indian people.

Jallianwala Bagh serves as a stark reminder of the price paid for independence and the importance of preserving and cherishing the hard-fought liberties we enjoy today. It stands as a symbol of the enduring struggle for human rights, justice, and freedom in the face of oppression.

The significance of Jallianwala Bagh extends beyond its historical context. It serves as a universal reminder of the power of collective action and the need to stand up against injustice. It inspires individuals to speak out against oppression and to work towards creating a world where such atrocities are never repeated.

Jallianwala Bagh is not merely a place; it is a living testament to the strength of the human spirit and the pursuit of freedom. It stands as a beacon of hope, reminding us of the resilience, courage, and determination of those who sacrificed their lives for a brighter future. As we walk through its hallowed grounds, we are compelled to honour their memory, to learn from the past, and to strive for a world where justice and equality prevail.

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Essay on Jallianwala Bagh (800-1000 words)

Jallianwala Bagh, situated in the city of Amritsar in Punjab, India, is a place of profound historical significance. It is a site that is forever etched in the memory of the Indian people as a haunting reminder of the brutalities of colonial rule and the resilience of those who fought for freedom.

The name “Jallianwala Bagh” literally translates to “Garden of the Jallianwala,” named after the owners of the land. However, the events that unfolded on April 13, 1919, transformed this serene public garden into a site of immense tragedy and bloodshed.

During that time, India was under the oppressive rule of the British Empire. The Rowlatt Act passed in March 1919, further restricted civil liberties and granted the British sweeping powers to suppress any form of dissent. In response to this repressive legislation, a public meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh to voice opposition and peacefully protest against the law.

On that fateful day, thousands of men, women, and children gathered at Jallianwala Bagh, unaware of the horrors that awaited them. General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge of Amritsar, arrived with a contingent of soldiers and, without issuing any warning, ordered them to open fire on the unarmed crowd.

What followed was a relentless hail of bullets that lasted for about ten minutes. The trapped and defenceless civilians were left with no escape from the ruthless onslaught. The brutal massacre resulted in the loss of hundreds of innocent lives, with official records stating a death toll of approximately 379, and over a thousand injured. However, the actual numbers are believed to be much higher.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was an act of extreme brutality and a blatant violation of human rights. The indiscriminate firing on a peaceful gathering shocked the conscience of the Indian people and sparked outrage across the country. It became a turning point in India’s struggle for independence, fueling the flames of resistance against the British Empire.

The repercussions of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre reverberated far beyond the borders of Amritsar. News of the brutal act spread throughout India and the world, stirring widespread condemnation and outrage. It galvanized the Indian people, uniting them in their determination to throw off the shackles of colonial rule.

The aftermath of the massacre witnessed a wave of protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience across the country. It marked a pivotal moment in the freedom movement, inspiring countless individuals to join the struggle for independence. The massacre also led to the formation of the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign led by Mahatma Gandhi, who referred to the incident as a “massacre that shook the conscience of humanity.”

Today, Jallianwala Bagh stands as a solemn memorial to the victims of the massacre. The site has been preserved to honour their memory and serve as a reminder of the sacrifices made for the cause of freedom. The bullet marks on the walls, the well into which people jumped to escape the bullets, and the Martyrs’ Memorial stand as haunting remnants of the tragic events that unfolded on that fateful day.

Visiting Jallianwala Bagh evokes a myriad of emotions. It is a place of deep sorrow and grief, as one walks through the bullet-scarred walls and envisions the horrors that took place within those confines. It is a place of remembrance, as the Martyrs’ Memorial pays tribute to the lives lost and the bravery of those who stood up against oppression. It is a place of reflection, where one can contemplate the price paid for freedom and the ongoing struggle for human rights.

Jallianwala Bagh holds immense significance not only for India but for the entire world. It stands as a symbol of the atrocities committed during the era of colonialism and the importance of preserving the memory of those who suffered. It serves as a constant reminder of the ongoing struggle for justice, equality, and the preservation of human rights.

Moreover, Jallianwala Bagh serves as a powerful lesson in history, reminding us of the need to remain vigilant against any form of oppression. It serves as a testament to the resilience, courage, and determination of those who sacrificed their lives in the pursuit of freedom. The echoes of their struggle continue to inspire generations, urging them to fight for a world where justice, dignity, and equality prevail.

In conclusion, Jallianwala Bagh stands as a poignant symbol of the horrors of colonialism and the indomitable spirit of those who fought for freedom. It serves as a site of remembrance, reflection, and inspiration. As we pay homage to the victims of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, let us also renew our commitment to upholding the values of justice, equality, and freedom for all. Only then can we ensure that the sacrifices made at Jallianwala Bagh were not in vain and that their memory continues to shape a better future for generations to come.

Answer: Jallianwala Bagh was the site of a tragic incident known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. On April 13, 1919, British troops, led by General Reginald Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful gathering of Indians who had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the repressive Rowlatt Act. The firing lasted for about ten minutes and resulted in the death of hundreds of people, with many more injured.

Answer: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre had a profound impact on India’s freedom struggle. It ignited widespread outrage and served as a catalyst for the nationalist movement against British rule. The incident fueled public resentment and led to a wave of protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience across the country. It also played a significant role in mobilizing the Indian population and strengthening their resolve to fight for independence.

Answer: Official records state that approximately 379 people were killed in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, with over a thousand injured. However, it is believed that the actual number of casualties was higher, as some bodies were disposed of secretly or thrown into the nearby river.

Answer: Yes, Jallianwala Bagh is open to visitors. It has been preserved as a memorial to the victims of the massacre. Visitors can explore the site, observe the bullet marks on the walls, and pay their respects at the Martyrs’ Memorial. The memorial also houses a museum that provides further insights into the historical context and significance of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay

April 13, 1919 was the dark day in Indian history when there was a horrific massacre at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, which everyone knows as Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. It was a brutal murder of Indians which was carried out by a Brigadier General named Reginald Dyer.

Table of Contents

Short and Long Essays on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in English

Essay 1 (250 words).

introduction

Thousands of innocent Indians lost their lives at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab on April 13, 1919. The dead included women and children who were returning to their homes after visiting the Golden Temple.

Genocide – a new example of barbarism

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre on April 13, 1919, was a new example of barbarism perpetrated by the oppressive ideology of the British Indian government.

In view of some protests; The British government had imposed martial law in Amritsar, Punjab. According to this law, gathering in public functions and agitation at different places were prohibited. However, the warning was not conveyed to the public in time, resulting in large gatherings for the annual Baisakhi fair to be held on April 13. But, the local administration vacated the area, forcing the visitors to move away. Many of them went to the Golden Temple, while others went to Jallianwala Bagh, as it was the only major ground and the rest of the city was under martial law.

This infuriated the British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer who ordered indiscriminate fire on the people gathered inside Jallianwala Bagh. The only main entrance which also served as an exit was besieged by General Dyer. All the other exits were very narrow and closed. The poor people did not get anywhere to escape and about 500 to 600 people were shot dead and thousands of people were injured, many seriously injured.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the most barbaric and deliberate murder of innocent Indians on Indian soil. Such atrocities on innocent and unarmed citizens can never be justified and this day is considered as the darkest day of India’s freedom struggle.

Essay 2 (400 words)

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is the mass murder of innocent Indians that took place on April 13, 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh in the heart of Amritsar in the state of Punjab. The massacre, which resulted in the loss of hundreds of innocent civilian lives and the wounding of thousands, was committed by a British Brigadier General named Reginald Dyer.

growing unrest

The circumstances under which this massacre took place were being prepared for the last three to four years, especially in the state of Punjab. It all started with the 1915 Defense of India Act and the 1919 Rowlatt Act. Both the Acts were enacted by the British Government to curb the civil liberties of Indians. This was done out of fear of the revolt of 1857 as preparations were once again underway for organized rebellion by Indian extremist groups and political parties.

After the Rowlatt Act was passed, the turn of events came, resulting in the arrest of two freedom fighters from Punjab, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. on April 10, 1919; In Amritsar, protesters demanding the release of Satyapal and Kitchlu were fired upon, resulting in several deaths. This incident became the cause of great violent protests across Punjab. In the wake of the violent rebellion, the British government forcibly imposed martial law in the state of Punjab.

On 12 April, the eve of the massacre, Hans Raj, an aide of Kitchlev, announced a public protest meeting on 13 April at Jallianwala Bagh at 06:30 the next day. The meeting was to be held in a peaceful manner in which the future strategy for the release of the leaders was to be discussed. Luckily, 13th April was also Vaisakhi.

fatal accident

A big fair on Baisakhi was organized in Amritsar. Small traders from the surrounding areas, to do business and a large number of crowds come to the fair for entertainment etc. According to the government that forced martial law, public gatherings of any kind were prohibited and therefore the fair was automatically cancelled. Because of this, all the small traders, women, children and families present in the crowd had to turn towards Jallianwala Bagh before going towards their home.

By evening, thousands of people had gathered in the garden. Meanwhile, General Dyer came to know about the gathering of such a large number of people. Around 06:30 in the evening, he entered the garden with his army contingent and opened fire on the unarmed crowd without hesitation. Neither the general nor any other officer made any attempt to disperse the crowd. The firing continued for about fifteen minutes, resulting in the deaths of more than 500 people and injuring thousands more.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the worst and saddest incident ever in the history of India. It brings out the real face of imperialism and makes our country’s freedom even more valuable.

Essay 3 (600 words)

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a massacre on a crowd of Indians gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab state. This event took place on April 13, 1919 and was premeditated by the British Brigadier General known as Reginald Dyer.

in the background

Prior to the Jallianwala Massacre, two Acts were enacted by the British Government, causing a high level of unrest among the Indian public – these were the Defense of India Act 1915 and the Rowlatt Act 1919.

During World War I (1914–1918), Indian soldiers participated in large numbers on the British side in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Even Indian laborers were sent in large numbers by the British Government of India. The participation of Indian soldiers and laborers in the First World War was opposed by some political factions and the general population of India.

Much of India’s money and resources were wasted in fighting on the side of the British in World War I. This gave rise to a kind of rebellion in West Bengal and Punjab, which almost demoralized the local British administration. Therefore, sensing the appearance of a large number of Indian citizens raising their heads, the British government sensationally imposed the Defense of India Act in 1915, curtailing the civil liberties of Indian citizens.

To make the situation worse, the Rowlatt Act was passed on March 10, 1919, which was merely an extension of the Defense of India Act and thus curtailed civil liberties.

unrest in punjab

The enactment of the Rowlatt Act caused great political unrest in India. People took to the streets to protest against this act. The situation was particularly worst in Punjab, where on April 1, 1919, thousands of protesters gathered at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar. They were demanding the release of two Indian leaders – Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. An army contingent reportedly present at the location opened fire on the protesters, killing several people.

This incident had provoked a series of violent protests across Punjab. the evening of April 12, the day before the massacre; A peaceful meeting was organized by Kitchlev’s supporters to plan his release.

day of massacre

After the violent protests, the British administration was afraid of a revolt like 1857. Therefore the government imposed martial law on 13 April, which prohibited the gathering of people in one place. However, this message was not clear and, over time, was not conveyed to the public. Incidentally, April 13 was also a Baisakhi day and traders from different parts of the state had come to Amritsar for the fair.

But, in view of banning any fair by the government, these people were not allowed to go anywhere, as a result all the traders, women, children present in the fair turned towards Jallianwala Bagh. A small political meeting was being held here; However, maximum visitors were traders and common people who came for the Baisakhi festival. By mid-afternoon, thousands of Indians had gathered in this garden.

As soon as General Reginald Dyer came to know about this huge public meeting, he started working on a plan to handle it. Around 06:30 pm, General Dyer with about ninety soldiers came to the garden and blocked the only entrance that was there, and ordered firing.

Those who were shot were all unarmed men, women and children, who had probably joined the gathering to pass the time as the curfew restricted Baisakhi celebrations. The firing continued for the entire 10 to 15 minutes, in which more than 500 innocent Indians including men, women and children were killed and thousands of people were injured. After the massacre, General Dyer marched back with his detachment and there was no effort by the British administration to rescue the wounded.

The day of Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the saddest day in the history of India. It shows the worst face of British rule in India which was perhaps the most brutal as well.

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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay In English – Check Out Short and Long Essay here!

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a dark chapter in the history of India’s struggle for freedom. It occurred on April 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar in Punjab, India. The incident took place in a small, enclosed public garden called Jallianwala Bagh, where thousands of unarmed civilians had gathered to participate in a peaceful protest against the British colonial government. However, what followed was a brutal and indiscriminate attack by British soldiers, resulting in the death of hundreds of innocent men, women, and children. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is considered one of the most heinous acts of violence committed during India’s struggle for independence, and it remains a painful reminder of the atrocities committed under British rule. This essay will delve into the details of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and its impact on India’s freedom movement.

Table of Contents

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Essay in English: Short Essay 300-350 words

Jallianwala bagh massacre essay in english: long essay 400-500 words,  faqs related to jallianwala bagh massacre essay in english.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a tragic event that took place on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab. The incident occurred during India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. The event occurred in a small garden, Jallianwala Bagh, where a peaceful protest against the British government was being held.

The protest was organized to demand the release of two leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been arrested by the British government. Thousands of people, including women and children, had gathered at the site. The peaceful protest was met with brutal force by the British army under the command of General Reginald Dyer.

The soldiers began firing indiscriminately at the crowd, killing and injuring hundreds of innocent civilians. The incident lasted for about 10-15 minutes and left the garden stained with the blood of innocent people. The wounded were left to die as the British soldiers refused to allow medical assistance to reach the injured.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre sparked outrage and anger across India. The incident exposed the brutal and inhumane nature of British colonial rule in India. The event was condemned by many political leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, who called it a “monstrous crime against humanity.”

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre also played a crucial role in the Indian freedom struggle. It united the people of India and strengthened their resolve to fight for their independence from British colonial rule. The event served as a catalyst for the non-violent civil disobedience movement that was led by Mahatma Gandhi.

In conclusion, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a shameful and tragic event in the history of India’s struggle for independence. The incident highlighted the brutal and inhumane nature of British colonial rule in India. However, the event also served as a unifying force for the people of India and played a crucial role in the country’s journey towards freedom. The memory of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre will always remain a painful reminder of the atrocities committed during India’s struggle for independence.

Also, Read ambedkar jayanti essay in english !

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a turning point in the history of India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. It is considered one of the darkest events in India’s history, which took place on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab. The incident occurred in a small public garden, Jallianwala Bagh, where a peaceful protest against the British government was being held.

The protest was organized to demand the release of two leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been arrested by the British government. Thousands of people, including women and children, had gathered at the site. The protest was peaceful, and the people were unarmed. However, General Reginald Dyer, who was in charge of the British army in the area, ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd.

The massacre had a profound impact on Indian politics and the country’s struggle for independence. The Indian National Congress, which had been advocating for constitutional reforms and gradual independence, shifted its position and began demanding complete independence from British rule. The event also led to the formation of the Khilafat Movement, which aimed to support the Muslim community’s struggle for the restoration of the Caliphate.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre remains a painful reminder of the atrocities committed during India’s struggle for independence. The incident is considered one of the darkest moments in Indian history and continues to evoke strong emotions among Indians. In 2019, on the 100th anniversary of the massacre, the Indian government marked the occasion with a solemn ceremony and paid tribute to the victims of the tragedy.

In conclusion, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is a tragic event that had a profound impact on India’s struggle for independence. The incident highlighted the brutal and inhumane nature of British colonial rule in India. However, the event also served as a unifying force for the people of India and played a crucial role in the country’s journey towards freedom. The memory of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre will always remain a painful reminder of the atrocities committed during India’s struggle for independence.

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This is the Jallianwala Bagh poem the British didn’t want us to read

By Samira Sood

Nanak Singh was 22 when he went to Jallianwala Bagh with a couple of friends on that fateful Baisakhi day in 1919 to protest against the draconian Rowlatt Act. In the frenzied firing of General Dyer's officers and the ensuing stampede, his friends died. Nanak Singh survived. He went on to become an acclaimed writer, penning more than 50 novels, plays, short stories and essays, including Ik Myan Do Talwaran, which won him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1962. But before any of that, he wrote a poem.

Khooni Vaisakhi, a long poem that details the events that led up to the bloodbath at Jallianwala Bagh, the actual event and its aftermath, was banned by the British upon its publication in 1920, and copies were destroyed. Last year, on the occasion of the centenary of the massacre, it was published again. Khooni Vaisakhi: A Poem From The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 features an English translation by Nanak Singh's grandson, His Excellency Navdeep Suri, India's Ambassador to the UAE, alongside the corresponding Punjabi verse. Interestingly, the book also includes an essay by Justin Rowlatt, great-grandson of Sir Sidney Rowlatt, who authored the Rowlatt Act. Reproduced below is an excerpt from the poem.

THE GATHERING IN JALLIANWALA BAGH

As the clock struck five on thirteenth April

They all gather in the Bagh, my friends.

Seeking justice fair and honour, they stand

Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims together, my friends.

Folks young and old, and lads went too

For only a handful had stayed back, my friends.

They went to speak, to share their grief

Place lives at stake without fear, my friends.

Worrying no more about their precious lives

They left this world behind, my friends.

With slender hope of coming back home

Desires and dreams abandoned too, my friends.

With their own blood, they wanted to bloom

The parched soil of the Bagh, my friends.

Like swarms of moths, they gathered around

To be singed by violent flames, my friends.

Fed up with life, they courted death

Forcing Yama to accept their will, my friends.

Like Mansour, who said, ‘I am the Truth!'

When he knew he'd meet the gallows, my friends.

Like Shams Tabrizi, whose quest for God

Ended up in a painful death, my friends.

Like birds from the woods, they flocked together

So the hawk could have his fill, my friends.

To quench Dyer's deadly thirst

With streams of blood their own, my friends.

Ah! My city mourns with grief today

Happy homes lie shattered because they go.

Heads held high offered for sacrifice

For Bharat Mata's pride and honour, they go.

Pray, stop these valiant souls of God!

Straight to the abyss, they rise and go.

O mothers, watch your precious sons

To give up their youthful lives, they go.

O sisters, hold back your brothers dear

You won't see them again once they go.

O wives, hang on to your dear beloveds

Or you'll spend your lives widowed if they go.

O children, go run and hug your fathers

'Cause you'll be orphans if they go.

Stop them, hold them, do what you can

They won't come back, once they go.

Says Nanak Singh, Can't stop them now

For nation's sake to die they go.

By Sneha Thomas

By Diya Kohli

By Arundhati Ail

By Jahnavi Bhatt

BRIG. GEN. DYER ARRIVES, GUNFIRE BEGINS

Five-thirty sharp the clock had struck

Thousands gathered in the Bagh, my friends.

Leaders came to lament the nation's woes

Taking turns to speak out loud, my friends.

Voiced grievance, hardship, anger, sorrow

Saying, no one listens to us, my friends.

What can we do, what options left?

Can't see any ray of light, my friends.

Those words forlorn, they barely voiced

Came soldiers thundering down, my friends.

At Dyer's command, those Gurkha troops

Gathered in a formation tight, my friends.

Under the tyrant's orders, they opened fire

Straight into innocent hearts, my friends.

And fire and fire and fire they did

Some thousands of bullets were shot, my friends.

Like searing hail they felled our youth

A tempest not seen before, my friends.

Riddled chests and bodies slid to the ground

Each one a target large, my friends.

Haunting cries for help did rend the sky

Smoke rose from smouldering guns, my friends.

Just a sip of water was all they sought

Valiant youth lay dying in the dust, my friends.

That narrow lane to enter the Bagh

Sealed off on Dyer's command, my friends.

No exit, no escape, no way out was left

Making the Bagh a deathly trap, my friends.

A fortunate few somehow survived

While most died then and there, my friends.

Some ran with bullets ripping their chest

Stumbling to their painful end, my friends.

Others caught the bullet while running away

Dropping lifeless in awkward heaps, my friends.

In minutes, the Bagh so strewn with corpses

None knew just who was who, my friends.

Many of them did look like Sikhs

Amid Hindus and Muslims plenty, my friends.

In the prime of their youth, our bravehearts lay

Gasping for one last breath, my friends.

Long hair lay matted in blood and grime

In slumber deep they sleep, my friends.

Says Nanak Singh, Who knows their state

But God the One and Only, my friends.

Khooni Vaisakhi: A Poem From The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 (HarperCollins) will be available in bookstores from 13 April 2019. To pre-order your copy, hit Amazon.

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JALLIANWALA BAGH: EMOTIONAL HISTORY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONALIST NARRATIVE

2020, Presidential Address at the 52nd Session of Punjab History Conference (28-29 February and 1st March, 2020)

Brutality and repression had been the hallmark of British rule in India. Next to the great Revolt of 1857 which was suppressed in the most violent, brutal, and uncivilized manner, the JalIianwala Bagh arguably represents the most terrifying example of the fundamentally oppressive nature of the colonial regime. Adding insult to injury, in the aftermath of Jallianwala Bagb massacre, the British response was particularly callous and 'inhumane, upholding imperial prestige over humanitarian considerations when it came to evaluation of the causes and consequences of the barbaric act performed by General Dyer and his troops on 13 April, 1919. Stories of ignominious treatment and humiliation meted out to Indians accompany the nerve-racking saga of Jallianwala Bagb where perhaps as many as a thousand innocent people lost their lives. The events at Jallianwala Bagh evoked highly poignant, emotional responses from a wide range of people both at home and abroad, and therefore, must be investigated afresh from an emotional history perspective which has not been employed extensively so far. This lecture is an attempt at understanding the emotional responses to the Jallianwala Bagb and their connection with the construction of the nationalist narrative about the tragedy. In order to achieve that end, the lecture shall revisit official as well as non-official historical sources - amongst which the Hunter Committee Report and the Congress Punjab Inquiry Report occupy a central position - within an analytical framework that seeks to underline the process as well as outcome of the efforts put in by the Congress in digging out the truth behind the British excesses during the imposition of the Martial Law in Punjab culminating in the tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh. Faultlines are created by spilling blood, and it draws a line which distinguishes one historical period from another. As we are told by history, Gandhi was recruiting soldiers for the British during the First World War with a sense of loyalty which was a part of the constitutionalist nationalism Which was prevalent at the time. This nationalism was underpinned by a strong emotion of loyalty to the British Empire. It was the Indian blood spilt at Jallianwala Bagh which created a deep sense of betrayal and. ended for good the era of emotional loyalty to the British. Thus it was created the faultlines between the Empire and the Indian people, imbuing them with a deep sense of racial humiliation and insult which continued to fuel the emotional subtext of the Indian nationalism for the remaining period of the British Raj, just as it continues to reverberate even today.

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ABSTRACT: This article is intended to elucidate the events of the day, known as Black Sunday in British-India. The day when men in authority brutally killed their subjects for non-violent revolt. It was in fact a retaliation for the murder of five Europeans who had been killed by Indians, in retaliation to the shooting and killing of 30 Indians who had marched protesting the arrest and deportation of Dr. Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal on 10th of April. A hundred years old wound of India that is still unhealed, because, no official apology has been made so far by the British Government, for the brutal massacre of more than 1500 people, including women and children at Jallianwala Bagh. Repeated demands from Indians across the world for apology from British government has been given a deaf ears.

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Dr. Shireen Huq

The Shadow Lines is mostly celebrated for capturing the agony and trauma of the artificial segregation that divided the Indian subcontinent in 1947. However, the novel also provides a great insight into the undivided Indian subcontinent during the British colonial period. Moreover, the novel aptly captures the rise of Indian nationalism and the struggle against the British colonial rule through the revolutionary movements. Such image of pre-partition India is extremely important because the picture of an undivided India is what we need in order to compare the scenario of pre-partition India with that of a postcolonial India divided into two countries, and later into three with the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. This paper explores how The Shadow Lines captures colonial India and the rise of Indian nationalism through the lens of postcolonialism.

Trefort-kert Alapítvány Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Doktorandusz Önkormányzat

Ramachandra Byrappa

That the British have been repeatedly iniquitous for the best part of their existence, none would contest. But to many it would come as a surprise that millions of Indians, Polish and other oppressed nations voluntarily laid down their lives to defend the very system that was trampling on their liberties as an atrocious tyrant. The fate of these valiant soldiers and how their descendants were treated illustrates well how the British attitude, historically, was always insidious, guileful, oblique and surreptitious. Both the Polish and the Indians were victims of the British underhandedness.

Somya Tyagi

An investigation of the Parliamentary debates on General Dyer might help a researcher uncover the inhumane colonial psyche and offer fresh insights into comprehending the dynamics of colonial brutality in India with greater depth. A reconstruction of the debates that followed in the British Parliament can be one way to situate the massacre in the British Raj's outlook of retribution and their need to repress the growing native discontent. The reprehensible act of brute force to prevent the purported Indian sedition from spreading, and the blatant justification of General Dyer's cold blooded killings in the British Parliamentary Debates can well expose and render a true picture of the Empire's deep rooted racism and colonial prejudice. A reconstruction of the same is perhaps inevitable and revisiting the same might allow us comprehend how no amount of denouncement and censure of General Dyer's idiosyncratic act of can wipe out the excruciating memories of an incident that continues to be viewed as irrational till date, with no rational justification whatsoever of the brutal violence of British imperialism.

Bashir Ahmed Jatoi

On 15 August 1947 India had been divided into two newly born States India and Pakistan and the British ruled in India came to end. It also brought a massacre in different areas of subcontinent particularly Punjab suffered a lot. The violence, riots and force migration were the cost that people paid on the name of independence. Million were uprooted and thousands were brutally killed and the violence continued many days. Academic scholars focused on violence, riots and women abduction in Punjab and Sikhs and Muslims had been blamed for this. If the Mountbatten would have played his role positively then situation could be changed or the violence could be minimized. However, there are different interpretations and approaches on violence in subcontinent at the time of independence. Therefore, the present paper deals with the Pakistani historian?s opinions regarding Mountbatten?s actions on the division of Sub-Continent. An effort will be made in this paper to reveal the role played by t...

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Essay on Jallianwala Bagh

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Jallianwala Bagh Essay - Essay on Jallianwala Bagh in English

In the 89 years of British rule in India, Britain's only commitment was to loot India and suppress Indians using brutal power. All through the history, the nationalists protested against the invasion of their mother land and demanded freedom. Britain adopted strategies at all level to counter and crush such movements. In 1919, the British government passed the Rowlatt Act, a law which gave unlimited powers to the government such as political cases can be tried without juries and permitted keeping of suspects without trial. This was implemented based on the recommendations of Rowlett's committee in 1918.

There was a sudden uproar across India against this act. Mahatma Gandhi appealed to the people for peaceful protests across the Nation. On April 13, 1919 a protest meeting was planned by the local people at Amritsar's Jallianwala Bagh. The day was remarkable as it was Baisakhi, one of Punjab's biggest festival. Anticipating protests, General Dyer, the acting Commander of Amritsar banned all public gatherings. People ignored general Dyers order and thousands gathered. General Dyer along with a battalion of fully armed soldiers marched toward the venue and blocked all exits. At 5.30 PM General Dyer, without any warning ordered his soldiers to fire at the unarmed crowd. The brutal nature of General Dyre was evident that he ordered his soldiers to focus the fire power to where it was more crowded. It was estimated that around thousand men, women and children was killed in that action. Many were killed in the stampede which followed.

This cold blooded massacre by the British boosted the nationalistic spirit among Indians and more massive protests were followed. India ultimately won freedom in 1947. Twenty years after this incident, Udham Singh, who managed to escape from the Jallianwala Bagh as a young boy , later turned as a revolutionary and killed Michael O'Dwyer. Michael O'Dwayer was the Governor of Punjab in 1919 who had supported General Dyer's massacre plan.

The ultimate sacrifice of hundreds of nationalist Indians at Jallianwala Bagh should always be remembered . It is a gentle reminder to all Indians about the cost at which the freedom is enjoyed today.

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