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A quest for the universal atomic radii
- Original Research
- Published: 30 October 2021
- Volume 33 , pages 389–394, ( 2022 )
Cite this article
- Poonam Yadav 1 ,
- Hiteshi Tandon 1 ,
- Babita Malik 1 ,
- Vandana Suhag 2 &
- Tanmoy Chakraborty ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-8125 3
497 Accesses
2 Citations
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Atomic radius is an important periodic descriptor used in understanding a variety of physico-chemical and bio-chemical processes. Numerous scales are suggested to define atomic radii. The aim of the current study is to find out the most reliable and universal scale among different (experimental and theoretical) scales of radii. For this, we have used different types of radii to compute some size-dependent physico-chemical atomic descriptors, i.e. electronegativity, global hardness, polarizability, and a real-world molecular descriptor, i.e. internuclear bond distance for some diatomic molecules. The computed properties are compared with available experimental values. Important periodic trends and the presence of relativistic effects are also verified for each set of atomic radii. This comparative study is valuable to get an idea about the most effective atomic radii.
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Tanmoy Chakraborty is thankful to Sharda University, and Dr. Hiteshi Tandon and Ms. PoonamYadav are thankful to Manipal University Jaipur for providing a research facility.
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Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 300307, Rajasthan, India
Poonam Yadav, Hiteshi Tandon & Babita Malik
DIT University, Dehradun, 248009, Uttarakhand, India
Vandana Suhag
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Conceptualization: Tanmoy Chakraborty; data curation: Hiteshi Tandon; methodology: Tanmoy Chakraborty; formal analysis: Poonam Yadav; investigation: Poonam Yadav; visualization: Hiteshi Tandon, Poonam Yadav; writing — original draft: Poonam Yadav; writing — review and editing: Hiteshi Tandon, Tanmoy Chakraborty; resources: Hiteshi Tandon; supervision: Tanmoy Chakraborty, Babita Malik, Vandana Suhag.
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Yadav, P., Tandon, H., Malik, B. et al. A quest for the universal atomic radii. Struct Chem 33 , 389–394 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-021-01850-7
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Published : 30 October 2021
Issue Date : April 2022
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-021-01850-7
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Chemistry Education Research and Practice
Exploring conceptual frameworks of models of atomic structures and periodic variations, chemical bonding, and molecular shape and polarity: a comparison of undergraduate general chemistry students with high and low levels of content knowledge.
* Corresponding authors
a Institute of Education, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected]
b Science Education Centre, University of Missouri-Columbia, 321 Townsend Hall, Columbia, USA E-mail: [email protected]
The purpose of the study was to explore students’ conceptual frameworks of models of atomic structure and periodic variations, chemical bonding, and molecular shape and polarity, and how these conceptual frameworks influence their quality of explanations and ability to shift among chemical representations. This study employed a purposeful sampling technique and used three diagnostic instruments for conceptual understanding to determine the students’ level of content knowledge of the related concepts. Six student interviews were analyzed to portray students’ conceptual frameworks in high and low content knowledge (HCK and LCK, respectively) groups. The study’s major findings revealed that moving from a high toward a low level of content knowledge, the quality of students’ explanations declined, as did their ability to reconcile new information to their existing knowledge frameworks. Three essential concepts – models of atomic structure, effective core charge and principles of electrostatic force, and quantum mechanics descriptions – were identified that may explain students’ failure to learn the necessary aspects of molecular geometry and polarity. This study provides empirical evidence of how students’ content knowledge influences their understanding about molecular polarity. The findings have implications for college chemistry education with respect to teaching concepts about molecular polarity.
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C. Wang and L. H. Barrow, Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. , 2013, 14 , 130 DOI: 10.1039/C2RP20116J
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Niels Bohr’s First 1913 Paper: Still Relevant, Still Exciting, Still Puzzling
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Kenneth W. Ford; Niels Bohr’s First 1913 Paper: Still Relevant, Still Exciting, Still Puzzling. Phys. Teach. 1 November 2018; 56 (8): 500–502. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.5064553
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Many teachers like to introduce the Bohr atom toward the end of an introductory physics course. This is an excellent idea, given the historic importance of Bohr’s 1913 work, which provided the bridge from Planck’s quantized interaction of matter and radiation (1900) to the full theory of quantum mechanics (1925-28). Unfortunately, the version of the Bohr atom that appears in many textbooks and is no doubt often presented to students is more wrong than right and may leave both teachers and students wondering why, more than a hundred years later, it is still being taught. This “pedagogic” version postulates that an electron in a stationary state moves in a circular orbit with an angular momentum that is an integral multiple of h /2π ( L = nh /2π = nħ )— ħ for the lowest-energy state, 2 ħ for the next state, and so on. This picture of the hydrogen atom is wrong in two senses. First it doesn’t conform to our present understanding of the hydrogen atom. This, in itself, is not a reason to scrap it, for the historical development of quantum physics is certainly of interest. But second, it doesn’t conform to the essence of what Bohr actually did. That is a reason not to teach about circular orbits and L = nħ .
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- Published: 11 December 1913
The Structure of the Atom
- E. RUTHERFORD 1
Nature volume 92 , page 423 ( 1913 ) Cite this article
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IN a letter to this journal last week, Mr. Soddy has discussed the bearing of my theory of the nucleus atom on radio-active phenomena, and seems to be under the impression that I hold the view that the nucleus must consist entirely of positive electricity. As a matter of fact, I have not discussed in any detail the question of the constitution of the nucleus beyond the statement that it must have a resultant positive charge. There appears to me no doubt that the α particle does arise from the nucleus, and I have thought for some time that the evidence points to the conclusion that the particle has a similar origin. This point has been discussed in some detail in a recent paper by Bohr ( Phil. Mag. , September, 1913). The strongest evidence in support of this view is, to my mind, (1) that the β ray, like the α ray, transformations are independent of physical and chemical conditions, and (2) that the energy emitted in the form of β and γ rays by the transformation of an atom of radium C is much greater than could be expected to be stored up in the external electronic system. At the same time, I think it very likely that a considerable fraction of the rays which are expelled from radioactive substances arise from the external electrons. This, however, is probably a secondary effect resulting from the primary expulsion of a β particle from the nucleus.
The original suggestion of van der Broek that the charge on the nucleus is equal to the atomic number and not to half the atomic weight seems to me very promising. This idea has already been used by Bohr in his theory of the constitution of atoms. The strongest and most convincing evidence in support of this hypothesis will be found in a paper by Moseley in The Philosophical Magazine of this month. He there shows that the frequency of the X radiations from a number of elements can be simply explained if the number of unit charges on the nucleus is equal to the atomic number. It would appear that the charge on the nucleus is the fundamental constant which determines the physical and chemical properties of the atom, while the atomic weight, although it approximately follows the order of the nucleus charge, is probably a complicated function of the latter depending on the detailed structure of the nucleus.
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RUTHERFORD, E. The Structure of the Atom. Nature 92 , 423 (1913). https://doi.org/10.1038/092423a0
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Issue Date : 11 December 1913
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/092423a0
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