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Research on meat adulteration based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) combined with electrochemical technology

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• Published: 01 June 2024

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• Jiaze Fu   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0000-2439-4217 1  

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This study presents a novel methodology for detecting meat adulteration by integrating electrochemical sensing with a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN). Addressing the challenge of accurately identifying adulterants in various meats, including beef, lamb, pork, chicken, and particularly lard due to religious dietary constraints, the research focuses on both raw and cooked meat samples. The developed approach uses disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes for electrochemical measurements, capturing unique “electrochemical fingerprints” of the meats. The 1DCNN models, optimized for binary classification problems, demonstrate exceptional accuracy, achieving test accuracies ranging from 95.2 to 98.1% across different meat types. Sensitivity and specificity of the models consistently exceed 95%, signifying a robust detection capability. The study’s findings indicate that the electrochemical-1DCNN fusion can detect adulteration levels as low as 10%, showcasing its potential as a rapid and reliable method for meat authentication in the food industry.

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Fu, J. Research on meat adulteration based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) combined with electrochemical technology. Food Measure (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-024-02601-y

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-024-02601-y

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Picture this: Snapping photos of our food could be good for us

Research reveals taking pictures of food isn't just content for our social media feeds, but could be the key to improving people's diets.

New Curtin University research reveals taking pictures of food isn't just content for our social media feeds, but could be the key to improving people's diets.

Published in the prestigious American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , the feeding study saw researchers measure the weight of meals, which were then provided to participants over a day for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Participants compared different technology-assisted methods to recall what they had eaten over the past 24 hours.

One method asked participants to take photos of their meals using the mobile Food Record app.

These photos were then analysed by a research dietitian.

The study found the accuracy of the nutritional intake was far higher for the group who had taken photos of what they ate, compared to participants who were asked to remember what they had eaten.

First author and PhD candidate Clare Whitton said this was the largest feeding study to use the mobile Food Record app and the findings could have a big impact on how we capture what the population is eating.

"Accurate, reliable data about what the population is eating is key to supporting people to optimise their health," Ms Whitton said.

"People can struggle to remember what they have eaten, but this study shows dietary assessment can be accurate -- particularly when you take the burden away from the person when you ask them to take a photo of what they ate."

While the study saw the food photos analysed by experts, there is work underway to streamline the process.

The team is collaborating with Purdue University in the US to use artificial intelligence to automatically analyse the foods in the photos.

Study lead and mobile Food Record App co-creator Professor Deborah Kerr said this was an exciting development in getting the bigger picture of what people are eating.

"It makes it a lot simpler for people to track what they consume when they only have to take photos for the day," Professor Kerr said.

"This will become even easier as we start to fully automate the analysis of the foods in the photos.

"With advances in AI technology this may be just around the corner."

Professor Kerr said as technology advances, it could provide an avenue to not only better capture what populations are eating, but also offer more accurate dietary advice for individuals looking to eat healthier.

"This research shows the benefit of images; that's the pathway we're going down to get an accurate picture of what people are eating."

'Accuracy of energy and nutrient intake estimation versus observed intake using four technology-assisted dietary assessment methods: a randomized crossover feeding study' was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition .

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Materials provided by Curtin University . Original written by Samuel Jeremic. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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• Clare Whitton, Clare E Collins, Barbara A Mullan, Megan E Rollo, Satvinder S Dhaliwal, Richard Norman, Carol J Boushey, Edward J Delp, Fengqing Zhu, Tracy A McCaffrey, Sharon I Kirkpatrick, Christina M Pollard, Janelle D Healy, Amira Hassan, Shivangi Garg, Paul Atyeo, Syed Aqif Mukhtar, Deborah A Kerr. Accuracy of energy and nutrient intake estimation versus observed intake using 4 technology-assisted dietary assessment methods: a randomized crossover feeding study . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 2024; DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.030

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• Published: 28 May 2024

Biodiversity and food systems

Nature Food volume  5 ,  page 341 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Biological diversity and food availability are intrinsically linked, yet trade-offs between them often arise. Further research is needed on the specific issues faced in different contexts and what could help overcome them.

The International Day for Biological Diversity, celebrated annually on 22 May, marks the date when the text of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted back in 1992. Besides raising awareness around the value and importance of biodiversity, it also fosters actions to protect it.

The sixth edition of the CBD, to be held in Colombia in October, dedicates unprecedented attention to the food–biodiversity nexus. Among the topics that will be covered are (1) ‘Food systems depend on biodiversity and ecosystem services’; (2) ‘Agriculture must be part of the solution, not the problem’; (3) Biodiversity underpins all fishing and aquaculture activities’; and (4) ‘Genetic diversity: the hidden secret of life’. These topics underscore the impact that food production and consumption have on biodiversity while at the same time depending on it, as well as the potential to transform this relationship through regenerative practices with mutually positive outcomes.

The agreement reached in the previous edition of the CBD in Montreal includes targets to protect 30% of Earth, reform US $500 billion (£410 billion) of environmentally damaging subsidies, and address and disclose the impact businesses. While there is no doubt that this is an important advancement, decisions related to policy design and implementation in specific contexts still require a deeper understanding of the issues faced and what is required to overcome them.

Most of the primary research content featured in the May issue of Nature Food — regardless of their primary focus — offers some contribution to the topics listed above. Two articles focus on the impacts of food security on biodiversity. Wen and colleagues show how uneven agricultural contraction within fast-urbanizing urban agglomeration has decreased nitrogen-use efficiency and food system sustainability in China. Nitrogen losses cause air and water pollution, harming life on land and in water. Zhou and colleagues analyse the global dissemination of Salmonella enterica associated with centralized pork industrialization . Intensive farming and global transportation have particularly reshaped the pig industry, leading to the spread of associated zoonotic pathogens that can cause severe food-borne infections.

Three more articles illustrate practices that would reduce the impact of food systems on biodiversity. Gu and colleagues show how selected agricultural management practices in China can enhance nitrogen sustainability and benefit human health. Lynch et al. estimate that the harvest from inland recreational fishing equates to just over one-tenth of all reported inland fisheries catch at a global level, highlighting the potential contribution of inland recreational fisheries to food security. Finally, Simon et al. examine how redesigning food systems according to circularity principles can support current European protein intake levels while reducing land use and greenhouse gas emissions — both vital to fauna and flora.

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Biodiversity and food systems. Nat Food 5 , 341 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00998-9

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Published : 28 May 2024

Issue Date : May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00998-9

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Outliers (n = 7) were excluded from the figure for clarity, and each dot represents 1 approved drug. ORR indicates overall response rate; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival.

• Paying for Cancer Drugs—Getting What We Are (Prohibited From) Bargaining for JAMA Internal Medicine Editorial December 1, 2022 Isabel R. Ostrer, MD; Cary P. Gross, MD

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Miljković MD , Tuia JE , Olivier T , Haslam A , Prasad V. Association Between US Drug Price and Measures of Efficacy for Oncology Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration From 2015 to 2020. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(12):1319–1320. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4924

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Association Between US Drug Price and Measures of Efficacy for Oncology Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration From 2015 to 2020

• 1 Cartesian Therapeutics, Gaithersburg, Maryland
• 2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
• 3 Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
• 4 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
• Editorial Paying for Cancer Drugs—Getting What We Are (Prohibited From) Bargaining for Isabel R. Ostrer, MD; Cary P. Gross, MD JAMA Internal Medicine

The US has worse cancer-related outcomes than other high-income countries while bearing the highest cost of cancer care in the world. 1 , 2 A reason for increasing cost may be improved efficacy of expensive novel agents. One study found an association between measures of benefit and price, although the study considered gains in progression-free survival (PFS) to be the same as gains in overall survival (OS), 3 an assumption that may be debated, given the uncertainty regarding health benefits associated with PFS. 4 Another study of all cancer drug approvals from 2009 to 2013 found no association between measures of efficacy and pricing of cancer drugs. 5

The past 5 years have seen a marked increase in the number of cancer therapies on the market and a greater interest in value-based pricing. It is unclear whether the value proposition has shifted: have cancer drugs started to rely on improved benefit and decreased use of surrogate end points to justify skyrocketing costs? We described these trends by estimating all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) anticancer approvals in recent years and evaluating if an association exists between their cost and efficacy.

In this retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of all cancer drugs approved by the FDA from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020, we assembled metrics of their activity or efficacy and their cost per annum or course of treatment as previously described. 5 , 6 All prices were rounded to the nearest $1000. For categorical variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine significance differences between median annual cost of subgroups, with P  < .05 considered statistically significant. Linear models for the continuous variables of annual cost and percentage of improvement were stratified by end points. Analysis was conducted in R, version 4.1.2 (R Foundation). The search was performed in December 2021. Because we used publicly available data, and this was not human participants research, we did not submit this study to an institutional review board.

We analyzed 224 FDA oncological drug approvals across 119 individual drugs. Across all tumor types, the median annual cost for a course of an oncology drug was $196 000 (IQR, $170 000-$277 000; Table ).

We detected a significantly lower median annual cost of drugs whose approval was based on OS ($185 000; IQR, $159 000-$206 000; n = 46) compared with those with PFS-based ($203 000; IQR, $183 000-$248 000; n = 71; P  = .02) or overall response rate (ORR)–based approvals ($239 000, IQR, $185 000-$341 000, n = 90, P  < .01). Price had a weak correlation within the most common approval end points ( R 2  = 0.14 for OS, R 2  = 0.16 for PFS, and R 2  = 0.02 for ORR; Figure ), ie, variability in efficacy only captured less than 15% of the variability in price. There was no significant difference between the median price of drugs approved after randomized clinical trials ($191 000) and those with no randomized clinical trial data ($206 000; P  = .06).

In value-based pricing, drugs that are associated with greater improvements to the same end point or more improved objective end points (ie, PFS rather than ORR, OS rather than PFS) would be expected to cost more. The results of this analysis suggest the opposite: oncology drugs approved based on OS improvement had the lowest median annual cost of the 3 end points. This finding was similar to prior work that found a significantly higher median price of drugs with ORR-based approvals. 5 Furthermore, we did not detect a meaningful association between cancer drug prices and the magnitude of benefit for any of the end points. Among the drugs approved on the basis of response rate, there was only a weak correlation between cost and the magnitude of the response rate gain; the same was true in the categories of drugs approved on the basis of PFS and OS gains. This suggests that cancer drugs are priced based predominantly on what the market will bear. Correcting this trend is vital for the solvency of health care and pharmaceutical development. Limitations of the study include restriction of analysis to a 6-year period, and restriction of analyzed factors affecting drug price to end points only.

Accepted for Publication: August 18, 2022.

Published Online: October 31, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4924

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2022 Miljković MD et al. JAMA Internal Medicine .

Corresponding Author: Vinay Prasad, MD, MPH, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94158 ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Dr Prasad had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Prasad.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Miljković, Tuia, Olivier, haslam.

Drafting of the manuscript: Miljković, Tuia.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Miljković, Tuia.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Tuia.

Supervision: Miljković, Olivier, Prasad.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Miljković reported being an employee of Cartesian Therapeutics outside the submitted work. Dr Prasad reported grants from Arnold Ventures during the conduct of the study as well as personal fees from Johns Hopkins Press, Medscape, MedPage, UnitedHealthcare, OptumRx, Patreon, YouTube, and Substack outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This research was funded by Arnold Ventures.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Arnold Ventures had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

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