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Top 10 Highest Paying Biochemistry Jobs 2024 (Inc Salaries)

Discover the highest paying biochemistry jobs in 2024, from biomedical to food science, this article discusses it all. Read more!

Ranking 2 nd as the best Science Job by US News , this is an exciting time for anyone who wants to join the world of Biochemistry.

From developing new treatments and medications to discovering more sustainable bioprocesses to shaping the next generation of scientists, this is an excellent and exciting career for individuals who wish to take part in advancing and pushing the boundaries of science.

The field of Biochemistry got a score of 6 in the job market category due to being a highly interdisciplinary study that paves the way for a wide range of career opportunities, including but not limited to:

Research and development work in biotech and pharmaceutical industries,

Administrative and consultancy jobs at government agencies and independent laboratories,

And teaching positions at universities and research institutes.

In addition to the career flexibility, biochemists also enjoy high salaries. There are 30,366 biochemists currently employed in the US, and the wages for these positions have increased by 15% in the last five years.

With that said, here are the projected highest-paying Biochemistry jobs in 2024:

Top 10 Highest Paying Biochemistry Jobs (Inc Salaries)

1. food scientist.

Food scientists study different aspects of food to helps us maximize our resources and minimize wastage by making food production safer, healthier, and more cost-effective and sustainable.

According to BLS, some of their responsibilities include:

Improving the process of food distribution, selection, development, packaging, and preservation

Studying different aspects of food, including its texture, nutritional value, taste, and color

Exploring potential food sources and alternative food manufacturing processes

Education Requirements

A bachelor's degree is enough to get a food scientist position. However, some companies would require a master's or additional educational background in food safety and processing.

Average Annual Salary

Based on the data from Glassdoor, the average salary for a food scientist is up to USD 85,638 every year, and it’s also one of the highest-paying Biochemistry jobs in Nigeria .

2. Biochemical Engineer

Biochemical engineers use the combined principles of biology and chemistry in manufacturing practical products using different organic materials and living organisms. Some of their inventions include paper, textiles, medications, oil, paint, plastic, toiletries, cleaning agents, pesticides, and many more.

They are the ones responsible for:

Optimizing existing chemical processes for maximum efficiency and performance.

Developing innovative biochemistry techniques and discovering novel catalysts that are useful for different industries and applications

A Bachelor’s Degree in Biochemical engineering is sufficient for starting positions. On the other hand, an MSc can help you get specialized research projects or government jobs, while an MBA can secure you a managerial or supervisory position.

A Biochemical Engineer has an average annual salary of around USD 83,820 .

3. Molecular Biologist

A molecular biologist or biochemist studies cell structures and behaviors in humans, animals, plants, and other living  and uses this information to develop new methods and products for the medical and environmental industries.

Some of the responsibilities of a molecular biologist include:

Genetically engineering and continuous testing of new crops

Experimenting with different ways to alter a virus or bacteria's genetic properties to cure or slow down the progression of a disease.

Employers look for at least a bachelor’s degree in Biochemistry, Biology, Biophysics, or any related field.

On the other hand, an MSc or MBA degree is required for independent research work or a higher company position, while a Ph.D. is a requirement to enter academia.

As of now, a Biomedical Engineer earns an average annual salary of USD 86,815 in the US.

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4. Biomedical Engineer

Biomedical engineers develop medical devices, instruments, and software designed to improve the patient’s quality of life.

They are the scientists behind the invention of various medical devices like artificial organs and tissues, implants and implantable devices, prosthetics, and medical imaging devices. 

Their main tasks include:

Monitoring the safety, effectiveness, and efficiency of different biomedical devices

Maintaining, repairing, and re-calibrating existing medical devices

Formulating corrective measures based on reported patient complaints and device failures.

A bachelor's degree in bioengineering, biochemistry, engineering or a related field is typically enough to secure a starter position, but a master's is required for most higher-paying jobs. 

According to Glassdoor, the average salary for a Biomedical Engineer is USD 87,192 per year.

5. Physician Associate

A Physician Associate or Assistant works as part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team. They assist the physician and collaborate with other medical personnel to provide patients with diagnostic and therapeutic care. 

They can perform a variety of clinical tasks including:

Examining, diagnosing, and treating patients under the supervision of a licensed physician

Creating and implementing simple treatment plans

Counseling patients on preventative care and treatment options

In addition to a bachelor’s degree in biology, chemistry, or any STEM field, a hands-on clinical experience and a master’s in PA studies from an accredited university are also needed.

US physician associates are paid an average salary of USD 99,981 per year.

6. College Professor

The primary role of a post-secondary Biochemistry teacher or college professor is to educate and mentor future generations of biochemists. At the same time, they are also expected to do research in their chosen specialized field of Biochemistry.

To aid in furthering the advancement of scientific knowledge in the academic field, a Biochemistry professor must be adept in:

Developing and managing Biochemistry syllabus materials

Collaborating with the department chairs in formulating the right curriculum

Preparing research proposals to generate extra funding

Attaining a Ph.D. degree is the only way to enter academia.

Aside from that, some universities also look for a few years of training and job experience at a university level, along with an excellent publication record and research grant writing experience in the Biochemistry industry.

While not a requirement, a BBA degree is recommended to help you develop soft skills for a teaching position, including professional and international communication.

In the US, a college professor specializing in Biochemistry can earn as much as USD 101,350 on average annual salary.

7. Toxicologist

Toxicologists use their knowledge of biology and chemistry to explore the positive and negative implications of exposure to different chemical substances to protect public health, promote occupational safety, and uphold environmental protection.

To do this, they are responsible for:

Supervising risk assessments to determine the side effects of chemicals.

Testing the negative impact of potentially hazardous substances to develop ways to mitigate them.

Recommending safe exposure limit guidelines of different toxins.

The minimum educational requirement for a toxicologist would be a master’s in biochemistry, forensic science, or toxicology.

A professional certification from the American Board of Toxicology is required in certain states.

As per Glassdoor, the average toxicologist can receive an annual median wage of about USD 114,233 .

8. Patent Examiner

A patent examiner analyzes and reviews patent applications to ensure that they meet legal patentability requirements. He is responsible for searching for any legal evidence or literature (or the lack thereof) to confirm that the invention is new and original.

They do this by:

Searching through databases, existing patent specifications, and technical literature to prove or disprove the application’s originality

Working with the inventor and their lawyers to facilitate until the application meets legal requirements.

A bachelor's degree in biochemistry, engineering, physical sciences, or computer science is enough to land you a starting job.

Earning a master’s degree can help you become a more competitive candidate for a promotion and higher salary.

The median annual wage for a Patent Examiner in the US is around USD 119,122 .

9. Pharmaceutical Scientist

Pharmaceutical scientists are employed by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to discover and test new drugs.

They are manufacturing specialists during product development, so they can also be consultants that can provide scientific insights about the drug manufacturing processes to private businesses and government agencies.

In addition to that, they are also involved in:

Assessing how the new compound interacts with the body and the disease-causing organisms

Testing drug substances to ensure that they are safe for public use.

Identifying potential side effects of new drug substances.

To become a pharmaceutical scientist, you must complete a minimum of a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical sciences.

If you have a bachelor's degree in biochemistry, you'd need a master's in pharmaceutical sciences to get this position.

Glassdoor.com states that the average annual salary of a Pharmaceutical Scientist is around USD 120,252 .

10. Pharmacologist

The primary task of a pharmacologist is to study how drugs can affect the living system.

As a vital part of the drug development team, they assist with research and testing on new medications.

Their main goal is to improve the drug’s effectiveness, determine its side effects, and examine the drug’s potential for forming addiction.

Aside from that, they are also responsible for:

Conducting drug experiments on cells, sample animals, and human volunteers.

Spearheading clinical trials

Monitoring and assessing the effects of a new drug substance on different body systems or parts.

The pharmacology industry requires an advanced degree like a Ph.D., MD, or PharmD, depending on the branch of pharmacology you want to practice

An MD or Ph.D. is recommended for clinical pharmacology, while a PharmD degree is the best option for applied pharmacology.

The median annual wage for a Pharmacologist in the US is USD 182,597 . 

A career in biochemistry gives you the best of both worlds—a chance to enjoy competitive salaries and experience professional growth while doing meaningful work that significantly contributes to society.

Although it's possible to land a good position with a Bachelor's degree, more is needed to demonstrate your advanced knowledge and experience level to future employers. 

The only way to qualify for these high-paying Biochemistry roles is to invest time and effort in honing your soft and hard skills through work-related training, job-related coursework, or certifications.

Another convenient way to upgrade your credentials is to take an Online MBA or Online BBA course from an internationally-recognized university like Nexford.

To ensure you get the soft and hard skills needed to start and build lucrative career paths in Biochemistry, download our  free report  today!

What is the highest-paying biochemistry job in 2024?

Pharmacology is the highest-paying biochemistry job in 2024. According to Glass Door, an individual in this position can earn as low as USD 137,000 to as high as USD 249,000 yearly, with a median annual salary of  USD 182 597 per year.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which biochemistry jobs are projected to have the highest levels of growth?

As per BLS,  available jobs in biochemistry are projected to grow by 7% until 2032 . This is due to a higher need for new treatments, medications, and devices for the prevention, cure, and management of the aging population's illnesses and diseases.

The higher demand can lead to the increased demand for biochemistry professions under the biomedical umbrella, namely biomedical engineers, pharmaceutical scientists, and Pharmacologists.

Is Biochemistry a good career path?

Yes, Biochemistry can be a rewarding career choice for individuals with excellent problem-solving skills and who are interested in studying the chemical and biological composition of living systems for many reasons.

High Demand

Biochemistry is an integral aspect of different research areas and has a wide range of practical applications, making it a high-demand profession.

In 2022, there were already 34,500 open positions in this field, and the demand is predicted to increase up to the year 2032 continuously. 

Wide Range of Career Options

A Biochemistry degree can give you access to an extensive range of career options, which are as follows:

Laboratory work and research in food and agricultural companies, pharmaceutical industries, and non-profit sectors.

Administrative and consultancy positions in national health agencies, environmental agencies, forensic science services, and other related fields. 

Academic positions in research institutes and universities.

Good Work Environment

The majority of the biochemistry jobs follow a consistent full-time work schedule.

During their working hours, they perform tasks ranging from doing laboratory work, analyzing findings, and preparing reports.

Depending on the type of work, the schedule may also include reading scientific journals and researching the latest developments in your chosen field.

Some Biochemistry positions are autonomous, which promotes freedom and independence. Not only that, but the work also comes with an opportunity to work with other industry experts, giving them a chance to develop teamwork and collaboration skills.

Excellent Career Advancement Opportunities

Biochemistry offers fantastic career advancement opportunities for anyone who wants more challenging job opportunities or to achieve new career goals.

For example, entry-level employees can transition to a managerial or supervisorial position in the company’s research or laboratory department.

On the other hand, you can also get a higher-paying role, like a research director with a master's. 

At the same time, biochemists with a doctorate can enter academia and pursue teaching part-time while doing research full-time. 

Learn how to develop the most in-demand skills for your future career!

Discover how you can acquire the most in-demand skills with our free report, and open the doors to a successful career. 

What skills or expertise is required for high-paying biochemistry jobs?

To get a high-paying Biochemistry job, you must have a blend of soft and hard skills.

Industry-specific hard skills include:

Hands-on laboratory skills and in-depth knowledge of Biochemistry processes, including cell culture, x-ray crystallography, gel electrophoresis, chromatography, DNA extraction, Mass spectrometry, Molecular Biology, Protein Purification, and Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Analytical skills or the ability to interpret and make conclusions based on the gathered scientific data.

Research and writing skills to conduct research and publish clear and concise peer-reviewed papers or scientific journals.

Problem-solving skills to help them determine solutions to overcome the potential issues in their scientific studies. 

On the other hand, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the soft skills needed to thrive in Biochemistry are perseverance, time management, and interpersonal skills , especially communication skills since they often work with other professionals.

What qualifications are required for high-paying biochemistry jobs?

A Bachelor’s degree in Biochemistry would be enough to get you entry-level jobs in general laboratory and administrative work.

But to get higher-paying jobs like chemical engineer, biochemist, academic researcher, and toxicologist, you'd need a higher level of education, like a master's. 

On the other hand, earning a Ph.D. is the only way to attain temporary postdoctoral positions, an academic job, and a license to conduct independent research and development projects.

Why is it beneficial for biochemical specialists to gain a BBA/MBA degree?

A Bachelor's or Master's degree in Biochemistry will equip you with all the hard skills you need to get an entry-level position.

With an online BBA program , you develop the soft skills and core competencies you need to rise to management levels. Some relevant courses include professional communication, problem-solving, and critical thinking.

On the other hand, enrolling in an online MBA program gives you access to in-depth knowledge about business management, leadership, and decision-making. The program will provide managerial skills and business know-how to help you climb the career ladder faster, get better market exposure, and get a higher salary.

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Top 15 Biochemistry Degree Jobs

By Agwaonye Samuel

Published: December 3, 2023

Are you a proud holder of a biochemistry degree, or perhaps on the path to earning one? The vast array of career opportunities that a biochemistry degree can unlock in the medical industry often makes it challenging to settle on a specific path.

In this article, we delve into the top 15 career options that a biochemistry degree can offer. Our aim is to shed light on these rewarding and successful career paths, providing you with the insights needed to make informed decisions about your professional journey.

Let’s take a look at our top 15 Biochemistry careers

• Research Scientist
• Pharmaceutical Scientist
• Clinical Biochemist
• Forensic Scientist
• Genetic Counselor
• Biotechnologist
• Clinical Trials Manager
• Quality Control Analyst
• Academic Researcher
• Environment Analyst
• Medical Writer
• Patent Examiner
• Product Development Scientist
• Regulatory Affairs Specialist
• Science Writer/Communicator

1. Research Scientist

A research scientist is a professional dedicated to conducting systematic investigations, experiments, and studies to expand human knowledge and contribute to advancements in their field of expertise.

As a Research Scientist 

Your primary responsibility is to design and conduct experiments to investigate specific scientific questions or hypotheses. You will work in a laboratory setting, utilizing sophisticated instruments and techniques to analyze biological samples, manipulate molecules, and explore the intricate biochemical pathways within living organisms.

• Mental Stimulation : There is constant mental stimulation that keeps your mind sharp and fosters personal and professional growth.
• Flexibility : There is flexibility in working arrangements that can accommodate personal commitments or other pursuits.
• Exposure : It is a pathway that can lead to collaborations with renowned scientists, exposure to diverse research projects, and the chance to make significant contributions to multiple scientific endeavors.
• Benefits Packages : Research scientists working in established institutions often receive comprehensive benefits packages that can include healthcare coverage, retirement plans, paid time off, professional development opportunities, and access to state-of-the-art research facilities and equipment.

Working Conditions  

Working conditions for research scientists can vary depending on the specific research setting, institution, and project requirements. While some periods may require intense focus and long hours in the lab, there can be periods of more flexible work arrangements and time for personal pursuits. And with advancements in technology, some research tasks can be conducted remotely, offering flexibility in work arrangements.

Further Studies

While a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry provides a solid foundation, pursuing additional education or certifications can make you a better fit for this role.

• Master’s or Ph.D. Degree : Pursuing advanced degrees, such as a master’s or doctoral degree in biochemistry or a related field, allows research scientists to delve deeper into specialized areas of interest. 
• Professional Certifications : Acquiring certifications such as the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) , Certified Biochemistry Technician, or Certified Clinical Research Professional (CCRP) can enhance your credentials and validate your skills.
• Research Experience and Internships : Gaining research experience through internships or working on research projects strengthens a research scientist’s resume.

What Skills Make You a Strong Candidate

A strong candidate for a research scientist role possesses a range of skills essential for successful research endeavors. Analytical thinking is crucial for dissecting complex data, identifying trends, and deriving meaningful insights that underpin research conclusions. Critical thinking contributes to the unbiased evaluation of information, allowing the formulation of research questions and experiment design within a logical framework. 

Also, attention to detail ensures accurate execution of experiments, data recording, and maintaining the integrity of research outcomes. Technical expertise in laboratory techniques and equipment operation provides the foundation for conducting experiments meticulously and generating reliable results. 

Salary Range & Job Outlook

• Average Salary ($119,127)
• Job Outlook (17%)

The estimated pay for a research scientist is $126,826 per year, while the average salary is $119,127 per year. The job outlook for research scientists is exceptionally positive, with projected employment growth of 17% from 2021 to 2031. 

2. Pharmaceutical Scientist

Pharmaceutical scientists play a vital role in the development, testing, and manufacturing of drugs and pharmaceutical products. 

A pharmaceutical scientist is an expert who specializes in the research, development, and testing of pharmaceutical drugs and medications to ensure their safety, efficacy, and quality for use in healthcare.

As a Pharmaceutical Scientist  

You are involved in various stages of the drug development process, from initial research and discovery to clinical trials and post-market surveillance. You have the opportunity to contribute to the advancement of medicine, work on cutting-edge research projects, and make a meaningful impact on patients’ lives.

In addition to research and development, pharmaceutical scientists are involved in manufacturing and quality control processes. 

• Job Stability : Pharmaceutical scientists enjoy job stability due to the consistent demand for their expertise in drug development and research within the pharmaceutical industry.
• Competitive Salaries : The specialized nature of pharmaceutical science and its importance in healthcare contribute to competitive salaries for pharmaceutical scientists.
• Professional Development Opportunities: Pharmaceutical companies prioritize continuous learning and professional development, providing pharmaceutical scientists with opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skills through workshops, conferences, and advanced training.
• Flexible Work Options : Many pharmaceutical companies offer flexible work arrangements, such as remote work or flexible hours, providing a better work-life balance for pharmaceutical scientists.
• Healthcare and Employee Benefits: Pharmaceutical companies often provide comprehensive healthcare and employee benefits packages, contributing to the overall well-being and job satisfaction of pharmaceutical scientists.

Working Conditions 

Pharmaceutical scientists work in a highly regulated industry, adhering to strict ethical standards, quality control procedures, and regulatory guidelines. They must ensure that their work complies with relevant laws, regulations, and safety standards to guarantee the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. Like many research-based professions, they often work with deadlines, whether related to project milestones, grant applications, or regulatory submissions.

Further Studies 

• Graduate Studies (Master’s or Ph.D.): Pursuing a master’s or Ph.D. in pharmaceutical sciences or a related field can open up opportunities for research, teaching, and leadership roles in academia, industry, or government agencies. This path is especially relevant if you’re interested in conducting cutting-edge research or becoming a professor. 
• Pharmacy School (Pharm.D.): If you’re interested in clinical practice, patient care, or becoming a licensed pharmacist , you can pursue a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree. This can lead to roles in community pharmacies, hospitals, or pharmaceutical industry positions that require a pharmacist’s expertise.
• Clinical Research Certification: Clinical research is a crucial aspect of pharmaceutical development. Certifications like Certified Clinical Research Professional (CCRP) or Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC) can be valuable for those involved in clinical trials.
• Gain Laboratory Experience: Laboratory experience is crucial. Seek internships, co-op opportunities, or research assistant positions in academic labs or pharmaceutical companies to gain hands-on experience with lab techniques, equipment, and research methodologies.

A proficient pharmaceutical scientist brings a range of skills critical for advancing drug discovery and development. Mastery in analyzing and interpreting complex data guides the design and optimization of effective pharmaceutical compounds. Strong problem-solving abilities facilitate the resolution of challenges encountered during research and development processes. And collaborative aptitude fosters interdisciplinary teamwork, harnessing collective expertise for innovative solutions. 

• Average Salary ($79,535)

The average estimated pay for a pharmaceutical scientist is $79,535 per year. The employment outlook for medical scientists, including pharmaceutical scientists, is highly promising, with a projected growth rate of 17% from 2021 to 2031.

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3. Clinical Biochemist

Clinical biochemistry plays a vital role in the field of medicine, bridging the gap between laboratory science and patient care. Their expertise is crucial in understanding the biochemical processes within the human body and applying this knowledge to the clinical setting. 

As a Clinical Biochemist

Your primary responsibility is to perform a wide range of laboratory tests to measure biochemical markers, such as enzymes, hormones, electrolytes, and metabolites. These tests aid in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of various diseases and conditions, including diabetes, kidney disorders, liver diseases, endocrine disorders, and metabolic disorders. 

Benefits  

• Flexibility : Choosing the work environment that best suits individual preferences and career goals.
• Career Growth : There are ample opportunities for career growth and continuous learning. 
• Self-Employment Opportunities : Clinical biochemists with sufficient experience and expertise may choose to work as self-employed consultants or freelancers.

Clinical biochemists often work as part of a multidisciplinary team, collaborating with other healthcare professionals. The work environment is typically clean and well-organized and it adheres to strict safety protocols to ensure the integrity of the samples and the well-being of the laboratory personnel. Also, the field of clinical biochemistry often operates in a fast-paced and time-sensitive manner. 

Further Studies  

• Professional Memberships: Joining professional organizations like the American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) or the Clinical Laboratory Management Association (CLMA) can provide access to networking opportunities, resources, and educational events.
• Pharmacology Courses: Understanding drug interactions and pharmacokinetics can be important for clinical biochemists, especially if they work in toxicology or drug monitoring. Consider courses or certifications in pharmacology.
• Board Certification in Clinical Chemistry: Many clinical biochemists seek certification through professional organizations like the American Board of Clinical Chemistry (ABCC) or the Canadian Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (CACB). This certification demonstrates expertise in clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine.

Clinical biochemists possess a diverse skill set crucial for diagnosing and managing diseases. Proficiency in laboratory techniques and instrumentation is essential for analyzing biological samples accurately. Analytical thinking aids in interpreting test results, identifying abnormalities, and contributing to patient diagnosis. Attention to detail ensures precise execution of tests and accurate recording of data. 

• Average Salary ($85,235)
• Job Outlook (7%)

The average salary for a clinical biochemist is $85,235 per year. The job outlook for biochemists is exceptionally positive, with a projected growth rate of 7% from 2021 to 2031. 

4. Forensic Scientist

Forensic science is a captivating field that combines the realms of science and law enforcement. This multidisciplinary profession plays a vital role in the justice system, utilizing scientific principles and techniques to uncover crucial information that can determine the truth and bring criminals to justice.

As a Forensic Scientist

Your job involves applying scientific methodologies to analyze and interpret evidence found at crime scenes. This can include examining biological samples, such as blood, DNA, and other bodily fluids, as well as analyzing physical evidence like fingerprints, fibers, firearms, and trace materials. 

• High Demand : Forensic science is a critical component of the criminal justice system, and there is a consistent demand for skilled forensic scientists
• Career Growth : There is an opportunity for career growth and advancement within their field.
• Intellectual Stimulation : Working as a forensic scientist offers intellectual challenges and variety. 
• Competitive Salary : Forensic scientists working for government agencies or reputable private organizations often receive competitive salary packages and benefits.

In many cases, forensic scientists work regular business hours, typically 9 to 5. However, there may be instances where they need to respond to crime scenes or work on urgent cases outside of normal working hours.

They may also be required to visit crime scenes to collect evidence or provide on-site analysis and assistance, and they may encounter emotionally challenging cases and graphic evidence.

• Master’s Degree: A master’s degree in forensic science will give you a competitive advantage for available career opportunities.
• Ph.D. in Forensic Science: If you aspire to become a forensic science researcher, university professor, or a leading expert in the field, consider pursuing a Ph.D. This advanced degree allows you to conduct original research and contribute to the advancement of forensic science. 
• Legal Education: If you’re interested in a career as an expert witness or forensic consultant, consider enrolling in law school or taking courses in forensic law and legal procedures. Understanding the legal aspects of the field can be highly valuable. 
• Advanced Training and Certifications: Obtain additional certifications related to your specialization. For example, you can pursue certifications such as Certified Forensic Scientist (CFS), Certified Latent Print Examiner (CLPE), or Certified Bloodstain Pattern Analyst (CBPA), depending on your area of expertise.
• Professional Associations : There are professional associations forensic scientists can join, such as the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) or the International Association for Identification (IAI), that will provide access to educational resources, networking opportunities, and industry updates. 

Forensic scientists require a range of skills crucial for analyzing evidence and contributing to criminal investigations. Attention to detail ensures meticulous examination of evidence, accurate documentation, and adherence to protocols. Analytical thinking aids in interpreting complex evidence, identifying patterns, and drawing conclusions. Critical thinking supports the unbiased evaluation and formulation of hypotheses based on evidence. 

Effective communication skills facilitate conveying findings to law enforcement, legal professionals, and courtrooms, while problem-solving abilities drive the resolution of challenges encountered during analysis.

• Average Salary ($59,902)
• Job Outlook (11%)

The average salary for a forensic scientist is $59,902 per year. The employment prospects for forensic scientists are highly promising, with a projected growth rate of 11% from 2021 to 2031. 

• How to Become a Forensic Science Technician
• Top 15 Forensic Science Degree Jobs

5. Genetic Counselor

Genetic counseling is a vital and rewarding profession that bridges the gap between the complex field of genetics and the individuals seeking guidance. Genetic counselors help individuals and families navigate the challenges associated with inherited conditions, genetic disorders, and the impact of genetic information on their lives. 

As a Genetic Counselor 

Your key responsibilities include evaluating medical histories, analyzing genetic test results, considering environmental factors, offering emotional support and counseling to individuals and families, and coordinating and interpreting various genetic tests. 

• Positive Impact : Genetic counselors have the opportunity to make a positive impact on individuals and families facing genetic challenges. 
• Flexibility : Some genetic counselors have the option to work remotely or engage in freelance work, offering greater flexibility and work-life balance.
• Diversity in the field : Genetic Counseling’s diverse career paths allow professionals to pursue their interests and develop expertise in niche areas within genetic counseling.

Working Conditions

Genetic counseling involves direct interaction with patients and their families. Genetic counselors meet with individuals or families to discuss genetic conditions, provide information, and offer support. They can work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, research institutions, and private practice. 

To become a genetic counselor, further education and specific credentials are typically required. 

• Ph.D. in Genetic Counseling or Genetics: A Ph.D. in Genetic Counseling or a related field can be pursued by genetic counselors interested in research, teaching, or advanced clinical roles.
• Gain Relevant Experience: Seek volunteer or paid positions in healthcare or genetics-related settings to gain experience and demonstrate your commitment to the field. This might involve working in a genetics clinic, laboratory, or related healthcare facility.
• Board Certification in Genetic Counseling: Many genetic counselors seek certification through the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) or a similar certifying body in their country. This certification demonstrates expertise and competence in genetic counseling. 
• State Licensure: Some states in the United States require genetic counselors to obtain a state license to practice. Licensing requirements vary by state but often include educational and clinical experience criteria. 

A skilled genetic counselor possesses a diverse skill set essential for providing accurate and comprehensive genetic information to individuals and families. Empathetic communication skills foster effective conversations with patients about complex genetic concepts and potential risks. Active listening aids in understanding patient concerns, enabling tailored counseling sessions. Analytical thinking supports the interpretation of genetic test results, identifying potential health implications. 

• Average Salary ($64,405)
• Job Outlook (26%)

The average salary for a genetic counselor is $64,405 per year. The field of genetic counseling is expected to experience a rapid growth rate of 26% from 2021 to 2031.

• How to Become a Geneticist
• Top 15 Genetic Degree Job

6. Biotechnologist

Biotechnologists apply scientific principles to improve processes, create new products, and address societal challenges. They work in research laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, agricultural organizations, and other settings where their skills and knowledge are utilized to harness the power of living organisms for practical purposes.

As a Biotechnologist  

Your role involves conducting research, developing new technologies, and applying biological processes to solve problems and create valuable products. They may focus on a wide range of areas, including medical biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology.

• Career Growth and Opportunitie s: Biotechnology is a rapidly evolving field with a high demand for skilled professionals. As a biotechnologist, you have access to diverse career opportunities in research, development, manufacturing, quality control, regulatory affairs, and more. 
• Intellectual Stimulation and Innovation : Working in this field provides constant intellectual stimulation as you tackle complex problems, design novel experiments, and contribute to groundbreaking discoveries that can transform industries and improve human health.
• Flexibility and Work-Life Balance : Biotechnologists often enjoy a degree of flexibility in their work, especially in research and development settings. Some biotechnologists have the option to work remotely or choose flexible work hours, which can contribute to a better work-life balance.

Working conditions for biotechnologists typically include flexible work schedules to accommodate research activities, opportunities for travel to attend conferences or collaborate with partners, and strict adherence to safety measures due to the handling of potentially hazardous materials. 

Biotechnologists work in dynamic environments that prioritize research, safety, and collaboration to foster scientific innovation and advancement.

• Master’s Degree : In Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, or a related field can provide you with advanced knowledge and specialized training. 
• Ph.D. Degree : In Biotechnology or a specific area of specialization within the field can lead to opportunities in research, academia, and leadership positions. 
• Biosafety and Biosecurity Training: Given the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in biotechnology, certifications in these areas can be beneficial for professionals working with hazardous materials.
• Certified Molecular Biologist (CMB): This certification from the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) validates expertise in molecular biology techniques and laboratory practices.

A biotechnologist brings a range of skills essential for applying biological processes to practical applications. Proficiency in laboratory techniques and instrumentation is crucial for conducting experiments and producing reliable results. Analytical thinking supports the interpretation of experimental data and the identification of trends. Critical thinking aids in designing experiments, formulating hypotheses, and addressing research questions.

Technical expertise in genetic engineering, cell culture, and bioprocessing is fundamental for manipulating biological systems effectively, while effective communication skills facilitate collaboration with interdisciplinary teams and presenting findings to non-experts.  

• Average Salary ($61,000)
• Job Outlook (9%)

The estimated salary for a biotechnologist is $61,000 per year. The employment outlook for biotechnologists is positive, with a projected growth rate of 9% from 2021 to 2031. 

7. Clinical Trials Manager

Clinical trials are a critical component of the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries, ensuring the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments and interventions. 

A clinical trials manager is a professional responsible for overseeing and coordinating the planning, execution, and monitoring of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments or interventions.

As a Clinical Trials Manager

You are responsible for overseeing and managing all aspects of clinical trials, from their initial design to the final analysis of data. You are to work closely with cross-functional teams, including researchers, physicians, regulatory authorities, and study sponsors, to ensure the successful implementation of clinical trials. 

• Professional Growth : Clinical trial managers have ample opportunities for professional growth and career advancement. As they gain experience and expertise in managing complex clinical trials, they can take on more significant responsibilities and leadership roles within the research industry.
• Healthcare and Benefits : Many organizations that conduct clinical trials offer competitive healthcare and benefits packages to their employees, including health insurance, retirement plans, paid time off, and other perks that contribute to overall job satisfaction and well-being.

The working conditions for Clinical Trials Managers can vary but typically involve a mix of office-based and fieldwork. They collaborate with multidisciplinary teams and stakeholders throughout the trial process, ensuring compliance with regulations and ethical considerations. 

Meeting deadlines and managing multiple trials simultaneously can create a fast-paced and occasionally pressured environment. But there are opportunities for domestic or international travel and some flexibility in working arrangements. 

• A Master’s Degree in clinical research, clinical trials management, or a related field can deepen your understanding of the clinical research process, regulatory compliance, and project management.
• Clinical Research Certifications : Certifications such as the Certified Clinical Research Professional (CCRP) offered by the Society of Clinical Research Associates (SoCRA) and the Certified Clinical Research Associate (CCRA) offered by the Association of Clinical Research Professionals (ACRP) validate your expertise and demonstrate your commitment to professional development.
• Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Training: Many regulatory authorities and organizations require GCP training for individuals involved in clinical research.
• Project Management Certification: Project management certification enhances a clinical trials manager’s ability to oversee complex clinical trials successfully.

Clinical Trials Managers possess a diverse skill set crucial for managing the intricate process of clinical research. Organizational skills are essential for coordinating study logistics, timelines, and resources effectively. Analytical thinking aids in interpreting clinical trial data, assessing safety, and drawing meaningful conclusions. Attention to detail ensures accurate documentation, protocol adherence, and regulatory compliance. 

Critical thinking supports the identification of potential risks and the development of mitigation strategies while collaboration with interdisciplinary teams and investigators fosters successful trial execution. 

• Average Salary ($118,993)
• Job Outlook (28%)

The average salary for a clinical trials manager is $118,993 annually. The job outlook for this role is 28% .

8. Quality Control Analyst

A Quality Control Analyst is an individual who assesses and ensures the quality and compliance of products, processes, or services within an organization to meet established standards and regulations.

As a Quality Control Analyst

You are responsible for performing testing, analysis, and inspection procedures to assess the quality and reliability of raw materials, intermediate products, and finished goods. 

Quality Control Analysts play a critical role in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and compliance of products in various industries. They work in diverse sectors such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, and manufacturing.

• Competitive Salary : Quality control analysts are in demand across various industries, and their specialized skills and knowledge are highly valued. As a result, they often receive competitive salaries that reflect the importance of their role in ensuring product and process quality.
• Healthcare and Benefits : Many organizations that employ quality control analysts offer comprehensive healthcare and benefits packages. 
• Working in Diverse Industries : Quality control analysts are employed across a wide range of industries, such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food and beverages, manufacturing, automotive, and electronics. 

Quality Control Analysts typically work in laboratory environments, following established protocols and standard operating procedures to ensure product quality and regulatory compliance. 

The work involves regular testing and analysis, with a focus on accuracy, documentation, and adherence to safety protocols. 

• Master’s or Doctoral Degree : Further studies for quality control analysts typically involve pursuing higher education beyond a bachelor’s degree.
• Specialized courses or certifications like those in Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) , analytical techniques, quality management systems, or regulatory compliance can enhance your credentials.
• Laboratory Techniques and Instrumentation: Develop expertise in laboratory techniques and analytical instrumentation commonly used in quality control, including techniques like HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) , GC (Gas Chromatography), spectroscopy, and various wet chemistry methods.
• Professional Associations : Joining professional associations or societies related to quality control or scientific disciplines is a step to going deeper in the profession.
• Auditing Training: Develop your auditing skills by taking courses in internal auditing or supplier auditing. Being a skilled auditor is a valuable asset in quality control.

Quality Control Analysts bring a range of skills vital for ensuring product quality and safety. Attention to detail is essential for executing quality tests and accurately recording results. Analytical thinking supports the interpretation of complex data from quality tests and the identification of deviations from specifications. Critical thinking aids in evaluating test outcomes, assessing product quality, and making decisions based on data. 

Technical expertise in quality testing methods, laboratory equipment, and regulations is fundamental for accurate results, while effective communication skills facilitate collaboration with cross-functional teams to address quality-related issues. 

• Average Salary ($62,883)
• Job Outlook (-4%)

The average salary for a quality control analyst is $62,883 per year. The employment outlook for quality control analysts shows a projected decline of 4% from 2021 to 2031.

9. Academic Researcher

Academic researchers are highly skilled professionals who dedicate their careers to conducting in-depth investigations, exploring new ideas, and expanding the boundaries of knowledge. 

As an Academic Researcher  

Your job involves conducting research, reviewing existing literature, writing grant proposals, collaborating with colleagues, publishing scientific papers, teaching and mentoring, and presenting at conferences. You will contribute to scientific advancements, shape public policy, and influence various industries with your work.

• Autonomy : Academic researchers often have a certain degree of autonomy in managing their research projects and schedules. 
• Networking : Researchers often collaborate with colleagues and experts in their field, fostering a supportive and intellectually stimulating network.
• Growth : Engaging in academic research provides avenues for personal and professional growth. 

Academic researchers work in research laboratories or dedicated facilities, collaborating with colleagues and enjoying flexibility in their schedules. They have opportunities for travel, teaching responsibilities, and intellectual stimulation. 

• Master’s Degree : Pursuing a master’s degree in their field of specialization allows academic researchers to deepen their knowledge and expertise in a specific area.
• Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy): A Ph.D. is the highest academic degree attainable and is ideal for those aspiring to become independent researchers and subject matter experts in their field. 
• Postdoctoral Research : After completing a Ph.D., many researchers opt for postdoctoral research positions to gain additional research experience and further develop their expertise. 
• Professional Certifications: Academic researchers can pursue professional certifications in specialized areas relevant to their research focus. 
• Research Management and Grant Writing Courses: If you plan to secure research funding and manage research projects, courses in research management and grant writing can be advantageous.

An accomplished Academic Researcher brings a range of skills crucial for advancing knowledge and contributing to scholarly endeavors. Analytical thinking supports the interpretation of research data, identifying patterns, and drawing meaningful conclusions. Critical thinking aids in designing experiments, formulating hypotheses, and addressing research gaps. Attention to detail ensures meticulous documentation, accurate data recording, and the integrity of research outcomes. 

Effective communication skills are essential for presenting findings to peers, contributing to academic discourse, and publishing research papers, while collaboration with peers and interdisciplinary teams enriches research approaches and outcomes. 

• Average Salary ($65,943)
• Job Outlook (-17%)

The median salary for an academic researcher is $65,943 per year. The job outlook for this role is expected to decline by 17% .

10. Environment Analyst

As concerns for environmental sustainability and conservation continue to rise, the role of an environmental analyst has become increasingly important. Environmental analysts play a crucial role in assessing, monitoring, and managing the impact of human activities on the environment. 

As an Environmental Analyst 

The job of an environmental analyst is to conduct environmental assessments and audits to identify potential environmental risks and propose measures to minimize or eliminate them. They collect samples of air, water, soil, and other environmental components to analyze pollutant levels and assess their impact on ecosystems and human health.

• Employment Opportunities : Environmental analysts can find employment in diverse sectors, including government agencies, consulting firms, research institutions, and non-profit organizations. 
• Independence : An environmental analyst can choose to work as an independent consultant or start their own environmental consulting business.
• Global Impact : An environmental analyst can contribute to global initiatives and projects aimed at addressing climate change, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development.

The working conditions for environmental analysts can vary but generally involve a combination of fieldwork and office-based work. They may work in offices, laboratories, or outdoor environments. Collaboration with multidisciplinary teams and travel opportunities are common and safety protocols and adherence to ethical guidelines are important. 

• Master’s Degree : In Environmental Science, Environmental Management, or a related field.
• Specialize Your Education: Consider specializing within your field of study. Environmental analysts may specialize in areas like air quality, water quality, soil contamination, ecology, or environmental policy and management.
• Graduate Certificates : You can get graduate certificates in specific areas of environmental analysis, such as environmental impact assessment, environmental monitoring and assessment, or environmental data analysis.
• Gain Practical Experience: Seek internships, co-op opportunities, or entry-level positions in environmental consulting firms, government agencies, research institutions, or nonprofit organizations. Practical experience is invaluable in this field.
• Professional certifications like the Certified Environmental Scientist (CES) certification offered by the National Registry of Environmental Professionals (NREP) and the Certified Environmental Professional (CEP) designation offered by the Academy of Board Certified Environmental Professionals (ABCEP) can enhance your credentials. 

Environment analysts possess a diverse skill set crucial for evaluating environmental impact and sustainability. Analytical thinking aids in interpreting complex environmental data, identifying trends, and drawing conclusions. Critical thinking supports the evaluation of environmental risks, the assessment of potential consequences, and the formulation of mitigation strategies. Attention to detail ensures precise data collection, accurate documentation, and reliable analysis. 

• Average Salary ($59,000)
• Job Outlook (8%)

The average pay for an environmental analyst is $59,000 per year. The employment outlook for environmental analysts indicates a projected growth of 8% from 2021 to 2031.

Related Article

• How to Become an Environmental Scientist

11. Medical Writer

A medical writer is a professional who specializes in creating written content, such as research papers, regulatory documents, and educational materials related to medical and healthcare topics for various audiences.

As a Medical Writer 

You have the opportunity to contribute to developing and disseminating medical knowledge, including research papers, regulatory documents, clinical trial reports, educational materials, and healthcare communications. 

In the realm of medical writing, professionals are responsible for researching, writing, editing, and reviewing scientific and medical content to ensure accuracy, clarity, and adherence to specific guidelines. 

• Compensation : Medical writing is a well-compensated profession.
• Intellectual Stimulation : Medical writing offers intellectual stimulation and the opportunity to work on diverse projects.
• Opportunities : Medical writers can explore a wide range of opportunities in various sectors of the healthcare industry.

Medical writers often have the flexibility to work remotely, collaborate with multidisciplinary teams, and adhere to deadlines. They conduct research, stay updated with developments in their field, and focus on accuracy and attention to detail. Also, client interaction may be required in some roles.

• Master’s Degree in Medical or Scientific Communication : Pursuing a master’s degree in medical or scientific communication provides medical writers with a comprehensive understanding of the principles of medical writing, regulatory guidelines, and ethical considerations. 
• Certificate Programs in Medical Writing: Certificate programs offer a more focused certification in medical Writing: Organizations like the American Medical Writers Association (AMWA) offer certification programs for medical writers. Earning a certification, such as the Certified Medical Writer (CMW) designation, can demonstrate your expertise and commitment to the field.
• Medical Writing Courses: Enroll in medical writing courses or certificate programs offered by universities, colleges, or professional organizations. These programs often cover topics like medical terminology, regulatory writing, and clinical research documentation.

A skilled medical writer brings a range of skills vital for effectively communicating complex medical information. Analytical thinking supports the synthesis of scientific research and medical data into clear and concise content. Critical thinking aids in evaluating scientific literature, identifying key findings, and presenting accurate and evidence-based information. Attention to detail ensures precision in writing, accuracy in referencing, and adherence to guidelines. 

• Average Salary ($80,653)

The average salary of a medical writer is $80,653 per year. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job outlook for medical writers and other technical writers is projected to grow by 7% between 2018 and 2028.

12. Patent Examiner

A patent examiner is a professional responsible for assessing and evaluating patent applications to determine their eligibility for granting patents. They play a crucial role in organizations such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) or the European Patent Office (EPO). 

As a Patent Examiner

You are responsible for evaluating the patentability of inventions in various technical fields, such as engineering, biotechnology, computer science, or pharmaceuticals. Patent examiners review patent applications, conduct extensive research to determine prior art (existing similar inventions), and assess the novelty and non-obviousness of the claimed invention. 

Patent examiners apply legal standards and guidelines to determine if an invention meets the criteria for patentability. Their assessments significantly impact the granting or rejection of patent applications.

• Competitive Salary : Patent examiners often receive competitive salaries commensurate with their expertise and experience.
• Intellectual Stimulation : The job of a patent examiner involves working on cutting-edge technologies and evaluating innovative inventions. This offers intellectual stimulation and the opportunity to engage with groundbreaking ideas and research.
• Flexibility : In some cases, patent examiners may have the opportunity to work remotely or have flexible work arrangements.,

Patent examiners typically work in office environments, reviewing complex technical documents, managing caseloads, and meeting deadlines. They collaborate with colleagues, receive training, adhere to regulations, undergo performance evaluations, and may have travel opportunities.

• Master’s or Ph.D.: Pursuing a master’s or doctoral degree in a relevant technical field provides patent examiners with a deeper understanding of the subject matter they will be examining. 
• Patent Law and Intellectual Property (IP) Courses: Gain a deep understanding of patent law and intellectual property rights by enrolling in courses or programs focused on IP law, patent prosecution, and patent litigation. This knowledge can be valuable for a career as a patent attorney or patent agent.
• Legal Education: If you aspire to become a patent attorney or agent, consider attending law school to earn a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. A legal education can provide the necessary qualifications to practice patent law and represent clients in patent matters before the USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office) .
• Training Programs : Patent offices and organizations often provide training programs specifically designed for patent examiners. These programs cover various aspects of patent examination, including legal principles, patent laws, patent application procedures, and search strategies. 

A patent examiner possesses a diverse skill set crucial for evaluating patent applications and intellectual property. Analytical thinking supports the examination of patent claims, assessing their novelty and non-obviousness. Critical thinking aids in evaluating prior art, identifying similarities, and determining the patentability of inventions. Attention to detail ensures meticulous review of patent applications, documentation, and technical specifications. 

• Salary Range ($83,000 to $130,000)
• Job Outlook (4%)

The estimated average pay for a patent examiner is $83,000 to $130,000 per year. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the demand for patent examiners is projected to increase by 4% between 2016 and 2026. 

13. Production Development Scientist

A production development scientist is a professional involved in the field of product development in industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and manufacturing. This role is focused on the development and improvement of manufacturing processes, ensuring the efficient production of high-quality products.

As a Production Development Scientists  

You are to work closely with cross-functional teams, including R&D scientists, engineers, quality assurance, and production personnel, to optimize processes, troubleshoot issues, and drive product improvement.

• Career Advancement : Successful contributions to product development and process optimization can lead to professional recognition and career advancement.
• Demand : As technologies and industry practices evolve, there is a continuous need for skilled professionals to lead and contribute to product development initiatives.
• Benefits Packages : Many employers offer comprehensive health and wellness benefits, including medical, dental, and vision insurance. 

Production Development Scientists work in laboratory environments, collaborate with cross-functional teams, engage in project-based work, and continuously learn and research. 

• Master’s Degree : A master’s degree in a relevant field, such as pharmaceutical sciences, biotechnology, chemistry, or chemical engineering , can provide production development scientists with specialized knowledge and technical expertise. 
• Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy): Pursuing a Ph.D. in a relevant scientific discipline is a significant step in furthering one’s career as a production development scientist. Ph.D. programs offer the opportunity to conduct in-depth research and contribute original findings to the field of production development. 
• Professional certifications like those in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Quality Control, Process Optimization, or Six Sigma are also beneficial to your career.

Product development scientists possess a diverse skill set crucial for bringing innovative products to market. Analytical thinking supports the interpretation of research data, identifying trends, and informing product development decisions. Critical thinking aids in problem-solving during the design, formulation, and optimization of new products. Attention to detail ensures precise documentation of experiments, formulations, and testing protocols. 

• Average Salary ($84.121)

The average salary of a production development scientist is $84.121 per year. The job outlook for a production development scientist is 17% .

14. Regulatory Affairs Specialist

A Regulatory Affairs Specialist is a professional role that plays a critical role in the pharmaceutical, medical device, biotechnology, or other regulated industries. 

As a Regulatory Affairs Specialist 

You are responsible for ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and guidelines set by regulatory authorities, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the European Union. You will serve as the bridge between the company and regulatory agencies, ensuring that products meet the necessary standards for safety, quality, and efficacy.

• Career Advancement : With experience and knowledge, regulatory affairs specialists can advance their careers into senior roles such as Regulatory Affairs Manager or Regulatory Affairs Director.
• Job Security : The importance of regulatory compliance ensures a consistent demand for skilled Regulatory Affairs Specialists. This can contribute to job stability and security in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.
• Industry Recognition : Regulatory Affairs Specialists are seen as experts who ensure products meet regulatory standards. Their expertise is recognized and valued within the pharmaceutical and medical device industries.

Regulatory Affairs Specialists work in office environments, collaborating with cross-functional teams and ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks. They face deadlines and pressure, requiring attention to detail and strong organizational skills. Documentation and record-keeping are essential, and occasional travel may be involved.

• Master’s or Doctoral Degree : Pursuing a master’s or doctoral degree in regulatory affairs, pharmaceutical sciences, or a related discipline offers an opportunity to deepen one’s knowledge and expertise in regulatory affairs. 
• Regulatory Affairs Certification (RAC): The Regulatory Affairs Certification (RAC) is a professional certification offered by organizations like the Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society (RAPS) and other regulatory authorities. It is designed to validate the knowledge and expertise of regulatory affairs professionals in various areas, including pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biotechnology, and healthcare. 
• Continuing Education: Stay updated with the latest developments in regulatory affairs by attending workshops, seminars, and conferences. Regulatory agencies often provide training and educational resources.
• Regulatory Affairs Courses: Enroll in courses that focus on regulatory affairs principles, regulations, and compliance requirements specific to your industry, whether it’s pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biotechnology, or food and beverages.

Regulatory Affairs Specialists possess a diverse skill set crucial for navigating complex regulations and ensuring compliance. Analytical thinking supports the interpretation of regulatory guidelines, assessing their implications, and formulating strategies for compliance. Critical thinking aids in problem-solving when addressing regulatory challenges and developing strategies for product approval. Attention to detail ensures meticulous documentation of regulatory submissions, ensuring accuracy and completeness. 

• Average Salary ($88,070)
• Job Outlook (3.3%)

The average pay for a regulatory affairs specialist is $88,070 per year, while the job outlook for this role is 3.3% .

15. Science Writer / Communicator

A science writer/communicator is a professional who specializes in translating complex scientific concepts into accessible language for a non-expert audience. They play a crucial role in bridging the gap between the scientific community and the general public, communicating scientific research, discoveries, and advancements in a clear and engaging manner.

As a Science Writer / Communicator

Science writers/communicators work across various mediums, including print, digital platforms, audio, and video, to convey scientific information to diverse audiences. They may work for scientific publications, research institutions, universities, science magazines, museums, or media outlets.

• Opportunity for Remote Work : Science writing often provides the flexibility to work remotely. This benefit is especially appealing in today’s digital age, as it allows science writers to collaborate with clients or publications from anywhere in the world. 
• Freelance and Contract Opportunities : Science writers have the option to work as freelancers or on a contract basis. 
• Positive Impact: Science writers/communicators have the opportunity to make a positive impact by effectively communicating scientific information to the public. 
• Flexibility in Mediums and Formats : This flexibility allows writers/communicators to experiment with different formats, styles, and mediums to effectively convey scientific information.

Science writers/communicators often enjoy flexible schedules and remote work opportunities. But they may work in offices or in the field, collaborating with scientists and experts. Science writers/communicators may use multimedia and digital tools and work under deadlines and pressure. 

• Degrees : Pursuing a degree or courses in journalism, communication, or science communication can equip you with valuable skills in writing, editing, interviewing, and storytelling.
• Journalism or Writing Courses: Take courses in journalism, writing, or communication to develop your writing skills. Understanding the principles of journalism can help you craft compelling and accurate science stories.
• Internships and Writing Experience: Gain practical experience through internships, freelance writing opportunities, or writing for your school’s newspaper or science magazine. Building a portfolio of published work is essential in this field.
• Certifications : Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) credential or the Board of Editors in the Life Sciences (BELS) certification for editors.

A skilled Science Writer/Communicator brings a range of skills crucial for conveying complex scientific concepts to a broad audience. Analytical thinking supports the synthesis of scientific research, translating technical information into accessible content. Critical thinking aids in evaluating the credibility of sources, identifying key findings, and presenting accurate information. Attention to detail ensures precise and accurate communication, free of errors and misconceptions. 

Effective communication skills facilitate the translation of complex topics into engaging and understandable narratives, while collaboration with scientists and experts ensures accurate representation of scientific information. 

• Average Salary ($80,875)

The average salary of a science writer is $80,875 . The employment outlook for science writers and other technical writers is promising, with a projected growth of 7% from 2021 to 2031. 

Making the Right Career Choice

If you are to gain a rewarding career, you need more than a glance at job titles. You must critically examine your personal goals and aspirations. The abundance of opportunities unveiled by each profession calls for a nuanced approach, considering not only the technical skills required but also the environment, values, and personal fulfillment that accompany them. 

So, in the process of career decision-making, it becomes evident that self-assessment is not just a preliminary step but a continuous practice. As passions evolve and skills grow, individuals are empowered to recalibrate their career paths, aiming for not just success but also a sense of purpose and contentment.

About the Author

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What is biochemistry?

Biochemistry explores chemical processes related to living organisms. It is a laboratory-based science combining biology and chemistry.

Biochemists study the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems and, in turn, their functions and ways to control them. Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. They began to study areas such as:

• How living things get energy from food
• The chemical basis of heredity
• What fundamental changes occur in disease 

Biochemistry includes the sciences of molecular biology, immunochemistry, and neurochemistry, as well as bioinorganic, bioorganic, and biophysical chemistry.

What do biochemists do?

Biochemists interact with scientists from a wide variety of other disciplines, usually on problems that are a very small piece of a very large and complex system. 

• Biochemists in industry are interested in specific applications that will lead to marketable products
• Biochemists in academia or government labs conduct more basic and less applied research

Where is biochemistry used?

Biochemistry has obvious applications in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Other applications include:

Food Science

Biochemists determine the chemical composition of foods, research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods, develop methods to extract nutrients from waste products, and/or invent ways to prolong the shelf life of food products. 

Agriculture

Biochemists study the interaction of herbicides/insecticides with plants and pests. They examine the structure–activity relationships of compounds, determine their ability to inhibit growth, and evaluate the toxicological effects on surrounding life.

Pharmacology, Physiology, Microbiology, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry 

Biochemists investigate the mechanisms of drug actions; engage in viral research; conduct research pertaining to organ function; or use chemical concepts, procedures, and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy of disease and the assessment of health.

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What does a biochemist do?

Would you make a good biochemist? Take our career test and find your match with over 800 careers.

What is a Biochemist?

Biochemistry is a branch of science that focuses on the chemical reactions and processes that occur within living organisms. A biochemist specializes in this field of study, using their knowledge of chemistry and biology to investigate the complex chemical interactions that make life possible.

Biochemists seek to understand the molecular basis of biological processes, such as metabolism, cellular signaling, and gene expression, and use this knowledge to develop new treatments for diseases, improve agricultural practices, and develop new materials. The insights gained by biochemists have had a profound impact on our understanding of life processes and have led to numerous medical and technological advances.

What does a Biochemist do?

Biochemists advance our understanding of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms. They investigate the molecular and chemical basis of life and the ways in which biological molecules interact with each other and the environment. Their work is vital in many areas of science, from medicine to agriculture, and has led to major breakthroughs in the development of drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tools.

Duties and Responsibilities Here are some of the common duties and responsibilities of biochemists:

• Research and Experimentation: Biochemists design and conduct experiments to investigate the chemical processes of living organisms. They may use a range of techniques and equipment, including molecular biology, chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy.
• Data Analysis: Biochemists analyze data and interpret experimental results to draw conclusions and make recommendations. They may use statistical software to process and analyze data and prepare reports or presentations to communicate findings.
• Development of New Products: Biochemists work with engineers and other scientists to develop new products or improve existing ones, such as drugs, vaccines, or diagnostic tests. They may also be involved in developing new biotechnologies or medical devices.
• Quality Control: Biochemists ensure that products and processes meet quality standards by conducting tests and analyzing data. They may also develop new quality control procedures and ensure that laboratory safety protocols are followed.
• Teaching and Mentoring: Biochemists may teach and mentor students in academic institutions, such as universities or colleges. They may also supervise and train technicians, research assistants, and junior scientists.
• Collaboration and Communication: Biochemists often work in interdisciplinary teams with scientists from other fields, such as physics, biology, or computer science. They need to communicate effectively with team members and external stakeholders, such as regulatory agencies or funding organizations.
• Grant Writing and Fundraising: Biochemists may apply for research grants from funding agencies or private organizations. They need to write grant proposals and justify the research goals and methodology. They may also participate in fundraising activities to secure financial support for their research.
• Continuing Education: Biochemists need to keep up with the latest advances in their field by attending conferences, reading scientific journals, and participating in continuing education programs. They may also be involved in peer review of scientific publications or serve on scientific committees or boards.

Types of Biochemists There are many types of biochemists, as biochemistry is a diverse field with numerous areas of specialization. Here are some common types of biochemists:

• Enzymologists: These biochemists study enzymes, which are specialized proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in living organisms.
• Structural Biochemists: These biochemists study the three-dimensional structure of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, to better understand how they function.
• Molecular Biologists : These biochemists study the molecular basis of biological processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
• Metabolic Biochemists: These biochemists study the biochemical pathways and processes involved in metabolism, including the breakdown and synthesis of molecules in living organisms.
• Clinical Biochemists: These biochemists work in medical laboratories, analyzing biological samples to diagnose and monitor disease.
• Plant Biochemists: These biochemists study the biochemistry of plants, including the chemical processes involved in photosynthesis, plant growth and development, and plant-microbe interactions.
• Neurobiochemists: These biochemists study the biochemistry of the nervous system, including the molecular basis of brain function, neurotransmitter signaling, and neurodegenerative diseases.
• Biophysical Biochemists: These biochemists use physical methods, such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and electron microscopy, to study biomolecules and their interactions.
• Environmental Biochemists: These biochemists study the biochemical processes involved in environmental issues such as pollution, climate change, and sustainability.
• Computational Biochemists: These biochemists use computational and mathematical tools to model and simulate biological processes, including protein structure prediction, drug discovery, and systems biology.

Are you suited to be a biochemist?

Biochemists have distinct personalities . They tend to be investigative individuals, which means they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also artistic, meaning they’re creative, intuitive, sensitive, articulate, and expressive.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if biochemist is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Biochemist like?

The workplace of a biochemist can vary depending on their area of specialization and the type of organization they work for. Many biochemists are employed in research and development (R&D) departments of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, where they work on developing new drugs, vaccines, and other medical treatments.

In a typical R&D setting, biochemists may spend most of their time in the laboratory conducting experiments, analyzing data, and developing new techniques or processes. They may also collaborate with other scientists, such as chemists, biologists, and medical doctors, to design and execute experiments that test the safety and efficacy of new drugs.

Academic institutions, such as universities and research institutes, also employ biochemists as professors, postdoctoral fellows, and research scientists. In these settings, biochemists may spend more time teaching and mentoring students, as well as conducting their own research.

Government agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), also employ biochemists in various roles. For example, biochemists working for the NIH may conduct basic research to better understand the molecular basis of diseases, or they may work on developing new diagnostic tools or therapies.

Regardless of the specific workplace, biochemists typically work in teams, collaborating with other scientists and researchers to achieve a common goal. They may work long hours, especially when conducting experiments that require careful monitoring and data collection. Attention to detail and excellent communication skills are also essential for success in this field.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Biochemists are also known as: Biological Chemist

What is a Biochemist?

Biochemistry is the study of living things at the molecular level, focusing mainly on the processes that occur. For example, they may study cell development, how cell structure relates to function, how cells communicate with each other to fight disease or regulate an organism's development, and how they metabolize food and oxygen.

Many biochemists study how pharmaceutical drugs and foods affect an organism's biology. Some also study how environmental toxins are metabolized, and how they may disrupt biological processes.

Learn more about biochemistry degrees .

What Does a Biochemist Do?

Biochemists may study cellular and molecular processes to increase our general understanding about them, or work on solving specific problems. For example, they may try to figure out how a chemical like Bisphenol A (BPA), found in some plastics, affects the human body. Others may try to discover how certain genes or environmental factors cause disease, and how to suppress or "turn off" the errant mechanism. Those working in agriculture research ways to genetically modify crops for resilience to drought or pests. Some work on developing biofuels.

Regardless of the field of application, most biochemists perform many of the same duties. They plan and conduct experiments to isolate, quantify and analyze hormones, enzymes, and toxins, and to determine the effects of substances like drugs, food and toxins on biological processes. They may also develop new analytical techniques to detect pollutants and their metabolites, or to study biological processes. They may also use computer software to determine the three-dimensional structure of molecules, or use math to describe the chemical relationships between substances found in the environment and in the body. They also share research findings by writing reports, recommendations, or scientific articles, or by presenting at scientific conferences.

This field clearly plays an important role in public health. Biochemists helps determine the environmental causes of disease - information that can help policymakers eliminate or reduce risk, and potentially help doctors treat the conditions. But biochemistry is vital to many aspects of sustainability as well.

For example, these scientists may study the toxicological effects of industrial chemicals and other pollutants on wildlife. Some discover new ways to use the biological processes of plants and microbes to break down these pollutants. Some are working on solving the food crisis by developing inexpensive, high-yield, nutritious, and sustainable crops. Others study ways to turn the energy in waste products, crops, and algae into biofuels. Some biochemists are trying to develop artificial photosynthesis, a process intended to mimic the way plants derive energy from the sun, to develop solar fuel.

Where Does a Biochemist Work?

Biochemists work for a variety of industries and government agencies. For example, they may analyze the effects of air, water, and soil pollution on people, wildlife, plants, and crops for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or Department of Agriculture. They may also study the effects of drugs or food for the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration. Many biochemists are employed by pharmaceutical firms and companies dealing with food-related chemicals such as animal feed, agricultural chemicals, and food for human consumption, where they conduct research to understand disease and develop new products. Some work in manufacturing, energy development, or environmental restoration firms. Others work in hospital laboratories. They may also work as faculty, research staff, or teachers at colleges, universities, and secondary schools. Some also work for law firms, where they deal with scientific cases.

Most biochemists work indoors in laboratories and offices. Some, especially those working for environmental restoration firms, may travel to outdoor work sites. Lab and field work may result in exposure to biological or chemical hazards. Following established safety procedures is important in these situations.

Most biochemists work full time, and many work more than 40 hours per week. Employers, industries, and work environments can vary by the type of biochemistry practiced.

Branches of Biochemistry

• Clinical Biochemistry - The practice of laboratory medicine in hospitals and clinics. Practitioners test lab samples for patients to diagnose disease, determine risk, and optimize treatment. Clinical biochemists may also conduct medical research and improve laboratory equipment and practices.
• Analytical Biochemistry - Uses sophisticated equipment to analyze biological samples. For example, analytical biochemists separate and test samples to determine the substances they contain, and the quantities of those substances. For example, they might test a blood sample to determine the presence and quantity of steroids or toxins.
• Medical Biochemistry - Deals with biochemistry in its medical context. Practitioners study how disease is generated, how cells react to disease, what mutations lead to cancer, how drugs interact with cells, and how nerve signals are affected by chemicals.
• Nutritional Biochemistry - Studies how the body derives energy and nutrients from food, and how different diets promote health or contribute to disease.
• Comparative Biochemistry - Compares how different species or classes of organisms perform similar functions, such as how they react to stress or regulate glucose levels. Such comparisons can help us better understand our own biochemistry and health.
• Plant Biochemistry - Largely deals with photosynthesis - how plants metabolize carbon dioxide and sunlight to create sugars and release oxygen. It also studies how they process pollutants from the air, soil and water. Some plants can filter out contaminants in the environment and break them down into harmless components. Plant biochemists study how these processes work, which can help restore contaminated sites.

What Is the Average Biochemist Salary?

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports a median salary of $94,270. The top 10% in the field earn about $169,860.*

What Is the Job Demand for Biochemists?

Employment in this field is expected to grow 5% between 2020 and 2030. The number of jobs in the field is projected to increase by 1,600 during this time.* Due to an aging population, much of the growth will be in medical research. However, increased pressure on food and energy resources will drive growth in agricultural and biofuels research. Concerns about pollution will also expand opportunities for biochemists who work on toxicological effects and bioremediation.

Much of the research in biochemistry and biophysics, particularly at colleges and universities, is dependent on funding from the federal government. Federal budgets and the availability of research funding may affect the job market from year to year.

Biochemistry Jobs & Job Description

As with many other types of science, biochemist research jobs are divided into two areas that span the fields of medicine, agriculture, fuels, nanotechnology, environmental concerns and management: work in basic research is conducted to expand human knowledge, whereas applied research is directed toward using findings to solve a stated problem. Biochemists may also choose to focus on teaching or business applications. Regardless of specialty, biochemistry jobs require the following types of skills:

• Efficiently use advanced technologies, such as electron microscopes, lasers, and computer modeling, chemical enzymes to isolate, analyze, and synthesize proteins, enzymes, DNA, and other molecules and research the effects of drugs, hormones, and food on these structures and their processes
• Prepare technical reports, research papers, and recommendations based on their research
• Present research findings to fellow scientists, engineers, and other colleagues and stakeholders
• Develop and conduct quality control procedures for materials, chemical compounds and final products
• Assist in grant proposal writing and applications
• Develop new chemical formulations and processes
• Devise new technical applications of industrial chemicals and compounds

Senior tier biochemist jobs may have the following elements in addition to tier-one responsibilities:

• Supervise other chemists , chemical technicians and technologists.
• Manage laboratory teams and monitor the quality of their work
• Manage laboratory workspace and materials procurement
• Participate in interdisciplinary research and development projects working with chemical engineers, biologists , microbiologists , agronomists , geologists or other professionals
• Act as consultant in their field of expertise
• Participate in the commercialization of new products

How Do I Get a Biochemistry Degree?

Some universities offer a one-year post-graduate training program in laboratory techniques, which is highly valued by many private companies. Some let you work towards a bachelor's degree and a microbiology-related certificate at the same time.

While those with bachelor's degrees may qualify for some entry-level positions, most biochemists earn advanced degrees. Graduate study usually involves a lot of laboratory work, and allows you to specialize in a particular area like molecular biology or bioinformatics. Graduate students earn degrees (M.S. or M.A.) in Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Engineering, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, or other related areas.

Degrees Related to Biochemistry

• Environmental Toxicology Degree
• Environmental Chemistry Degree
• Genomics and Health Online Master's Info
• Biological Science Degree Options
• Geodesign Online Degree Info

What Kind of Societies and Professional Organizations Do Biochemists Have?

• The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) advances the field by publishing multiple journals and organizing scientific meetings. It also offers grant writing and mentoring workshops for postdocs, offers career resources, and holds career symposia on college campuses.
• The American Chemical Society (ACS) represents professionals at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry, as well as other sciences that involve chemistry. It holds annual and regional meetings, and posts presentations from past national meetings online. It organizes technical divisions, local sections and student chapters. It also offers workshops, short courses, and symposia related to the chemical sciences, and provides a portal to resources on green chemistry called the Green Chemistry Institute .

*2020 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary figures and job growth projections for biochemists and biophysicists reflect national data not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed September 2021.

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Biochemistry articles within Nature

Article | 29 May 2024

Pro-CRISPR PcrIIC1-associated Cas9 system for enhanced bacterial immunity

Comprehensive analyses of Cas9 proteins shed light on the evolution of the CRISPR–Cas9 system, and identify a pro-CRISPR accessory protein in bacteria that boosts CRISPR-mediated immunity by enhancing the DNA binding and cleavage activity of Cas9.

• Shouyue Zhang
•  &  Jun-Jie Gogo Liu

News & Views | 22 May 2024

Cells cope with altered chromosome numbers by enhancing protein breakdown

When chromosomes are lost or gained, massive changes in gene expression disrupt the delicate balance of proteins in a cell. Yeasts with incorrect chromosome numbers counteract this by degrading excess proteins.

• Zuzana Storchová

Article 22 May 2024 | Open Access

Natural proteome diversity links aneuploidy tolerance to protein turnover

Proteomic data from natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide insight into how these cells tolerate aneuploidy (an imbalance in the number of chromosomes), and reveal differences between lab-engineered aneuploids and diverse natural yeasts.

• Julia Muenzner
• , Pauline Trébulle
•  &  Markus Ralser

Molecular mechanism of choline and ethanolamine transport in humans

Structural analysis of the human choline and ethanolamine transporters FLVCR1 and FLVCR2 clarifies the mechanisms of transport, the conformational dynamics of these proteins and the disease-associated mutations that interfere with these processes.

• , Tsai-Hsuan Weng
•  &  Schara Safarian

Article 15 May 2024 | Open Access

Physiological temperature drives TRPM4 ligand recognition and gating

A temperature-dependent Ca 2+ -binding site in the intracellular domain of TRPM4 is essential for TRPM4 function in physiological contexts.

• , Sung Jin Park
•  &  Wei Lü

Article | 15 May 2024

Dimerization and antidepressant recognition at noradrenaline transporter

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the noradrenaline transporter in the apo state, bound to noradrenaline and bound to various antidepressants shed light on the substrate transport, molecular recognition and dimeric architecture of this protein.

• , Yu-Ling Yin
•  &  Yi Jiang

Article | 13 May 2024

Plasmid targeting and destruction by the DdmDE bacterial defence system

• Jack P. K. Bravo
• , Delisa A. Ramos
•  &  David W. Taylor

Article | 08 May 2024

Structural mechanism of angiogenin activation by the ribosome

• Anna B. Loveland
• , Cha San Koh
•  &  Andrei A. Korostelev

Technology Feature | 08 May 2024

Powerful ‘nanopore’ DNA sequencing method tackles proteins too

Latest methods bring the speed, portability, and long read lengths of nanopore sequencing to proteomics.

• Caroline Seydel

News & Views | 08 May 2024

Vaccine-enhancing plant extract could be mass produced in yeast

The Chilean soapbark tree is the source of QS-21 — a valuable but hard-to-obtain vaccine additive. Yeast strains engineered to express all components of the QS-21 biosynthetic pathway provide an alternative route to this therapeutic.

Nature Podcast | 08 May 2024

Alphafold 3.0: the AI protein predictor gets an upgrade

Deepmind’s protein-structure predictor adds other molecules to the mix, and a big step towards a ‘nuclear clock’.

• Benjamin Thompson
•  &  Nick Petrić Howe

Article 08 May 2024 | Open Access

The intrinsic substrate specificity of the human tyrosine kinome

An atlas of the substrate specificities for the human tyrosine kinome reveals diversity of motif specificities and enables identification of kinase–substrate relationships and kinase regulation in phosphoproteomics experiments.

• Tomer M. Yaron-Barir
• , Brian A. Joughin
•  &  Jared L. Johnson

Boron catalysis in a designer enzyme

A completely genetically encoded boronic-acid-containing designer enzyme was created and characterized using X-ray crystallography, high-resolution mass spectrometry and 11 B NMR spectroscopy, allowing chemistry that is unknown in nature and currently not possible with small-molecule catalysts.

• Lars Longwitz
• , Reuben B. Leveson-Gower
•  &  Gerard Roelfes

Ligand cross-feeding resolves bacterial vitamin B 12 auxotrophies

Two species of auxotrophic marine bacteria are shown to share precursors to synthesize the essential cofactor vitamin B 12 , and such ligand cross-feeding may be a common phenomenon in the ocean and other ecosystems.

• Gerrit Wienhausen
• , Cristina Moraru
•  &  Meinhard Simon

Article | 01 May 2024

Structural and molecular basis of choline uptake into the brain by FLVCR2

FLVCR2 is expressed in the blood–brain barrier of mouse and human, and is the major mediator of choline uptake into the brain.

• Rosemary J. Cater
• , Dibyanti Mukherjee
•  &  Filippo Mancia

Stereoselective amino acid synthesis by photobiocatalytic oxidative coupling

We report on the oxidative cross-coupling of organoboron reagents and amino acids via pyridoxal biocatalysis to produce non-canonical amino acids, uncovering stereoselective, intermolecular free-radical transformations.

• Tian-Ci Wang
• , Binh Khanh Mai
•  &  Yang Yang

News | 24 April 2024

First glowing animals lit up the oceans half a billion years ago

Family tree of ‘octocorals’ pushes origin of bioluminescence back to 540 million years ago, when the first animal species developed eyes.

• Freda Kreier

Research Briefing | 24 April 2024

A chemical method for selective labelling of the key amino acid tryptophan

A broadly applicable method allows selective, rapid and efficient chemical modification of the side chain of tryptophan amino acids in proteins. This platform enables systematic, proteome-wide identification of tryptophan residues, which can form a bond (called cation–π interaction) with positively charged molecules. Such interactions are key in many biochemical processes, including protein-mediated phase separation.

Article 24 April 2024 | Open Access

Mechanism of single-stranded DNA annealing by RAD52–RPA complex

Single-stranded DNA annealing is driven by RAD52 open rings in association with RPA.

• Chih-Chao Liang
• , Luke A. Greenhough
•  &  Stephen C. West

Article | 17 April 2024

Stepwise activation of a metabotropic glutamate receptor

We propose a model for a sequential, multistep activation mechanism of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5, including a series of structures in lipid nanodiscs, from inactive to fully active, with agonist-bound intermediate states.

• Kaavya Krishna Kumar
• , Haoqing Wang
•  &  Brian K. Kobilka

Article 17 April 2024 | Open Access

Streptomyces umbrella toxin particles block hyphal growth of competing species

Streptomyces are discovered to produce antibacterial protein complexes that selectively inhibit the hyphal growth of related species, a function distinct from that of the small-molecule antibiotics they are known for.

• Qinqin Zhao
• , Savannah Bertolli
•  &  Joseph D. Mougous

Promiscuous G-protein activation by the calcium-sensing receptor

Structures of the human calcium-sensing receptor can be bound into complex with G proteins from three different Gα subtypes while maintaining G-protein-binding specificity.

• , Jinseo Park
•  &  Qing R. Fan

Article 10 April 2024 | Open Access

Emergence of fractal geometries in the evolution of a metabolic enzyme

Citrate synthase from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is shown to self-assemble into Sierpiński triangles, a finding that opens up the possibility that other naturally occurring molecular-scale fractals exist.

• Franziska L. Sendker
• , Yat Kei Lo
•  &  Georg K. A. Hochberg

Article | 10 April 2024

Metabolic rewiring promotes anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids reprogram the mitochondrial metabolism of macrophages, resulting in increased and sustained production of the anti-inflammatory metabolite itaconate and, as a consequence, inhibition of the inflammatory response.

• Jean-Philippe Auger
• , Max Zimmermann
•  &  Gerhard Krönke

Article 03 April 2024 | Open Access

Structural basis of Integrator-dependent RNA polymerase II termination

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human Integrator complex in three different functional states shed light on how Integrator terminates RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription by disengaging Pol II from the DNA template.

• Isaac Fianu
• , Moritz Ochmann
•  &  Patrick Cramer

Molecular insights into capsular polysaccharide secretion

An ensemble of cryo-electron microscopy structures of the KpsMT ABC transporter in complex with the KpsE co-polymerase and a glycolipid substrate reveal how capsular polysaccharides are recognized and translocated across bacterial cell membranes.

• Jeremi Kuklewicz
•  &  Jochen Zimmer

Article 20 March 2024 | Open Access

Cryo-EM structures of RAD51 assembled on nucleosomes containing a DSB site

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of human RAD51 in complex with the nucleosome show that RAD51 can adopt two conformations—rings and filaments—and reveal how RAD51 binds to the nucleosome through its N-terminal lobe domain.

• Takuro Shioi
• , Suguru Hatazawa
•  &  Hitoshi Kurumizaka

Where I Work | 18 March 2024

I study small organisms to tackle big climate problems

Marine biologist Gabriel Renato Castro cultivates compounds from cyanobacteria to support agriculture and the environment.

• Nikki Forrester

Article | 18 March 2024

Structural insights into vesicular monoamine storage and drug interactions

Monoamines and neurotoxicants share a binding pocket in VMAT1 featuring polar sites for specificity and a wrist-and-fist shape for versatility, and monoamine enrichment in storage vesicles arises from dominant import via favoured lumenal-open transition of VMAT1 and protonation-precluded binding during its cytoplasmic-open transition.

• , Huaping Chen
•  &  Weikai Li

Article | 13 March 2024

Time-resolved cryo-EM of G-protein activation by a GPCR

Time-resolved cryo-EM is used to capture structural transitions during G-protein activation stimulated by a G-protein-coupled receptor.

• Makaía M. Papasergi-Scott
• , Guillermo Pérez-Hernández
•  &  Georgios Skiniotis

Article 13 March 2024 | Open Access

Substrate-induced condensation activates plant TIR domain proteins

Binding of the substrates NAD + and ATP to the plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain proteins induces phase separation and, thereby, activation of TIR enzymatic and immune signalling activity.

•  &  Jijie Chai

Research Briefing | 11 March 2024

Dysregulated cellular stress management becomes a source of stress

Stress responses protect cells from harmful conditions, but once the stress has resolved, these responses must be actively turned off to avoid cell damage that might lead to the development of neurodegenerative disease.

Matters Arising | 06 March 2024

Model uncertainty obscures major driver of soil carbon

• , Rose Z. Abramoff
•  &  Daniel S. Goll

Review Article | 28 February 2024

Ion and lipid orchestration of secondary active transport

This Review describes the various mechanisms of ion-coupled transport across membranes and how the activities of transporter proteins are modulated by the composition of the lipid bilayer.

•  &  Olga Boudker

Article 28 February 2024 | Open Access

The CRL5–SPSB3 ubiquitin ligase targets nuclear cGAS for degradation

The ubiquitin proteasomal system degrades nuclear cGAS in cycling cells.

• Pengbiao Xu
•  &  Andrea Ablasser

Article | 28 February 2024

CST–polymerase α-primase solves a second telomere end-replication problem

Incomplete duplication of the C-rich telomeric repeat strand by lagging-strand DNA synthesis is counteracted by DNA synthesis mediated by CST–polymerase α-primase.

• Hiroyuki Takai
• , Valentina Aria
•  &  Titia de Lange

Technology Feature | 27 February 2024

How phase separation is revolutionizing biology

Imaging and molecular manipulation reveal how biomolecular condensates form and offer clues to the role of phase separation in health and disease.

• Elie Dolgin

Article 21 February 2024 | Open Access

The UFM1 E3 ligase recognizes and releases 60S ribosomes from ER translocons

Attachment of the ubiquitin-like modifier UFM1 to 60S ribosomes has a critical function in the release and recycling of stalled or terminated ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

• Linda Makhlouf
• , Joshua J. Peter
•  &  Yogesh Kulathu

IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism to limit inflammation

IL-10 exerts its anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages by increasing the expression of enzymes that promote fatty acid desaturation and downstream regulation of the transcription factor REL.

• Autumn G. York
• , Mathias H. Skadow
•  &  Richard A. Flavell

Article | 21 February 2024

Activation of Thoeris antiviral system via SIR2 effector filament assembly

A study reports that the Theoris anti-phage defence system is activated through helical filament assembly of the ThsA effector and details the activation mechanism.

• Giedre Tamulaitiene
• , Dziugas Sabonis
•  &  Virginijus Siksnys

Article | 07 February 2024

Allosteric modulation and G-protein selectivity of the Ca 2+ -sensing receptor

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human calcium-sensing receptor in complex with G i and G q proteins reveal how this receptor activates distinct G protein subtypes and how its function is modulated by a variety of ligands.

• , Cheng-Guo Wu

Article 07 February 2024 | Open Access

Bile salt hydrolase catalyses formation of amine-conjugated bile acids

We find that bile salt hydrolase N -acyltransferase activity can form bacterial bile acid amidates that are positively correlated with the colonization of gut bacteria that assist in the regulation of the bile acid metabolic network.

• Bipin Rimal
• , Stephanie L. Collins
•  &  Andrew D. Patterson

Bile salt hydrolase acyltransferase activity expands bile acid diversity

Acyltransferase activity of the enzyme bile salt hydrolase is identified and shown to mediate microbial bile acid conjugation, diversifying the bile acid pool and expanding their role in gut physiology.

• Douglas V. Guzior
• , Maxwell Okros
•  &  Robert A. Quinn

Structural basis of ribosomal 30S subunit degradation by RNase R

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of intermediates formed during the degradation of the 30S ribosomal unit shed light on how the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease ribonuclease R controls the ribosomal degradation process.

• Lyudmila Dimitrova-Paternoga
• , Sergo Kasvandik
•  &  Helge Paternoga

Article | 31 January 2024

Conformational ensembles of the human intrinsically disordered proteome

A computational model generates conformational ensembles of 28,058 intrinsically disordered proteins and regions (IDRs) in the human proteome and sheds light on the relationship between sequence, conformational properties and functions of IDRs.

• Giulio Tesei
• , Anna Ida Trolle
•  &  Kresten Lindorff-Larsen

Article 31 January 2024 | Open Access

Stress response silencing by an E3 ligase mutated in neurodegeneration

The E3 ligase SIFI is identified as a dedicated silencing factor of the integrated stress response, a finding that has implications for the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases caused by mitochondrial protein import stress.

• Diane L. Haakonsen
• , Michael Heider
•  &  Michael Rapé

Article | 24 January 2024

Coordination of cohesin and DNA replication observed with purified proteins

We study the interplay between cohesin and replication by reconstituting a functional replisome using purified proteins, showing how cohesin initially responds to replication and providing a molecular model for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion.

• Yasuto Murayama
• , Shizuko Endo
•  &  Hiroyuki Araki

Article 24 January 2024 | Open Access

The HIV capsid mimics karyopherin engagement of FG-nucleoporins

Dissection of the nuclear pore complex provides a model in which the HIV capsid enters the nucleus through karyopherin mimicry, a mechanism likely to be conserved across other viruses.

• C. F. Dickson
• , S. Hertel
•  &  D. A. Jacques

Article 17 January 2024 | Open Access

Alternative splicing of latrophilin-3 controls synapse formation

Latrophilin-3 organizes synapses through a convergent dual-pathway mechanism in which Gα s signalling is activated and phase-separated postsynaptic protein scaffolds are recruited.

• , Chelsea DeLeon
•  &  Thomas C. Südhof

News & Views | 15 January 2024

Snapshots of genetic copy-and-paste machinery in action

LINE-1 DNA elements self-duplicate, inserting the copy into new regions of the genome — a key process in chromosome evolution. Structures of the machinery that performs this process in humans are now reported.

• Gael Cristofari

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About the course

This programme aims to train you in cutting-edge laboratory research applying techniques in bionanotechnology, biophysics, computational biology, microscopy, molecular biology, structural biology and systems biology to a broad range of fields including cell biology, chromosome biology, drug discovery, epigenetics, host-pathogen interactions, membrane proteins, ion channels and transporters, and RNA biology.

You will be admitted directly to a particular research area led by departmental members who will be appointed MSc by Research supervisors. Students who have been admitted to a particular research supervisor will not normally do laboratory rotations. You will be based in a research lab and undertake research on a subject agreed with your supervisor.

There are no taught courses examined by written papers, but you will have access to a wide range of lecture courses at foundation or preliminary level, as appropriate. If you have changed fields, this will enable you to fill in gaps in your background knowledge. There is also a wide range of courses and workshops which you can attend to acquire skills that will be necessary for the pursuance and presentation of your research, as well as your professional development as a research scientist.

The MSc by Research in Biochemistry is normally a two year course, though if you have an appropriate background in research, you may be able to complete it in one year.

Research at the Department of Biochemistry is divided into five main themes:

• cell biology, development and genetics
• chromosomal and RNA biology
• infection and disease processes
• microbiology and systems biology
• structural biology and molecular biophysics .

Supervision

For this course, the allocation of graduate supervision is the responsibility of the Department of Biochemistry and it is not always possible to accommodate the preferences of incoming graduate students to work with a particular member of staff. Under exceptional circumstances a supervisor may be found outside the Department of Biochemistry. Information about  supervisors connected with this course  can also be found at the Department of Biochemistry website.

You will typically meet with your supervisor on a weekly or fortnightly basis. In addition, your supervisor may appoint a senior member of the laboratory as your day-to-day supervisor. Most laboratories also have weekly meetings where members present and discuss their results with other members of the laboratory.

You will begin your course as a probationary research student and near the end of your first year you will apply to transfer to MSc by Research status. This involves writing a short report on your research progress and statement of future research plans and giving a presentation. This will be assessed by two independent experts, who interview you as part of the process. Continuation in the programme is subject to passing the Transfer of Status exam.

If you wish, you may attempt to transfer to DPhil status instead of MSc by Research status at the end of your first year. To transfer to DPhil status, you are required to follow the same procedure as probationary research students on the DPhil in Biochemistry and must have supporting statements from your supervisor(s) and college.

The length of the programme depends on the following factors as judged by your supervisor(s) and assessors:

• focus and rate of student researcher development and progress
• achievement of acceptable focus and scope of thesis
• publication quality research
• length of available funding.

The final stage of the research programme is submission of your MSc thesis, which needs to be done within three years.

Your thesis is assessed by two independent experts (one of which will be external to the University of Oxford), who conduct a viva examination with you.

Graduate destinations

Approximately 80% of the department’s alumni who completed in the years 2015 to 2019 have pursued a career within academic or industrial research. Other graduates hold positions within a variety of different sectors including Patent Law, Management Consultancy, scientific publishing and teaching.

Changes to this course and your supervision

The University will seek to deliver this course in accordance with the description set out in this course page. However, there may be situations in which it is desirable or necessary for the University to make changes in course provision, either before or after registration. The safety of students, staff and visitors is paramount and major changes to delivery or services may have to be made in circumstances of a pandemic, epidemic or local health emergency. In addition, in certain circumstances, for example due to visa difficulties or because the health needs of students cannot be met, it may be necessary to make adjustments to course requirements for international study.

Where possible your academic supervisor will not change for the duration of your course. However, it may be necessary to assign a new academic supervisor during the course of study or before registration for reasons which might include illness, sabbatical leave, parental leave or change in employment.

For further information please see our page on changes to courses and the provisions of the student contract regarding changes to courses.

Entry requirements for entry in 2024-25

Proven and potential academic excellence.

The requirements described below are specific to this course and apply only in the year of entry that is shown. You can use our interactive tool to help you  evaluate whether your application is likely to be competitive .

Please be aware that any studentships that are linked to this course may have different or additional requirements and you should read any studentship information carefully before applying. 

Degree-level qualifications

As a minimum, applicants should hold or be predicted to achieve the following UK qualifications or their equivalent:

• a first-class or strong upper second-class undergraduate degree with honours.

The qualification above should be achieved in one of the following subject areas or disciplines:

• biochemistry
• cell biology
• molecular biology
• mathematics
• computation.

Please note that entrance is very competitive and most successful applicants have a first-class degree.

A previous master's degree is   not required in order to be considered for the programme.

For applicants with a degree from the USA, the minimum GPA sought is 3.5 out of 4.0. 

If your degree is not from the UK or another country specified above, visit our International Qualifications page for guidance on the qualifications and grades that would usually be considered to meet the University’s minimum entry requirements.

GRE General Test scores

No Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or GMAT scores are sought.

Other qualifications, evidence of excellence and relevant experience

• You are expected to have a good understanding of your proposed area of research and be familiar with the recent published work of your proposed supervisor(s)
• Research or work experience in an area related to your proposed MSc by Research project would be an advantage
• A track record demonstrating an interest in research, including the ability to master technical/computational skills, and plan and execute experiments effectively, is likely to advantage your application
• Publications are not required, but it may strengthen your application if you have already published your work in a scientific journal

English language proficiency

This course requires proficiency in English at the University's  standard level . If your first language is not English, you may need to provide evidence that you meet this requirement. The minimum scores required to meet the University's standard level are detailed in the table below.

*Previously known as the Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English or Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) † Previously known as the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English or Cambridge English: Proficiency (CPE)

Your test must have been taken no more than two years before the start date of your course. Our Application Guide provides further information about the English language test requirement .

Declaring extenuating circumstances

If your ability to meet the entry requirements has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic (eg you were awarded an unclassified/ungraded degree) or any other exceptional personal circumstance (eg other illness or bereavement), please refer to the guidance on extenuating circumstances in the Application Guide for information about how to declare this so that your application can be considered appropriately.

You will need to register three referees who can give an informed view of your academic ability and suitability for the course. The  How to apply  section of this page provides details of the types of reference that are required in support of your application for this course and how these will be assessed.

Supporting documents

You will be required to supply supporting documents with your application. The  How to apply  section of this page provides details of the supporting documents that are required as part of your application for this course and how these will be assessed.

Performance at interview

Interviews are normally held as part of the admissions process.  

The main round of interviews is held in January and in early February. Additional interviews may be held at later dates subject to the availability of places.

Applications are reviewed by a panel of academics associated with the course. A short-list of applicants is confirmed, based on assessment of achieved or predicted undergraduate degree grade, academic references, personal statement and CV.

Interviews are in person or by video link, take approximately 30 minutes, and are conducted by a panel of two or more interviewers. Applicants are asked to talk about any research project(s) that they may have pursued and questioned on aspects of their research training to date, understanding of the proposed area of study and motivation for undertaking a research degree.

How your application is assessed

Your application will be assessed purely on your proven and potential academic excellence and other entry requirements described under that heading.

References  and  supporting documents  submitted as part of your application, and your performance at interview (if interviews are held) will be considered as part of the assessment process. Whether or not you have secured funding will not be taken into consideration when your application is assessed.

An overview of the shortlisting and selection process is provided below. Our ' After you apply ' pages provide  more information about how applications are assessed . 

Shortlisting and selection

Students are considered for shortlisting and selected for admission without regard to age, disability, gender reassignment, marital or civil partnership status, pregnancy and maternity, race (including colour, nationality and ethnic or national origins), religion or belief (including lack of belief), sex, sexual orientation, as well as other relevant circumstances including parental or caring responsibilities or social background. However, please note the following:

• socio-economic information may be taken into account in the selection of applicants and award of scholarships for courses that are part of  the University’s pilot selection procedure  and for  scholarships aimed at under-represented groups ;
• country of ordinary residence may be taken into account in the awarding of certain scholarships; and
• protected characteristics may be taken into account during shortlisting for interview or the award of scholarships where the University has approved a positive action case under the Equality Act 2010.

Initiatives to improve access to graduate study

This course is taking part in a continuing pilot programme to improve the selection procedure for graduate applications, in order to ensure that all candidates are evaluated fairly.

For this course, socio-economic data (where it has been provided in the application form) will be used to contextualise applications at the different stages of the selection process.  Further information about how we use your socio-economic data  can be found in our page about initiatives to improve access to graduate study.

Processing your data for shortlisting and selection

Information about  processing special category data for the purposes of positive action  and  using your data to assess your eligibility for funding , can be found in our Postgraduate Applicant Privacy Policy.

Admissions panels and assessors

All recommendations to admit a student involve the judgement of at least two members of the academic staff with relevant experience and expertise, and must also be approved by the Director of Graduate Studies or Admissions Committee (or equivalent within the department).

Admissions panels or committees will always include at least one member of academic staff who has undertaken appropriate training.

Other factors governing whether places can be offered

The following factors will also govern whether candidates can be offered places:

• the ability of the University to provide the appropriate supervision for your studies, as outlined under the 'Supervision' heading in the  About  section of this page;
• the ability of the University to provide appropriate support for your studies (eg through the provision of facilities, resources, teaching and/or research opportunities); and
• minimum and maximum limits to the numbers of students who may be admitted to the University's taught and research programmes.

Offer conditions for successful applications

If you receive an offer of a place at Oxford, your offer will outline any conditions that you need to satisfy and any actions you need to take, together with any associated deadlines. These may include academic conditions, such as achieving a specific final grade in your current degree course. These conditions will usually depend on your individual academic circumstances and may vary between applicants. Our ' After you apply ' pages provide more information about offers and conditions . 

In addition to any academic conditions which are set, you will also be required to meet the following requirements:

Financial Declaration

If you are offered a place, you will be required to complete a  Financial Declaration  in order to meet your financial condition of admission.

Disclosure of criminal convictions

In accordance with the University’s obligations towards students and staff, we will ask you to declare any  relevant, unspent criminal convictions  before you can take up a place at Oxford.

Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS)

Some postgraduate research students in science, engineering and technology subjects will need an Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS) certificate prior to applying for a  Student visa (under the Student Route) . For some courses, the requirement to apply for an ATAS certificate may depend on your research area.

You will have access to:

• experimental facilities, as appropriate to your research
• IT support from both the Department of Biochemistry and University IT Services
• library services such as the Radcliffe Science Library and the  Cairns Library .

The provision of project-specific resources will be agreed with the relevant supervisor during the planning stages of the research project.

The Department of Biochemistry has in-house research facilities, including  advanced fluorescence microscopy ,  advanced proteomic s,  NMR spectroscopy ,  molecular biophysics , and  crystallography .

There is the possibility to use facilities in other departments across the division and to access remote facilities at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,  DIAMOND Light Source  and Harwell Science and Innovation Campus.

Departmental seminars and colloquia bring students together with academic and other research staff in the department to hear about on-going research, and provide an opportunity for networking and socialising.

Biochemistry

The Department of Biochemistry comprises over 45 research groups and around 400 researchers and support staff, including more than 100 graduate students.

Oxford's Department of Biochemistry is a vibrant research and teaching department and benefits from state-of-the-art research facilities in its stunning purpose-built building occupied since 2008.

Research in the department is very broad and encompasses all aspects of modern molecular and cellular biochemistry, from atomic resolution biophysics to cell biology and imaging. The quality of research is outstanding, as demonstrated by an impressive publications output and the international standing of many of the department's researchers.

Research students reading for their DPhil or MSc by Research in the Department of Biochemistry are admitted to one of several programmes, either by the department or one of Oxford’s Doctoral Training Centres (DTCs).

View all courses   View taught courses View research courses

The University expects to be able to offer over 1,000 full or partial graduate scholarships across the collegiate University in 2024-25. You will be automatically considered for the majority of Oxford scholarships , if you fulfil the eligibility criteria and submit your graduate application by the relevant December or January deadline. Most scholarships are awarded on the basis of academic merit and/or potential. 

For further details about searching for funding as a graduate student visit our dedicated Funding pages, which contain information about how to apply for Oxford scholarships requiring an additional application, details of external funding, loan schemes and other funding sources.

Please ensure that you visit individual college websites for details of any college-specific funding opportunities using the links provided on our college pages or below:

Please note that not all the colleges listed above may accept students on this course. For details of those which do, please refer to the College preference section of this page.

Further information about funding opportunities for this course can be found on the department's website.

Annual fees for entry in 2022-23

Further details about fee status eligibility can be found on the fee status webpage.

Information about course fees

Course fees are payable each year, for the duration of your fee liability (your fee liability is the length of time for which you are required to pay course fees). For courses lasting longer than one year, please be aware that fees will usually increase annually. For details, please see our guidance on changes to fees and charges .

Course fees cover your teaching as well as other academic services and facilities provided to support your studies. Unless specified in the additional information section below, course fees do not cover your accommodation, residential costs or other living costs. They also don’t cover any additional costs and charges that are outlined in the additional information below.

Continuation charges

Following the period of fee liability , you may also be required to pay a University continuation charge and a college continuation charge. The University and college continuation charges are shown on the Continuation charges page.

Where can I find further information about fees?

The Fees and Funding  section of this website provides further information about course fees , including information about fee status and eligibility  and your length of fee liability .

Additional information

There are no compulsory elements of this course that entail additional costs beyond fees (or, after fee liability ends, continuation charges) and living costs. However, please note that, depending on your choice of research topic and the research required to complete it, you may incur additional expenses, such as travel expenses, research expenses, and field trips. You will need to meet these additional costs, although you may be able to apply for small grants from your department and/or college to help you cover some of these expenses.

Living costs

In addition to your course fees, you will need to ensure that you have adequate funds to support your living costs for the duration of your course.

For the 2024-25 academic year, the range of likely living costs for full-time study is between c. £1,345 and £1,955 for each month spent in Oxford. Full information, including a breakdown of likely living costs in Oxford for items such as food, accommodation and study costs, is available on our living costs page. The current economic climate and high national rate of inflation make it very hard to estimate potential changes to the cost of living over the next few years. When planning your finances for any future years of study in Oxford beyond 2024-25, it is suggested that you allow for potential increases in living expenses of around 5% each year – although this rate may vary depending on the national economic situation. UK inflationary increases will be kept under review and this page updated.

Students enrolled on this course will belong to both a department/faculty and a college. Please note that ‘college’ and ‘colleges’ refers to all 43 of the University’s colleges, including those designated as societies and permanent private halls (PPHs). 

If you apply for a place on this course you will have the option to express a preference for one of the colleges listed below, or you can ask us to find a college for you. Before deciding, we suggest that you read our brief  introduction to the college system at Oxford  and our  advice about expressing a college preference . For some courses, the department may have provided some additional advice below to help you decide.

The following colleges accept students on the MSc by Research in Biochemistry:

• Balliol College
• Corpus Christi College
• Exeter College
• Green Templeton College
• Hertford College
• Jesus College
• Lady Margaret Hall
• Linacre College
• Lincoln College
• Magdalen College
• Merton College
• New College
• Oriel College
• Pembroke College
• The Queen's College
• Reuben College
• St Anne's College
• St Catherine's College
• St Cross College
• St Edmund Hall
• St Hilda's College
• St Hugh's College
• St John's College
• St Peter's College
• Somerville College
• University College
• Wadham College
• Wolfson College
• Worcester College
• Wycliffe Hall

Before you apply

We strongly recommend you consult the Medical Sciences Graduate School's research themes to identify the most suitable course and supervisor .

Our  guide to getting started  provides general advice on how to prepare for and start your application.  You can use our interactive tool to help you evaluate whether your application is likely to be competitive .

If it's important for you to have your application considered under a particular deadline – eg under a December or January deadline in order to be considered for Oxford scholarships – we recommend that you aim to complete and submit your application at least two weeks in advance . Check the deadlines on this page and the  information about deadlines and when to apply  in our Application Guide.

Application fee waivers

An application fee of £75 is payable per course application. Application fee waivers are available for the following applicants who meet the eligibility criteria:

• applicants from low-income countries;
• refugees and displaced persons; 
• UK applicants from low-income backgrounds; and 
• applicants who applied for our Graduate Access Programmes in the past two years and met the eligibility criteria.

You are encouraged to  check whether you're eligible for an application fee waiver  before you apply.

Readmission for current Oxford graduate taught students

If you're currently studying for an Oxford graduate taught course and apply to this course with no break in your studies, you may be eligible to apply to this course as a readmission applicant. The application fee will be waived for an eligible application of this type. Check whether you're eligible to apply for readmission .

Do I need to contact anyone before I apply?

Please refer to the  list of supervisors and projects  to identify areas of research that interest you as well as the contact details of potential supervisors. You are strongly encouraged to make contact with your proposed supervisor(s) in advance of applying. If you need help getting in touch with any of the research group leaders, please contact the department using the contact details provided on this page. 

Completing your application

You should refer to the information below when completing the application form, paying attention to the specific requirements for the supporting documents .

For this course, the application form will include questions that collect information that would usually be included in a CV/résumé. You should not upload a separate document. If a separate CV/résumé is uploaded, it will be removed from your application .

If any document does not meet the specification, including the stipulated word count, your application may be considered incomplete and not assessed by the academic department. Expand each section to show further details.

Proposed field and title of research project

Under 'Proposed field and title of research project' enter the  advertised research project codes  of at least one, and up to three chosen supervisors. You should list them in order of preference or indicate equal preference. The project code is shown when you expand the section beneath each supervisor's name on the department's webpage. You should not use this field to provide your own research proposal.

Proposed supervisor

Under 'Proposed supervisor name' enter the names of at least one, and up to three, academics who you would like to supervise your research. You should list them in order of preference or indicate equal preference. The supervisors that you choose should correspond with the projects that you indicated in the previous section.

Referees Three overall, academic preferred

Whilst you must register three referees, the department may start the assessment of your application if two of the three references are submitted by the course deadline and your application is otherwise complete. Please note that you may still be required to ensure your third referee supplies a reference for consideration.

References should generally be academic though a maximum of one professional reference is acceptable where you have completed an industrial placement or worked in a full-time position. Your references will support intellectual ability, academic achievement, motivation, and your ability to work in a group. 

Official transcript(s)

Your transcripts should give detailed information of the individual grades received in your university-level qualifications to date. You should only upload official documents issued by your institution and any transcript not in English should be accompanied by a certified translation.

More information about the transcript requirement is available in the Application Guide.

Statement of purpose/personal statement: A maximum of 500 words

You should provide a statement of your research interests, in English, describing how your background and research interests relate to the programme. If possible, please ensure that the word count is clearly displayed on the document.

The statement should focus on academic or research-related achievements and interests rather than personal achievements and interests.

This will be assessed for:

• your reasons for applying;
• evidence of motivation for and understanding of the proposed area of study;
• the ability to present a reasoned case in English;
• capacity for sustained and focused work; and
• understanding of problems in the area and ability to construct and defend an argument.

It will be normal for students’ ideas and goals to change in some ways as they undertake their studies, but your personal statement will enable you to demonstrate your current interests and aspirations.

Start or continue your application

You can start or return to an application using the relevant link below. As you complete the form, please  refer to the requirements above  and  consult our Application Guide for advice . You'll find the answers to most common queries in our FAQs.

Application Guide   Apply

ADMISSION STATUS

Closed to applications for entry in 2024-25

Register to be notified via email when the next application cycle opens (for entry in 2025-26)

12:00 midday UK time on:

Friday 1 December 2023 Latest deadline for most Oxford scholarships

A later deadline shown under 'Admission status' If places are still available,  applications may be accepted after 1 December . The 'Admissions status' (above) will provide notice of any later deadline.

^Included in 2024/25 places for the DPhil in Biochemistry *Three-year average (applications for entry in 2021-22 to 2023-24)

Further information and enquiries

This course is offered by the Department of Biochemistry

• Course page on the department's website
• Funding information from the department
• Academic and research staff
• Departmental research
• Medical Sciences Graduate School
• Residence requirements for full-time courses
• Postgraduate applicant privacy policy

Course-related enquiries

Advice about contacting the department can be found in the How to apply section of this page

✉ [email protected] ☎ +44 (0)1865 613210

Application-process enquiries

See the application guide

Other courses to consider

You may also wish to consider applying to other courses that are similar or related to this course:

View related courses

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Biochemistry

A biochemistry degree opens up a range of careers in both industry and research in areas such as health, food and agriculture, and the environment

Job options

Jobs directly related to your degree include:

• Academic researcher
• Analytical chemist
• Biomedical scientist
• Biotechnologist
• Clinical research associate
• Clinical scientist, biochemistry
• Forensic scientist
• Medicinal chemist
• Nanotechnologist
• Pharmacologist
• Physician associate
• Research scientist (life sciences)
• Scientific laboratory technician

Jobs where your degree would be useful include:

• Chartered accountant
• Environmental manager
• Health and safety inspector
• Medical science liaison
• Neuroscientist
• Patent examiner
• Product/process development scientist
• Science writer
• Toxicologist

Remember that many employers accept applications from graduates with any degree subject, so don't restrict your thinking to the jobs listed here.

Work experience

The practical and technical skills you develop during your biochemistry degree - through laboratory-based work and your final year research project - prepare you well for a research or technical position. Obtaining some work experience, for example a summer internship in a research laboratory or company, will help to boost your chances of finding a job.

Some universities provide a four-year undergraduate course that includes an industry/research placement year. This is usually undertaken in the pharmaceutical or biotechnical industries or a research institute. Opportunities also exist to take a placement abroad, expanding your career prospects. Work placements help develop key skills further and provide opportunities for building contacts and networking.

Whatever your career plans, it's important to enhance your degree with extra skills and experiences, which show that you are a proactive person engaging with the world around you.

Typical employers

The main employers of biochemistry graduates in the public sector include:

• Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency
• forensic science services
• government departments and executive agencies such as the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
• National Health Service
• research institutes
• universities.

Biochemistry graduates are also employed in industry. Typical employers include companies involved in:

• agricultural, food and water
• biomedicine
• biotechnology
• environmental sustainability
• pharmaceuticals.

Small companies employ biochemists to provide specialist services, such as toxicological studies.

Other employers include scientific and medical publishers and the Intellectual Property Office (as patent examiners). You can also use your biochemistry skills and knowledge in areas such as sales and marketing, where you could be selling the latest technology, scientific publishing and law firms dealing with scientific cases.

Find information on employers in science and pharmaceuticals , healthcare , teacher training and education and other job sectors .

Skills for your CV

During your degree you'll develop specific skills associated with biochemistry, such as:

• in-depth knowledge of molecular biology techniques
• practical laboratory skills
• the ability to understand complex biological processes
• the ability to assemble an argument and engage in debate
• observation skills
• research and data analysis
• critical thinking and problem solving.

Other skills include:

• maths and information technology
• communication and presentation
• report writing
• planning and time management
• the ability to work to deadlines
• teamworking
• self-management and the ability to work independently.

You can demonstrate your experience in these areas by giving examples from the practical work and group projects included in your degree course, as well as any work experience you've done.

Further study

Some undergraduate courses integrate three years of undergraduate study with a further fourth year of study at postgraduate level, leading to a Masters qualification.

Study at Masters or PhD level is usually required for a career in research or industry. A PhD, for example, is essential for academic research or to secure a career as an academic lecturer. Even for associated careers such as publishing, science communication or clinical careers, further qualifications can be an asset and are becoming increasingly important.

You'll also need to undertake further training for careers in teaching, accountancy or law, for example.

With a biochemistry degree you can also apply for graduate entry to medicine, dentistry and veterinary science.

For more information on further study and to find a course that interests you, see Masters degrees and search postgraduate courses in biochemistry .

What do biochemistry graduates do?

A fifth (22%) of biochemistry graduates are natural and social science professionals 15 months after graduation. Moreover, 16% are working as science, engineering and production technicians, 5% are teaching professionals, 4% are business, research and administrative professionals, 4% are IT professionals, 3% are business associate professionals, while a further 3% are also business associate professionals.

Find out what other biochemistry graduates are doing 15 months after finishing their degrees in What do graduates do?

Graduate Outcomes survey data from HESA.

Find out more

• Biochemical Society - Careers in molecular bioscience
• Royal Society of Biology - Careers

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Exploring Career in Biochemistry: Opportunities and Paths

Are you looking for the best career in Biochemistry ? If yes, this article gives you basic information about it.

Biochemistry is a field of science that deals with the chemical processes that occur within living organisms. It is a broad discipline that covers various topics, such as studying proteins , enzymes, DNA, and other biological molecules .

The study of biochemistry provides a foundation for many fields, including medicine, pharmacy, and biotechnology. This article will explore the various opportunities and paths available for a career in biochemistry.

Table of Contents

Career in Biochemistry

A. research scientist.

Research scientists in biochemistry conduct experiments and analyze data to understand the structure and function of biological molecules.

They also develop new techniques and technologies to study biological systems. Research scientists typically work in academic research institutions, government agencies, or biotech companies.

b. Medical Scientist

Medical scientists in biochemistry study the causes and treatments of diseases. They often work in academic medical centers, government agencies, or pharmaceutical companies.

Medical scientists can also work in clinical trials, testing new drugs and treatments’ safety and effectiveness.

c. Biochemist

Biochemists work in various industries, including food science, agriculture, and environmental science.

They are responsible for understanding the chemical reactions within biological systems, developing new products, and improving existing ones. Biochemists also work in research and development in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

d. Forensic Scientist

Forensic scientists in biochemistry analyze biological samples, such as blood and DNA, to assist in criminal investigations. They often work in forensic laboratories, law enforcement agencies, or private companies.

e. Science Writer

Science writers in biochemistry communicate scientific concepts and research to the general public. They often work for newspapers, magazines, or online publications. Science writers can also work in public relations, communicating scientific information to the media and the public.

Educational Paths in Biochemistry

A. bachelor’s degree.

A bachelor’s degree in biochemistry is the first step toward a career in this field. Students in a bachelor’s program will study various topics, such as genetics, organic chemistry, and molecular biology.

A bachelor’s degree is required for entry-level positions in the field.

b. Master’s Degree

A master’s degree in biochemistry provides a more in-depth study of the field.

Students in a master’s program can specialize in areas such as biophysics, enzymology, and protein chemistry. A master’s degree is required for many positions in research and development.

A Ph.D. in biochemistry is required for most advanced research positions.

Students in a Ph.D. program conduct original research and develop new techniques and technologies. A Ph.D. is also required for teaching positions in academia.

d. Postdoctoral Fellowship

A postdoctoral fellowship is a research position that provides additional training and experience for Ph.D. graduates.

Postdoctoral fellows work in research institutions, government agencies, or pharmaceutical companies.

A postdoctoral fellowship is typically a requirement for many academic and industry research positions.

Biochemistry offers various career opportunities in research, medicine, industry, and communication.

To pursue a career in this field, students must complete a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry or a related field.

Advanced degrees, such as a master’s or Ph.D., are required for many research and development positions.

Students should also consider gaining practical experience through internships or postdoctoral fellowships.

With the proper education and training, a career in biochemistry can be rewarding and fulfilling.

Check your opportunities on Linkedin Jobs now

Frequently Answered Questions (FAQs)

What kind of degree do i need to pursue a career in biochemistry .

To pursue a career in biochemistry, you typically need a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry or a related field. A graduate degree in biochemistry, chemistry, or biology is often required for more advanced positions.

What skills do I need to succeed in a career in biochemistry?

Successful biochemists typically have a strong foundation in biology, chemistry, and mathematics. They should also have strong analytical skills, attention to detail, and problem-solving abilities.

What is the job outlook for biochemists? 

The job outlook for biochemists is strong, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting a 4% growth rate between 2019 and 2029.

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Our research

Through our team of 400 researchers and support staff we’re exploring a wide variety of topics across all areas of biochemistry, researching at molecular, structural and cell levels.

We work to understand the mechanisms underlying the fundamental question - what is life? Our approaches span huge scales, from single atoms to entire organisms. We investigate proteins by describing the position of every atom, image individual proteins carrying out their function in living cells and follow cells as they work together in tissues. This knowledge can then put to work by scientists, medical doctors and businesses to develop new ways of protecting and advancing human life.

This kind of high-quality research involves many exceptionally-skilled people and costs a lot of money, so every year we raise around £12.5million to support our work. This money comes from the UK government, international research councils, UK charities and industrial sources. Raised in competitions for funding with other scientists from all over the world, it enables us to publish over 250 research studies every year. Because of this our work is internationally recognised for its impact on human life and for decades we’ve maintained our reputation as a world-leading centre for biochemistry.

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• v.295(31); 2020 Jul 31

A revolution in biochemistry and molecular biology education informed by basic research to meet the demands of 21st century career paths

Paul n. black.

Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

The National Science Foundation estimates that 80% of the jobs available during the next decade will require math and science skills, dictating that programs in biochemistry and molecular biology must be transformative and use new pedagogical approaches and experiential learning for careers in industry, research, education, engineering, health-care professions, and other interdisciplinary fields. These efforts require an environment that values the individual student and integrates recent advances from the primary literature in the discipline, experimentally directed research, data collection and analysis, and scientific writing. Current trends shaping these efforts must include critical thinking, experimental testing, computational modeling, and inferential logic. In essence, modern biochemistry and molecular biology education must be informed by, and integrated with, cutting-edge research. This environment relies on sustained research support, commitment to providing the requisite mentoring, access to instrumentation, and state-of-the-art facilities. The academic environment must establish a culture of excellence and faculty engagement, leading to innovation in the classroom and laboratory. These efforts must not lose sight of the importance of multidimensional programs that enrich science literacy in all facets of the population, students and teachers in K-12 schools, nonbiochemistry and molecular biology students, and other stakeholders. As biochemistry and molecular biology educators, we have an obligation to provide students with the skills that allow them to be innovative and self-reliant. The next generation of biochemistry and molecular biology students must be taught proficiencies in scientific and technological literacy, the importance of the scientific discourse, and skills required for problem solvers of the 21st century.

Establishing the foundation

For many biochemists and molecular cell biologists, the foundations driving interests in biology were immediately experiential. Most young children watch seeds sprout, plant a small garden, or conduct the celery experiment with colored water; some may make a pH indicator from purple cabbage or help deliver a calf or a litter of puppies. With such experiences, I always had questions about natural things—mostly biology, many not immediately answered—and thus required a visit to the local library or taking a dusty college book off the shelf in the living room. By middle school, interests grew, and learning about and drawing atomic orbitals was nothing short of fantastic. The subsequent foundations in math, chemistry, physics, and biology in high school were routine and lacked the excitement from earlier instructors with one exception. As a senior and taking now what would be called AP Biology or AP Chemistry, there was immersion with hands-on activities that included everything from pH curves and enzyme assays to animal dissections coupled with active discussions by teams of students of how and why. This was the foundation that established interests, thus setting the stage for my decisions and programs of study in college.

As an undergraduate student in the mid-1970s, I immediately realized that basic research was fundamental in driving education in biochemistry and cell and molecular biology. The journal Cell had been established in 1974 and, along with more established journals including the Journal of Biological Chemistry , Journal of Cell Biology , and Biochemistry , served as a platform linking cutting-edge research with teaching a sophomore-level cell biology course and extending to biochemistry and biophysical chemistry in subsequent years. The use of primary literature, while tough, provided real-time information that was being integrated into foundational concepts. As so, following my sophomore year, it was time to join a research laboratory, which was initially daunting, yet in time, an independent research project was developed that along with a rigorous course of study in biology and chemistry was foundational for advanced studies.

Graduate school offered the opportunity to deploy many of the same strategies using primary literature while teaching cell and molecular biology laboratory and learning the value of teamwork. There was an immediate realization that one's passion for cutting-edge science was not universal, and thus it was essential to develop strategies demonstrating how the use of a research article in a laboratory setting was approachable. It became important to ask: How do you teach a sophomore to read a primary research paper? Where does data come from, and how can it be interpreted? How can a team be more effective that a single individual in addressing a specific question? And how does that data yield new information to drive the field forward? What came from this two-year period was a basic understanding of balancing the need to understand a concept and coupling that information with cutting-edge research to further advance that concept.

One of the highlights of being a postdoctoral research fellow in the early 1980s was working with undergraduate students with a keen interest in biochemistry and molecular biology. My research was addressing the mechanistic basis of fatty acid transport and linkages to fatty acid activation and oxidation in Escherichia coli . It was during this period that the real importance of teamwork in science at the bench became apparent and that undergraduate students were effective members of a team given the proper mentoring. The undergraduate students were involved in key aspects of the work that included cloning the gene required for fatty acid transport ( fadL ), defining both patterns of complementation and expression, and culminating with purifying the protein FadL and showing that it was localized to the outer membrane. Three of the five papers published as a postdoc included undergraduate authors ( 1 , – 3 ).

These foundations are not unique, as most scientists have comparable experiences. They did however, guide my passion to link research with teaching and learning with the firm belief that biochemistry and molecular biology education is informed by basic research. These linkages are coincident with science (and, more broadly, STEM) education research addressing the importance of asking questions, designing and conducting experiments, collecting data, drawing conclusions, participating in scientific discourse, developing novel pedagogical tools, and communicating findings to advance the field. This experiential learning, as informed by science education research, also requires creating rubrics to establish goals and outcomes and to assess learning ( 4 , – 6 ).

Setting the stage to create the right balance in biochemistry and molecular biology education and cutting-edge research

The Morrill Act of 1862 establishing land grant universities, including the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL), was profound by promoting “without excluding other scientific and classical studies…the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life” ( 7 ). The training in biochemistry at UNL embraces the importance of broader practical instruction and the training of scientifically literate graduates, which is consistent with the view that higher education is the major engine for socio-economic development. The transformation of our programs of study in biochemistry began in earnest in 2010, beginning with the recommendations from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Education Council found in seminal documents, including Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education: A Call to Action ( 8 ) and Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future ( 9 ). This transformation was also informed by pioneering faculty at the university, in particular that of the botanist Charles Bessey. Bessey was known for innovative teaching methods that followed his belief that education was to be informed by research ( 10 ). His teaching and research were experiential and included establishing the classification system for flowering plants that has become standard. The impact of his efforts continues to resonate in the Nebraska National Forest, the first artificial forest that began with his tree-planting experiments with his students and in the establishment of federal programs that funded modern agricultural experiment stations.

The efforts to fully integrate the undergraduate and graduate education and research missions in the Department of Biochemistry began with the development of guiding principles, which were founded with the understanding that what we do in research and teaching is to improve the human condition.

• Commit to an uncompromising pursuit of excellence . Commitment to excellence is the firm ethos in teaching and research and is reflected by excellence in undergraduate and graduate education, cutting-edge research, and the generation of knowledge that is world class.
• Stimulate research and creative work that fosters discovery, pushes frontiers, and advances society . The highest standards for advancing research must be sustained through extramural funds and publications in the highest-quality journals in biochemistry and the molecular life sciences.
• Establish research and creative work as the foundation for teaching and learning . Students pursing a biochemistry and molecular biology degree must be afforded every opportunity to conduct high-impact research in faculty laboratories with funding from individual grants and institutional programs that support such research efforts.
• Prepare students for life through learner-centered education . Students must be guided and challenged in classrooms and laboratories to become independent in seeking the knowledge and skills required to become successful professionals in biochemistry, molecular biology, biomedicine, and related fields.
• Engage with academic, business, and civic communities throughout the state and the world . Interactions and collaborations in biochemistry extend beyond the walls of the university to colleges and universities within the state and around the world, and through engagement with the private sector it is essential to bring the products of research and teaching to consumers as a benefit to society.
• Create an academic environment that values diversity of ideas and people. The faculty and staff of the Department of Biochemistry at UNL embrace diversity and inclusive excellence as a fundamental core value.

Establishing a scholarly environment where research informs teaching and teaching informs research

The Department of Biochemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln was formally established in its current structure in 1995. The major immediately became popular, especially for students wanting to pursue medical school. By 2006, the department had a number of high-impact and established research programs, yet as a small research-intensive unit, teaching was seen as secondary. I joined the department as Chair in 2008 with a highly productive and externally supported research program, continuing our efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of fatty acid transport. Our work had progressed from a bacterial model and over a 23-year period had progressed to yeast, mammalian cell culture, and animal models ( e.g. see Refs. 11 , – 15 ). The attraction of leading biochemistry at UNL was that all fundamentals were in place; the challenge was to move the department into the 21st century by linking research and teaching in proactive ways through engagement and new faculty recruitment. At the time, the department had a robust graduate program with high-caliber students conducting cutting-edge research.

Three members of the biochemistry faculty were working in the biochemistry education research space at that time, but their efforts were not integrated with the traditionally research-intensive faculty ( 16 , 17 ). This situation was not unique to UNL, as there are comparable challenges in the STEM fields throughout the country, many of which have resulted into two-tiered departments. To this end, there was a significant uphill battle that had to occur in moving faculty from the “talking head” in course delivery to active learning with full integration of teaching and learning with research. I had seen this in play out as an undergraduate student and knew the value of this linkage and how basic research informed teaching. Further, during the 22 years prior to assuming the leadership of biochemistry at UNL, my teaching was in both medical and graduate education, where integrating foundational research into teaching, including medical biochemistry, was an essential part of my approach. A number of issues at UNL began to coalesce, including the opportunity to hire a significant number of faculty and build a modern, high-impact Department of Biochemistry with strong research programs linked to teaching and learning and meeting the demands of 21st century career paths. This included hiring 19 new faculty members (2 joint) since 2010 to advance the biochemistry research and teaching missions. The challenges were to hire both strategically and deliberately to strengthen research and teaching and to establish a faculty with demographics that were shared by the student population. A central tenant in all of these efforts was one of inclusive excellence.

The initial challenge was to convince the “traditionalists” that teaching 21st century biochemistry and molecular biology the way they were taught was inconsistent with training a modern workforce with a biochemistry education at the core. Part of this first challenge was eliminated with retirements. The second challenge was to identify strategic needs within the unit that worked collectively to advance both research and teaching. I likened this challenge to being the conductor of an orchestra, where all parts are essential and where the whole was greater than the sum of the parts. If the violins were not in synchrony with the brass, the result would be catastrophic. If there were weaknesses in the percussion or woodwinds that needed to be addressed, this became the priority. As a department chair, I did not need to tell the faculty what to do but, like a conductor, had to establish the environment to achieve optimal collaboration and integration among the existing and newly recruited faculty, professional and technical staff, and students. This challenge was also mindful of linking research areas and programs both within biochemistry and with other programs for added strength and impact. It was also mindful of the changing face of modern biochemistry and molecular biology to be more quantitative, especially with the emergence of high-throughout data and systems biology. A final and important challenge was to make biochemistry a true academic home for nearly 400 undergraduate majors. This necessitated a careful review of the curriculum and the establishment of practices where students were engaged and mentored in their progression through the program over four years. This also required building a faculty that valued basic research in biochemistry and molecular biology that extended to teaching and learning. The result was a broad appreciation of the interplay between research that advanced teaching and learning and the development of novel pedagogical tools and basic research that generated new knowledge.

The environment that was established over a 10-year period was one of inclusive excellence and one that allowed the best ideas to come forward and be discussed and refined with many being implemented. During this same period, the research programs with highly talented graduate students and postdoctoral research fellows flourished, advancing programs in plant biochemistry, metabolic biochemistry, biomedical biochemistry, biophysical chemistry, and biochemical informatics. One key outcome of this excellence was the development of a graduate training program, supported by the National Institutes of Health, in the Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. The breadth of research in combination with changes in the teaching culture established a landscape required to advance the training of students for existing and emerging career paths.

Leadership, innovation, and team building

Leadership in any academic department requires a long-term vision, not simply maintaining the status quo and steering the unit. Like a conductor and their orchestra, academic leadership requires a clear understanding of the team, the measures of success, and how that fuels the vision. In biochemistry, the excitement of basic research and the generation of new knowledge is foundational. The hum of active research programs is contagious and spills into the hallways and seminar rooms where there is experimental planning, the sharing of data, and active discussions. As members of a biochemistry department not associated with a medical school, the graduate and undergraduate students in the laboratories and classrooms become part of the fabric and through a fully engaged learning environment, gain the requisite foundations for their chosen career paths.

A central component of leadership in biochemistry, especially in a research-intensive institution, is to lead by example and embrace the missions of the department. At UNL, this was the clear expectation of the faculty—in essence, leadership that understood the details of the interrelated academic missions by being in and coming from the trenches. Academic leadership in a research-intensive department cannot be equated with just being a unit administrator. Leading by example was crucial in building biochemistry and required maintaining a robust research program with undergraduate and graduate students ( e.g. see Refs. 18 and 19 ), contributing to the teaching mission and team building. It also required continual engagement with the faculty, staff, and students and proactive discussions with the deans and upper university administration. The balancing required was much like walking on a floor of marbles and meeting the needs and vision of the faculty using the resources available through the university.

In 2010-11 and again in 2016-17, the Department of Biochemistry had to complete formal academic program reviews. As is the case for most academic departments, both were initiated with a self-study, which culminated with guiding principles and strategic visions. My resolve was that these reviews be faculty-driven, and indeed this was the case. Both occurred at the right time in moving the department forward. The first was significant as it identified the challenges and gaps required to advance the research and teaching missions into the 21st century. The second built on the outcomes of the first and included a number of new faculty hires that were crucial in developing the Vision of Excellence 2017–2022 document that, while dynamic, has proven highly successful in meeting the challenges of a 21st century Department of Biochemistry. Following the first academic program review, key faculty hires were made that were largely directed to strengthening the research programs in redox biochemistry, biophysical chemistry, metabolic biochemistry, plant biochemistry, and systems biology and biochemical informatics. It became important at the time that a significant effort be made to advance biochemistry in teaching and learning. During this period and as noted above, the interplay between research that advanced teaching and the development of novel pedagogical tools and basic research that generated new knowledge became part of the departmental culture.

The 2016-17 academic program review was able to highlight the successes of the previous years and set the stage for the continued growth of the department with the understanding that research and teaching are interdependent and that strength in one provides strength to the other. During this period, the four-year curriculum had been modified to include biochemistry courses in each academic year, thus creating an academic home for the undergraduate students. There were expanded efforts to engage as many students as possible in basic research laboratory work in biochemistry and across campus in the larger molecular life sciences. In concert with these efforts, internal and external grants were awarded to members of the faculty to strengthen biochemistry teaching and learning—these grants were given the same high level of recognition as those supporting basic research. These efforts were coincident with strengthening a strong graduate program to include increased emphasis on the diversity of career paths. All of this was occurring in an environment that was driven by the faculty and from team building that was coming from within. The outcomes have been remarkable, with a level of faculty interaction in both research and teaching and, more specifically, a level of excitement linking the two. In addition to grants being awarded to support teaching and learning, four members of the faculty were awarded National Science Foundation CAREER grants in 2018 and 2019. These grants require outreach and education as central pillars of a cutting-edge research program. I remain convinced that these awards were successful in large part because of the environment established in the department that values research and teaching at the same level—this is an environment of inclusive excellence.

As the University of Nebraska celebrated the 150th year since its founding and the Department of Biochemistry its 25th year, the department was awarded the 2019 University-wide Departmental Teaching Award as one of the President's Faculty Excellence Awards. The University of Nebraska system specifically recognized the tradition of pedagogical excellence through faculty engagement and innovation. There was praise for the department's innovative educational programs that emphasize critical thinking, experimental testing, and molecular and computational modeling that are directly linked to excellence in basic research in redox biochemistry, biophysical chemistry, metabolic biochemistry, plant biochemistry, and systems biology and biochemical informatics. The department was recognized for transforming biochemistry education and developing life-long learners, leading to a number of high-impact career paths. The linkage between research that advanced teaching and the development of novel pedagogical tools and basic research that generated new knowledge was the common thread creating synergy leading to strength.

Program of study, critical thinking, and importance of scientific discourse

With the modernization of the biochemistry undergraduate curriculum to meet 21st century career paths, as is the case in many programs throughout the country, student engagement in their learning through critical thinking has become an expectation. It is now the tradition of biochemistry at UNL to present a body of information in concert with asking where it came from and how it advanced the field. As noted above, the biochemistry program has been modified to cover all four years. These changes in the undergraduate biochemistry curriculum have been driven by the faculty and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Kelly Fund, which is an internal philanthropic fund that supports advances in teaching and learning. The fundamentals are taught, but with a high level of student engagement in current trends in research, thereby providing an important backdrop to add interest and applicability to the learning process.

Beginning as freshman, students are introduced to fundamental concepts stemming from the ASBMB accreditation core concepts (energy is required by and transformed in biological systems; macromolecular structure determines function and regulation; information storage and flow are dynamic and interactive; and discovery requires objective measurement, quantitative analysis, and clear communication) at the same time they are taking initial sequences in biology, math, and chemistry. Student learning is assessed through on-line concept inventories. Students write a position abstract using the tools of scientific discourse to argue for or against statements made on a product that claims to be scientifically or clinically proven. Finally, they write a short scientific paper based on suggested topics within the core concepts that requires mastery of PubMed, learning to write in their own words, and citations of at least three primary works using the Journal of Biological Chemistry format. These efforts are integrated with college planning and skills, goal setting, discussions of working in a research laboratory and understanding the importance of teamwork in learning, and discussions of career paths.

As the biochemistry students progress through the curriculum as sophomores, they are introduced to the critical nature of biochemical data and in particular how is it generated, interpreted, and presented in a scientific publication. These efforts are completed in concert with more writing and the integration of the data analyzed with other related works. Students work individually and in groups of four, with the class size limited to 24. This approach, while demanding, generates much discussion and a clear appreciation of scientific teamwork. Our experience shows that students taking this course prior to taking the year-long biochemistry sequence have enhanced performance.

The third year of study includes a two-semester comprehensive biochemistry sequence that has evolved from being presented in a typical lecture style to one blending experiential learning and standard lectures. The challenge has been the delivery of such a biochemistry sequence with 300-350 students, including 70-80 biochemistry majors. Faculty that teach in this sequence have led efforts developing interactive learning modules using dynamic 3D printed models to allow students to visualize biomolecular structures. At present, three targeted learning objectives related to DNA and RNA structure, transcription factor-DNA interactions, and DNA supercoiling dynamics have been developed and accompanied by assessment tools to gauge student learning in a large classroom setting. Students had normalized learning gains of 49% with respect to their ability to understand and relate molecular structures to biochemical functions ( 20 ). The technologies developed are significant and allow students to understand macromolecular structure-function relationships and observe molecular dynamics and interactions ( 21 ). I am quite certain that additional innovative teaching technologies along these lines will be developed to enhance learning in this biochemistry sequence. An additional and highly innovative platform developed by biochemistry faculty, the Cell Collective, uses computational modules allowing students to gain first-hand experience in areas as diverse as cellular respiration and the molecular dynamics of the lac operon ( 22 ). These efforts break down the barriers common in a large classroom setting, allowing students to work in small groups to understand complex biochemical processes. The junior/senior laboratory sequence in biochemistry has been modernized and directly linked to ongoing basic research in faculty members' laboratories. As students gain broad understanding of basic biochemical concepts, they become well-prepared for advanced training in biophysical chemistry and structural biology that includes hands-on experience using programs such as PyMOL. These later efforts are coordinated with literature reviews, problem solving, and group presentations.

As seniors, biochemistry students complete a capstone course in Advanced Topics in Biochemistry with different topics that range from Plant Metabolic Engineering and Trace Metals in Redox Homeostasis to Metabolons and Metabolic Flux and the Biochemistry of Starvation and Obesity. These classes are limited to 24 students with group discussions that culminate in writing an advanced scientific paper and presentations. A central aspect of this course centers on scientific discourse with active discussions addressing potential discordance of data stemming from different experimental approaches. One instructor uses peer review of the student manuscripts, which culminates with a compendium of papers in the student journal, Advances in Biochemistry , that is shared with the class and archived by the department. Although the topical areas differ by instructor, this course is assessed using rubrics that are common among all sections.

For the majority of UNL biochemistry majors, their participation in laboratory-based research is woven throughout the program of study. In addition, and importantly, each student is individually mentored throughout the program of study.

Primary research and creative works and the balance to maintain excellence in the biochemistry curriculum

The Department of Biochemistry at UNL has top-tier research programs with research expenditures of $9-10 million/year, the majority of which are externally supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, USDA, Department of Energy, and private foundations including the American Heart Association and Michael J. Fox Foundation. Coupled with this strength in research is a university-wide and highly impactful undergraduate research program, Undergraduate Creative Activities and Research Experiences (UCARE), that supports students over two semesters or a summer. UCARE is funded in part by gifts from the Pepsi Quasi Endowment and Union Bank and Trust. The office of the Agriculture Research Division (ARD) also supports academic and summer research experiences for undergraduate students. UCARE and ARD students must identify a research mentor and write a research proposal that is peer-reviewed. In biochemistry, additional undergraduate research students are supported during the academic year and summer by funds from individual research grants. These students are guided through standard operating procedures in research, biosafety, codes of conduct, expectations for ethical research, finding the right graduate program, and assistance through the graduate school application process.

At any given time, there are upwards of 50 undergraduate research students in the Department of Biochemistry laboratory. In addition, an additional 80–90 biochemistry undergraduate students are in the molecular life science laboratory, ranging from those in the Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry to those in Psychology and Food Science and Technology. It is important to point out that many of these students begin working in a research laboratory in their freshman and sophomore years and continue through graduation. All of the undergraduate research students participate in two university-wide research fairs, which involve juried poster presentations. Many of these students present their work in national forums including the ASBMB Annual Undergraduate Research Symposium. In addition to these undergraduate research programs, the university hosts numerous Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) programs that are directed to students outside the university for research-intensive experiences in the summer. For those with interests in biochemistry, there are programs in Redox Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, and Virology.

Embedded within these high-impact research programs are graduate students and postdoctoral research fellows. At any given time, there are 30–35 Ph.D. students and an additional 30–35 postdoctoral research fellows. These laboratories provide cutting-edge research environments where undergraduate research students become members of research teams, much in the same way I did as an undergraduate student.

These research experiences for undergraduate students occur because all members of the biochemistry faculty (and others in the molecular life sciences) see this as part of their scholarly activities and as members of the academy. Whereas maintaining a high research profile is essential for our institution, the proactive engagement of undergraduate students is also part of the fabric of the department.

This brings me back to the orchestra. The conductor generally does not play an instrument, yet he or she occupies a unique space between the orchestra and the audience. The conductor must understand the dynamics that occur in that setting and set the stage to benefit both the audience and the orchestra. Orchestrating a research-intensive biochemistry department, like that at UNL, with nearly 400 undergraduate students has many of the same elements. The cutting-edge research in biophysical chemistry or metabolism is part of the foundation. Initially, the students see such activities as the audience, many as freshmen as they are introduced to the discipline and asking the question of why study biochemistry with its demands. They see the latest papers published from the department faculty on electronic boards highlighting novel cutting-edge research. Like a student of the orchestra, they are introduced to a small part of what we call biochemistry, but with the clear understanding that this is only a part of the total. Many students may not be able to work in in a research laboratory due to a variety of circumstances. In these situations, they gain experience in a teaching laboratory that is designed to emulate basic research. In both situations, these students learn and grow, in both the laboratory and a classroom that is increasingly experiential. Through the integration of basic research and modern teaching, these students become members of the orchestra we call biochemistry. The leadership of modern programs in biochemistry and molecular biology must facilitate this process. Like the conductor, departmental leadership must understand all aspects of the orchestra and the audience, in essence research and teaching and learning. They must establish an environment where students are trained in the discipline to advance their chosen career paths. This is the balance of teaching and research that maintains excellence in the biochemistry curriculum.

The richness of this type of training environment cannot be understated. The biochemistry students at UNL have been highly successful as evidenced by co-authorship on research papers, presentations, and awards. Over the past five years, biochemistry students have presented their research at the ASBMB annual meeting, where they have had opportunities to talk with the leaders in the field. Several of our students received outreach grants from the ASBMB, including one to support the Science Olympiad. Locally, biochemistry undergraduate research students continue to receive top awards at the university-wide research fairs. A number of these students have extended their efforts through participation in activities outside the traditional mainstream of basic research. One example are biochemistry students who have participated in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (IGEM) program. Others have coupled study abroad programs with experiential learning in biochemistry and biomedicine. Prior to graduation, students meet with the department chair, individually or in small groups, to provide their assessment of the program—over the past five years, the feedback has been uniformly positive. Finally, and importantly, the majority of biochemistry students enter postbaccalaureate programs with a high level of success, ranging from graduate programs in biochemistry and molecular biology to medical school, law school, and allied health programs. Others enter the local biotechnology sector, and in several cases, these individuals have risen to leadership roles in a short time.

Biochemistry and the nonmajor, engagement in K-12 education, and outreach

Biochemistry interfaces with many life science and engineering programs, and through course offerings for nonmajors, the department continues to occupy an important niche in teaching these students. These efforts are essential to the vitality of the department and are essential parts of the orchestra. In many cases, the challenges are greater, as many of these students do not have the vested interest in the discipline and are taking biochemistry courses as part of their degree requirements. Nonetheless, members of the biochemistry faculty have been highly innovative in this space and are now using course‐based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) as part of these activities, both in large classroom and laboratory settings. In addition, full on-line versions for summer and continuing education students and blended learning approaches are also being fully deployed.

There are now significant efforts coming from the biochemistry faculty to engage students in K-12 education. Current efforts include discipline-based education research and science literacy programs leading to the development of novel pedagogical strategies with a specific focus on developing educational programs in the molecular life sciences for K-12 schools and nonformal learning environments. These efforts are advancing the department's national leadership in youth education in the molecular life sciences, affording increased awareness of and interest in careers related to science. One area of particular interest is instruction in core biochemistry courses that serve the broader life sciences community, including delivery to nontraditional learners ( e.g. on-line courses for continuing education).

As part of the culture of inclusive excellence and linking research to teaching and learning, the department continues to be active in science outreach efforts. These efforts may be more minor at the outset, but consider how elements within an orchestral program come together—the tympani or piccolo at just the right time and with the right amount of emphasis and impact results in an outcome far greater than the sum of the parts. These efforts are driven by the faculty that become involved in university-wide efforts to provide broad exposure of students, especially those from underserved communities, to the importance and impact of modern science. Two programs hosted by UNL that are of special note, Upward Bound and Women in Science, include efforts led by biochemistry research–intensive faculty with a commitment to teaching and learning outside the traditional boundaries of the academy.

Importance of ASBMB accreditation and maintaining high standards of excellence for 21st century career paths

Undergraduate education is a fundamental priority of the University of Nebraska. The biochemistry faculty have developed an undergraduate academic program that is directed at providing the foundation required for careers in industry, research, education, engineering, health professions, or other interdisciplinary fields. The B.S. degree is reflective of the discipline as a whole and includes current advances from medicine to biotechnology. The philosophy underpinning the undergraduate biochemistry program is a curriculum that includes coursework in each of the four years of study, individual mentoring, and the requisite electives for modern career specializations. Central to this philosophy are pedagogical strategies that include discussions of current research trends in biochemistry in the classroom at all undergraduate levels. Finally, and as detailed above, the biochemistry program works to provide primary research opportunities for all undergraduate majors, beginning as early as first semester freshman, as part of their experiential learning.

The Department of Biochemistry's undergraduate program was accredited by the ASBMB in 2016 for a full seven-year term. The move to have a fully accredited program was driven by the high standards expected in the program of study, ongoing program assessment through concept inventories, and increased national recognition ( 23 , – 25 ). The assessment exam given each year has allowed faculty to identify areas of strength and weakness in the program of study. One outcome of this assessment was to develop a senior level course in Biophysical Chemistry and Structural Biology, which integrates core concepts of physical chemistry with a focus on basic biochemical mechanisms. Since the biochemistry major was accredited, the number of undergraduate majors has increased by nearly 20%. More recently, the department has deployed a second biochemistry track with increased emphasis on biochemical informatics, statistics, and computational modeling. Coincident with these changes, the department has recently built a Biochemistry Resource Center that provides a visible home for the biochemistry undergraduate and graduate programs and a facility with full audio-visual capabilities for individualized study, tutoring, and small group discussions that include course-based and research-based efforts.

The finale of a symphonic work comes when all of the parts are visible—and heard—and this collective has lasting impact. This is not the result of one individual but of the many and, as noted, requires leadership that allows the best in each part to come forward. This finale is played in the UNL Department of Biochemistry just prior graduation in May and December, where members of the faculty host a Graduation Celebration to honor individual undergraduate and graduate students and their accomplishments. This finale extends to the recognition of biochemistry juniors and seniors as ASBMB Honor Society (Chi Omega Lambda) members. From 2016 to 2020, 28 of our students were inducted into Chi Omega Lambda and received their cords as part of the Graduation Celebration in May in recognition of their scholarly achievements, research accomplishments, and outreach activities. A final highlight to this finale is the department's ASBMB-affiliated Student Chapter, which interfaces with the basic biochemistry research programs through active discussions with graduate students and postdoctoral research fellows, contributes to new student recruitment, is involved in community outreach and philanthropy, and hosts programs in career planning. These types of efforts led to the UNL Biochemistry Club being recognized in 2017 as the ASBMB Outstanding Student Chapter.

Can these successes be replicated at other types of institutions including larger state universities with large enrollments but fewer research-active faculty, those with less funding, or smaller colleges and universities with fewer students and faculty? The answer is a resounding yes. There are several key points leading to this success. The first is that the leader of a biochemistry and molecular biology undergraduate program must have the ability to assemble a highly dedicated team. She or he must recognize individual strengths within the team, facilitate discussion, and work within to advance the best ideas directed toward the success of the program. As I have indicated above, the leader is like a conductor, allowing members of the orchestra to be their best while assembling a final product that is greater than the sum of the parts. The second point is that members of the team must be dedicated to the breadth of a 21st century program of study in biochemistry and molecular biology. They must contribute their individual scholarship through novel ideas and approaches and be willing to take risks in the development and deployment of new pedagogy. And third, the leader of such a program must listen to all members of the team and be mindful that such efforts are not about them, but rather the greater good.

Colleges or universities with fewer research faculty should not see such successes as unobtainable. The nature of experimental inquiry is part of who we are—picking up the latest Science or Nature provides an immediate snapshot of highly impactful science. For those of us in biochemistry and molecular biology, time well-spent each week is with the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Biochemistry , and Journal of Cell Biology , to name only a few. We can take what is at the cutting edge of modern biochemistry and molecular biology and, with our team, integrate this information into the classroom. For me back in the mid-1970s, it was the integration of research into teaching that contributed to the key decisions driving my early career. Our collective efforts in advancing biochemistry and molecular biology education can be bolstered by concerted efforts to acquire external funds, especially through the National Science Foundation. Finally, it is important for leadership to partner with upper administration in the college or university and let them know the power of our discipline in training students for the 21st century career paths. It has been this type of partnership at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln that has provided financial support to students along with faculty for their research and in the development of novel pedagogical approaches to advance biochemistry and molecular biology education.

Perspective

Twenty-first century programs in biochemistry and molecular biology must have a continuing commitment and dedication to the education of students resulting in their chosen career paths with high impact. These shared efforts require the firm ethos of the faculty to maintain an uncompromising pursuit of excellence, which is reflected in their commitment to teaching and learning that is directly linked to cutting-edge research and the generation of world-class knowledge. The biochemistry and molecular biology students must be well-prepared for life through learner-centered education. It is essential that they are guided and challenged in classrooms and laboratories to become more independent in seeking the knowledge and skills required to become successful professionals in biochemistry, molecular biology, biomedicine, and related fields. All members of a biochemistry and molecular biology faculty must embrace established research and creative works as the foundation for teaching and learning. In concert, it is essential that biochemistry students contribute to independent basic re-search projects, many of which result in national presentations and publications—in essence, learning by doing. The educational and research programs in biochemistry and molecular biology must be holistic and highly integrated in such a manner to advance modern research to inform the academic program development, which includes the deployment of novel pedagogical strategies. These collective activities are the orchestra of biochemistry and molecular biology with many interrelated and essential parts. This is the esprit de corps underpinning the interrelated academic missions of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, one of inclusive excellence reflecting the diversity and ideas and people as a fundamental core value.

Acknowledgments

I thank the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology for the 2020 ASBMB Award for Exemplary Contributions to Education.

Conflict of interest — The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article .

Abbreviations —The abbreviations used are:

What You Need to Know About Becoming a Biochemistry Major

Biochemistry majors combine elements of biology and chemistry to thoroughly understand living things.

Becoming a Biochemistry Major

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Biochemistry majors get a solid education in both biology and chemistry.

What Is a Biochemistry Major?

Biology looks at the bigger picture of life, focusing on anatomy and physiology. Chemistry takes the microscopic view by narrowing in on cells and molecular interactions. Biochemistry combines some of each to investigate the workings of life at its most basic, molecular level.

Undergraduate biochemistry majors earn an interdisciplinary education and considerable training in research. Upon graduating, students may wish to pursue graduate studies, apply for medical school or seek work in biomedicine, environmental science, clinical research or other fields.

Biochemistry major vs. biology major: What’s the difference?

Biology majors are more broadly concerned with living things – their anatomy and physiology, functions and roles in ecosystems, and evolution. They may later focus on specific disciplines such as zoology, ecology, botany or marine biology. Pursuing a bachelor’s in biology can open the door to a wide variety of research and career opportunities, given its broad applicability.

Biochemistry is typically considered a subdiscipline of biology and chemistry. Largely laboratory-based, the science focuses on the structure and composition of living systems, as well as the chemical reactions that develop in these systems and ways to control them. These biochemical interactions are what biochemists study to develop medications or evaluate the toxicological effects of pesticides on the environment.

Both majors are among the most popular degrees that premedical students attain.

Common Coursework Biochemistry Majors Can Expect  

Core coursework.

As the name implies, biochemistry involves a great deal of biology and chemistry, but it also requires considerable mathematics and physics. Students can expect plenty of lab work and often have their choice of relevant elective courses, such as pharmacology and toxicology, cellular neurobiology, virology and plant biochemistry. What might be an elective in one school’s program, however, might be a requirement in another.

Courses may include:

• Calculus (i.e., integral, differential, multivariable).
• General chemistry.
• Cell and molecular biology.
• Genetics and DNA.
• Microbiology.
• Organic chemistry. 
• Various laboratories (Examples include protein biochemistry, analytical biochemistry, organic chemistry and physics).

Concentrations

Biochemistry is a more specific and detailed science compared to the overarching sciences, such as biology or chemistry. For this reason, biochemistry is a concentration frequently offered at universities in biology, chemistry and even physics programs.

However, there are many fields a biochemistry major can specialize in. The variety of biochemistry electives universities offer reflects this, permitting students to customize their studies to their preferences.

Some areas of specialization can apply biochemistry to:

• Medical disciplines, such as neurochemistry, endocrinology and pharmacology.
• Technological and cutting-edge fields, such as biotechnology, synthetic biology and gene editing.
• Agriculture, food science and nutrition.
• Environmental and conservation science. 
• Cosmetic science.

Universities might also offer concentrations in:

• Business. 
• Pre-health.
• Medicinal chemistry.
• Options for teaching certification.

Is Biochemistry a Good Major For Me?

A science concerned with the processes and workings of life at the molecular level is well suited for detail-oriented individuals with a keen mind for math, data analysis and creative research innovation. Prospective students should have a strong interest in biology and chemical processes to persevere through the rigorous coursework.

Since biochemistry students will be substantially involved in lab work, interested individuals should be ready to work independently as well as collaboratively. Research in this field widely impacts all manner of living things, so ethical conduct, precision and accuracy, and an emphasis on lab safety and safe handling are crucial. Cutting corners isn’t an option, so students should be prepared to take great care in their work.

For students with a deep commitment to advancing research in biology, chemistry and any of the many fields they encompass, majoring in biochemistry is an ideal steppingstone to making an impact. For those who are scientifically inclined but less certain of their final career, the major opens the door to a vast array of careers.

What Can I Do With a Biochemistry Major?

Biochemistry is a common pre-med school degree. Students may find the challenging curriculum to be good preparation for the rigors of medical school. After all, plenty of their courses’ curriculum material translates directly to the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Biochemistry is specifically involved in two of the MCAT’s four sections. Biochemistry students looking to get into dentistry may also be at an advantage in dental school.

A growing demand for research in medicine also means a growing demand for biochemists. The aging population and changing trends in disease outbreaks are driving the need for new drugs and treatments. Genetics – one area of focus in biology – plays a prominent role in various disorders and diseases, such as cancer, sickle cell disease, diabetes and Parkinson’s disease, as well as autoimmune conditions, like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease. The prevalence of diseases and disorders translates to a need for biochemists.

Beyond medicine, biochemistry majors might work in agriculture, engineering crops to resist disease. Or they might work in environmental science, investigating biofuels from plants as energy alternatives or developing more ways to protect the environment.

In practice, the availability of jobs will depend on a graduate’s level of study and areas of specialization and experience.

Fresh out of school, graduates might work as laboratory technicians for chemical, pharmaceutical or cosmeceutical manufacturers. They can become forensic scientists working with law enforcement or food scientists working in a laboratory. Graduates might also want to enter education, teaching in primary and secondary schools. Even science writing and communications work may be appealing.

Plenty of graduates continue their studies, aspiring toward master’s degrees , doctorates and postdoctoral research opportunities. They might become professors, pharmacists, leading researchers or specialists like epidemiologists, endocrinologists or pharmacologists. Pursuing graduate study is a must for those seeking advanced positions in biochemistry-related careers.

Data is sourced from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics .

Certifications, credentials and skills: 

Depending on the path taken, certifications can be useful for graduates to earn. In the area of chemistry and toxicology, students can gain certificates from organizations such as the National Registry of Certified Chemists and the American Board of Clinical Chemistry . Students interested in applying biochemistry toward environmental science may pursue certification from the National Registry of Environmental Professionals or the Board for Global EHS Credentialing .

More broadly, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology offers certification in biochemistry and molecular biology. Premed students may want to consider certification in lab work from the American Society for Clinical Pathology . Given the prevalence of lab work in biochemistry, students will certainly benefit from certifications in lab safety, which can be earned from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Education Center .

What Biochemistry Majors Say

“I find that pursuing a degree in Biochemistry can really give students a wide appreciation and array of skills that are present in every field of scientific research and health care fields as it's often hard to find answers to why people are afflicted by certain diseases or why a certain biological process malfunctions without understanding the fundamentals of biochemical study.” – Romele Robe Marcial A. Rivera, Arizona State University

“For me, biochemistry opened a window into a world that I didn’t realize existed. We all know that we exist, obviously. We know that science exists. Having a deep understanding of all the little mechanisms working symbiotically to keep us alive, though? That’s a whole different ballgame.” – Nicola Osgood, University of California San Diego

“Given that biochemistry is an inherently interdisciplinary subject, a student will likely be taking many seemingly unrelated courses in their first couple years and finding direction or purpose in studying biochemistry may not be easy in the beginning. THIS IS NORMAL. Biochemistry in its nature is a subject that requires at least a few semesters of college-level background to begin grasping. Knowing this fact before beginning a biochemistry degree can ease the confusion and lack of motivation students may have when they’re four semesters in and pondering why they’ve made the decision to study the hardest major (slightly biased take).

“ … Biochemistry has provided me with an entirely new lens to peer into my surroundings, and to think deeply and purposefully about the problems that face all humans; diseases, energy resources, climate, nutrition, consciousness, etc. For those looking to make a lasting impact on the advancement of the human condition, I believe biochemistry serves as an excellent medium to do so.

“Furthermore, I believe that premed students wishing to pursue medical school will be best off by studying biochemistry during their undergraduate experience. Not only will the rigor of biochemistry prepare them best for the rigor of medical school, but many of the courses in a biochemistry curriculum translate directly to MCAT preparation and future medical school classes. – Cameron Snyder, Georgia Institute of Technology

Schools Offering a Biochemistry Major

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College of Biological Sciences

Biochemistry and molecular biology major gemma le wins second place in this year’s lang prize.

Prize recognizes students who make exceptional use of library resources and service

• by Kristin Burns
• June 04, 2024

The 2024 winners of the library’s Lang Prize were announced on Thursday, May 30. Now in its eighth year, the Norma J. Lang Prize for Undergraduate Information Research recognizes students who make exceptional use of library resources and services — such as primary source materials and special collections, online databases and journal articles, interlibrary loan services, or consulting with a librarian.

The Lang Prize is supported by a bequest from the late Professor Emerita of Botany Norma J. Lang, who taught at UC Davis for nearly 30 years. The prize honors Professor Lang’s devotion to her students and love of the research process.

This year, the College of Biological Sciences was pleased to see Gemma Le, a biochemistry and molecular biology major, received second place in the category of science, engineering and mathematics. 

"My priority was to identify and compare findings across different studies, while also pointing out strengths, limitations and potential risk of biases,” said Le. Her project was entitled, Efficacy of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. It explored the efficacy and safety of non-invasive alternatives to surgery in treating patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. She also investigates potential improvements in quality of life resulting from this treatment. With guidance from librarian Erik Fausak, Le consulted library databases and reviewed clinical trial results.

Media Resources

• Read Gemma Le’s Paper (pdf)
• Read  Gemma Le’s reflective essay  from their Lang Prize application
• Learn more about Professor Lang’s legacy
• Celebrating our 2024 Lang Prize Winners – UC Davis Library

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New enzyme linked to changes in heart tissue after heart attack

Discovery made by vcu health pauley heart center and vcu school of medicine researchers offers a possible new way to treat ischemic heart failure..

5/29/2024 12:00:00 AM

By Tanner Lambson

New research from the VCU Health Pauley Heart Center and Virginia Commonwealth University's School of Medicine is providing new insights into the molecular underpinnings of heart failure.

Published this month in Circulation, the findings shed light on a newly discovered metabolic pathway that contributes to heart injury. The study found that an enzyme known as SPTLC3 is detected in the cells of hearts that have experienced heart failure due to a decrease in blood supply to heart tissues (as occurs during a heart attack). This type of heart failure is referred to as ischemic heart failure.

The research team made the initial discoveries in a mouse model, finding that when production of SPTLC3 was limited, related cellular symptoms of heart failure — such as inflammation and scarring — were also reduced. Importantly, these findings were then validated and confirmed in cardiac tissues from patients with end-stage ischemic heart failure, leading to the conclusion that SPTLC3 may exert a previously unrecognized impact on the heart metabolism following a heart attack.

What this means is that inhibiting SPTLC3 may serve as a new therapeutic target to improve health outcomes in patients with ischemic heart failure.

Ischemic heart disease occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced, usually due to arteries that are narrowed or obstructed by a buildup of plaques. When coronary blood flow is reduced, the flow of oxygen and nutrients to heart muscle cells is also reduced, and the heart cannot work as it should. Reduced blood flow and concurrent oxygen deprivation can ultimately lead to heart attack, and SPTLC3 may play an important role in the damage that occurs to cells after heart attack.

The study arose from a collaboration between Ashley Cowart , Ph.D., a professor in the VCU School of Medicine’s Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and director of VCU’s Lipidomics and Metabolomics Shared Research core , and Fadi Salloum , Ph.D., FAHA, interim chair of the School of Medicine’s Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Natalie N. and John R. Congdon Sr. Endowed Chair in the Pauley Heart Center.

“VCU has historical strength in both lipid research and cardiovascular research,” Cowart said. “A major strength of this work is rooted in our collaboration across these two fields. We were able to combine expertise and cutting-edge technologies in both cardiac imaging and lipid biochemistry. Additionally, the Pauley Heart Center’s tissue repository enabled us to link our findings to human health.”

“Bringing together researchers from different scientific backgrounds is what we do at the Pauley Heart Center,” Salloum said. “We collaborate across departments and schools at VCU to advance discovery in cardiovascular medicine.”

Together, Cowart and Salloum conceptualized the research and mentored the lead author of the publication, Anna Kovilakath, Ph.D., who is now a T32 postdoctoral fellow at Pauley Heart Center. She carried out the majority of the study with the help and guidance of Gabriele Mauro, Ph.D., who recently completed his postdoctoral fellowship in the Salloum laboratory.

Kovilakath says she is motivated to research the intricacies of heart disease because of personal connections to this health condition.

“Having lost family to cardiovascular disease, I've chosen to dedicate my career to studying sphingolipids in the context of heart disease,” Kovilakath said. “It's a meaningful way for me to contribute to understanding and combating this global health issue."

Training the next generation of practitioners and researchers is a key part of what sets Pauley apart.

“Mentorship is something we do really well here — and you can see that in the retention of our talented trainees,” Salloum said.

Other key collaborators from the Pauley Heart Center include Ed Lesnefsky , M.D., Qun Chen , Ph.D., and Frank Raucci , M.D., Ph.D., from Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU.

Read more about this research

Check out the Pauley Heart Center Blog

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June 4, 2024

Winning papers announced for 2024 Population Health Library Research Awards

This award was created in 2017 in partnership with the University of Washington Libraries and is open to undergraduates from all three UW campuses. The projects submitted were completed for either UW course credit or for the Undergraduate Research Program.

The key factors for choosing awardees included the innovativeness of their research hypothesis, the quality of their writing and how well they connected their work to the theme of population health. The following section describes the four awardees, their majors, the titles of their projects and summaries of their projects.

Lindsay Lucenko (Law, Societies, and Justice), "Gender Dynamics in King County Drug Diversion Court: Exploring Experiences and Perspectives"

This research explores the experiences of men and women in the King County Drug Diversion Court, a rehabilitative program for drug-related offenses. Participants undergo a five-phase program with the potential for charge dismissal, but concerns about coercion persist. Participants must maintain sobriety, undergo frequent tests, attend support meetings, communicate with case managers, find employment, and fulfill familial duties.

The study investigates how gender influences these obligations’ fulfillment, especially considering the court’s predominantly male population. Through nine semi-structured interviews, I examined participants’ experiences with the criminal justice system, focusing on gender impacts. Findings reveal nuanced gendered experiences, informing justice system reform. By combining qualitative interviews and existing research, this study sheds light on gender dynamics within the court, contributing to policy and practice for a fairer criminal justice system.

Evelyn Erickson (Chemical Engineering), "Tandem dechlorination and hydrogenolysis of waste PVC plastic into value added chemicals "

Plastic waste is a serious problem with detrimental environmental impacts, within this mixed plastics pose a significant challenge in depolymerization. My project focuses on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a particularly difficult plastic to break down due to the chlorine atom. Chlorine can poison catalysts and release harmful by products like hydrochloric acid or chlorine gas.

I have been working to dechlorinate PVC and then further break down this waste plastic to form value added products. Once dechlorinated PVC becomes a hydrocarbon and can be treated similar to other waste plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. This tandem dechlorination and depolymerization occur in a single step through a strong amine base and ruthenium catalyst helping to activate the reaction.

Nede Ovbiebo (Pre-science - Biochemistry), "What are the health outcomes of phytochemical supplements versus fruits and vegetables?"

This research stems from concerns about the efficiency of modern diets, which increasingly rely on supplements rather than natural food sources. I analyzed data and reviewed information to compare the effectiveness of phytochemical supplements and whole fruits and vegetables. The study emphasized that while phytochemicals are used in various therapies, their individual effects cannot be compared to the combined benefits of whole foods based on current scientific developments. I have placed the results in a booklet to be printed and disseminated in the future to enable more people to plan their diets wisely and incorporate phytochemicals flexibly into their daily routines.

Hayden Goldberg (Public Health-Global Health, Biochemistry), "An Evaluation of Agricultural Safety and Health in Pesticide Application Technology"

The use of pesticides in the Pacific Northwest is essential in the process of safeguarding public health, most notably by mitigating pests, protecting our food supply, and aiding in produce distribution. However, long-term exposure to pesticides can result in illness for those handling the substances as well as their families. Newer methods, such as aerial drone spraying involve the use of emerging technologies that are poised to change the landscape of the agricultural industry and health outcomes of farmworkers.

This project will be assessing thoughts regarding adoption of these technologies. Through the creation of an electronic survey, I will be obtaining a variety of responses from individuals involved in the application of pesticides on farms. I will then analyze responses both quantitatively and qualitatively. The main objective of my research project is to capture the attitudes of the pesticide application technologies to inform policy, regulations, and decision-making regarding their uses.

Please visit our funding page to learn more about these awards.

What is population health?

Population health is a broad concept encompassing not only the elimination of diseases and injuries, but also the intersecting and overlapping factors that influence health.

Population Health Twitter

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• 2024 Core Facility Open House and Local Industry Fair

On behalf of the Research and Innovation Office, with support from the  CU Boulder Biochemistry Graduate Student-Alumni Network , we are thrilled to announce that registration for the 2024 Core Facility Open House and Local Industry Fair is now open. This event is a fantastic opportunity to explore the  shared resources  available to enhance your research and to connect with local industry representatives from the Front Range area!

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Why attend the Open House?

- Discover the Shared Research Facilities designed to support your investigative needs and meet their staff.

- Engage with local industry representatives and learn about their work.

- Enjoy a free lunch (with registration).

Who should attend the Open House?

- Students, Postdocs, Staff, and Faculty.

- Anyone seeking access to expertise, instrumentation, and technologies for their studies.

Event details :

·         Date: Thursday, June 20

·         Time: 10am – 1pm

·         Location: SEEC C120

·         Register here:  https://www.colorado.edu/sharedinstrumentation/2024-open-house-and-local-industry-fair

Download the event details!

We look forward to seeing you there!

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3 Challenges to Hybrid Work — and How to Overcome Them

• Mark C. Bolino
• Corey Phelps

Advice on aligning schedules, fostering culture, and ensuring productivity.

Managers struggling to implement hybrid work policies confront three key challenges: scheduling, culture, and productivity. Research into companies allowing employees to be both remote and in-person suggest these obstacles can be overcome. In scheduling, shift to a focus not on how often workers are in, but which activities are better done in the office. To build and maintain culture, encourage employees to come in not for the organization or themselves but for their colleagues. And to ensure productivity, avoid surveillance in favor of support.

More than four years after the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated an immediate shift to remote knowledge work, it’s clear that, despite some organizations’ attempts to lure employees back to the office full-time, hybrid work arrangements are here to stay . And yet employers are still struggling with  implementation. In particular, the managers we have talked to point to three key issues: scheduling, culture, and productivity.

• Mark C. Bolino is the David L. Boren Professor and the Michael F. Price Chair in International Business at the University of Oklahoma’s Price College of Business. His research focuses on understanding how an organization can inspire its employees to go the extra mile without compromising their personal well-being.
• CP Corey Phelps is the dean, the Fred E. Brown Chair of Business, and a professor of entrepreneurship and strategy at the University of Oklahoma’s Price College of Business. His research explores how organizations innovate, grow, and adapt to changing competitive conditions.

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