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Computer Hardware.

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Everything You Need to Know About Computer Hardware

Hardware is the physical part of a computer system, while software is all data-based

• Emporia State University

• Western Governors University

In This Article

Jump to a Section

List of Computer Hardware

Troubleshooting faulty computer hardware, hardware vs. software, frequently asked questions.

Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system.

There are many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside, and connected to the outside, of a computer.

Computer hardware may sometimes be seen abbreviated as computer hw .

Lifewire / Chloe Giroux 

Take a tour inside of your desktop PC to learn how all the hardware in a traditional desktop PC connects together to create a complete computer system like the one you may be using right now.

Here are some common individual computer hardware components that you'll often find inside a modern computer. These parts are almost always found inside the computer case , so you won't see them unless you open the computer:

• Motherboard : The motherboard (also known as a logic board in other devices) coordinates all of the other hardware.
• Central Processing Unit (CPU ): The CPU interprets and executes most of your computer's commands.
• Random Access Memory (RAM) : RAM is the memory your computer uses to work; it's different from the storage that holds your files and programs. Your computer spends RAM to run those programs and process information.
• Power Supply Unit (PSU) : The PSU is the means through which your computer draws power. It's usually a cord that plugs into the wall and a "power brick."
• Video card : This component handles drawing graphics in games and displaying videos.
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) : An HDD is an older version of the hard drive; it stores information like apps and documents on a physical disc that your computer reads with an arm that travels across it (similarly to a record player).
• Solid-State Drive (SSD) : Newer SSDs store information on chips. They're faster, quieter, and more expensive than HDDs, though both do the same job.
• Optical disk drive (e.g., BD/DVD/CD drive): This feature is less common in newer computers, but they provide a place to enter a music, movie, or data disk for your computer to read.
• Card reader (SD/SDHC, CF, etc.): Your computer uses these to read from portable storage like SD cards.

Here is a list of hardware that you might find connected to the outside of a computer, although many tablets, laptops, and netbooks integrate some of these items into their housings:

• Monitor : This is a display device; it shows you what's on your computer.
• Keyboard : You use this to enter text into apps and programs.
• Mouse : The mouse lets you select items on your monitor.
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) : Otherwise known as a battery backup, this optional device lets your computer keep running even when you have an interruption to your main supply.
• Flash drive : A flash drive is a small temporary storage device that lets you move files from your computer and take them elsewhere.
• Printer: Printers create hard copies of documents and photos.
• Speakers: Your computer likely has internal speakers, but external ones can provide a better sound.
• External hard drive : An external hard drive is like a flash drive, but they're larger and have more storage capacity.
• Pen tablet: Tablets are good choices for artists and designers. You can "draw" on the screen, and the image will appear in an app.

Less common individual computer hardware devices, either because these pieces are now usually integrated into other devices or because they've been replaced with newer technology:

• Sound card : The sound card handles audio for your computer, processing and sending it to the speakers.
• Network Interface Card (NIC ): NICs usually add an Ethernet port that you can use to connect your computer to the internet. They may also provide Wi-Fi access.
• Expansion card ( FireWire , USB , etc.): These, like NICs, add functionality to your computer. You use them to add more ports to connect things like external hard drives.
• Hard drive controller card: Also known as a disk controller, this device communicates between internal storage and the CPU.
• Scanner: A scanner lets you digitize documents and images.
• Floppy disk drive : CD- and DVD-ROMs replaced floppy drives as ways to read software.

The following hardware is referred to as ​ network hardware , and various pieces are often part of a home or business network:

• Digital modem (e.g., cable modem, DSL modem, etc.)
• Router : A router is an important part of a Wi-Fi network. It takes the wired connection from a modem and converts it into a wireless one.
• Network switch : A network switch also connects to the router and provides multiple Ethernet ports for additional wired connections (for example, to a game console).
• Access point : A wireless access point is similar to a router; it also transmits a wireless network signal, but it does so without a dedicated modem.
• Repeater: A repeater, like a wireless extender, expands the range of a Wi-Fi signal.
• Bridge : You may not have much personal use for a bridge, but in business settings, they link multiple physical networks to cover a wider area.
• Print server: Print servers manage jobs you've told to print. It's the software that goes between your computer and the printer.
• Firewall : Firewalls are security elements that stop unauthorized users from accessing your computer.

Network hardware isn't as clearly defined as some other types of computer hardware. For example, many home routers will often act as a combination router, switch, and firewall.

In addition to all the items listed above, there's more computer hardware called  auxiliary hardware , of which a computer might have none, or several, of some kinds:

• Fan (CPU, GPU, Case, etc.): Fans move hot air from inside your computer case to stop components from overheating.
• Heat sink: Heat sinks also absorb heat, usually channeling it to a fan to be sent outside the computer.
• Data cable: These physically transmit information between, for example, a modem and a router.
• Power cable: This hardware transmits power, typically from a wall socket to a piece of hardware.
• CMOS battery : These batteries hold a very small amount of information that's necessary to run your computer.
• Daughterboard: A daughterboard works to expand the functionality of the motherboard; it also works with sound and graphics cards.

Some of the devices listed above are called peripheral devices. A peripheral device is a piece of hardware (whether internal or external) that isn't actually involved in the computer's main function. Examples include a monitor, video card, disc drive, and mouse.

Computer hardware components individually heat up and cool down as they're used and then not used, meaning that eventually , every single one will fail. Some may even fail at the same time.

Fortunately, at least with desktop computers and some laptop and tablet computers, you can replace the non-working piece of hardware without having to replace or rebuild the computer from scratch.

Here are some resources you should check out before you go out and purchase a new hard drive, replacement RAM sticks, or anything else you think may be going bad:

Memory (RAM)

• Find free memory test programs .
• Learn how to replace the memory (RAM) in your computer .
• Explore free hard drive testing programs .
• Find the best commercial hard drive repair software .
• Learn how to replace a hard drive .
• Learn what to do when your hard drive is making noise .

Computer Fan

• Learn how to fix a loud computer fan .
• Find out how to fix the CPU fan error.

Device Manager

In Microsoft Windows, hardware resources are managed by Device Manager. It's possible that a "faulty" piece of computer hardware is really just in need of a device driver installation or update, or for the device to be enabled in Device Manager.

Hardware devices won't work at all if the device is disabled, or may not be running properly if the wrong driver is installed.

Here are some device manager troubleshooting resources:

• Learn how to view a device's status in Windows .
• Learn to enable a device in Device Manager in Windows .
• Learn how to update drivers in windows .
• Learn several ways to find free driver downloads .
• Check out the best free driver updater tools .

If you decide that some hardware needs replacing or upgrading,  find tech support information from the manufacturer, including warranty information (if it applies to you), or look for identical or upgraded parts that you can buy directly.

A computer system isn't complete unless there's also software, which is different than hardware. The software is data that's stored electronically, like an operating system or a video editing tool, which runs on the hardware .

Hardware gets its name due to the fact that it's strict when it comes to modifications, whereas software is more flexible (i.e., you can easily upgrade or change software).

Firmware is closely related to hardware and software, too. Firmware is used to tie the two together so that a software program knows how to interface with a piece of hardware.

• What are the four main types of computer hardware? The four primary categories of computer hardware include input devices, output devices, processing devices, and storage devices.
• How do you clean your computer hardware? Learn how to clean your PC to help extend its life and make it run more efficiently. Always unplug computers prior to cleaning, and only use recommended materials such as lint-free cloths, canned air, and carefully applied isopropyl alcohol.

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Tractor Supply Company to eliminate DEI positions, stop sponsoring Pride festivals

by JACKSON WALKER | The National Desk

BRENTWOOD, Tenn (TND) — Hardware chain Tractor Supply Company on Thursday announced it would be eliminating its DEI positions and goals in an apology to its “disappointed” customers.

The statement published to X also vowed to withhold data from the Human Rights Campaign, revoke funding from Pride festivals and focus on land conservation. These decisions are in keeping with company values, it said.

We will continue to listen to our customers and Team members,” the company wrote. “Your trust and confidence in us are of the utmost importance, and we don’t take that lightly.”

The company included a tribute to the upcoming Fourth of July holiday, adding rural communities are “the backbone of our nation.”

“They realized that if companies like their’s go woke, they go broke,” former Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker said .

@TractorSupply deserves a lot of credit for recognizing the need for major course correction,” Sen. Roger Marshall, R-Kansas, wrote . “I hope other companies will follow their lead and totally abandon all the woke garbage that has rotted corporate America.”

The announcement follows pressure from conservative film producer Robby Starbuck, who repeatedly reported on Tractor Supply Company’s involvement in Pride Month and diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives.

“I take no pleasure in doing this,” he said. “I am a Tennessean, I do not want to hurt a Tennessee company, but conservatives deserve to know that this is where their money is going.”

READ MORE | 21 Republican AGs caution American Bar Association against diversity requirements

DEI has even earned the ire of lawmakers. Several Republican congressmembers introduced a new bill this month aimed at minimizing DEI at the federal level.

“The DEI agenda is a destructive ideology that breeds hatred and racial division,” Sen. J.D. Vance, R-Ohio, wrote. “It has no place in our federal government or anywhere else in our society.”

Follow Jackson Walker on X at @_jlwalker_ for the latest trending national news. Have a news tip? Send it to [email protected].

Moscow, 2009

Mar 21, 2019

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ACCORD-THSM. OKB SAPR S pecial D esign B ureau for CAD S ystem D esign www.accord.ru [email protected]. Accord. R eliability in an unreliable world. Moscow, 2009. A personal computer. is only an instrument. Are you sure that YOUR PC. is only YOUR instrument?.

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ACCORD-THSM OKB SAPR Special Design Bureau for CAD System Design www.accord.ru [email protected] Accord. Reliability in an unreliable world. Moscow, 2009

A personal computer is only an instrument.

Are you sure thatYOURPC is only YOUR instrument?

Are you sure about itEACH TIME that you turn it on?

You need the assurance that while you were away no PC hardware has been changed; no PC software has been changed; no data, stored on your PC, has been changed or became known to an intruder.

The first task of information protection is protecting your PC from an unauthorized access (UA).

An UA protection tool must: allow working on this PC only for those users who have a right to work on this PC, according to the security policy; control the state of the computer hardware and software for the absence of any unauthorized modifications.

What should an UA protection tool be like? Checking the integrity of the software environment with the help of some program — can we be sure in its own integrity? First, we need to check that program. And before that — check the programthat is going to check it…

What should an UA protection tool be like? Can you pull yourself out of a swamp? You can. If you have a support point, which isoutside of the swamp.

What should an UA protection tool be like? independent from the PC operating and file system inaccessiblefor the introduction of modifications hardware-based.

At the end of last century, we have developed a concept of hardware protection and an information protection tool (IPT), which became and still remains a standard for all of the developers.

Accord-TSHM: Trusted Startup HardwareModule Provides a trusted startup of the operating system, irrespective of its type, for an authenticated user.

What is trusted startup? The operating system boot is performed only aftera successful completion of the following procedures: the user identification/authentication. integrity checking of the PC hardware and the software utilities, using a step-by-step integrity inspection algorithm; blocking the operating system boot from the external storage mediums;

Accord-TSHM: has been patented has18conformance certificates and has more than250 000 implementations in the governmental authorities and commercial organizations, as of the end of the year 2007.

An unauthorized access controlproductAccord-TSHM consists of the hardware and software tools: Hardware tools: Controller; Contact device; Identifier; Software tools: BIOS-controller of the Accord-TSHM complex; Firmware, realizing the TSHM functions.

The main versions of Accord-TSHM include the controllers: for PCs with bussed interface PCI Accord-5MX, Accord-5.5 with a powerful cryptographicsubsystem.

Accord-TSHM may also include the controllers: Accord-4.5 for PCs with bussed interfaceISA; Accord-PC104 for PCs with PC-104 standard; Accord-5МХ mini-PCI for notebooks and other computers with bussed interface mini-PCI;

All of the Accord-TSHM modifications: may be used at any PC; use personal TM-identifiers DS 1992 – DS 1996 with the memory volume up to 64 Kbit (or other identifier upon the customer’s request) for the user identification and provide for the registration of up to 128 users at the PC (Accord-PC104 – up to 1024); use a password up to 12 symbols for the users authentication, entered from the keyboard;

All of the Accord-TSHM modifications: work with the following types of file systems: FAT 12,FAT 16,FAT 32,NTFS,HPFS, FreeBSD,Ext2FS,Sol86FS,QNXFS,MINIX; provide the integrity control of the PC hardware before the operating system boot; provide the integrity control of the programs and data before the operating system boot, as well as the protection from the implementation ofthe destructive applications (DA);

All of the Accord-TSHM modifications: perform the boot blocking from the alienable carriers (FDD, CD ROM, ZIP-drive); perform the registration of the users activities in the system log, located in the permanent memory of the controller; provide the system administration (users and personal identifiers registration, assigning files for integrity control, PC hardware component control, system log display and so on).

Reliability in an unreliable world: introducing modification into the Accord-TSHM firmware is impossible; the controller’s even log is accessible only to the information security administrator, that is why concealing an attempt of UA from him is impossible; on the basis of Accord-TSHM, there have been developed the access delimitation and information protection control systems (when installing special software).

Individual packaging: in accordance with the customer’s requirement, Accord-TSHMand Accord-TSHM-based systems may use various identifiers: TM-identifiers (standard packaging), smart-cards, fingerprint reading devices, PCDST (personal cryptographic data security tool) SHIPKA.

ACCORD-TSHM OKB SAPR Special Design Bureau for CAD System Design www.accord.ru [email protected] Accord. Reliability in an unreliable world. Moscow, 2009

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World's no. 1 source for lego news, reviews, and fan creations., hands on with lego spike prime at moscow international education fair 2019 [news].

During the past week, the recently announced LEGO Education SPIKE Prime sets made their first appearance during the Moscow International Education Fair 2019. Certified LEGO Education teacher and LEGO Ambassador Vera Senyuta , PhD, attended the press-conference and brought us the latest details about LEGO’s most advanced educational solution.

The press conference and the presentation covered both LEGO SPIKE sets, 45678 LEGO Education SPIKE Prime Set ($329.99 USD) and 45680 LEGO Education SPIKE Prime Expansion Set . The event was hosted by Tom Hall, General Manager, LEGO Education International; Yannick Dupont, Content Manager; and Thomas Rose, Training Program Manager. Together they told the audience about the idea behind the new sets and how the set will play a role in modern schools, as well as answered questions about the products.

Editor’s note 4/15: Since publication of this article, LEGO Education reached out to us to share some clarifying information about SPIKE Prime that we have incorporated into the article and quoted bel ow.

The LEGO Education SPIKE solution has been in development since 2017 and is a pretty ambitious project. Designed for students of 10 years of age and above, SPIKE is positioned to replace LEGO Mindstorms Education EV3. Even though EV3 has the same age recommendations, LEGO’s research has shown that its building and programming environment is too complicated for the youngest members of its target audience. Therefore, SPIKE brings a brand new environment which is described as more friendly and much easier to use while allowing designs just as advanced and complicated as is possible with EV3. In other words, students as young as 10 years of age will find SPIKE much more convenient to use than LEGO Mindstorms EV3.

In addition, LEGO Education also provides LEGO WeDo 2.0 for the target audience of 7+. Thus, both primary and secondary grades are covered with educational solutions. Moreover, during the press conference, it was mentioned that a brand new LEGO Mindstorms-like solution could likely follow in the next year or two. Aimed at teens, that new product would likely feature a more complicated interface and designs.

Clarification from LEGO Education: There are no plans to have a new LEGO MINDSTORMS like solution as of now. SPIKE Prime is complementary to LEGO Education’s learning continuum. WeDo2.0 will continue to serve the primary school audience while MINDSTORMS EV3 Education will serve middle school as well as high school students.

Improving on EV3, which comes with 34 lesson plans available online, and WeDo 2.0, which only has 18 lesson plans in the box, the new SPIKE Prime will provide teachers with more than 40 lesson plans from the box; this could be enough for a whole year of school.

While 45678 LEGO Education SPIKE Prime Set will come in a huge plastic container, 45680 LEGO Education SPIKE Prime Expansion Set will be packed in a cardboard box and will include a large angular motor and a light/color sensor. The large hub is only included in the larger base set, though it can also be purchased separately.

LEGO SPIKE brings motors and sensors that are more advanced than ever before. According to the details provided during the press conference, the new light/color sensor is more accurate than the one in Mindstorms EV3. The new sensor is capable of detecting a tiny 0.2-inch dot (5mm) at a distance of 2 inches (5 cm). Via the programming interface, its modes can be switched between detecting light and detecting color. As for the new touch sensor, it will be able to register up to 10 pressure levels. Unfortunately, no details were given about the other sensors, so we may have to wait until the general release of the set before we can find out everything else about the SPIKE sensors.

The most advanced part of the system is, of course, the hub. It has 6 input/output ports for connecting external sensors and motors. Inside the hub are a chip providing Bluetooth 4.0 connectivity, a speaker, a 6-axis gyro, and a rechargeable battery. The great news is that the hub will work with every LEGO Boost and WeDo 2.0 external motor and sensor. However, the backward compatibility is limited to the hub, as it isn’t possible to use SPIKE motors and sensors with Boost and WeDo hubs. As of now, the hub has been presented in its final design, but the software is still in development and will be finalised by August 2019 when the set will start shipping.

Clarification from LEGO Education: SPIKE Prime hardware will offer no backwards compatibility with LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 as the plug system is different… Even though the hardware from SPIKE Prime and some other LEGO Education products such as WeDo share the same plug system and therefore may fit together, you can’t combine the SPIKE Prime and WeDo hardware and use the SPIKE App or WeDo 2.0 App to code them.

The software for SPIKE Prime will support 17 languages. The coding environment is based on the popular Scratch coding language, which includes drag-and-drop blocks. Compared to that of LEGO Boost, the LEGO Spike coding interface is more detailed. A lot of programming blocks have variables; for instance, a precise angle of rotation can be set for a motor or a precise level of pressure can be set for a touch sensor. Supported operating systems are Windows 10, macOS X, Chrome, iOS, and Android. LEGO Education representatives also mentioned a LEGO Spike to Apple Thunderbolt connector could be an upcoming possibility.

Clarification from LEGO Education: We are always looking at ways to offer more compatibility, although a LEGO Spike to Apple Thunderbolt connector cannot be confirmed just yet.

As for the many new elements found in the set, LEGO confirmed to us that the majority will be unique to SPIKE Prime when it launches, though some of them may eventually find their way into other LEGO products.

Let us know in the comments what you think of this new system and if you’d like to see us review it. You can check out all the photos below.

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5 comments on “ Hands on with LEGO SPIKE Prime at Moscow International Education Fair 2019 [News] ”

“it was confirmed that a brand new LEGO Mindstorms-like solution will follow in the next year or two. Aimed at teens, that new product will feature a more complicated interface and designs”

Any other details that you can share on the next generation MINDSTORMs-like solution? That is very exciting news :)

God article, thanks a lot to share your research.

I think a universal interface (HUB) to get backwards compability should be a must on lego`s hardware development. Many schools, clubs and lego funs have nxt, wedo1 kits so although new sensors and actuators can be better we could also enhance our creations with the addition of new and old material, not only restrictlly to clasical and technical plastic pieces forgeting old bricks as an abandon toy for the garbage.

Also would be nice to have a comon connector and protocol language beetwen educational robotic sets (VEX, Abilix Kryton, MicroBit, Ptsico Tetrix, Makeblock, Kazi Ev5 Peguino, FxBriks, 4DBricks, SBrick, Buwizz, BrickPi…etc) like:

BD: 0-1024 Brand – Type of device ID: 0-255 number in our group of devices PD: 0-16 Port TY: 0-16 Type: tilt, gyro, distance, motor, temp, touch Value1: 0-255 on/off, presure, Value1: -128 to 128: velocity, grades of turn …etc

About connector we would pick standart rs485 pins (gnd, power (24 to 3,5 Vdc), Tx, Rx) to join different brands, and then the old conectors used in ev3/nxt, power fundtions (wedo and SBrick plus), plus the ones used in Arduino boards like Makeblock and microbit.

Also a good idea could be adding a new firmware for lego`s nxt-g, nxt-2, ev3, and wedo1, where we could use the USB connector as expansion port to receive this simple protocol from an universal hub interface, and linked then by r485 to the rest of brands by cable and as a second option by wifi BLE, or even radio for rc lovers.

I think most of schools and lego adult funs would like to see something like this on as god news from Lego and other brands, extending the colaborative primises that are published on FLL, WRO or Robocup competitions arround the world. “Teach young teens the same values you have your daily work” ;-)

“And though it’s not yet been officially revealed, LEGO Education representatives did confirm a LEGO Spike to Apple Thunderbolt connector is in the pipeline.”

Could you elaborate a little on what you mean on this? As far as I’m aware the only physical connector on the hub is Micro-USB, so no adapter should be necessary apart from ones already on the market.

Or do you mean a connector to the motors/sensors themselves, the LPF2 connector?

@Daniel Walton Unfortunately, there are no details about the new product. However, it is clear that the new educational solution will be aimed at high school students.

Thanks for all of your comments and input about the article. LEGO Education reached out to us with some clarifications about the Spike Prime sets that we’ve included above and that we hope answer a few of your questions.

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Google announces hardware event for early August, possibly Pixel 9 series?

Published on June 25, 2024

• Google has started sending out invites to its Made by Google showcase.
• The event is scheduled to start on August 13 at 10:00 AM PT.
• Google’s conference will be held at its Mountain View campus.

It feels like it was just yesterday when Google hosted its I/O 2024 software event. Now it’s time for the spotlight to move over to the company’s hardware. The tech giant has now officially announced the date for its Made by Google showcase, where it could unveil its latest Android phone .

Google has started sending out invites to its Made by Google event. This year, the presentation will happen on August 13 at 10:00 AM PT and will take place at the company’s headquarters in Mountain View, California. Made by Google has previously been held in New York and San Francisco.

According to the invite, we can expect to see “the best of Google AI, Android software and the Pixel portfolio of devices.” Following the keynote, Google will offer a “hands-on experience.”

Based on the wording, it’s possible that this event could serve as a launch for the Pixel 9 series , which we expect to see a bit of a shake-up. Leaks and rumors point to there possibly being a Pixel 9, Pro, and Pro XL. We have also heard that the Fold will be rebranded as the Pixel 9 Pro Fold, meaning we may also see Google’s next-generation foldable.

At this point, it’s unknown all of what Google plans to show at the showcase. However, other possibilities could include the Pixel Watch 3, Pixel Tablet 2, and more.

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