Research methodology vs. research methods
The research methodology or design is the overall strategy and rationale that you used to carry out the research. Whereas, research methods are the specific tools and processes you use to gather and understand the data you need to test your hypothesis.
To further understand research methodology, let’s explore some examples of research methodology:
a. Qualitative research methodology example: A study exploring the impact of author branding on author popularity might utilize in-depth interviews to gather personal experiences and perspectives.
b. Quantitative research methodology example: A research project investigating the effects of a book promotion technique on book sales could employ a statistical analysis of profit margins and sales before and after the implementation of the method.
c. Mixed-Methods research methodology example: A study examining the relationship between social media use and academic performance might combine both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It could include surveys to quantitatively assess the frequency of social media usage and its correlation with grades, alongside focus groups or interviews to qualitatively explore students’ perceptions and experiences regarding how social media affects their study habits and academic engagement.
These examples highlight the meaning of methodology in research and how it guides the research process, from data collection to analysis, ensuring the study’s objectives are met efficiently.
When it comes to writing your study, the methodology in research papers or a dissertation plays a pivotal role. A well-crafted methodology section of a research paper or thesis not only enhances the credibility of your research but also provides a roadmap for others to replicate or build upon your work.
Wondering how to write the research methodology section? Follow these steps to create a strong methods chapter:
At the start of a research paper , you would have provided the background of your research and stated your hypothesis or research problem. In this section, you will elaborate on your research strategy.
Begin by restating your research question and proceed to explain what type of research you opted for to test it. Depending on your research, here are some questions you can consider:
a. Did you use qualitative or quantitative data to test the hypothesis?
b. Did you perform an experiment where you collected data or are you writing a dissertation that is descriptive/theoretical without data collection?
c. Did you use primary data that you collected or analyze secondary research data or existing data as part of your study?
These questions will help you establish the rationale for your study on a broader level, which you will follow by elaborating on the specific methods you used to collect and understand your data.
Now that you have told your reader what type of research you’ve undertaken for the dissertation, it’s time to dig into specifics. State what specific methods you used and explain the conditions and variables involved. Explain what the theoretical framework behind the method was, what samples you used for testing it, and what tools and materials you used to collect the data.
Once you have explained the data collection process, explain how you analyzed and studied the data. Here, your focus is simply to explain the methods of analysis rather than the results of the study.
Here are some questions you can answer at this stage:
a. What tools or software did you use to analyze your results?
b. What parameters or variables did you consider while understanding and studying the data you’ve collected?
c. Was your analysis based on a theoretical framework?
Your mode of analysis will change depending on whether you used a quantitative or qualitative research methodology in your study. If you’re working within the hard sciences or physical sciences, you are likely to use a quantitative research methodology (relying on numbers and hard data). If you’re doing a qualitative study, in the social sciences or humanities, your analysis may rely on understanding language and socio-political contexts around your topic. This is why it’s important to establish what kind of study you’re undertaking at the onset.
Now that you have gone through your research process in detail, you’ll also have to make a case for it. Justify your choice of methodology and methods, explaining why it is the best choice for your research question. This is especially important if you have chosen an unconventional approach or you’ve simply chosen to study an existing research problem from a different perspective. Compare it with other methodologies, especially ones attempted by previous researchers, and discuss what contributions using your methodology makes.
No matter how thorough a methodology is, it doesn’t come without its hurdles. This is a natural part of scientific research that is important to document so that your peers and future researchers are aware of it. Writing in a research paper about this aspect of your research process also tells your evaluator that you have actively worked to overcome the pitfalls that came your way and you have refined the research process.
1. Remember who you are writing for. Keeping sight of the reader/evaluator will help you know what to elaborate on and what information they are already likely to have. You’re condensing months’ work of research in just a few pages, so you should omit basic definitions and information about general phenomena people already know.
2. Do not give an overly elaborate explanation of every single condition in your study.
3. Skip details and findings irrelevant to the results.
4. Cite references that back your claim and choice of methodology.
5. Consistently emphasize the relationship between your research question and the methodology you adopted to study it.
To sum it up, what is methodology in research? It’s the blueprint of your research, essential for ensuring that your study is systematic, rigorous, and credible. Whether your focus is on qualitative research methodology, quantitative research methodology, or a combination of both, understanding and clearly defining your methodology is key to the success of your research.
Once you write the research methodology and complete writing the entire research paper, the next step is to edit your paper. As experts in research paper editing and proofreading services , we’d love to help you perfect your paper!
Here are some other articles that you might find useful:
What does research methodology mean, what types of research methodologies are there, what is qualitative research methodology, how to determine sample size in research methodology, what is action research methodology.
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This is very simplified and direct. Very helpful to understand the research methodology section of a dissertation
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Reference management. Clean and simple.
Why do you need a research methodology, what needs to be included, why do you need to document your research method, what are the different types of research instruments, qualitative / quantitative / mixed research methodologies, how do you choose the best research methodology for you, frequently asked questions about research methodology, related articles.
When you’re working on your first piece of academic research, there are many different things to focus on, and it can be overwhelming to stay on top of everything. This is especially true of budding or inexperienced researchers.
If you’ve never put together a research proposal before or find yourself in a position where you need to explain your research methodology decisions, there are a few things you need to be aware of.
Once you understand the ins and outs, handling academic research in the future will be less intimidating. We break down the basics below:
A research methodology encompasses the way in which you intend to carry out your research. This includes how you plan to tackle things like collection methods, statistical analysis, participant observations, and more.
You can think of your research methodology as being a formula. One part will be how you plan on putting your research into practice, and another will be why you feel this is the best way to approach it. Your research methodology is ultimately a methodological and systematic plan to resolve your research problem.
In short, you are explaining how you will take your idea and turn it into a study, which in turn will produce valid and reliable results that are in accordance with the aims and objectives of your research. This is true whether your paper plans to make use of qualitative methods or quantitative methods.
The purpose of a research methodology is to explain the reasoning behind your approach to your research - you'll need to support your collection methods, methods of analysis, and other key points of your work.
Think of it like writing a plan or an outline for you what you intend to do.
When carrying out research, it can be easy to go off-track or depart from your standard methodology.
Tip: Having a methodology keeps you accountable and on track with your original aims and objectives, and gives you a suitable and sound plan to keep your project manageable, smooth, and effective.
With all that said, how do you write out your standard approach to a research methodology?
As a general plan, your methodology should include the following information:
In any dissertation, thesis, or academic journal, you will always find a chapter dedicated to explaining the research methodology of the person who carried out the study, also referred to as the methodology section of the work.
A good research methodology will explain what you are going to do and why, while a poor methodology will lead to a messy or disorganized approach.
You should also be able to justify in this section your reasoning for why you intend to carry out your research in a particular way, especially if it might be a particularly unique method.
Having a sound methodology in place can also help you with the following:
A research instrument is a tool you will use to help you collect, measure and analyze the data you use as part of your research.
The choice of research instrument will usually be yours to make as the researcher and will be whichever best suits your methodology.
There are many different research instruments you can use in collecting data for your research.
Generally, they can be grouped as follows:
These are the most common ways of carrying out research, but it is really dependent on your needs as a researcher and what approach you think is best to take.
It is also possible to combine a number of research instruments if this is necessary and appropriate in answering your research problem.
There are three different types of methodologies, and they are distinguished by whether they focus on words, numbers, or both.
Data type | What is it? | Methodology |
---|---|---|
Quantitative | This methodology focuses more on measuring and testing numerical data. What is the aim of quantitative research? | Surveys, tests, existing databases. |
Qualitative | Qualitative research is a process of collecting and analyzing both words and textual data. | Observations, interviews, focus groups. |
Mixed-method | A mixed-method approach combines both of the above approaches. | Where you can use a mixed method of research, this can produce some incredibly interesting results. This is due to testing in a way that provides data that is both proven to be exact while also being exploratory at the same time. |
➡️ Want to learn more about the differences between qualitative and quantitative research, and how to use both methods? Check out our guide for that!
If you've done your due diligence, you'll have an idea of which methodology approach is best suited to your research.
It’s likely that you will have carried out considerable reading and homework before you reach this point and you may have taken inspiration from other similar studies that have yielded good results.
Still, it is important to consider different options before setting your research in stone. Exploring different options available will help you to explain why the choice you ultimately make is preferable to other methods.
If proving your research problem requires you to gather large volumes of numerical data to test hypotheses, a quantitative research method is likely to provide you with the most usable results.
If instead you’re looking to try and learn more about people, and their perception of events, your methodology is more exploratory in nature and would therefore probably be better served using a qualitative research methodology.
It helps to always bring things back to the question: what do I want to achieve with my research?
Once you have conducted your research, you need to analyze it. Here are some helpful guides for qualitative data analysis:
➡️ How to do a content analysis
➡️ How to do a thematic analysis
➡️ How to do a rhetorical analysis
Research methodology refers to the techniques used to find and analyze information for a study, ensuring that the results are valid, reliable and that they address the research objective.
Data can typically be organized into four different categories or methods: observational, experimental, simulation, and derived.
Writing a methodology section is a process of introducing your methods and instruments, discussing your analysis, providing more background information, addressing your research limitations, and more.
Your research methodology section will need a clear research question and proposed research approach. You'll need to add a background, introduce your research question, write your methodology and add the works you cited during your data collecting phase.
The research methodology section of your study will indicate how valid your findings are and how well-informed your paper is. It also assists future researchers planning to use the same methodology, who want to cite your study or replicate it.
By Derek Jansen (MBA) and Kerryn Warren (PhD) | June 2020 (Last updated April 2023)
If you’re new to formal academic research, it’s quite likely that you’re feeling a little overwhelmed by all the technical lingo that gets thrown around. And who could blame you – “research methodology”, “research methods”, “sampling strategies”… it all seems never-ending!
In this post, we’ll demystify the landscape with plain-language explanations and loads of examples (including easy-to-follow videos), so that you can approach your dissertation, thesis or research project with confidence. Let’s get started.
Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of a research study. More specifically, it’s about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable results that address the research aims, objectives and research questions . Specifically, how the researcher went about deciding:
Within any formal piece of academic research (be it a dissertation, thesis or journal article), you’ll find a research methodology chapter or section which covers the aspects mentioned above. Importantly, a good methodology chapter explains not just what methodological choices were made, but also explains why they were made. In other words, the methodology chapter should justify the design choices, by showing that the chosen methods and techniques are the best fit for the research aims, objectives and research questions.
So, it’s the same as research design?
Not quite. As we mentioned, research methodology refers to the collection of practical decisions regarding what data you’ll collect, from who, how you’ll collect it and how you’ll analyse it. Research design, on the other hand, is more about the overall strategy you’ll adopt in your study. For example, whether you’ll use an experimental design in which you manipulate one variable while controlling others. You can learn more about research design and the various design types here .
Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods are different types of methodological approaches, distinguished by their focus on words , numbers or both . This is a bit of an oversimplification, but its a good starting point for understanding.
Let’s take a closer look.
Qualitative research refers to research which focuses on collecting and analysing words (written or spoken) and textual or visual data, whereas quantitative research focuses on measurement and testing using numerical data . Qualitative analysis can also focus on other “softer” data points, such as body language or visual elements.
It’s quite common for a qualitative methodology to be used when the research aims and research questions are exploratory in nature. For example, a qualitative methodology might be used to understand peoples’ perceptions about an event that took place, or a political candidate running for president.
Contrasted to this, a quantitative methodology is typically used when the research aims and research questions are confirmatory in nature. For example, a quantitative methodology might be used to measure the relationship between two variables (e.g. personality type and likelihood to commit a crime) or to test a set of hypotheses .
As you’ve probably guessed, the mixed-method methodology attempts to combine the best of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to integrate perspectives and create a rich picture. If you’d like to learn more about these three methodological approaches, be sure to watch our explainer video below.
Simply put, sampling is about deciding who (or where) you’re going to collect your data from . Why does this matter? Well, generally it’s not possible to collect data from every single person in your group of interest (this is called the “population”), so you’ll need to engage a smaller portion of that group that’s accessible and manageable (this is called the “sample”).
How you go about selecting the sample (i.e., your sampling strategy) will have a major impact on your study. There are many different sampling methods you can choose from, but the two overarching categories are probability sampling and non-probability sampling .
Probability sampling involves using a completely random sample from the group of people you’re interested in. This is comparable to throwing the names all potential participants into a hat, shaking it up, and picking out the “winners”. By using a completely random sample, you’ll minimise the risk of selection bias and the results of your study will be more generalisable to the entire population.
Non-probability sampling , on the other hand, doesn’t use a random sample . For example, it might involve using a convenience sample, which means you’d only interview or survey people that you have access to (perhaps your friends, family or work colleagues), rather than a truly random sample. With non-probability sampling, the results are typically not generalisable .
To learn more about sampling methods, be sure to check out the video below.
As the name suggests, data collection methods simply refers to the way in which you go about collecting the data for your study. Some of the most common data collection methods include:
The choice of which data collection method to use depends on your overall research aims and research questions , as well as practicalities and resource constraints. For example, if your research is exploratory in nature, qualitative methods such as interviews and focus groups would likely be a good fit. Conversely, if your research aims to measure specific variables or test hypotheses, large-scale surveys that produce large volumes of numerical data would likely be a better fit.
Data analysis methods refer to the methods and techniques that you’ll use to make sense of your data. These can be grouped according to whether the research is qualitative (words-based) or quantitative (numbers-based).
Popular data analysis methods in qualitative research include:
Qualitative data analysis all begins with data coding , after which an analysis method is applied. In some cases, more than one analysis method is used, depending on the research aims and research questions . In the video below, we explore some common qualitative analysis methods, along with practical examples.
Moving on to the quantitative side of things, popular data analysis methods in this type of research include:
Again, the choice of which data collection method to use depends on your overall research aims and objectives , as well as practicalities and resource constraints. In the video below, we explain some core concepts central to quantitative analysis.
As you’ve probably picked up by now, your research aims and objectives have a major influence on the research methodology . So, the starting point for developing your research methodology is to take a step back and look at the big picture of your research, before you make methodology decisions. The first question you need to ask yourself is whether your research is exploratory or confirmatory in nature.
If your research aims and objectives are primarily exploratory in nature, your research will likely be qualitative and therefore you might consider qualitative data collection methods (e.g. interviews) and analysis methods (e.g. qualitative content analysis).
Conversely, if your research aims and objective are looking to measure or test something (i.e. they’re confirmatory), then your research will quite likely be quantitative in nature, and you might consider quantitative data collection methods (e.g. surveys) and analyses (e.g. statistical analysis).
Designing your research and working out your methodology is a large topic, which we cover extensively on the blog . For now, however, the key takeaway is that you should always start with your research aims, objectives and research questions (the golden thread). Every methodological choice you make needs align with those three components.
In the video below, we provide a detailed walkthrough of a research methodology from an actual dissertation, as well as an overview of our free methodology template .
This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...
Thank you for this simple yet comprehensive and easy to digest presentation. God Bless!
You’re most welcome, Leo. Best of luck with your research!
I found it very useful. many thanks
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Thank you for this, I think will help my research proposal
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Good morning sorry I want to the search topic
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Good morning, I have been reading your research lessons through out a period of times. They are important, impressive and clear. Want to subscribe and be and be active with you.
Thankyou So much Sir Derek…
Good morning thanks so much for the on line lectures am a student of university of Makeni.select a research topic and deliberate on it so that we’ll continue to understand more.sorry that’s a suggestion.
Beautiful presentation. I love it.
please provide a research mehodology example for zoology
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Thank you so much Derek sir🖤🙏🤗
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Thanks for updating my understanding on this aspect of my Thesis writing.
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Research methodology with a simplest way i have never seen before this article.
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Good morning thanks so much for the on line lectures am a student of university of Makeni.select a research topic and deliberate on is so that we will continue to understand more.sorry that’s a suggestion.
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I found the notes and the presentation assisting and opening my understanding on research methodology
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Well written
I am writing a APA Format paper . I using questionnaire with 120 STDs teacher for my participant. Can you write me mthology for this research. Send it through email sent. Just need a sample as an example please. My topic is ” impacts of overcrowding on students learning
Thanks for your comment.
We can’t write your methodology for you. If you’re looking for samples, you should be able to find some sample methodologies on Google. Alternatively, you can download some previous dissertations from a dissertation directory and have a look at the methodology chapters therein.
All the best with your research.
Thank you so much for this!! God Bless
Thank you. Explicit explanation
Thank you, Derek and Kerryn, for making this simple to understand. I’m currently at the inception stage of my research.
Thnks a lot , this was very usefull on my assignment
excellent explanation
I’m currently working on my master’s thesis, thanks for this! I’m certain that I will use Qualitative methodology.
Thanks a lot for this concise piece, it was quite relieving and helpful. God bless you BIG…
I am currently doing my dissertation proposal and I am sure that I will do quantitative research. Thank you very much it was extremely helpful.
Very interesting and informative yet I would like to know about examples of Research Questions as well, if possible.
I’m about to submit a research presentation, I have come to understand from your simplification on understanding research methodology. My research will be mixed methodology, qualitative as well as quantitative. So aim and objective of mixed method would be both exploratory and confirmatory. Thanks you very much for your guidance.
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Thank you immensely for this simple, easy to comprehend explanation of data collection methods. I have been stuck here for months 😩. Glad I found your piece. Super insightful.
I’m going to write synopsis which will be quantitative research method and I don’t know how to frame my topic, can I kindly get some ideas..
Thanks for this, I was really struggling.
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Thanks a lot for this information, simple and straightforward. I’m a last year student from the University of South Africa UNISA South Africa.
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This article was really helpful, it helped me understanding the basic concepts of the topic Research Methodology. The examples were very clear, and easy to understand. I would like to visit this website again. Thank you so much for such a great explanation of the subject.
Thanks dude
Thank you Doctor Derek for this wonderful piece, please help to provide your details for reference purpose. God bless.
Many compliments to you
Great work , thank you very much for the simple explanation
Thank you. I had to give a presentation on this topic. I have looked everywhere on the internet but this is the best and simple explanation.
thank you, its very informative.
Well explained. Now I know my research methodology will be qualitative and exploratory. Thank you so much, keep up the good work
Well explained, thank you very much.
This is good explanation, I have understood the different methods of research. Thanks a lot.
Great work…very well explanation
Thanks Derek. Kerryn was just fantastic!
Great to hear that, Hyacinth. Best of luck with your research!
Its a good templates very attractive and important to PhD students and lectuter
Thanks for the feedback, Matobela. Good luck with your research methodology.
Thank you. This is really helpful.
You’re very welcome, Elie. Good luck with your research methodology.
Well explained thanks
This is a very helpful site especially for young researchers at college. It provides sufficient information to guide students and equip them with the necessary foundation to ask any other questions aimed at deepening their understanding.
Thanks for the kind words, Edward. Good luck with your research!
Thank you. I have learned a lot.
Great to hear that, Ngwisa. Good luck with your research methodology!
Thank you for keeping your presentation simples and short and covering key information for research methodology. My key takeaway: Start with defining your research objective the other will depend on the aims of your research question.
My name is Zanele I would like to be assisted with my research , and the topic is shortage of nursing staff globally want are the causes , effects on health, patients and community and also globally
Thanks for making it simple and clear. It greatly helped in understanding research methodology. Regards.
This is well simplified and straight to the point
Thank you Dr
I was given an assignment to research 2 publications and describe their research methodology? I don’t know how to start this task can someone help me?
Sure. You’re welcome to book an initial consultation with one of our Research Coaches to discuss how we can assist – https://gradcoach.com/book/new/ .
Thanks a lot I am relieved of a heavy burden.keep up with the good work
I’m very much grateful Dr Derek. I’m planning to pursue one of the careers that really needs one to be very much eager to know. There’s a lot of research to do and everything, but since I’ve gotten this information I will use it to the best of my potential.
Thank you so much, words are not enough to explain how helpful this session has been for me!
Thanks this has thought me alot.
Very concise and helpful. Thanks a lot
Thank Derek. This is very helpful. Your step by step explanation has made it easier for me to understand different concepts. Now i can get on with my research.
I wish i had come across this sooner. So simple but yet insightful
really nice explanation thank you so much
I’m so grateful finding this site, it’s really helpful…….every term well explained and provide accurate understanding especially to student going into an in-depth research for the very first time, even though my lecturer already explained this topic to the class, I think I got the clear and efficient explanation here, much thanks to the author.
It is very helpful material
I would like to be assisted with my research topic : Literature Review and research methodologies. My topic is : what is the relationship between unemployment and economic growth?
Its really nice and good for us.
THANKS SO MUCH FOR EXPLANATION, ITS VERY CLEAR TO ME WHAT I WILL BE DOING FROM NOW .GREAT READS.
Short but sweet.Thank you
Informative article. Thanks for your detailed information.
I’m currently working on my Ph.D. thesis. Thanks a lot, Derek and Kerryn, Well-organized sequences, facilitate the readers’ following.
great article for someone who does not have any background can even understand
I am a bit confused about research design and methodology. Are they the same? If not, what are the differences and how are they related?
Thanks in advance.
concise and informative.
Thank you very much
How can we site this article is Harvard style?
Very well written piece that afforded better understanding of the concept. Thank you!
Am a new researcher trying to learn how best to write a research proposal. I find your article spot on and want to download the free template but finding difficulties. Can u kindly send it to my email, the free download entitled, “Free Download: Research Proposal Template (with Examples)”.
Thank too much
Thank you very much for your comprehensive explanation about research methodology so I like to thank you again for giving us such great things.
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It was very helpful, a well-written document with precise information.
how do i reference this?
MLA Jansen, Derek, and Kerryn Warren. “What (Exactly) Is Research Methodology?” Grad Coach, June 2021, gradcoach.com/what-is-research-methodology/.
APA Jansen, D., & Warren, K. (2021, June). What (Exactly) Is Research Methodology? Grad Coach. https://gradcoach.com/what-is-research-methodology/
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research methodologies
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hello sir/ma’am, i didn’t find yet that what type of research methodology i am using. because i am writing my report on CSR and collect all my data from websites and articles so which type of methodology i should write in dissertation report. please help me. i am from India.
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Comment * thanks very much
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Published by Nicolas at March 21st, 2024 , Revised On March 12, 2024
Research methodology is a crucial aspect of any investigative process, serving as the blueprint for the entire research journey. If you are stuck in the methodology section of your research paper , then this blog will guide you on what is a research methodology, its types and how to successfully conduct one.
Table of Contents
Research methodology can be defined as the systematic framework that guides researchers in designing, conducting, and analyzing their investigations. It encompasses a structured set of processes, techniques, and tools employed to gather and interpret data, ensuring the reliability and validity of the research findings.
Research methodology is not confined to a singular approach; rather, it encapsulates a diverse range of methods tailored to the specific requirements of the research objectives.
Here is why Research methodology is important in academic and professional settings.
Research methodology forms the backbone of rigorous inquiry. It provides a structured approach that aids researchers in formulating precise thesis statements , selecting appropriate methodologies, and executing systematic investigations. This, in turn, enhances the quality and credibility of the research outcomes.
In both academic and professional contexts, the ability to reproduce research outcomes is paramount. A well-defined research methodology establishes clear procedures, making it possible for others to replicate the study. This not only validates the findings but also contributes to the cumulative nature of knowledge.
In professional settings, decisions often hinge on reliable data and insights. Research methodology equips professionals with the tools to gather pertinent information, analyze it rigorously, and derive meaningful conclusions.
This informed decision-making is instrumental in achieving organizational goals and staying ahead in competitive environments.
For academic researchers, adherence to robust research methodology is a hallmark of excellence. Institutions value research that adheres to high standards of methodology, fostering a culture of academic rigour and intellectual integrity. Furthermore, it prepares students with critical skills applicable beyond academia.
Research methodology instills a problem-solving mindset by encouraging researchers to approach challenges systematically. It equips individuals with the skills to dissect complex issues, formulate hypotheses , and devise effective strategies for investigation.
In the pursuit of knowledge and discovery, understanding the fundamentals of research methodology is paramount.
Research, in its essence, is a systematic and organized process of inquiry aimed at expanding our understanding of a particular subject or phenomenon. It involves the exploration of existing knowledge, the formulation of hypotheses, and the collection and analysis of data to draw meaningful conclusions.
Research is a dynamic and iterative process that contributes to the continuous evolution of knowledge in various disciplines.
Research takes on various forms, each tailored to the nature of the inquiry. Broadly classified, research can be categorized into two main types:
To conduct effective research, one must go through the different components of research methodology. These components form the scaffolding that supports the entire research process, ensuring its coherence and validity.
Research design serves as the blueprint for the entire research project. It outlines the overall structure and strategy for conducting the study. The three primary types of research design are:
Choosing the right data collection methods is crucial for obtaining reliable and relevant information. Common methods include:
Once data is collected, analysis becomes imperative to derive meaningful conclusions. Different methodologies exist for quantitative and qualitative data:
Selecting an appropriate research method is a critical decision in the research process. It determines the approach, tools, and techniques that will be used to answer the research questions.
Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, providing a structured and objective approach to understanding and explaining phenomena.
Experimental research involves manipulating variables to observe the effect on another variable under controlled conditions. It aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Key Characteristics:
Applications: Commonly used in scientific studies and psychology to test hypotheses and identify causal relationships.
Survey research gathers information from a sample of individuals through standardized questionnaires or interviews. It aims to collect data on opinions, attitudes, and behaviours.
Applications: Widely employed in social sciences, marketing, and public opinion research to understand trends and preferences.
Descriptive research seeks to portray an accurate profile of a situation or phenomenon. It focuses on answering the ‘what,’ ‘who,’ ‘where,’ and ‘when’ questions.
Applications: Useful in situations where researchers want to understand and describe a phenomenon without altering it, common in social sciences and education.
Qualitative research emphasizes exploring and understanding the depth and complexity of phenomena through non-numerical data.
A case study is an in-depth exploration of a particular person, group, event, or situation. It involves detailed, context-rich analysis.
Applications: Common in social sciences, psychology, and business to investigate complex and specific instances.
Ethnography involves immersing the researcher in the culture or community being studied to gain a deep understanding of their behaviours, beliefs, and practices.
Applications: Widely used in anthropology, sociology, and cultural studies to explore and document cultural practices.
Grounded theory aims to develop theories grounded in the data itself. It involves systematic data collection and analysis to construct theories from the ground up.
Applications: Commonly applied in sociology, nursing, and management studies to generate theories from empirical data.
Research design is the structural framework that outlines the systematic process and plan for conducting a study. It serves as the blueprint, guiding researchers on how to collect, analyze, and interpret data.
Exploratory design.
Exploratory research design is employed when a researcher aims to explore a relatively unknown subject or gain insights into a complex phenomenon.
Applications: Valuable in the early stages of investigation, especially when the researcher seeks a deeper understanding of a subject before formalizing research questions.
Descriptive research design focuses on portraying an accurate profile of a situation, group, or phenomenon.
Applications: Widely used in social sciences, marketing, and educational research to provide detailed and objective descriptions.
Explanatory research design aims to identify the causes and effects of a phenomenon, explaining the ‘why’ and ‘how’ behind observed relationships.
Applications: Commonly employed in scientific studies and social sciences to delve into the underlying reasons behind observed patterns.
Cross-sectional design.
Cross-sectional designs collect data from participants at a single point in time.
Applications: Suitable for studying characteristics or behaviours that are stable or not expected to change rapidly.
Longitudinal designs involve the collection of data from the same participants over an extended period.
Applications: Ideal for studying developmental processes, trends, or the impact of interventions over time.
Experimental design.
Experimental designs involve manipulating variables under controlled conditions to observe the effect on another variable.
Applications: Commonly used in scientific studies, psychology, and medical research to establish causal relationships.
Non-experimental designs observe and describe phenomena without manipulating variables.
Applications: Suitable for studying complex phenomena in real-world settings where manipulation may not be ethical or feasible.
Effective data collection is fundamental to the success of any research endeavour.
Objective Design:
Structured Format:
Pilot Testing:
Sampling Strategy:
Establishing Rapport:
Open-Ended Questions:
Active Listening:
Ethical Considerations:
1. participant observation.
Immersive Participation:
Field Notes:
Ethical Awareness:
Objective Observation:
Data Reliability:
Contextual Understanding:
1. using existing data.
Identifying Relevant Archives:
Data Verification:
Ethical Use:
Incomplete or Inaccurate Archives:
Temporal Bias:
Access Limitations:
Conducting research is a complex and dynamic process, often accompanied by a myriad of challenges. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensure the reliability and validity of research findings.
Sampling bias:.
Measurement error:.
Timeline pressures:.
Selection bias:.
Conducting successful research relies not only on the application of sound methodologies but also on strategic planning and effective collaboration. Here are some tips to enhance the success of your research methodology:
Well-defined research objectives guide the entire research process. Clearly articulate the purpose of your study, outlining specific research questions or hypotheses.
A thorough literature review provides a foundation for understanding existing knowledge and identifying gaps. Invest time in reviewing relevant literature to inform your research design and methodology.
A detailed plan serves as a roadmap, ensuring all aspects of the research are systematically addressed. Develop a detailed research plan outlining timelines, milestones, and tasks.
Ethical practices are fundamental to maintaining the integrity of research. Address ethical considerations early, obtain necessary approvals, and ensure participant rights are safeguarded.
Research methodologies evolve, and staying updated is essential for employing the most effective techniques. Engage in continuous learning by attending workshops, conferences, and reading recent publications.
Unforeseen challenges may arise during research, necessitating adaptability in methods. Be flexible and willing to modify your approach when needed, ensuring the integrity of the study.
Research is often an iterative process, and refining methods based on ongoing findings enhance the study’s robustness. Regularly review and refine your research design and methods as the study progresses.
What is the research methodology.
Research methodology is the systematic process of planning, executing, and evaluating scientific investigation. It encompasses the techniques, tools, and procedures used to collect, analyze, and interpret data, ensuring the reliability and validity of research findings.
Research methodologies include qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative methods involve in-depth exploration of non-numerical data, while quantitative methods use statistical analysis to examine numerical data. Mixed methods combine both approaches for a comprehensive understanding of research questions.
To write a research methodology, clearly outline the study’s design, data collection, and analysis procedures. Specify research tools, participants, and sampling methods. Justify choices and discuss limitations. Ensure clarity, coherence, and alignment with research objectives for a robust methodology section.
In the methodology section of a research paper, describe the study’s design, data collection, and analysis methods. Detail procedures, tools, participants, and sampling. Justify choices, address ethical considerations, and explain how the methodology aligns with research objectives, ensuring clarity and rigour.
Mixed research methodology combines both qualitative and quantitative research approaches within a single study. This approach aims to enhance the details and depth of research findings by providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem or question.
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Home » Dissertation Methodology – Structure, Example and Writing Guide
In any research, the methodology chapter is one of the key components of your dissertation. It provides a detailed description of the methods you used to conduct your research and helps readers understand how you obtained your data and how you plan to analyze it. This section is crucial for replicating the study and validating its results.
Here are the basic elements that are typically included in a dissertation methodology:
The type of methodology you choose for your dissertation will depend on the nature of your research question and the field you’re working in. Here are some of the most common types of methodologies used in dissertations:
Experimental Research
This involves creating an experiment that will test your hypothesis. You’ll need to design an experiment, manipulate variables, collect data, and analyze that data to draw conclusions. This is commonly used in fields like psychology, biology, and physics.
Survey Research
This type of research involves gathering data from a large number of participants using tools like questionnaires or surveys. It can be used to collect a large amount of data and is often used in fields like sociology, marketing, and public health.
Qualitative Research
This type of research is used to explore complex phenomena that can’t be easily quantified. Methods include interviews, focus groups, and observations. This methodology is common in fields like anthropology, sociology, and education.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research uses numerical data to answer research questions. This can include statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. It’s common in fields like economics, psychology, and health sciences.
Case Study Research
This type of research involves in-depth investigation of a particular case, such as an individual, group, or event. This methodology is often used in psychology, social sciences, and business.
Mixed Methods Research
This combines qualitative and quantitative research methods in a single study. It’s used to answer more complex research questions and is becoming more popular in fields like social sciences, health sciences, and education.
Action Research
This type of research involves taking action and then reflecting upon the results. This cycle of action-reflection-action continues throughout the study. It’s often used in fields like education and organizational development.
Longitudinal Research
This type of research involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time. This could involve surveys, observations, or experiments. It’s common in fields like psychology, sociology, and medicine.
Ethnographic Research
This type of research involves the in-depth study of people and cultures. Researchers immerse themselves in the culture they’re studying to collect data. This is often used in fields like anthropology and social sciences.
The structure of a dissertation methodology can vary depending on your field of study, the nature of your research, and the guidelines of your institution. However, a standard structure typically includes the following elements:
Writing a dissertation methodology requires you to be clear and precise about the way you’ve carried out your research. It’s an opportunity to convince your readers of the appropriateness and reliability of your approach to your research question. Here is a basic guideline on how to write your methodology section:
1. Introduction
Start your methodology section by restating your research question(s) or objective(s). This ensures your methodology directly ties into the aim of your research.
2. Approach
Identify your overall approach: qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Explain why you have chosen this approach.
3. Research Design
Describe the overall design of your research. This could involve explaining the type of study (e.g., case study, ethnography, experimental research, etc.), how you’ve defined and measured your variables, and any control measures you’ve implemented.
4. Data Collection
Explain in detail how you collected your data.
5. Data Analysis
Describe how you analyzed your data.
Discuss any ethical issues related to your research. This might involve explaining how you obtained informed consent, how you’re protecting participants’ privacy, or how you’re managing any potential harms to participants.
7. Reliability and Validity
Discuss the steps you’ve taken to ensure the reliability and validity of your data.
8. Limitations
Every study has its limitations. Discuss the potential weaknesses of your chosen methods and explain any obstacles you faced in your research.
9. Conclusion
Summarize the key points of your methodology, emphasizing how it helps to address your research question or objective.
An Example of Dissertation Methodology is as follows:
Chapter 3: Methodology
This chapter details the methodology adopted in this research. The study aimed to explore the relationship between stress and productivity in the workplace. A mixed-methods research design was used to collect and analyze data.
Research Design
This study adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem. The rationale for this approach is that while quantitative data can provide a broad overview of the relationships between variables, qualitative data can provide deeper insights into the nuances of these relationships.
Data Collection Methods
Quantitative Data Collection : An online self-report questionnaire was used to collect data from participants. The questionnaire consisted of two standardized scales: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to measure stress levels and the Individual Work Productivity Questionnaire (IWPQ) to measure productivity. The sample consisted of 200 office workers randomly selected from various companies in the city.
Qualitative Data Collection : Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants chosen from the initial sample. The interview guide included questions about participants’ experiences with stress and how they perceived its impact on their productivity.
Data Analysis Methods
Quantitative Data Analysis : Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the survey data. Pearson’s correlation was used to examine the relationship between stress and productivity.
Qualitative Data Analysis : Interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis using NVivo software. This process allowed for identifying and analyzing patterns and themes regarding the impact of stress on productivity.
Reliability and Validity
To ensure reliability and validity, standardized measures with good psychometric properties were used. In qualitative data analysis, triangulation was employed by having two researchers independently analyze the data and then compare findings.
Ethical Considerations
All participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement in the study. They were informed about the purpose of the study, their rights as participants, and the confidentiality of their responses.
Limitations
The main limitation of this study is its reliance on self-report measures, which can be subject to biases such as social desirability bias. Moreover, the sample was drawn from a single city, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.
In a dissertation or thesis, the Methodology section usually follows the Literature Review. This placement allows the Methodology to build upon the theoretical framework and existing research outlined in the Literature Review, and precedes the Results or Findings section. Here’s a basic outline of how most dissertations are structured:
In the Methodology chapter, you will discuss the research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and any ethical considerations pertaining to your study. This allows your readers to understand how your research was conducted and how you arrived at your results.
The dissertation methodology section plays an important role in a dissertation for several reasons. Here are some of the advantages of having a well-crafted methodology section in your dissertation:
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The research methodology section of any academic research paper gives you the opportunity to convince your readers that your research is useful and will contribute to your field of study. An effective research methodology is grounded in your overall approach – whether qualitative or quantitative – and adequately describes the methods you used. Justify why you chose those methods over others, then explain how those methods will provide answers to your research questions. [1] X Research source
To write a research methodology, start with a section that outlines the problems or questions you'll be studying, including your hypotheses or whatever it is you're setting out to prove. Then, briefly explain why you chose to use either a qualitative or quantitative approach for your study. Next, go over when and where you conducted your research and what parameters you used to ensure you were objective. Finally, cite any sources you used to decide on the methodology for your research. To learn how to justify your choice of methods in your research methodology, scroll down! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Published on April 24, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 8, 2023.
Good academic writing requires effective planning, drafting, and revision.
The writing process looks different for everyone, but there are five basic steps that will help you structure your time when writing any kind of text.
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example
Step 1: prewriting, step 2: planning and outlining, step 3: writing a first draft, step 4: redrafting and revising, step 5: editing and proofreading, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the writing process.
Before you start writing, you need to decide exactly what you’ll write about and do the necessary research.
If you have to come up with your own topic for an assignment, think of what you’ve covered in class— is there a particular area that intrigued, interested, or even confused you? Topics that left you with additional questions are perfect, as these are questions you can explore in your writing.
The scope depends on what type of text you’re writing—for example, an essay or a research paper will be less in-depth than a dissertation topic . Don’t pick anything too ambitious to cover within the word count, or too limited for you to find much to say.
Narrow down your idea to a specific argument or question. For example, an appropriate topic for an essay might be narrowed down like this:
Once you know your topic, it’s time to search for relevant sources and gather the information you need. This process varies according to your field of study and the scope of the assignment. It might involve:
From a writing perspective, the important thing is to take plenty of notes while you do the research. Keep track of the titles, authors, publication dates, and relevant quotations from your sources; the data you gathered; and your initial analysis or interpretation of the questions you’re addressing.
Especially in academic writing , it’s important to use a logical structure to convey information effectively. It’s far better to plan this out in advance than to try to work out your structure once you’ve already begun writing.
Creating an essay outline is a useful way to plan out your structure before you start writing. This should help you work out the main ideas you want to focus on and how you’ll organize them. The outline doesn’t have to be final—it’s okay if your structure changes throughout the writing process.
Use bullet points or numbering to make your structure clear at a glance. Even for a short text that won’t use headings, it’s useful to summarize what you’ll discuss in each paragraph.
An outline for a literary analysis essay might look something like this:
Once you have a clear idea of your structure, it’s time to produce a full first draft.
This process can be quite non-linear. For example, it’s reasonable to begin writing with the main body of the text, saving the introduction for later once you have a clearer idea of the text you’re introducing.
To give structure to your writing, use your outline as a framework. Make sure that each paragraph has a clear central focus that relates to your overall argument.
Hover over the parts of the example, from a literary analysis essay on Mansfield Park , to see how a paragraph is constructed.
The character of Mrs. Norris provides another example of the performance of morals in Mansfield Park . Early in the novel, she is described in scathing terms as one who knows “how to dictate liberality to others: but her love of money was equal to her love of directing” (p. 7). This hypocrisy does not interfere with her self-conceit as “the most liberal-minded sister and aunt in the world” (p. 7). Mrs. Norris is strongly concerned with appearing charitable, but unwilling to make any personal sacrifices to accomplish this. Instead, she stage-manages the charitable actions of others, never acknowledging that her schemes do not put her own time or money on the line. In this way, Austen again shows us a character whose morally upright behavior is fundamentally a performance—for whom the goal of doing good is less important than the goal of seeming good.
When you move onto a different topic, start a new paragraph. Use appropriate transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas.
The goal at this stage is to get a draft completed, not to make everything perfect as you go along. Once you have a full draft in front of you, you’ll have a clearer idea of where improvement is needed.
Give yourself a first draft deadline that leaves you a reasonable length of time to revise, edit, and proofread before the final deadline. For a longer text like a dissertation, you and your supervisor might agree on deadlines for individual chapters.
Now it’s time to look critically at your first draft and find potential areas for improvement. Redrafting means substantially adding or removing content, while revising involves making changes to structure and reformulating arguments.
It can be difficult to look objectively at your own writing. Your perspective might be positively or negatively biased—especially if you try to assess your work shortly after finishing it.
It’s best to leave your work alone for at least a day or two after completing the first draft. Come back after a break to evaluate it with fresh eyes; you’ll spot things you wouldn’t have otherwise.
When evaluating your writing at this stage, you’re mainly looking for larger issues such as changes to your arguments or structure. Starting with bigger concerns saves you time—there’s no point perfecting the grammar of something you end up cutting out anyway.
Right now, you’re looking for:
For example, in our paper on Mansfield Park , we might realize the argument would be stronger with more direct consideration of the protagonist Fanny Price, and decide to try to find space for this in paragraph IV.
For some assignments, you’ll receive feedback on your first draft from a supervisor or peer. Be sure to pay close attention to what they tell you, as their advice will usually give you a clearer sense of which aspects of your text need improvement.
Once you’ve decided where changes are needed, make the big changes first, as these are likely to have knock-on effects on the rest. Depending on what your text needs, this step might involve:
You can go back and forth between writing, redrafting and revising several times until you have a final draft that you’re happy with.
Think about what changes you can realistically accomplish in the time you have. If you are running low on time, you don’t want to leave your text in a messy state halfway through redrafting, so make sure to prioritize the most important changes.
Editing focuses on local concerns like clarity and sentence structure. Proofreading involves reading the text closely to remove typos and ensure stylistic consistency. You can check all your drafts and texts in minutes with an AI proofreader .
When editing, you want to ensure your text is clear, concise, and grammatically correct. You’re looking out for:
In your initial draft, it’s common to end up with a lot of sentences that are poorly formulated. Look critically at where your meaning could be conveyed in a more effective way or in fewer words, and watch out for common sentence structure mistakes like run-on sentences and sentence fragments:
To make your sentences run smoothly, you can always use a paraphrasing tool to rewrite them in a clearer way.
When proofreading, first look out for typos in your text:
Use a grammar checker , but be sure to do another manual check after. Read through your text line by line, watching out for problem areas highlighted by the software but also for any other issues it might have missed.
For example, in the following phrase we notice several errors:
There are several issues in academic writing where you can choose between multiple different standards. For example:
Unless you’re given specific guidance on these issues, it’s your choice which standards you follow. The important thing is to consistently follow one standard for each issue. For example, don’t use a mixture of American and British spellings in your paper.
Additionally, you will probably be provided with specific guidelines for issues related to format (how your text is presented on the page) and citations (how you acknowledge your sources). Always follow these instructions carefully.
If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
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Revising, proofreading, and editing are different stages of the writing process .
Whether you’re publishing a blog, submitting a research paper , or even just writing an important email, there are a few techniques you can use to make sure it’s error-free:
If you want to be confident that an important text is error-free, it might be worth choosing a professional proofreading service instead.
If you’ve gone over the word limit set for your assignment, shorten your sentences and cut repetition and redundancy during the editing process. If you use a lot of long quotes , consider shortening them to just the essentials.
If you need to remove a lot of words, you may have to cut certain passages. Remember that everything in the text should be there to support your argument; look for any information that’s not essential to your point and remove it.
To make this process easier and faster, you can use a paraphrasing tool . With this tool, you can rewrite your text to make it simpler and shorter. If that’s not enough, you can copy-paste your paraphrased text into the summarizer . This tool will distill your text to its core message.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
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What is a methodology.
The methodology is perhaps the most challenging and laborious part of the dissertation . Essentially, the methodology helps in understanding the broad, philosophical approach behind the methods of research you chose to employ in your study. The research methodology elaborates on the ‘how’ part of your research.
This means that your methodology chapter should clearly state whether you chose to use quantitative or qualitative data collection techniques or a mix of both.
Your research methodology should explain the following:
You will be required to provide justifications as to why you preferred a certain method over the others. If you are trying to figure out exactly how to write methodology or the structure of a methodology for a dissertation, this article will point you in the right direction.
Students must be sure of why they chose a certain research method over another. “I figured out” or “In my opinion” statements will not be an acceptable justification. So, you will need to come up with concrete academic reasons for your selection of research methods.
The methodology generally acts as a guideline or plan for exactly how you intend to carry out your research. This is especially true for students who must submit their methodology chapter before carrying out the research.
Your methodology should link back to the literature review and clearly state why you chose certain data collection and analysis methods for your research/dissertation project.
The methodology chapter consists of the following:
For those who are submitting their dissertation as a single paper, their methodology should also touch on any modifications they had to make as their work progressed.
However, it is essential to provide academic justifications for all choices made by the researcher.
The theme of your research methodology chapter should be related to your literature review and research question (s).
You can visit your college or university library to find textbooks and articles that provide information about the commonly employed research methods .
An intensive reading of such books can help you devise your research philosophy and choose the appropriate methods. Any limitations or weaknesses of your chosen research approach should also be explained, as well as the strategies to overcome them.
To research well, you should read well! Read as many research articles (from reputed journals) as you can. Seeing how other researchers use methods in their studies and why will help you justify, in the long run, your own research method(s).
Regardless of the chosen research approach, you will find researchers who either support it or don’t. Use the arguments for and against articulated in the literature to clarify why you decided to choose the selected research design and why the research limitations are irrelevant to your research.
The typical structure of the methodology chapter is as follows:
In research jargon, generalisability is termed external validity . It means how generalisable your research findings are to other contexts, places, times, people, etc. External validity is expected to be significantly high, especially in quantitative studies.
According to USC-Research Guides (2017) , a research design’s primary function is to enable the researcher to answer the research questions through evidence effectively. Generally, this section will shed light on how you collected your data.
The researcher will have to justify their choice of data collection methods, such as the one that was reviewed, the use of data tools (interviews, phone surveys, questionnaires, observation, online surveys , etc.) and the like.
Moreover, data sampling choice should also be clearly explained with a focus on how you chose the ethnicity, group, profession and age of the participants.
It is recommended to prepare these questions at the start of your research. You should develop your research problem and questions. This approach can allow the room to change or modify research questions if your data collection methods do not give the desired results.
It’s a good practice to keep referring to your research questions whilst planning or writing the research design section. This will help your reader recall what the research is about; why you have done what you did. Even though this technique is recommended to be applied at the start of every section within a dissertation, it’s especially beneficial in the methodology section.
In short, you will need to make sure that the data you are going to collect relates to the topic you are exploring. The complexity and length of the research design section will vary depending on your academic subject and the scope of your research, but a well-written research design will have the following characteristics:
This will discuss your chosen philosophy to strengthen your research and the research model. Commonly employed philosophies in academia are
There are several other research philosophies that you could adopt.
The choice of philosophy will depend on many factors, including your academic subject and the type and complexity of the research study. Regardless of which philosophy is used, you will be required to make different assumptions about the world.
Once you have chosen your research philosophy, the next step will describe your research context to answer all the questions, including when, where, why, how and what of your research.
Essentially, as a researcher, you will be required to decide whether you will be using a qualitative method, a quantitative method or a mix of both.
Using both qualitative and quantitative methods leads to the use of a mixed-methods approach. This approach also goes by another seldom-used name: eclectic approach.
The process of data collection is different for each method. Typically, you would want to decide whether you will adopt the positivist approach, defining your hypothesis and testing it against reality.
If this is the case, you will be required to take the quantitative approach, collecting numerical data at a large scale (from 30 or more respondents) and testing your hypotheses with this data.
Collecting data from at least 30 respondents/participants ensures reliable statistical analysis . This is especially true for quantitative studies. If the data contains less than 30 responses, it won’t be enough to carry out reliable statistical analyses on such data.
The other option for you would be to base your research on a qualitative approach, which will point you in a direction where you will be investigating broader areas by identifying people’s emotions and perceptions of a subject.
With a qualitative approach, you will have to collect responses from respondents and look at them in all their richness to develop theories about the field you are exploring.
Finally, you can also use a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods (which is becoming increasingly popular among researchers these days). This method is beneficial if you are interested in putting quantitative data into a real-world context or reflecting different perspectives on a subject.
Research philosophy in the ‘research onion.’
This section will require you to clearly specify how you gathered the data and briefly discuss the tools you used to analyse it. For example, you may choose to conduct surveys and/or interviews as part of the data collection process.
Similarly, if you used software such as Excel or SPSS to process the data , you will have to justify your software choice. In this section of your methodology chapter , you will also have to explain how you arrived at your findings and how reliable they are.
It is important to note that your readers or supervisor would want to see a correlation between your findings and the hypothesis/research questions you based your study on at the very beginning.
Your supervisor or dissertation research assistant can play a key role in helping you write the methodology chapter according to established research standards. So, keep your supervisor in the loop to get their contributions and recommendations throughout the process.
In this section, you should briefly describe the methods you’ve used to analyse the data you’ve collected.
The qualitative method includes analysing language, images, audio, videos, or any textual data (textual analysis). The following types of methods are used in textual analysis .
Discourse analysis:
Discourse analysis is an essential aspect of studying a language and its uses in day-to-day life.
Content analysis:
It is a method of studying and retrieving meaningful information from documents Thematic analysis:
It’s a method of identifying patterns of themes in the collected information, such as face-to-face interviews, texts, and transcripts.
Example: After collecting the data, it was checked thoroughly to find the missing information. The interviews were transcribed, and textual analysis was conducted. The repetitions of the text, types of colours displayed, and the tone of the speakers was measured.
Quantitative data analysis is used for analysing numerical data. Include the following points:
Other important sections of your methodology are:
Always consider how your research will influence other individuals who are beyond the scope of the study. This is especially true for human subjects. As a researcher, you are always expected to make sure that your research and ideas do not harm anyone in any way.Discussion concerning data protection, data handling and data confidentiality will also be included in this brief segment.
Even though there is no established rule to include ethical considerations and limitations within the methodology section, it’s generally recommended to include it in this section, as it makes more sense than including it, say, after the discussions section or within the conclusion.
This is mainly because limitations almost always occur in the methodology stage of research. And ethical considerations need to be taken while sampling, an important aspect of the research methodology.
Here are some examples of ethical issues that you should be mindful of
All such issues should be categorically addressed and a justification provided for your chosen research methodology by highlighting the study’s benefits.
Is your research study and findings reliable for other researchers in your field of work? To establish yourself as a reliable researcher, your study should be both authentic and reliable.
Reliability means the extent to which your research can yield similar results if it was replicated in another setting, at a different time, or under different circumstances. If replication occurs and different findings come to light, your (original) research would be deemed unreliable.
Good dissertation writers will always acknowledge the limitations of their research study. Limitations in data sampling can decrease your results’ reliability.
A classic example of research limitation is collecting responses from people of a certain age group when you could have targeted a more representative cross-section of the population.Be humble and admit to your own study’s limitations. Doing so makes your referees, editors, supervisors, readers and anyone else involved in the research enterprise aware that you were also aware of the things that limited your study.
Limitations are NOT the same as implications. Sometimes, the two can be confused. Limitations lead to implications, that is, due to a certain factor being absent in the study (limitation) for instance, future research could be carried out in a setting where that factor is present (implication).
At this point, you might have a basic understanding of how to craft a well-written, organised, accurate methodology section for your dissertation. An example might help bring all the aforementioned points home. Here is a dissertation methodology example in pdf to better understand how to write methodology for a dissertation.
Sample Dissertation Methodology
If not, we can help. Our panel of experts makes sure to keep the 3 pillars of Research Methodology strong.
A scientific or lab-based study.
A methodology section for a scientific study will need to elaborate on reproducibility and meticulousness more than anything else. If your methods have obvious flaws, the readers are not going to be impressed. Therefore, it is important to ensure that your chosen research methodology is vigorous in nature.
Any information related to the procedure, setup and equipment should be clearly stated so other researchers in your field of study can work with the same method in the future if needed.
Variables that are likely to falsify your data must be taken into the equation to avoid ambiguities. It is recommended to present a comprehensive strategy to deal with these variables when gathering and analysing the data and drawing conclusions.
Statistical models employed as part of your scientific study will have to be justified, and so your methodology should include details of those statistical models.
Another scholar in the future might use any aspect of your methodology as the starting point for their research. For example, they might base their research on your methodology but analyse the data using other statistical models. Hence, this is something you should be mindful of.
Like scientific or lab-based research, a behavioural and social sciences methodology needs to be built along the same lines. The chosen methodology should demonstrate reproducibility and firmness so other scholars can use your whole dissertation methodology or a part of it based on their research needs.
But there are additional issues that the researcher must take into consideration when working with human subjects. As a starting point, you will need to decide whether your analysis will be based on qualitative data, quantitative data or mixed-method of research, where qualitative data is used to provide contextual background to quantitative data or the other way around.
Here are some questions for you to consider:
While you will be required to demonstrate that you have taken care of the above questions, it is equally important to make sure that you address your research study’s ethical issues side-by-side.
Of course, the first step in that regard will be to obtain formal approval for your research design from the ethics bodies (such as IRBs – institutional review boards), but still, there will be many more issues that could trigger a sense of grief and discomfort among some of the readers.
The rigour and dependability of the methods of research employed remain undisputed and unquestionable for humanities and arts-based dissertations as well. However, the way you convince your readers of your dissertation’s thoroughness is slightly different.
Unlike social science dissertation or a scientific study, the methodology of dissertations in arts and humanities subjects needs to be directly linked to the literature review regardless of how innovative your dissertation’s topic might be.
For example, you could demonstrate the relationship between A and B to discover a new theoretical background or use existing theories in a new framework.
The methodology section of humanities and arts-based dissertations is less complex, so there might be no need to justify it in detail. Students can achieve a seamless transition from the literature review to the analysis section.
However, like with every other type of research methodology, it is important to provide a detailed justification of your chosen methodology and relate it to the research problem.
Failing to do so could leave some readers unconvinced of your theoretical foundations’ suitability, which could potentially jeopardise your whole research.
Make sure that you are paying attention to and giving enough information about the social and historical background of the theoretical frameworks your research methodology is based on. This is especially important if there is an essential difference of opinion between your research and the research done on the subject in the past.
A justification of why opposing schools of thought disagree and why you still went ahead to use aspects of these schools of thought in your methodology should be clearly presented for the readers to understand how they would support your readings.
Some degree programs in the arts allow students to undertake a portfolio of artworks or creative writing rather than produce an extended dissertation research project.However, in practice, your creative research will be required to be submitted along with a comprehensive evaluative paper, including background information and an explanation that hypothesises your innovative exercise.
While this might seem like an easy thing to do, critical evaluation of someone’s work is highly complex and notorious in nature. This further reinforces the argument of developing a rigorous methodology and adhering to it.
As a scholar, you will be expected to showcase the ability to critically analyse your methodology and show that you are capable of critically evaluating your own creative work.Such an approach will help you justify your method of creating the work, which will give the readers the impression that your research is grounded in theory.
All chapters of a dissertation paper are interconnected. This means that there will undoubtedly be some information that would overlap between the different chapters of the dissertation .
For example, some of the text material may seem appropriate to both the literature review and methodology sections; you might even end up moving information from pillar to post between different chapters as you edit and improve your dissertation .
However, make sure that you are not making the following a part of your dissertation methodology, even though it may seem appropriate to fit them in there:
It might seem relevant to include details of the models your dissertation methodology is based on. However, a detailed review of models and precedents used by other scholars and theorists will better fit in the literature review chapter, which you can link back to. This will help the readers understand why you decided to go in favour of or against a certain tactic.
There is absolutely no need to provide extensive details of things like lab equipment and experiment procedures. Having such information in the methodology chapter would discourage some readers who might not be interested in your equipment, setup, lab environment, etc.
Your aim as the author of the document will be to retain the readers’ interest and make the methodology chapter as readable as possible.
While it is important to get all the information relating to how others can reproduce your experiment, it is equally important to ensure your methodology section isn’t unnecessarily long. Again, additional information is better to be placed within the appendices chapter.
The methodology is not the section to provide raw data, even if you are only discussing the data collection process. All such information should be moved to the appendices section.
Even if you feel some finding or numerical data is crucial to be presented within the methodology section, you can, at most, make brief comments about such data. Its discussion, however, is only allowed in the discussions section .
The factors which can determine if your dissertation methodology is ‘great’ depend on many factors, including the level of study you are currently enrolled in.
Undergraduate dissertations are, of course, less complex and less demanding. At most universities in the UK, undergraduate students are required to exhibit the ability to conduct thorough research as they engage for the first time with theoretical and conceptual frameworks in their chosen research area.
As an undergraduate student, you will be expected to showcase the capacity to reproduce what you have learnt from theorists in your academic subject, transform your leanings into a methodology that would help you address the research problem, and test the research hypothesis, as mentioned in the introduction chapter.
A great undergraduate-level dissertation will incorporate different schools of thought and make a valuable contribution to existing knowledge. However, in general, undergraduate-level dissertations’ focus should be to show thorough desk-based and independent research skills.
Postgraduate dissertation papers are much more compound and challenging because they are expected to make a substantial contribution to existing knowledge.
Depending on the academic institute, some postgraduate students are even required to develop a project published by leading academic journals as an approval of their research skills.
It is important to recognise the importance of a postgraduate dissertation towards building your professional career, especially if your work is considered impactful in your area of study and receives citations from multiple scholars, enhancing your reputation in academic communities.
Even if some academics cite your literature review and conclusion in their own work, it is a well-known fact that your methodology framework will result in many more citations regardless of your academic subject.
Other scholars and researchers in your area of study are likely to give much more value to a well-crafted methodology, especially one they can use as the starting point for their own research.
Of course, they can alter, refine and enhance your methodology in one way or another. They can even apply your methodological framework to a new data set or apply it in a completely new situation that is irrelevant to your work.
Finally, postgraduate dissertations are expected to be highly convincing and demonstrate in-depth engagement. They should be reproducible and show rigour, so the findings and conclusions can be regarded as authentic and reliable among scientific and academic communities.
The methodology is the door to success when it comes to dissertation projects. An original methodology that takes into consideration all aspects of research is likely to have an impact on the field of study.
As a postgraduate student, you should ask yourself, Is my dissertation methodology reproducible and transferable? Producing a methodology that others can reproduce in the future is as important as answering research questions .
The methodology chapter can either make or break the grade of your research/dissertation paper. It’s one of the research elements that leave a memorable impression on your readers. So, it would help if you took your time when it comes to choosing the right design and philosophical approach for your research.
Always use authentic academic sources and discuss your plans in detail with your supervisor if you believe your research design or approach has flaws in it.
Did this article help you learn how to write a dissertation methodology and how to structure a dissertation methodology? Let us know in your comments.
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Are you looking for intriguing and trending dissertation topics? Get inspired by our list of free dissertation topics on all subjects.
Looking for an easy guide to follow to write your essay? Here is our detailed essay guide explaining how to write an essay and examples and types of an essay.
Learn about the steps required to successfully complete their research project. Make sure to follow these steps in their respective order.
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Writing a scientific paper.
"methods checklist" from: how to write a good scientific paper. chris a. mack. spie. 2018..
The purpose is to provide enough detail that a competent worker could repeat the experiment. Many of your readers will skip this section because they already know from the Introduction the general methods you used. However careful writing of this section is important because for your results to be of scientific merit they must be reproducible. Otherwise your paper does not represent good science.
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The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study’s validity is judged. The method section answers two main questions: 1) How was the data collected or generated? 2) How was it analyzed? The writing should be direct and precise and written in the past tense.
You must explain how you obtained and analyzed your results for the following reasons:
Bem, Daryl J. Writing the Empirical Journal Article . Psychology Writing Center. University of Washington; Lunenburg, Frederick C. Writing a Successful Thesis or Dissertation: Tips and Strategies for Students in the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008.
I. Groups of Research Methods
There are two main groups of research methods in the social sciences:
II. Content
An effectively written methodology section should:
NOTE : Once you have written all of the elements of the methods section, subsequent revisions should focus on how to present those elements as clearly and as logically as possibly. The description of how you prepared to study the research problem, how you gathered the data, and the protocol for analyzing the data should be organized chronologically. For clarity, when a large amount of detail must be presented, information should be presented in sub-sections according to topic.
III. Problems to Avoid
Irrelevant Detail The methodology section of your paper should be thorough but to the point. Don’t provide any background information that doesn’t directly help the reader to understand why a particular method was chosen, how the data was gathered or obtained, and how it was analyzed. Unnecessary Explanation of Basic Procedures Remember that you are not writing a how-to guide about a particular method. You should make the assumption that readers possess a basic understanding of how to investigate the research problem on their own and, therefore, you do not have to go into great detail about specific methodological procedures. The focus should be on how you applied a method , not on the mechanics of doing a method. NOTE: An exception to this rule is if you select an unconventional approach to doing the method; if this is the case, be sure to explain why this approach was chosen and how it enhances the overall research process. Problem Blindness It is almost a given that you will encounter problems when collecting or generating your data. Do not ignore these problems or pretend they did not occur. Often, documenting how you overcame obstacles can form an interesting part of the methodology. It demonstrates to the reader that you can provide a cogent rationale for the decisions you made to minimize the impact of any problems that arose. Literature Review Just as the literature review section of your paper provides an overview of sources you have examined while researching a particular topic, the methodology section should cite any sources that informed your choice and application of a particular method [i.e., the choice of a survey should include any citations to the works you used to help construct the survey].
It’s More than Sources of Information! A description of a research study's method should not be confused with a description of the sources of information. Such a list of sources is useful in itself, especially if it is accompanied by an explanation about the selection and use of the sources. The description of the project's methodology complements a list of sources in that it sets forth the organization and interpretation of information emanating from those sources.
Azevedo, L.F. et al. How to Write a Scientific Paper: Writing the Methods Section. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia 17 (2011): 232-238; Butin, Dan W. The Education Dissertation A Guide for Practitioner Scholars . Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2010; Carter, Susan. Structuring Your Research Thesis . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012; Lunenburg, Frederick C. Writing a Successful Thesis or Dissertation: Tips and Strategies for Students in the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008. Methods Section . The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin, Madison; Writing the Experimental Report: Methods, Results, and Discussion . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Methods and Materials . The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College.
Statistical Designs and Tests? Do Not Fear Them!
Don't avoid using a quantitative approach to analyzing your research problem just because you fear the idea of applying statistical designs and tests. A qualitative approach, such as conducting interviews or content analysis of archival texts, can yield exciting new insights about a research problem, but it should not be undertaken simply because you have a disdain for running a simple regression. A well designed quantitative research study can often be accomplished in very clear and direct ways, whereas, a similar study of a qualitative nature usually requires considerable time to analyze large volumes of data and a tremendous burden to create new paths for analysis where previously no path associated with your research problem had existed.
Knowing the Relationship Between Theories and Methods
There can be multiple meaning associated with the term "theories" and the term "methods" in social sciences research. A helpful way to delineate between them is to understand "theories" as representing different ways of characterizing the social world when you research it and "methods" as representing different ways of generating and analyzing data about that social world. Framed in this way, all empirical social sciences research involves theories and methods, whether they are stated explicitly or not. However, while theories and methods are often related, it is important that, as a researcher, you deliberately separate them in order to avoid your theories playing a disproportionate role in shaping what outcomes your chosen methods produce.
Introspectively engage in an ongoing dialectic between theories and methods to help enable you to use the outcomes from your methods to interrogate and develop new theories, or ways of framing conceptually the research problem. This is how scholarship grows and branches out into new intellectual territory.
Reynolds, R. Larry. Ways of Knowing. Alternative Microeconomics. Part 1, Chapter 3. Boise State University; The Theory-Method Relationship . S-Cool Revision. United Kingdom.
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If you want to become a better writer, ignore the lore and follow the science..
Posted June 24, 2024 | Reviewed by Devon Frye
Most writers assume they write well. Yet most writers grapple with the reality of writing as a black box.
That is, we know that writing works, but we’re a bit fuzzy on what makes readers grasp the meaning of some sentences instantly and without noticeable effort, while we find others difficult to understand after repeat re-readings. And contrary to popular belief, clear writing has virtually nothing to do with content, sentence length, or writing style.
Instead, we perceive sentences as clear when they map onto the methods our reading brains use to make sense of writing. Knowing the most important ones, including the below, could help make you a better writer.
1. Active voice makes sentences easier to read.
In dozens of studies, researchers have found that readers comprehend sentences more rapidly when sentences reflect the causal order of events. Two factors determine these outcomes.
First, human brains naturally perceive cause and effect, a likely survival mechanism. In fact, infants as young as six months can identify cause and effect, registered as spikes in heart rate and blood pressure.
Second, English sentence structure reflects causes and effects in its ordering of words: subject-verb-object order. In key studies, participants read sentences with active voice at speeds one-third faster than they read sentences in passive voice. More significantly, these same participants misunderstood even simple sentences in passive voice about 25 percent of the time.
As readers, we also perceive active sentences as both shorter and easier to read because active voice typically makes sentences more efficient. Consider the difference between the first sentence below, which relies on passive voice, and the second, which uses active voice.
2. Actors or concrete objects turn sentences into micro-stories.
We read sentences with less effort—or cognitive load—when we can clearly see cause and effect, or, “who did what to whom,” as Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky puts it.
Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, a professor of cognitive neuroscience at the University of South Australia, used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), to spot brains reacting to meaning and word order in sentences. Unsurprisingly, when the subjects of sentences are nouns clearly capable of performing actions, readers process sentences with greater speed and less effort. For actors, writers can choose people, organizations, publications—any individual, group, or item, intentionally created, that generates impact.
In addition to our unconsciously perceiving these sentences as easy to read and recall, we can also more readily identify actors in sentences. Furthermore, these nouns enhance the efficiency of any sentence by paring down its words. Take the examples below:
3. Pronouns send readers backward, but readers make sense of sentences by anticipating what comes next.
Writers typically love to use pronouns as the subjects of sentences, especially the demonstrative pronouns this, that, these, those, and it , believing that these pronouns help link their sentences. Instead, pronouns save writers time and effort—but significantly cost readers for two likely reasons.
First, readers assume that pronouns refer to a singular noun, rather than a cluster of nouns, a phrase, or even an entire sentence. Second and more importantly, when writers use these pronouns without anchoring nouns, readers slow down and frequently misidentify the pronoun referents. In fact, readers rated writing samples with high numbers of sentences using demonstrative pronouns as being less well-written than sentences that used actors as subjects or pronouns anchored by nouns.
Pronoun as subjects: [Katie Ledecky] estimated that she swims more than 65,000 yards—or about 37 miles—a week. That adds up to 1,900 miles a year, and it means eons of staring at the black line that runs along the bottom of a pool. Actor as subject: [Katie] Ledecky swims up to 1,900 miles a year, mileage that entails seeming aeons of staring at the black line that runs along the bottom of a pool.
4. Action verbs make sentences more concrete, memorable, and efficient.
For years, old-school newspaper and magazine editors urged writers to use action verbs to enliven sentences.
However, action verbs also offer readers and writers significant benefits in terms of their memorability, as revealed in one study of readers’ recall of verbs. Of the 200 verbs in the study, readers recalled concrete verbs and nouns more accurately than non-action verbs.
In fact, when we read concrete verbs, our brains recruit the sensory-motor system, generating faster reaction times than abstract or non-action verbs, processed outside that system . Even in patients with dementia , action verbs remain among the words patients can identify with advanced disease, due to the richness of semantic associations that action verbs recruit in the brain.
5. Place subjects and verbs close together.
Over the past 20 years, researchers have focused on models of reading that rely on our understanding of sentence structure, a focus validated by recent studies.
As we read, we predict how sentence structure or syntax unfolds, based on our encounters with thousands of sentences. We also use the specific words we encounter in sentences to verify our predictions, beginning with grammatical subjects, followed by verbs.
As a result, readers struggle to identify subjects and verbs when writers separate them—the more distance between subjects and verbs, the slower the process of identifying them correctly. Moreover, readers make more errors in identifying correct subjects and verbs—crucial to understanding sentences—with increases in the number of words between subjects and verbs, even with relatively simple sentence structure.
Ironically, as writers tackle increasingly complex topics, they typically modify their subjects with phrases and adjective clauses that can place subjects at one end of the sentence and verbs at the opposite end. This separation strains working memory , as readers rely on subject-verb-object order in English to understand the sentence’s meaning. Consider, for example, this sentence from an online news organization:
In Florida, for instance, a bill to eliminate a requirement that students pass an Algebra I end-of-course and 10th-grade English/language arts exams in order to graduate recently cleared the Senate’s education committee.
On the other hand, when we place the subject and verb close together and use modifiers after the verb, we ease readers’ predictions and demands on working memory:
In Florida, the Senate’s education committee recently cleared a bill to eliminate two graduation requirements: an Algebra I end-of-course and 10th-grade English language arts.
Jane Yellowlees Douglas, Ph.D. , is a consultant on writing and organizations. She is also the author, with Maria B. Grant, MD, of The Biomedical Writer: What You Need to Succeed in Academic Medicine .
At any moment, someone’s aggravating behavior or our own bad luck can set us off on an emotional spiral that threatens to derail our entire day. Here’s how we can face our triggers with less reactivity so that we can get on with our lives.
Partition manager, backup & restore, data transfer, remove write protection on sandisk micro sd card - how-to guide.
Cici updated on Jun 27, 2024 to Partition Manager | How-to Articles
Are you looking for ways to remove write protection on SanDisk micro SD card? This article will provide a quick and easy way you to unlock your SanDisk micro card. Let's get started!
"I recently received a write-protected message from multiple micro SD card adapters. Both micro SD cards are SANDISK 32GB Pro, and both have been used on a GoPro previously, with less than five times reading/writing/deleting between the two. I have never had this issue, but I formatted my laptop to factory defaults Windows 10 within the last 60 days. Theories?" - Microsoft Community
Finding your SanDisk micro SD card to be write-protected can be frustrating. You won't be able to get access to the data you stored on the micro SD card before. When experiencing this issue, don't panic. In this guide on EaseUS , we will provide you with several ways to help unlock your SanDisk micro SD card. Below is a brief list of them:
Method 2. use easeus partition master, method 3. use command prompt, method 4. use registry editor, method 5. use antivirus software, how to remove write protection on sandisk micro sd card.
To get your hands on your stored data and make your SanDisk micro SD card back to work successfully, it is a must-do to learn how to remove write protection. In this section, we will explore several ways to unlock your SanDisk micro SD card.
Before turning to more technical methods, you can first check your micro SD card adapter physically. Generally, micro SD cards don't have built-in physical write protection like fully-sized SD cards, but micro card adapters do. As mentioned above, you cannot read the micro SD card if the switch is in the locked position on the adapter. Thus, you need to make sure that the lock switch on the left side is up and is in the unlocked position. If the adapter lock switch becomes loose and moves easily, you should replace it with a new one. Then, you can check if you can access your SanDisk micro SD card by inserting it into the adapter. If the error persists, you can check for more technical methods below.
One easy and direct way to remove the write protection on your SanDisk micro SD card is to use a third-party tool. Using a reliable tool can relieve you from the trouble of carrying out complex tasks to unlock the card. EaseUS Partition Master Professional can help unlock your SanDisk micro SD card directly with the "Write Protection" feature. With this feature, you can safely disable the write protection in a few clicks.
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Follow the guide below to unlock your SanDisk micro SD card:
Step 1. Download and install EaseUS Partition Master, go to the Toolkit section, and click "Write Protection".
Step 2 . Select your write protected USB, USB external disk or SD card, and click "Disable".
Simple and quick, your SanDisk micro SD card will be able to work again. The data stored on it will be displayed for you. The tool will perform the task automatically without bothering you. All you have to do is click some buttons and wait for your card to be workable again.
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CMD is a built-in tool designed to fix various kinds of problems you might encounter in the Windows system. Thus, you can utilize it to remove the write protection on your SanDisk micro SD card.
Here is a step-by-step guide for you:
Step 1. Insert your SanDisk micro SD card onto your computer.
Step 2. Type cmd and press enter to open Command Prompt from the Start Menu.
Step 3. In the command window, type diskpart and press Enter.
Step 4. Enter the following command lines below, and hit Enter each time.
CMD can be used to remove write protection from external hard drives . Once the process finishes, your write-protected SanDisk micro SD card will be workable again. Using Command Prompt can be very effective. However, if you are not confident in handling the complicated command lines, you can resort to a professional tool like EaseUS Partition Master instead.
If you find the instructions helpful, feel free to share this article with others who need to remove write protection on the SanDisk micro SD card.
Another way to disable the write protection on SanDisk micro SD card is to use the Registry Editor . Like Command Prompt, Registry Editor is also a built-in tool to make adjustments according to your needs.
The steps go as follows:
Step 1. Connect your SanDisk micro SD card.
Step 2. Press the "Win+R" keys and type regedit to open Registry Editor.
Step 3. On the left upper side, navigate to the catalog:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\StorageDevicePolicies.
Note: If there is no StorageDevicePolicies, you can right-click the Control folder and select New > Key to create a new value named as "StorageDevicePolicies".
Then, right-click StorageDevicePolicies folder and click New > DWORD (32-bit) Value to create a new value named as "WriteProtect".
Step 4. Open the "WriteProtect" file. Set the value data as 0 and click "OK".
In this way, you can modify the Windows Registry Key value and fix the write protection problem on your SanDisk micro SD card.
A virus or malware will cause your SanDisk micro SD card to malfunction. To eliminate such a possibility, you can run an antivirus software. Scan your SanDisk micro SD card to check if there are existing viruses or malware. You also use tools to check SD/MicroSD cards health to avoid errors.
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In this article, we tackle the problem of your SanDisk micro SD card failing to function properly because of write protection. This can be really frustrating when you need access to the data stored on the card. It is hoped that the reasons and methods discussed above shed some light on this issue. You can choose a suitable way to remove the write protection on your SanDisk micro SD card. Among them, using a third-party tool like EaseUS Partition Master can make it simple for you. Within a few clicks, your SanDisk micro SD card will work again.
In the following part, we list some questions about how to remove write protection on your SanDisk micro SD card.
1. What is write protection?
Write protection is a feature or mechanism that prevents writing or modifying data on a storage device. The data on the device cannot be deleted or changed when it's write-protected. It can be applied to several devices such as SD cards, disks, and USBs. Some people use it as a way of protecting data from accidental changes or protecting privacy.
2. How do I remove write protection from an exFAT SD card?
If you are told "the disk is write protected" when reading the exFAT SD card, there are several solutions you can try. First, you can check the physical write protection switch. Ensure that the lock switch is up. If the error persists, you can resort to other solutions. You can use the built-in tools such as Registry Editor and Command Prompt. Using a tool such as EaseUS Partition Master is also a good choice.
3. How to format a write-protected SD card?
Usually, you can use Windows built-in tools such as Disk Management and File Explorer to format a device. When it comes to a write-protected SD card, the situation becomes complicated. You can choose a professional formatter tool such EaseUS Partition Master to help you. It can help remove the write protection on your SD card, and format it afterwards. The process won’t take you long.
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Akira toriyama had one method for keeping dragon ball exciting, and it's perfect.
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One piece finally confirms a huge theory about its big villains, a recent isekai redefined classic fantasy with one change: make the healer absurdly overpowered.
Dragon Ball is well known for its cliffhangers and dramatic reveals, but few fans would expect that the outcome of a cliffhanger would be a surprise even to the writer. Apparently, however, that was often the case for Akira Toriyama, whose style of writing left even him "in suspense," according to an interview.
As a week-to-week manga, Akira Toriyama was working on pretty tight deadlines, seemingly leaving him with little time to plan out future chapters, as this week's story always had to take precedence. While most writers wouldn't dare attempt to tell a long-form story without some sort of plan for what's coming, Toriyama seemed to thrive in this kind of environment, and it allowed him to be extremely responsive to editorial criticisms, as evidenced by the changing villains of the Android Saga .
For Toriyama, it was all about getting this week's chapter in before the deadline, with next week's chapter being a problem for tomorrow.
A lack of planning was integral to dragon ball.
In an interview from the databook Daizenshuu 6, as translated by Kanzenshuu , Toriyama spoke on the creation of the Potara earrings, stating that they were originally just for decoration, but became important when he realized he could use them as a vehicle to introduce fusion. In response to the interviewer's awe, Toriyama stated, " Even I’m always in suspense . In the previous chapter, I’ve already written 'something incredible is going to happen', so I think, 'I have no choice but to do something incredible.' It’s so painful."
The Potara earrings are far from the only example of this in Dragon Ball . As noted above, the Android Saga became as complex as it is thanks to notes from Toriyama's editor, who at first disapproved of the designs for Androids 19 and 20, and then again with 17 and 18, leading Toriyama to shift gears and change the villain of the arc to Cell. When Toriyama's editor didn't like Cell's appearance, either, he prompted Toriyama to have Cell transform, creating the iconic character we know today. All this was only possible because Toriyama didn't have a strict plan he was sticking to.
Toriyama recognized the danger of writing in that way, saying that he "[was] always crossing perilous bridges like that." It would be easy to write oneself into a corner without a plan, but fortunately Toriyama always managed to find a way to get out of difficult spots. Sometimes that meant there were plot points which didn't amount to much, like his attempts to shift Gohan to the main protagonist, but other times it led to some unbelievable twists and turns, such as Buu's shocking eradication of the Earth.
Toriyama's flexibility and loose style enabled some of the series' finest moments, and made him extremely responsive to both the audience and his editors. It's fair to say that Dragon Ball wouldn't be what it is today if Toriyama had taken a more conventional writing style to his work.
From the creative mind of Akira Toriyama, Dragon Ball is a mega multimedia franchise that spans back to the 1980s. Dragon Ball expanded quickly, starting as a serialized manga for Weekly Shonen Jump in Japan. It made its way overseas via manga and an anime adaptation that is enjoyed worldwide. Dragon Ball was the initial starting animated series that followed the adventures of the young Son Goku as he sought after the Dragon Balls. These mystical orbs would grant the wish of any who gathered them together. Then, the series would branch off into the immensely popular Dragon Ball Z, which followed Goku as an adult and featured high-intensity battles and Goku's never-ending search to be the strongest. The series has also enjoyed several popular video game adaptations and continues to release several new animated series and theatrical films up to the recent popular Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero.
From the creative mind of Akira Toriyama, Dragon Ball is a mega multimedia franchise that spans back to the 1980s. Dragon Ball expanded quickly, starting as a serialized manga for Weekly Shonen Jump in Japan. It made its way overseas via manga and an anime adaptation that is enjoyed worldwide. Dragon Ball was the initial starting animated series that followed the adventures of the young Son Goku as he sought after the Dragon Balls. These mystical orbs would grant the wish of any who gathered them together. Then, the series would branch off into the immensely popular Dragon Ball Z, which followed Goku as an adult and featured high-intensity battles and Goku's never-ending search to be the strongest. The series has also enjoyed several popular video game adaptations and continues to release several new animated series and theatrical films up to the recent popular Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero.
Harvard University
This morning, U.S. News and World Report released their much-anticipated 2024-2025 Best Global University Rankings. These annual rankings are a cornerstone in the field, influencing decisions that range from student applications to institutional funding and providing a glimpse into the current state of affairs in the world of higher education. This list can provide helpful insights into the relative merits of the schools students may be considering adding to their college lists. In order to use this list effectively, however, it is important to understand the nuances of the ranking system and the factors considered therein.
Here is a breakdown of the rankings’ methodology, as well as key takeaways from this year’s list:
Methodology
The U.S. News and World Report Best Global University Rankings are based on a comprehensive methodology that evaluates colleges and universities across thirteen key metrics. These include:
In addition to the overall global rankings and country-specific rankings, U.S. News and World Report published a subject-specific ranking list , evaluating schools’ global positions in over 50 individual disciplines.
Best 5% interest savings accounts of 2024.
These rankings offer quantitative data students can consider when building their college lists, providing a fairly comprehensive picture of universities’ academic prowess and institutional reach. That being said, students using the rankings to build their college lists should note that many of these factors do not capture the qualitative aspects of students’ experiences.
Key Takeaways from the 2024–25 Rankings
This year, 2,250 universities across over 100 countries were considered—up more than ten percent from the 2,000 schools considered in the previous ranking.
As in the last cycle, Harvard University claimed the #1 spot in the global rankings list. This prestigious accolade reflects Harvard's unparalleled academic excellence, groundbreaking research, and global influence. Known for its distinguished faculty, cutting-edge facilities, and a tradition of innovation, Harvard continues to set the standard in higher education, making it the leading choice for students and scholars worldwide.
Nearly half of the top 50 schools in the ranking are located in the U.S., totaling 24 of the top 50 on the rankings list. Additionally, four out of the top five are U.S. schools: Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and University of California, Berkeley. This remarkable achievement underscores the global prestige of U.S. universities, known for their world-class research, innovative academic programs, and extensive resources.
Both Brown University and The University of Texas at Austin surprisingly dropped in the rankings, falling out of the top 50. Given both schools’ excellence, this shift demonstrates the fierce competition for top spots in the rankings this year.
This year, four new disciplines were added to the subject-specific rankings, including: ecology; green and sustainable science and technology; environmental engineering; and marine and freshwater biology. These additions not only demonstrate the ranking system’s commitment to reflecting the most relevant information in higher education today, but also provide a glimpse into recent trends and changes in the disciplinary offerings at the most prestigious universities in the world.
The 2024–2025 U.S. News and World Report Rankings offer students valuable information regarding the trends in the global higher education landscape. While students should take their personal preferences and the intangible elements of a school’s culture that draw them to a specific school into account, these rankings can be a helpful first step for students as they set their collegiate goals and assemble their college lists.
The request came days after the high court offered some clarification on testing the constitutionality of gun restrictions..
WASHINGTON − Now that the Supreme Court has offered some clarification on testing the constitutionality of a gun restriction, the Justice Department wants the high court to decide if people convicted of both violent and non-violent felonies can be barred from having a firearm.
The government told the high court this week their intervention is needed because a disagreement among lower courts has had “widespread and disruptive effects” that are threatening public safety.
The Justice Department made that argument in a filing days after the Supreme Court upheld a law banning domestic abusers from having guns in a decision that only partially addressed many of the issues that have arisen after the court in 2022 set a historical test for deciding if gun regulations are permissible under the Second Amendment.
Writing for the 8-1 majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said courts have misunderstood the methodology behind that decision.
But the court’s three liberal justices, while welcoming the clarification, said there is still not a clear test to assess the constitutionality of gun restrictions.
“Today’s opinion inches that ball forward,” Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson wrote in a concurring opinion . “But it is becoming increasingly obvious that there are miles to go.”
The Justice Department said the court needs to decide if someone convicted of a crime punishable by more than a year in prison can be barred from having a gun.
The cases the government wants the Supreme Court to take up next term involve very different circumstances.
An Iowa man with a long criminal record that includes convictions for theft, assault and intimidation with a dangerous weapon is appealing his conviction of possessing a firearm as a felon.
A Minnesota man who had served time for a non-violent drug crime – selling cocaine – said he should not have been charged for having a gun after serving his sentence.
A Pennsylvania man argues his decades-old conviction for falsifying his income on an application for food stamps should not prevent him from having a firearm.
A Utah woman likewise said bad checks she wrote 17 years ago are not enough to block her right to a gun.
The statute being tested in all the cases was used in more than 7,600 convictions in 2022, according to the Justice Department. The convictions accounted for 12% of all federal criminal cases.
“Uncertainty about the statute’s constitutionality thus affects a significant proportion of the federal criminal docket,” Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar told the court.
Some of the firearm convictions overturned by lower courts involved murders, carjackers and drug traffickers, she noted.
The split in how courts are resolving the cases arose after the Supreme Court in 2022 struck down a New York law that required state residents to have "proper cause" to carry a handgun . In NYSRPA v. Bruen, the court said gun prohibitions must be grounded in history .
In last week’s opinion upholding gun bans for domestic abusers, Roberts said some courts mistakenly read that decision to mean they had to find a “historical twin” for a regulation, rather than a "historical analogue."
But Roberts also said that decision, and two other recent ones that have reshaped the Second Amendment debate, were not an “exhaustive analysis” of the amendment’s limits and protections.
Justices in the court’s liberal wing − as well as Justice Amy Coney Barrett – emphasized the confusion that exists.
“Courts have struggled with this use of history in the wake of Bruen,” Barrett wrote in a concurrence.
Jackson said the Bruen test “appears to be creating chaos.”
The court could decide in the coming days whether to take up the Second Amendment cases.
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Research Article
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – original draft
Affiliation Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Roles Formal analysis, Software, Writing – review & editing
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
* E-mail: [email protected]
Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy creates a stressful environment that can lead to long-term effects on tissue development. Understanding the food consumption score can be used to prevent problems associated with poor dietary intake of pregnant mothers. In Ethiopia, the food consumption score ranges from 54% to 81.5%, which is far below the World Food Program (WFP) recommendation. Thus, this study aimed to assess food consumption score and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
This study has used institution based cross sectional study. Overall, 999 pregnant women were selected for this study. A multistage sampling technique followed by systematic random sampling was used to include pregnant women coming for antenatal care services in the selected health centers of Addis Ababa from June 07 to July 08, 2022. We used interviewer administered questionnaire using the Kobo toolbox. Food consumption score (FCS) was assessed after collecting data on frequency of eight food groups consumed over the previous seven days, which were weighted according to their relative nutritional value. STATA 14 was used to analyse the data. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of food consumption score. Those variables having p value < 0.25 in the bivariable ordinal logistic regression were considered for the final model. Crude and Adjusted Odds Ratio were used to assess the strength of the association. In the final model, p value < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was used to declare statistical significance.
From the total of 949 pregnant women a little over half (51.20% (95%CI: 48.00%-54.40%) had acceptable food consumption score, while just over two fifth (42.60% (95% CI: 39.40%-45.70%)) and a small proportion (6.2% (95%CI: 4.84%-7.94%)) of the study participants had borderline and poor food consumption score, respectively. No meal skip (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI:1.03–1.81), able to read and write (AOR = 3.99, 95% CI: 1.33–11.96), poorest wealth status (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34–0.78), positive attitude towards consumption of a diversified diet (AOR = 1.52,95% CI: 1.17–1.98) were independent predictors of acceptable food consumption score.
In this study, considerably low level of acceptable food consumption score among the study participants was observed. Besides, not skipping meal, having better educational status, wealth status and attitude towards consumption of a diversified diet were associated with acceptable food consumption score. Therefore, nutritional education considering important dietary modifications should be intensified targeting vulnerable groups.
Citation: Belay JK, Abebe SM, Baffa LD, Mengistu B (2024) Food consumption score and predictors among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Using ordinal logistic regression model. PLoS ONE 19(6): e0306169. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169
Editor: Girma Beressa, Madda Walabu University, ETHIOPIA
Received: February 8, 2023; Accepted: June 12, 2024; Published: June 26, 2024
Copyright: © 2024 Belay et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: all relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: FCS, Food Consumption Score; WFP, World Food Program; ANC, Antenatal Care; COR, Crude Odds Ratio; SD, Standard Deviation; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; VIF, Variance Inflation Factor
A woman’s nutritional requirements vary during pregnancy as she is now feeding both her unborn child and herself. Although prenatal nutrition has an impact on how a pregnancy develops, there is never a wrong moment to start eating healthily. Therefore, it is imperative to have a sound nutrition during the period of gestation for both the mother and her growing foetus [ 1 – 3 ].
However, poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy that is either due to decreased intake or quality results a range of problems [ 4 ]. It affects the general growth and development of the offspring. These changes can have a significant impact on the overall health and production performance of the offspring [ 5 , 6 ]. Along with its negative impacts on the offspring’s nutritional quality, it also produces a stressful environment that may have long-term or permanent repercussions on tissue development, as seen by the emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases later in life [ 7 – 9 ]. Understanding the food consumption score (FCS) of a pregnant woman will help to prevent the issues linked to poor dietary intake during the period of gestation [ 10 ].
Nutritional needs during pregnancy can be satisfied by eating foods from a variety of food groups including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins [ 11 ]. However, poor dietary diversity and FCS have been reported during pregnancy. For example, in Bangladesh acceptable FCS among pregnant women was found to be 58%, different studies in Ethiopia have also revealed a similar figure of FCS among pregnant women:81.5% in East Gojam Zone [ 12 ], and 54% in rural Eastern Ethiopia [ 13 ], which were far below the World Food Program (WFP) recommendations (90%) [ 1 ].
A number of studies have shown the following as independent predictors of having an acceptable FCS during pregnancy: religion [ 12 ], residence [ 12 ], maternal educational status [ 14 ], educational status of the father [ 10 ], wealth status [ 13 , 14 ], attitude [ 13 ], antenatal care (ANC) visit [ 13 ], skipping meal [ 15 ] and consumption of animal source food [ 13 ].
In recent years, introduction of western lifestyles in the big cities of Ethiopia like Addis Ababa has brought a drastic change in food consumption pattern of pregnant women [ 16 ], which runs counter to unrelenting efforts that is outlined in different policies and programmes enacted by the government [ 17 , 18 ]. Socio-cultural factors such as women’s education and employment, food preference, recent epidemics like COVID-19 and cultural practices have also been reported as driving forces for this change [ 19 , 20 ]. In cognizant of this, findings from this study can be used to provide an evidence-based decision to determine factors that influence FCS of pregnant women [ 21 ].
Even though there are a handful of researches that focused on FCS among pregnant women, our study employed a different method-ordinal logistic regression to better understand predictors of FCS among pregnant women [ 22 ]. Thus, this study aimed to assess the food consumption pattern and associated factors among pregnant women attending ANC services in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The goal of this study is to improve the dietary practice of pregnant women, thereby preventing long term ramifications of malnutrition.
The study was conducted in the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, it is among the fastest growing cities in Africa. It was estimated that 5,228,000 people reside in the ten sub-cities of Addis Ababa in the study period [ 23 ]. The city has a sub-tropical highland climate, and is populated by people from the different regions of Ethiopia. The magnitude of food insecurity among productive safety net program beneficiaries of the city was 77.10% [ 24 ]. There were six publicly owned general hospitals and one hundred two (102) health centers, and eleven privately owned hospitals and 882 clinics in the city. By using cross-sectional study, pregnant mothers who came for ANC follow up from June 07 to July 08, 2022 at the selected health centers were approached to participate in this study. In these health centers, there were 2478 mothers who came for ANC services.
Sample size was estimated for each specific objective, and the highest was taken for this study. For the first specific objective, by assuming 54.46% proportion of FCS from previous study [ 13 ], 5% margin of error, 1.96 Z value at 95% confidence interval (CI) and by adding 10% non-response rate at 1.5 design effect and it was estimated to be 629. However, the highest sample size was obtained using the second specific objective. Accordingly, epi-info version 7.2.2 was used to estimate the sample size by considering the following assumptions: crude odds ratio of having acceptable FCS among pregnant women who had positive attitude towards consumption a diversified diet, which was 1.6 from a previous study [ 13 ], 80% power and 95% CI, 1.5 designs effect. Therefore, 999 was the final sample size after adding 10% non-response rate.
Pregnant women coming for antenatal care services at the selected health centers were included. However, pregnant women who were seriously ill during the data collection period were excluded in the study. Multistage sampling technique followed by systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. Out of the ten sub-cities in Addis Ababa, four sub-cities were selected randomly (30%): Nifas silk lafto sub-city, Kolfe keraniyo sub-city, Lideta sub-city and Akaki kality sub-city. In the selected sub-cities, there were 28 health centers. First, nine health centers (one from Nifas silk lafto sub-city, two from Kolfe keraniyo sub-city, three from Lideta sub-city and three Akaki kality sub-city) were selected randomly using a lottery method. Then, the required sample size was proportionated to the selected health centers, and every three (k≈ 2478/999) pregnant woman who was coming for ANC follow up was selected.
Data was collected using pretested interviewer administered questionnaire that comprises socio-demographic data, dietary habits, attitude towards consumption of a diversified diet, obstetric history, and food consumption score (FCS). The questionnaire was first prepared in English and then translated into Amharic (Local language). We used kobo toolbox to collect the data. Nine B.Sc. nurses and four public health officers were the data collectors and supervisors, respectively. The questionnaire was pretested at 5% of the final estimated sample size at Arada sub-city. After the pre-test, the question that assessed participants’ residence was excluded as all the study participants were urban residents. On the food frequency questionnaire, necessary modification was made by including foods that were not previously included.
The outcome variable of this study was food consumption score (FCS), information on foods which were consumed in the last seven days prior to the data collection time was gathered. Food consumption score (FCS) is a composite variable that is constructed based on the following criteria: food frequency, diet diversity and relative nutritional value of each food item [ 1 ]. Food consumption score (FCS) was computed after asking the study participants about the frequency and consumption of eight food groups over the period of seven days prior to the data collection period. In the questionnaire, there were 70 food items which were commonly consumed in the study area. The Cronbach’s alpha value (internal consistency) was observed to be 0.82.
Then, the consumption frequencies were summed and multiplied by the standardized food group weight. Finally, it was categorized into three categories; poor food consumption score(FCS)(0–21), borderline food consumption score(FCS) (21.5–35), and acceptable food consumption score(FCS) (>35) [ 1 , 25 ]. The wealth status was determined using principal component analysis which contained 15 items, and it was later categorized into five categories (Poorest to the richest) [ 23 ]. The attitude of the study participants towards the consumption diversified diet was measured using 4 item Likert-scale questions, the response ranges from strongly disagree to strongly agree. It was considered positive attitude when respondents score above the median. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach’s alpha (0.78). The trimesters were defined as first trimester (less than 14 weeks), second trimester (14–27 complete weeks) and third trimester (28 complete weeks until delivery). Finally, birth interval was categorized as recommended birth interval when interpregnancy interval was more 24 months otherwise it was categorized as not recommended birth interval [ 26 ].
The collected data using Kobo toolbox was exported to STATA 14 for analysis. A descriptive data was reported as frequencies, percentage, mean(±SD) and presented in tables. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify predictors of FCS. Multicollinearity was checked using Variance inflation factor (VIF<10). Brant test of parallel regression assumption (p value = 0.66) conferred proportion of odds assumption. After checking the assumptions of ordinal logistic regression, COR and AOR at 95% was used to ascertain predictors of the outcome variable in both bivariable (p value <0.25) and multivariable ordinal logistic regression respectively. Finally, P value < 0.05 was used to determine level of significance in the final model. The final model reached after checking adequacy of the data using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test.
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and following amendments. Ethical clearance was obtained from University of Gondar Institutional Review Board of Institute of Public Health (Ref. No IPH/2119/2014). Permission letter was obtained from Addis Ababa Health Office. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. Study participants who were unable to read and write signed by fingerprints, while doing so there were two literate witnesses. Data collectors have strictly followed COVID-19 prevention protocols. Confidentiality of the study participants was ensured; no person identifiers were used and the kobo account was password protected-only authorized user was able to access the data.
In this study, 949 pregnant women consented to participate in the study period, yielding 95% response rate. The vast majority of the study participants (96.80%) were married. The mean (±Standard deviation (SD)) age of the study participants in years was 27.16(±4.46SD), about two fifth (39.10%) of the study participants were in the age range 25–29 years. Regarding educational status, half of (50.10%) the study participates had accomplished primary education. More than two fifth (43.90%) of the study participants were housewives. Almost a quarter (24.50%) of the participants were from poor households. More than half (57.60%) of pregnant women have positive attitude towards consumption of variety of food ( Table 1 ).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169.t001
As to the maternal characteristics the study participants, more than half (57.6%) were multigravida, almost two third (61.5%) were in the second trimester pregnancy, more than two third (67.02%) had at least one ANC visit, and 69.6% had received nutritional counselling when they came for ANC visit ( Table 2 ).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169.t002
Of the study participants, less than half (45.3%) ate three times a day, whereas over half (56.5%) regularly ate snacks. Nearly two thirds (59.2%) skipped meals, with the most common reasons being fatigued or preoccupied with work (19.6%), not wanting to gain weight (19.6%), and other (31.3%) causes such as loss of appetite, vomiting, and discomfort. Likewise, nearly one-third (31.1%) reported a history of food taboos. Lastly, more than a quarter (26.7%) of study participants reported having a history of food cravings ( Table 3 ).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169.t003
In this study, practically all of the study participants had consumed common staples, and nearly three quarters (73.2%) of the participants had consumed animal-source food, such as meat ( Table 4 ).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169.t004
This study has revealed that a little over half [51.20% (95%CI: 48.00%-54.40)] had acceptable food consumption score. More than two fifth [42.60% (95% CI: 39.45%-45.74%)] had borderline food consumption, and the small proportion [6.2% (95%CI: 4.84%-7.94%) ( Table 5 ).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169.t005
Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with food consumption score. The following variables which were significant in the bivariable analysis (p value<0.25): age, husband educational status, husband occupation, maternal education, attitude, wealth status, family size, meal skip, food avoid, food craving, taking supplements, still birth, ANC visit, and nutrition counselling during ANC follow-up were fitted in the final model. However, only meal skip, maternal education, attitude and wealth status were found to be the independent predictors of food consumption score.
The odds of having acceptable food consumption score among study participants who can read and write was 3.99 (Relative to borderline and poor food consumption score) times higher than study participants who were unable to read and write [AOR = 3.99,95%CI: 1.33–11.96]. The odds of having acceptable food consumption score were 49% (Relative to borderline and poor food consumption score) lower among study participants who came from the poorest households when compared to participants who came from the richest households [AOR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.24–0.78]. The odds of having acceptable food consumption score were 1.36 times higher among study participants who did not skip meal (Versus borderline and poor food consumption score) compared to participants who skipped meal [AOR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.03–1.81]. Finally, among study participants with positive attitude towards consumption of diversified diet there was 52% increased odds to have acceptable food consumption score (Relative to borderline and poor food consumption score) [AOR = 1.52,95%CI: 1.17–1.98] ( Table 6 ).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169.t006
This study sought to examine FCS and associated factors among pregnant women who were having ANC follow up in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The results of this study have showed a little over half (51.20%, 95% CI: 48.00%-54.30%) of the study participants had acceptable FCS, and the small proportion of the study participants had poor FCS (6.20%).
Our report was far below the WFP recommendation [ 1 ]. Furthermore, the finding has showed that the percentage of acceptable FCS was comparatively lower than studies from Bangladesh(58%) [ 27 ], Nigeria (80.3%) [ 28 ] and pocket studies from Ethiopia (81.5% and 54.6% at Shegaw Motta and Eastern Ethiopia, respectively) [ 12 , 13 ]. The study period could explain the decreased rate FCS, for example, the study at Shegaw Motta was conducted in the main harvest season while our study was conducted in fasting season when there is a decreased consumption animal source food [ 29 ]. Methodologically, the use of larger sample size in the current study and difference in outcome ascertainment might explain decreased rate of acceptable FCS in this study. In Ethiopia, pregnant women avoid foods due to cultural and religious reasons, and this might explain the discrepancy between the current the study and study from Nigeria where religion and culture has lesser influence over their food choice [ 30 ].
As to the associated factors of FCS, our study has showed maternal educational status-able to read and write, not being in the poorest wealth status, positive attitude towards dietary diversity, and skipping meal were independent predictors of FCS. Those mothers who were able to read and write had higher odds of having acceptable FCS compared to mothers who were unable to read and write, emphasizing the importance of nutritional educational during pregnancy. This was supported by other similar studies conducted in Nigeria [ 30 ], Ghana [ 31 ], and other studies in Ethiopia [ 32 ]. It is evident that increasing level of literacy is crucial to mitigate the problem even in the poorest households [ 33 ]. Besides, mothers who are able to read and write will have a better access to nutritional information from internet, brochures, newspapers and magazines [ 34 – 36 ]. In the affluents, where the toll of non-communicable disease is spiralling- enhancing level of literacy will play a pivotal role for an appropriate food selection and consumption too [ 37 ].
Being in the poorest wealth status decreases the odds of having acceptable FCS by 49% when compared mothers from the richest wealth status. This was also observed in previous studies conducted in Bishoftu, Oromia [ 10 ]. Pregnant mothers from the poorest households have limited economical accesses to procure and buy a diversified diet. On top of this, different studies have pinpointed that being in the lowest wealth status is associated with decreased consumption of animal source food [ 38 ], which in turn results lower FCS. Mothers who did not skip meal had also higher odds of having acceptable FCS when compared to their counterparts. A similar finding was observed from a study in Eastern Ethiopia [ 15 ]. During the period of gestation, meal patterning is highly important since pregnant women who sustain prolonged periods of time without food by skipping meals or snacks may be inducing a physiologic stress in their pregnancy [ 39 ]. Even though accidentally skipping a meal is not going to be harmful, skipping meals regularly for different reasons is not advisable to have a better pregnancy outcome [ 40 , 41 ]. Moreover, from different studies, it has been seen that skipping meals during this period is associated decreased dietary quality [ 15 ].
The study has also revealed, study participants who had positive attitude towards consumption diversified diet had an increased odds of having acceptable FCS than their counter parts. A similar finding was observed from a study conducted in Eastern Ethiopia [ 13 ]. Different researches have supported that pregnant women with increased level of attitude have a better practice of consuming a diversified diet [ 42 ]. Women with positive feeling towards a diversified diet are also motivated to consume foods from different food groups [ 43 , 44 ].
It should be mentioned that the present study has provided greater evidence on the dietary quality and predictors among pregnant women using ordinal logistic regression [ 22 ]. However, methodological limitation of the study cannot go unnoticed. Despite the use of probes like photographs-to recite memory of the study participants-problem of recall bias cannot be ignored which in turn might overestimate or underestimate the result. On top of that, cross- sectional nature of the study limits detection of causal association between the outcome and predicator variables. Even though FCS is a validated tool to asses calorie intake, the tool has not been validated to measure adequacy of macronutrients and micronutrients. The use of a 4 item Likert questionnaire is another limitation of the current study, while recommending the use of a questionnaire with sufficient numbers questions.
The findings of this study can be used to implement public health policies and programmes that strive to bring a better pregnancy outcome by promoting a balanced diet to vulnerable groups of the population. Therefore, to meet the WFP recommendation of having 90% acceptable FCS, interventions need to give a due attention to mothers with lower educational status who are from a lower socio-economic status. The implications of this study can be linked to the importance nutritional educations that target to bring a positive attitude towards consumption of a diversified diet. Moreover, findings of the study imply the importance of provision of a diversified diet in deterring the sequala of malnutrition.
The findings of this study have showed that only half of the study participants had acceptable FCS which is far below the WFP recommendation. Besides, able to read and write, not skipping meal, positive attitude towards the consumption variety of foods, not being from the poorest household were significantly associated with having acceptable FCS relative to borderline and poor FCS. Therefore, it is important to give a special attention to pregnant mothers with low socioeconomic status, and mothers who skip meals in order to enhance their food variety score and improve their nutritional intake.
Future researches are encouraged to investigate nutrient adequacy among pregnant women. Finally, future studies triangulated with qualitative research that investigate behavioural factors such as food taboos and norms that influence FCS among pregnant women are also encouraged.
S1 file. fcs plos one..
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306169.s001
The authors of this article are grateful for the study participants without whom this would not be possible.
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Writing a research methodology involves explaining the methods and techniques you used to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. It's an essential section of any research paper or thesis, as it helps readers understand the validity and reliability of your findings. Here are the steps to write a research methodology:
Regardless, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text that makes an argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures. Note. Generative AI tools like ChatGPT can be useful at various stages of the writing and research process and can help you to write your methodology. However, we strongly advise ...
Provide the rationality behind your chosen approach. Based on logic and reason, let your readers know why you have chosen said research methodologies. Additionally, you have to build strong arguments supporting why your chosen research method is the best way to achieve the desired outcome. 3. Explain your mechanism.
Definition, Types, and Examples. Research methodology 1,2 is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of ...
Do yourself a favour and start with the end in mind. Section 1 - Introduction. As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the methodology chapter should have a brief introduction. In this section, you should remind your readers what the focus of your study is, especially the research aims. As we've discussed many times on the blog ...
The methodology section of your paper describes how your research was conducted. This information allows readers to check whether your approach is accurate and dependable. A good methodology can help increase the reader's trust in your findings. First, we will define and differentiate quantitative and qualitative research.
Bem, Daryl J. Writing the Empirical Journal Article. Psychology Writing Center. University of Washington; Denscombe, Martyn. The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects. 5th edition.Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, 2014; Lunenburg, Frederick C. Writing a Successful Thesis or Dissertation: Tips and Strategies for Students in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.
Your Methods Section contextualizes the results of your study, giving editors, reviewers and readers alike the information they need to understand and interpret your work. Your methods are key to establishing the credibility of your study, along with your data and the results themselves. A complete methods section should provide enough detail ...
Revised on 10 October 2022. Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper, the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research.
1. Qualitative research methodology. Qualitative research methodology is aimed at understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences. This approach is descriptive and is often utilized to gather in-depth insights into people's attitudes, behaviors, or cultures. Qualitative research methodology involves methods like interviews, focus groups, and ...
The purpose of a research methodology is to explain the reasoning behind your approach to your research - you'll need to support your collection methods, methods of analysis, and other key points of your work. Think of it like writing a plan or an outline for you what you intend to do. When carrying out research, it can be easy to go off-track ...
As we mentioned, research methodology refers to the collection of practical decisions regarding what data you'll collect, from who, how you'll collect it and how you'll analyse it. Research design, on the other hand, is more about the overall strategy you'll adopt in your study. For example, whether you'll use an experimental design ...
To write a research methodology, clearly outline the study's design, data collection, and analysis procedures. Specify research tools, participants, and sampling methods. Justify choices and discuss limitations. Ensure clarity, coherence, and alignment with research objectives for a robust methodology section.
For novice researchers, writing the methodology of a research paper can be an overwhelming process, especially considering the intricate elements covered by this section (J. Ellis & Levy, 2009, p. 323). The goal of this article is to define what is research methodology, guide novice researchers in their research methodology writing, and to help ...
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question:
Here are the steps to follow when writing a methodology: 1. Restate your thesis or research problem. The first part of your methodology is a restatement of the problem your research investigates. This allows your reader to follow your methodology step by step, from beginning to end. Restating your thesis also provides you an opportunity to ...
Writing a dissertation methodology requires you to be clear and precise about the way you've carried out your research. It's an opportunity to convince your readers of the appropriateness and reliability of your approach to your research question. Here is a basic guideline on how to write your methodology section: 1. Introduction
A quantitative approach and statistical analysis would give you a bigger picture. 3. Identify how your analysis answers your research questions. Relate your methodology back to your original research questions and present a proposed outcome based on your analysis.
Table of contents. Step 1: Prewriting. Step 2: Planning and outlining. Step 3: Writing a first draft. Step 4: Redrafting and revising. Step 5: Editing and proofreading. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about the writing process.
What is a Methodology? The methodology is perhaps the most challenging and laborious part of the dissertation. Essentially, the methodology helps in understanding the broad, philosophical approach behind the methods of research you chose to employ in your study. The research methodology elaborates on the 'how' part of your research.
However careful writing of this section is important because for your results to be of scientific merit they must be reproducible. Otherwise your paper does not represent good science. Goals: Describe equipment used and provide illustrations where relevant. "Methods Checklist" from: How to Write a Good Scientific Paper. Chris A. Mack. SPIE. 2018.
Here are eight key steps to writing a methodology: 1. Restate your thesis or research problem. The first step to writing an effective methodology requires that you restate your initial thesis. It's an important step that allows the reader to remember the most important aspects of your research and follow each step of your methodology.
The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study's validity is judged. ... Writing the Experimental Report: Methods, Results, and Discussion. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Methods and Materials. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of ...
Instead, we perceive sentences as clear when they map onto the methods our reading brains use to make sense of writing. Knowing the most important ones, including the below, could help make you a ...
In the digital era, technology has become increasingly employed in the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) with the aim of improving students' learning outcomes (Chang, 2005; Fithriani, 2021; G. Z. Liu et al., 2023; Yu & Trainin, 2022).The integration of technology in language classrooms has been shown to enhance learner engagement and motivation, and maximize learning outcomes ...
Method 4. Use Registry Editor. Another way to disable the write protection on SanDisk micro SD card is to use the Registry Editor.Like Command Prompt, Registry Editor is also a built-in tool to make adjustments according to your needs.
Dragon Ball is well known for its cliffhangers and dramatic reveals, but few fans would expect that the outcome of a cliffhanger would be a surprise even to the writer. Apparently, however, that was often the case for Akira Toriyama, whose style of writing left even him "in suspense," according to an interview.
Methodology The U.S. News and World Report Best Global University Rankings are based on a comprehensive methodology that evaluates colleges and universities across thirteen key metrics. These include:
Writing for the 8-1 majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said courts have misunderstood the methodology behind that decision. But the court's three liberal justices, while welcoming the ...
Methods This study has used institution based cross sectional study. Overall, 999 pregnant women were selected for this study. ... , Methodology, Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing Affiliation Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia ⨯ .