medical research paper pdf

Editor's Choice: Skin Antisepsis: Povidone Iodine vs Chlorhexidine Gluconate

• USPSTF on Interventions for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents June 18, 2024 US Preventive Services Task Force Interventions for High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement US Preventive Services Task Force
• US Preventive Services Task Force Interventions for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force Elizabeth A. O’Connor, PhD; Corinne V. Evans, MPP; Michelle Henninger, PhD; et al
• Editorial Treatment Interventions for Child and Adolescent Obesity: From Evidence to Recommendations to Action Thomas N. Robinson, MD, MPH; Sarah C. Armstrong, MD
• JAMA Patient Page Interventions for High BMI in Children and Teenagers Jill Jin, MD, MPH
• Audio USPSTF Recommendation: Interventions for High BMI in Children and Adolescents John M. Ruiz, PhD, with host JAMA Editor in Chief Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, PhD, MD, MAS

Just Published

• Povidone Iodine vs Chlorhexidine Gluconate in Alcohol for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis Andreas F. Widmer, MD, MS; et al. Original Investigation online first has active quiz Andreas F. Widmer, MD, MS; et al. Editor's Note
• Germline CDH1 Variants and Lifetime Cancer Risk Carrie E. Ryan, MD; et al. Original Investigation online first free access Carrie E. Ryan, MD; et al.
• Dapagliflozin in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Organ Dysfunction Caio A. M. Tavares, MD, PhD; et al. Original Investigation online first free access Caio A. M. Tavares, MD, PhD; et al. Editorial
• Association Between Cost Sharing and Naloxone Prescription Dispensing Kao-Ping Chua, MD, PhD; et al. Original Investigation online first Kao-Ping Chua, MD, PhD; et al. Editorial
• Trends in Naloxone Dispensing From Retail Pharmacies in the US S. Michaela Rikard, PhD; et al. Research Letter online first S. Michaela Rikard, PhD; et al.
• Checks and Balances on FDA’s Authority Holly Fernandez Lynch, JD, MBE; et al. Viewpoint online first Holly Fernandez Lynch, JD, MBE; et al.
• Treatment Interventions for Child and Adolescent Obesity Thomas N. Robinson, MD, MPH; et al. Editorial online first has multimedia Thomas N. Robinson, MD, MPH; et al.
• Elevating the Importance of Local Elections Deanna M. Behrens, MD; et al. Viewpoint online first Deanna M. Behrens, MD; et al.
• Skin Antisepsis to Prevent Surgical Site Infections Anthony Charles, MD, MPH; et al. Editor's Note online first Anthony Charles, MD, MPH; et al.
• SGL-2 Therapy for Acute Organ Dysfunction Hernando Gómez, MD, MPH; et al. Editorial online first free access Hernando Gómez, MD, MPH; et al.
• Two-Stage Syphilis Testing Lais Lopes Almeida Gomes, MD; et al. JAMA Diagnostic Test Interpretation online first has active quiz Lais Lopes Almeida Gomes, MD; et al.
• Low-Dose Corticosteroids for Adults With Severe Pulmonary Infections Romain Pirracchio, MD, MPH, PhD; et al. Review online first has active quiz has multimedia Romain Pirracchio, MD, MPH, PhD; et al.
• Test-Negative Study Designs for Evaluating Vaccine Effectiveness Natalie Dean, PhD; et al. JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods online first has active quiz Natalie Dean, PhD; et al.
• Management of Depression in Adults Gregory E. Simon, MD, MPH; et al. Review online first has active quiz has multimedia Gregory E. Simon, MD, MPH; et al.
• The Integration of Clinical Trials With the Practice of Medicine Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH; et al. Special Communication online first has active quiz has multimedia Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH; et al. Editorial Editor's Note

Latest from the USPSTF

• USPSTF Recommendation: Interventions for High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents
• USPSTF Recommendation: Screening for Breast Cancer
• USPSTF Recommendation: Interventions to Prevent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
• 39,731 Views Krill Oil for Knee Osteoarthritis
• 35,380 Views Continuous vs Intermittent β-Lactam Antibiotic Infusions in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis
• 27,944 Views Acetaminophen for Prevention and Treatment of Organ Dysfunction
• 26,976 Views Meta-Analysis: Low Testosterone in Men Tied to Increased Risk of Death
• 26,791 Views USPSTF Recommendation: Screening for Breast Cancer
• 25,206 Views WHO Releases Guidance to Reduce Catheter-Associated Infections
• 24,344 Views Adding Salt to Food at Mealtime Associated With Stomach Cancer Risk
• 24,265 Views Survival Benefit Associated With Participation in Clinical Trials of Anticancer Drugs
• 24,110 Views Flavored Vapes Might Expose Users to Hundreds of Dangerous Byproducts
• 22,813 Views Causal Inference and Effects of Interventions From Observational Studies in Medical Journals
• 817 Citations Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Using Mendelian Randomization
• 663 Citations Updated Guidance on the Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in Medical and Science Journals
• 661 Citations Pancreatic Cancer
• 529 Citations Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults
• 456 Citations Association Between IL-6 Antagonists and Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19
• 422 Citations Association Between 3 Doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine and Symptomatic Infection Caused by Omicron and Delta Variants
• 394 Citations Association of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination With Hospitalizations and Disease Severity
• 391 Citations Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021
• 385 Citations Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis With Thrombocytopenia After Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination
• 385 Citations Surveillance for Adverse Events After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination
• Register for email alerts with links to free full-text articles
• Access PDFs of free articles
• Manage your interests
• Save searches and receive search alerts

Research articles

Lateral episiotomy or no episiotomy in vacuum assisted delivery in nulliparous women, global burden of type 1 diabetes in adults aged 65 years and older, antiplatelet therapy after coronary artery bypass surgery, mailed feedback to primary care physicians on antibiotic prescribing, tislelizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy as first line treatment for advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, epidural analgesia during labour and severe maternal morbidity, exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy or early infancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, clinical and healthcare use outcomes after cessation of long term opioid treatment due to prescriber workforce exit, effect of the hpv vaccination programme on incidence of cervical cancer by socioeconomic deprivation in england, long acting progestogens vs combined oral contraceptive pill for preventing recurrence of endometriosis related pain, ultra-processed food consumption and all cause and cause specific mortality, comparative effectiveness of second line oral antidiabetic treatments among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression, reverse total shoulder replacement versus anatomical total shoulder replacement for osteoarthritis, effect of combination treatment with glp-1 receptor agonists and sglt-2 inhibitors on incidence of cardiovascular and serious renal events, prenatal opioid exposure and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in children, temporal trends in lifetime risks of atrial fibrillation and its complications, antipsychotic use in people with dementia, predicting the risks of kidney failure and death in adults with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease, impact of large scale, multicomponent intervention to reduce proton pump inhibitor overuse, esketamine after childbirth for mothers with prenatal depression, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use and risk of thyroid cancer, use of progestogens and the risk of intracranial meningioma, delirium and incident dementia in hospital patients, derivation and external validation of a simple risk score for predicting severe acute kidney injury after intravenous cisplatin, quality and safety of artificial intelligence generated health information, large language models and the generation of health disinformation, 25 year trends in cancer incidence and mortality among adults in the uk, cervical pessary versus vaginal progesterone in women with a singleton pregnancy, comparison of prior authorization across insurers, diagnostic accuracy of magnetically guided capsule endoscopy with a detachable string for detecting oesophagogastric varices in adults with cirrhosis, ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes, added benefit and revenues of oncology drugs approved by the ema, exposure to air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular diseases, short term exposure to low level ambient fine particulate matter and natural cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory morbidity, optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children, effect of exercise for depression, association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease and all cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes, duration of cpr and outcomes for adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest, clinical effectiveness of an online physical and mental health rehabilitation programme for post-covid-19 condition, atypia detected during breast screening and subsequent development of cancer, publishers’ and journals’ instructions to authors on use of generative ai in academic and scientific publishing, effectiveness of glp-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes, neurological development in children born moderately or late preterm, invasive breast cancer and breast cancer death after non-screen detected ductal carcinoma in situ, all cause and cause specific mortality in obsessive-compulsive disorder, acute rehabilitation following traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation, perinatal depression and risk of mortality, undisclosed financial conflicts of interest in dsm-5-tr, effect of risk mitigation guidance opioid and stimulant dispensations on mortality and acute care visits, update to living systematic review on sars-cov-2 positivity in offspring and timing of mother-to-child transmission, perinatal depression and its health impact, christmas 2023: common healthcare related instruments subjected to magnetic attraction study, using autoregressive integrated moving average models for time series analysis of observational data, demand for morning after pill following new year holiday, christmas 2023: christmas recipes from the great british bake off, effect of a doctor working during the festive period on population health: experiment using doctor who episodes, christmas 2023: analysis of barbie medical and science career dolls, christmas 2023: effect of chair placement on physicians’ behavior and patients’ satisfaction, management of chronic pain secondary to temporomandibular disorders, christmas 2023: projecting complete redaction of clinical trial protocols, christmas 2023: a drug target for erectile dysfunction to help improve fertility, sexual activity, and wellbeing, christmas 2023: efficacy of cola ingestion for oesophageal food bolus impaction, conservative management versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in adults with gallstone disease, social media use and health risk behaviours in young people, untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and cervical cancer, air pollution deaths attributable to fossil fuels, implementation of a high sensitivity cardiac troponin i assay and risk of myocardial infarction or death at five years, covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against post-covid-19 condition, association between patient-surgeon gender concordance and mortality after surgery, intravascular imaging guided versus coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention, treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men in primary care using a conservative intervention, autism intervention meta-analysis of early childhood studies, effectiveness of the live zoster vaccine during the 10 years following vaccination, effects of a multimodal intervention in primary care to reduce second line antibiotic prescriptions for urinary tract infections in women, pyrotinib versus placebo in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel in patients with her2 positive metastatic breast cancer, association of dcis size and margin status with risk of developing breast cancer post-treatment, racial differences in low value care among older patients in the us, pharmaceutical industry payments and delivery of low value cancer drugs, rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in adults with coronary artery disease, clinical effectiveness of septoplasty versus medical management for nasal airways obstruction, ultrasound guided lavage with corticosteroid injection versus sham lavage with and without corticosteroid injection for calcific tendinopathy of shoulder, early versus delayed antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, mortality risks associated with floods in 761 communities worldwide, interactive effects of ambient fine particulate matter and ozone on daily mortality in 372 cities, association between changes in carbohydrate intake and long term weight changes, future-case control crossover analysis for adjusting bias in case crossover studies, association between recently raised anticholinergic burden and risk of acute cardiovascular events, suboptimal gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in low and middle income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis, efficacy and safety of an inactivated virus-particle vaccine for sars-cov-2, effect of invitation letter in language of origin on screening attendance: randomised controlled trial in breastscreen norway, visits by nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the usa, non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and oesophageal adenocarcinoma, venous thromboembolism with use of hormonal contraception and nsaids, food additive emulsifiers and risk of cardiovascular disease, balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use, promoting activity, independence, and stability in early dementia and mild cognitive impairment, effect of home cook interventions for salt reduction in china, cancer mortality after low dose exposure to ionising radiation, follow us on, content links.

• Collections
• Health in South Asia
• Women’s, children’s & adolescents’ health
• News and views
• BMJ Opinion
• Rapid responses
• Editorial staff
• BMJ in the USA
• BMJ in South Asia
• Submit your paper
• BMA members
• Subscribers
• Advertisers and sponsors

Explore BMJ

• Our company
• BMJ Careers
• BMJ Learning
• BMJ Masterclasses
• BMJ Journals
• BMJ Student
• Academic edition of The BMJ
• BMJ Best Practice
• The BMJ Awards
• Email alerts
• Activate subscription

Information

• Search by keyword
• Search by citation

Page 1 of 69

Sampling weighting strategies in causal mediation analysis

Causal mediation analysis plays a crucial role in examining causal effects and causal mechanisms. Yet, limited work has taken into consideration the use of sampling weights in causal mediation analysis. In thi...

• View Full Text

Measures of fragmentation of rest activity patterns: mathematical properties and interpretability based on accelerometer real life data

Accelerometers, devices that measure body movements, have become valuable tools for studying the fragmentation of rest-activity patterns, a core circadian rhythm dimension, using metrics such as inter-daily st...

SpatialWavePredict : a tutorial-based primer and toolbox for forecasting growth trajectories using the ensemble spatial wave sub-epidemic modeling framework

Dynamical mathematical models defined by a system of differential equations are typically not easily accessible to non-experts. However, forecasts based on these types of models can help gain insights into the...

Adaptive designs were primarily used but inadequately reported in early phase drug trials

Faced with the high cost and limited efficiency of classical randomized controlled trials, researchers are increasingly applying adaptive designs to speed up the development of new drugs. However, the applicat...

Cause of death coding in asthma

While clinical coding is intended to be an objective and standardized practice, it is important to recognize that it is not entirely the case. The clinical and bureaucratic practices from event of death to a c...

Comparison of Bayesian approaches for developing prediction models in rare disease: application to the identification of patients with Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young

Clinical prediction models can help identify high-risk patients and facilitate timely interventions. However, developing such models for rare diseases presents challenges due to the scarcity of affected patien...

Methodological identification of anomalies episodes in ECG streams: a systematic mapping study

An electrocardiogram is a medical examination tool for measuring different patterns of heart blood flow circle either in the form of usual or non-invasive patterns. These patterns are useful for the identifica...

Use of systems thinking and adapted group model building methods to understand patterns of technology use among older adults with type 1 diabetes: a preliminary process evaluation

A growing number of older adults (ages 65+) live with Type 1 diabetes. Simultaneously, technologies such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) have become standard of care. There is thus a need to understand ...

High-dimensional mediation analysis for continuous outcome with confounders using overlap weighting method in observational epigenetic study

Mediation analysis is a powerful tool to identify factors mediating the causal pathway of exposure to health outcomes. Mediation analysis has been extended to study a large number of potential mediators in hig...

Multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) randomised selection designs: impact of treatment selection rules on the operating characteristics

Multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) randomised trial designs have been proposed to evaluate multiple research questions in the confirmatory setting. In designs with several interventions, such as the 8-arm 3-stage RO...

Feature group partitioning: an approach for depression severity prediction with class balancing using machine learning algorithms

In contemporary society, depression has emerged as a prominent mental disorder that exhibits exponential growth and exerts a substantial influence on premature mortality. Although numerous research applied mac...

Comparison of two propensity score-based methods for balancing covariates: the overlap weighting and fine stratification methods in real-world claims data

Two propensity score (PS) based balancing covariate methods, the overlap weighting method (OW) and the fine stratification method (FS), produce superb covariate balance. OW has been compared with various weigh...

Modifications of the readiness assessment for pragmatic trials tool for appropriate use with Indigenous populations

Inequities in health access and outcomes exist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Embedded pragmatic randomized, controlled trials (ePCTs) can test the real-world effectiveness of health care i...

CalScope: methodology and lessons learned for conducting a remote statewide SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence study in California using an at-home dried blood spot collection kit and online survey

To describe the methodology for conducting the CalScope study, a remote, population-based survey launched by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and understa...

Developing a community-responsive research model in the healthcare system: a mixed-method study

Responsiveness to the population’s non-clinical needs encompasses various dimensions, including responsive research and an educational outreach plan at the community level. This study aims to develop a communi...

Fidelity, pragmatism and the “grey line” in between—exploring the delivery of a pragmatic physical activity randomised controlled trial—a secondary analysis

Intervention fidelity in health services research has been poor with a reported lack of understanding about what constitutes pragmatic adaptation of interventions and what constitutes failure to maintain inter...

The quality of reporting in case reports of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study

Although randomized trials and systematic reviews provide the best evidence to guide medical practice, many permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) studies have been published as case reports. However, the...

Stacked probability plots of the extended illness-death model using constant transition hazards – an easy to use shiny app

Extended illness-death models (a specific class of multistate models) are a useful tool to analyse situations like hospital-acquired infections, ventilation-associated pneumonia, and transfers between hospital...

Weighted metrics are required when evaluating the performance of prediction models in nested case–control studies

Nested case–control (NCC) designs are efficient for developing and validating prediction models that use expensive or difficult-to-obtain predictors, especially when the outcome is rare. Previous research has ...

Identification of patients’ smoking status using an explainable AI approach: a Danish electronic health records case study

Smoking is a critical risk factor responsible for over eight million annual deaths worldwide. It is essential to obtain information on smoking habits to advance research and implement preventive measures such ...

Multimorbidity prevalence and health outcome prediction: assessing the impact of lookback periods, disease count, and definition criteria in health administrative data at the population-based level

Health administrative databases play a crucial role in population-level multimorbidity surveillance. Determining the appropriate retrospective or lookback period (LP) for observing prevalent and newly diagnose...

Leveraging machine learning for predicting acute graft-versus-host disease grades in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia

Orphan diseases, exemplified by T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, present inherent challenges due to limited data availability and complexities in effective care. This study delves into harnessing the potential ...

An evaluation of computational methods for aggregate data meta-analyses of diagnostic test accuracy studies

A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) is recommended to meta-analyze diagnostic test accuracy studies (DTAs) based on aggregate or individual participant data. Since a GLMM does not have a closed-form likeli...

Machine learning models for abstract screening task - A systematic literature review application for health economics and outcome research

Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are critical for life-science research. However, the manual selection and retrieval of relevant publications can be a time-consuming process. This study aims to (1) develop...

Weibull parametric model for survival analysis in women with endometrial cancer using clinical and T2-weighted MRI radiomic features

Semiparametric survival analysis such as the Cox proportional hazards (CPH) regression model is commonly employed in endometrial cancer (EC) study. Although this method does not need to know the baseline hazar...

Using Bayesian statistics in confirmatory clinical trials in the regulatory setting: a tutorial review

Bayesian statistics plays a pivotal role in advancing medical science by enabling healthcare companies, regulators, and stakeholders to assess the safety and efficacy of new treatments, interventions, and medi...

Protocol implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences from a randomized trial of stress ulcer prophylaxis

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many intensive care units (ICUs) halted research to focus on COVID-19-specific studies.

Propensity score analysis for health care disparities: a deweighting approach

Propensity score weighting is a useful tool to make causal or unconfounded comparisons between groups. According to the definition by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), estimates of health care disparities shoul...

A novel non-negative Bayesian stacking modeling method for Cancer survival prediction using high-dimensional omics data

Survival prediction using high-dimensional molecular data is a hot topic in the field of genomics and precision medicine, especially for cancer studies. Considering that carcinogenesis has a pathway-based path...

Missingness mechanisms and generalizability of patient reported outcome measures in colorectal cancer survivors – assessing the reasonableness of the “missing completely at random” assumption

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROM) provide important information, however, missing PROM data threaten the interpretability and generalizability of findings by introducing potential bias. This study aims ...

Using brief reflections to capture and evaluate end-user engagement: a case example using the COMPASS study

Use of participatory research methods is increasing in research trials. Once partnerships are established with end-users, there is less guidance about processes research teams can use to successfully incorpora...

The establishment of a multiple myeloma clinical registry in the Asia–Pacific region: The Asia–Pacific Myeloma and Related Diseases Registry (APAC MRDR)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common haematological cancer worldwide. Along with related diseases including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), plasma cell leukaemia (PCL) and...

Elucidating vaccine efficacy using a correlate of protection, demographics, and logistic regression

Vaccine efficacy (VE) assessed in a randomized controlled clinical trial can be affected by demographic, clinical, and other subject-specific characteristics evaluated as baseline covariates. Understanding the...

Correction: Impact of sampling and data collection methods on maternity survey response: a randomised controlled trial of paper and push‑to‑web surveys and a concurrent social media survey

The original article was published in BMC Medical Research Methodology 2023 23 :10

Problematic meta-analyses: Bayesian and frequentist perspectives on combining randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies

In the literature, the propriety of the meta-analytic treatment-effect produced by combining randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non-randomized studies (NRS) is questioned, given the inherent confounding in...

Ascertaining the Francophone population in Ontario: validating the language variable in health data

Language barriers can impact health care and outcomes. Valid and reliable language data is central to studying health inequalities in linguistic minorities. In Canada, language variables are available in admin...

Stability analysis and numerical evaluations of a COVID-19 model with vaccination

A novel (nonlinear) mathematical model for the transmission of Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) with eight compartments and considering the impact of vaccination is examined in this manuscript. The qualitative behavi...

Arrhythmia detection by the graph convolution network and a proposed structure for communication between cardiac leads

One of the most common causes of death worldwide is heart disease, including arrhythmia. Today, sciences such as artificial intelligence and medical statistics are looking for methods and models for correct an...

Multimorbidity in middle-aged women and COVID-19: binary data clustering for unsupervised binning of rare multimorbidity features and predictive modeling

Multimorbidity is typically associated with deficient health-related quality of life in mid-life, and the likelihood of developing multimorbidity in women is elevated. We address the issue of data sparsity in ...

Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling in seven studies of people who use drugs from rural populations: findings from the Rural Opioid Initiative

Accurate prevalence estimates of drug use and its harms are important to characterize burden and develop interventions to reduce negative health outcomes and disparities. Lack of a sampling frame for marginali...

Reporting of interventional clinical trial results in an academic center: a survey of completed studies

The dissemination of clinical trial results is an important scientific and ethical endeavour. This survey of completed interventional studies in a French academic center describes their reporting status.

Interpretable machine learning in predicting drug-induced liver injury among tuberculosis patients: model development and validation study

The objective of this research was to create and validate an interpretable prediction model for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) during tuberculosis (TB) treatment.

Application of causal inference methods in individual-participant data meta-analyses in medicine: addressing data handling and reporting gaps with new proposed reporting guidelines

Observational data provide invaluable real-world information in medicine, but certain methodological considerations are required to derive causal estimates. In this systematic review, we evaluated the methodol...

Log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS)-based novel nomogram for survival estimation in patients with invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is known for its high propensity for lymph node (LN) invasion. Inadequate LN dissection may compromise the precision of prognostic assessments. This study...

Outlier detection in spatial error models using modified thresholding-based iterative procedure for outlier detection approach

Outliers, data points that significantly deviate from the norm, can have a substantial impact on statistical inference and provide valuable insights in data analysis. Multiple methods have been developed for o...

Bayesian modeling of spatially differentiated multivariate enamel defects of the children’s primary maxillary central incisor teeth

The analysis of dental caries has been a major focus of recent work on modeling dental defect data. While a dental caries focus is of major importance in dental research, the examination of developmental defec...

The potential impact fraction of population weight reduction scenarios on non-communicable diseases in Belgium: application of the g-computation approach

Overweight is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Europe, affecting almost 60% of all adults. Tackling obesity is therefore a key long-term health challenge and is vital to reduce prema...

Spatial-temporal Bayesian accelerated failure time models for survival endpoints with applications to prostate cancer registry data

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer after non-melanoma skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in US men. Its incidence and mortality rates vary substantially across geographical region...

Describing the content of trial recruitment interventions using the TIDieR reporting checklist: a systematic methodology review

Recruiting participants to clinical trials is an ongoing challenge, and relatively little is known about what recruitment strategies lead to better recruitment. Recruitment interventions can be considered comp...

Segmentation of patients with small cell lung cancer into responders and non-responders using the optimal cross-validation technique

The timing of treating cancer patients is an essential factor in the efficacy of treatment. So, patients who will not respond to current therapy should receive a different treatment as early as possible. Machi...

Important information

Editorial board

For authors

For editorial board members

For reviewers

• Manuscript editing services

Annual Journal Metrics

2022 Citation Impact 4.0 - 2-year Impact Factor 7.0 - 5-year Impact Factor 2.055 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 1.778 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank)

2023 Speed 40 days submission to first editorial decision for all manuscripts (Median) 210 days submission to accept (Median)

2023 Usage  4,638,094 downloads 3,126 Altmetric mentions 

• More about our metrics

Peer-review Terminology

The following summary describes the peer review process for this journal:

Identity transparency: Single anonymized

Reviewer interacts with: Editor

Review information published: Review reports. Reviewer Identities reviewer opt in. Author/reviewer communication

More information is available here

• Follow us on Twitter

BMC Medical Research Methodology

ISSN: 1471-2288

• General enquiries: [email protected]

• DOI: 10.1016/S0889-4906(97)85388-4
• Corpus ID: 144568547

The medical research paper: Structure and functions

• Published 1997
• Medicine, Linguistics
• English for Specific Purposes

555 Citations

A genre-based study of biomedical editorials and letters to the editor: a contrastive analysis, analysis of moves, rhetorical patterns and linguistic features in new scientist articles, the use of verbs in research articles : corpus analysis for scientific writing and translation, rhetorical structure of biochemistry research articles.

• Highly Influenced

Functional structure identification of scientific documents in computer science

Regularities and irregularities in rhetorical move structure of linguistics abstracts in research articles, genre analysis: structural and linguistic evolution of the english-medium medical research article (1985–2004)☆.

• 15 Excerpts

A Corpus-Based Syntactic Study of Medical Research Article Titles.

A genre analysis of medical research articles, the influence of genre constraints on author representation in medical research articles. the french indefinite pronoun on in imrad research articles, 26 references, analysis of the structure of original research papers: an aid to writing original papers for publication., structure of science popularizations: a genre-analysis approach to the schema of popularized medical texts, discourse functions of marked theme in scientific research articles, discourse functions of subject in scientific research articles, medical discourse: aspects of author's comment., notes on a schema for stories, a genre-based investigation of the discussion sections in articles and dissertations, what rules govern tense usage in scientific articles, genre analysis: english in academic and research settings, information contained in clinical trial reports, related papers.

Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

The medical research paper: Structure and functions

1997, English for Specific Purposes

Related Papers

Journal of Language Teaching and Research

Morteza Amirsheibani

Since Swales’ CARS model (1981, 1990) work on the move structure of research article, studies on genre analysis have been carried out so far among which works on different parts of research article in various disciplines has gained a considerable literature. The present study aims to examine the move structure of research article conclusion sections in two fields of ELT and Nursing based on Yang and Allison’s (2003) model of move structure in conclusion sections. Each corpus of the current study contains 25 research articles related specifically to the field under study. The results of data analysis indicated that both corpora contained the moves proposed in Yang and Allison’s (2003) model and almost no significant differences were observed in the rhetorical structure of the afore-mentioned fields. Therefore, the authors of both ELT and Nursing had a great tendency to apply this model in the conclusion sections of their articles. The obtained findings of the current study can be use...

Science Park Research Organization & Counselling

Daniel Lees Fryer

Genre analysis can be used as a means of understanding the communicative practices of specific discourse communities and may therefore be of particular benefit to students in higher education for whom the interpretation and production of discipline-specific texts is paramount. This study takes global medical research as a case in point and examines the generic discourse features of the experimental medical research article (RA), using a systemic-functional and ‘structural moves analysis’ approach. Based on this novel, combined methodology, a sequence of generic rhetorical moves and steps across a series of medical RAs are described in terms of their function and lexicogrammar. The implications of the study are discussed in relation to previous research and their potential pedagogical and methodological applications.

Journal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature Dynamics and Advances

Since Swales' (1981, 1990) CARS model work on the move structure of research articles, studies on genre analysis have been carried out amongst which works on different parts of research articles in various disciplines has gained a considerable literature. This study aims to investigate the rhetorical structure of the Introduction sections of articles in two fields of English Language Teaching (ELT) and Nursing, based on two corpora. Each corpus contains 25 research articles related specifically to the field under study. This study initially identified the structural organization of the Introduction sections of the articles. The results of this analysis revealed that both corpora contained the moves proposed in CARS model and almost no significant differences were observed in the move structures of articles in the afore-mentioned fields. Therefore, there is a considerable tendency for both ELT and Nursing to use CARS model. The findings from the analysis could provide linguistic researchers in Foreign Language Teaching (FLT) with a holistic and unitary methodology as an authentic model of language in use through enriching their understandings and knowledge about the true nature and organization of different disciplines.

English for Specific Purposes

Joseph Adjei

Terminology

López Arroyo Belén

Genre analysis studies concerning the medical research article are limited, and the few studies that do exist tend to focus exclusively on the textual aspects of the genre, with little consideration for the context and discourse community in which texts are produced.

The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

An increasing number of people involved in medicine are under pressure to publish research, but there is little understanding of how to describe structured writing. This paper aims to describe the structure of original research papers published in the British Journal of General Practice with a view to providing insight into the nature of such analyses, and particularly to help researchers and trainers to write and teach writing more successfully. A sample of 50 original papers published in the Journal between January 1989 and March 1993 were examined. The papers were subjected to a form of 'move structure analysis', a technique used in applied linguistics; move structure analysis assigns a tentative function to a piece of text, and identifies words/phrases associated with it. To be recognized, moves thus identified had to occur in the same section of the paper in 65% of the corpus, and/or appear in the same order relative to other moves in 50%. Fifteen moves were identified,...

Budsaba Kanoksilapatham

This study aims to develop the academic writing skills of biomedical engineers by analyzing a dataset of 37 discussion sections in biomedical engineering research articles written in English. Specifi c objectives of this study are twofold: 1) to identify the components that make up this section classifi ed as ‘moves’ and 2) to describe how each component of move is expressed. First, the analysis reveals that this section consists of three principal moves, and each move possibly entails a number of sub-units called ‘steps’. The analysis also demonstrates that these units of texts are organized in a particular pattern forming a typical sequence. Second, the examination to scrutinize how these textual units are written shows that a number of linguistic features are conventionally used to serve a particular purpose. This study bears pedagogical implications preparing scholars who are not competent in English to be able to disseminate their scientifi c achievements regionally and interna...

International Journal of Information Science and Management

raouf moini

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Journal of English for Academic Purposes

Helen Basturkmen

PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Yasir B J Al-shujairi

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Leila Kosseim

Gerard Defives

Argument & Computation

Chrysanne Dimarco

Darunee Dujsik

Isabel Alonso

khalil Tazik

Anitha Devi Pillai

Journal of English Studies

María José Luzón

Abbas Ali Rezaee

Nasrin Sayfouri

Discourse and Interaction

Renata Pípalová

Journal of Applied Languages and Linguistics

Muzaffar Hussain

Hamide Çakır

Stefania M Maci

Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics

Mehdi Doosti

zohreh naseri

International Conference on Languages, E-Learning and Romanian Studies

Mohammad Ali Salmani Nodoushan

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Published: 11 June 2024

The Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) and international astronaut biobank

• Eliah G. Overbey   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2866-8294 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,
• JangKeun Kim   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-9925 1 , 2 ,
• Braden T. Tierney   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7533-8802 1 , 2 ,
• Jiwoon Park   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0045-1429 1 , 2 ,
• Nadia Houerbi 1 , 2 ,
• Alexander G. Lucaci 1 , 2 ,
• Sebastian Garcia Medina 1 , 2 ,
• Namita Damle 1 ,
• Deena Najjar   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0009-7950-2866 5 ,
• Kirill Grigorev 1 , 2 ,
• Evan E. Afshin 1 , 2 ,
• Krista A. Ryon 1 ,
• Karolina Sienkiewicz 2 , 6 ,
• Laura Patras 7 , 8 ,
• Remi Klotz   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2100-0635 9 ,
• Veronica Ortiz 9 ,
• Matthew MacKay 6 ,
• Annalise Schweickart   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-3741 2 , 6 ,
• Christopher R. Chin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2140-3197 1 ,
• Maria A. Sierra 6 ,
• Matias F. Valenzuela 10 ,
• Ezequiel Dantas   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-4632 11 , 12 ,
• Theodore M. Nelson   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-0444 13 ,
• Egle Cekanaviciute   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-1806 14 ,
• Gabriel Deards 6 ,
• Jonathan Foox 1 , 2 ,
• S. Anand Narayanan 15 ,
• Caleb M. Schmidt 16 , 17 , 18 ,
• Michael A. Schmidt 16 , 17 ,
• Julian C. Schmidt 16 , 17 ,
• Sean Mullane 19 ,
• Seth Stravers Tigchelaar 19 ,
• Steven Levitte 19 , 20 ,
• Craig Westover 1 ,
• Chandrima Bhattacharya 6 ,
• Serena Lucotti 7 ,
• Jeremy Wain Hirschberg 1 ,
• Jacqueline Proszynski 1 ,
• Marissa Burke   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-3358 1 ,
• Ashley Kleinman 1 ,
• Daniel J. Butler 1 ,
• Conor Loy 21 ,
• Omary Mzava 21 ,
• Joan Lenz 21 ,
• Doru Paul 22 ,
• Christopher Mozsary 1 ,
• Lauren M. Sanders 14 ,
• Lynn E. Taylor 23 ,
• Chintan O. Patel 24 ,
• Sharib A. Khan 24 ,
• Mir Suhail 24 ,
• Syed G. Byhaqui 24 ,
• Burhan Aslam 24 ,
• Aaron S. Gajadhar 25 ,
• Lucy Williamson 25 ,
• Purvi Tandel 25 ,
• Qiu Yang 25 ,
• Jessica Chu 25 ,
• Ryan W. Benz 25 ,
• Asim Siddiqui 25 ,
• Daniel Hornburg   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6618-7774 25 ,
• Kelly Blease 26 ,
• Juan Moreno 26 ,
• Andrew Boddicker   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7957-8283 26 ,
• Junhua Zhao   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0006-7672-1084 26 ,
• Bryan Lajoie 26 ,
• Ryan T. Scott   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0654-5661 27 ,
• Rachel R. Gilbert 27 ,
• San-huei Lai Polo 27 ,
• Andrew Altomare 26 ,
• Semyon Kruglyak 26 ,
• Shawn Levy 26 ,
• Ishara Ariyapala 28 ,
• Joanne Beer   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-8467 28 ,
• Bingqing Zhang 28 ,
• Briana M. Hudson 29 ,
• Aric Rininger 29 ,
• Sarah E. Church   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7194-4282 29 ,
• Afshin Beheshti   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-531X 30 , 31 ,
• George M. Church   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6232-9969 32 ,
• Scott M. Smith   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9313-7900 33 ,
• Brian E. Crucian 33 ,
• Sara R. Zwart   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-0180 34 ,
• Irina Matei   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5712-8430 7 , 12 ,
• David C. Lyden   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-4131 7 , 12 ,
• Francine Garrett-Bakelman 35 , 36 ,
• Jan Krumsiek   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4734-3791 1 , 2 , 6 ,
• Qiuying Chen 37 ,
• Dawson Miller 37 ,
• Joe Shuga 38 ,
• Stephen Williams 38 ,
• Corey Nemec   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-1753 38 ,
• Guy Trudel   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-4294 39 , 40 , 41 ,
• Martin Pelchat 42 ,
• Odette Laneuville   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-3892 43 ,
• Iwijn De Vlaminck   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6085-7311 21 ,
• Steven Gross 37 ,
• Kelly L. Bolton 44 ,
• Susan M. Bailey   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-9364 23 , 45 ,
• Richard Granstein 46 ,
• David Furman   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-9519 10 , 47 , 48 , 49 ,
• Ari M. Melnick   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-2287 12 , 22 ,
• Sylvain V. Costes   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-2389 14 ,
• Bader Shirah   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6493-2155 50 ,
• Anil S. Menon   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-3553 34 ,
• Jaime Mateus 19 ,
• Cem Meydan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0663-6216 1 , 2 , 22 &
• Christopher E. Mason   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-1642 1 , 2 , 3 , 51 , 52  

Nature ( 2024 ) Cite this article

7068 Accesses

2 Citations

229 Altmetric

Metrics details

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

• Medical research
• Molecular biology

Spaceflight induces molecular, cellular, and physiological shifts in astronauts and poses myriad biomedical challenges to the human body, which are becoming increasingly relevant as more humans venture into space 1-6 . Yet, current frameworks for aerospace medicine are nascent and lag far behind advancements in precision medicine on Earth, underscoring the need for rapid development of space medicine databases, tools, and protocols. Here, we present the Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA), an integrated data and sample repository for clinical, cellular, and multi-omic research profiles from a diverse range of missions, including the NASA Twins Study 7 , JAXA CFE study 8,9 , SpaceX Inspiration4 crew 10-12 , plus Axiom and Polaris. The SOMA resource represents a >10-fold increase in publicly available human space omics data, with matched samples available from the Cornell Aerospace Medicine Biobank. The Atlas includes extensive molecular and physiological profiles encompassing genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome data sets, which reveal some consistent features across missions, including cytokine shifts, telomere elongation, and gene expression changes, as well as mission-specific molecular responses and links to orthologous, tissue-specific murine data sets. Leveraging the datasets, tools, and resources in SOMA can help accelerate precision aerospace medicine, bringing needed health monitoring, risk mitigation, and countermeasures data for upcoming lunar, Mars, and exploration-class missions.

You have full access to this article via your institution.

Similar content being viewed by others

A Second Space Age Spanning Omics, Platforms, and Medicine Across Orbits

Single-cell multi-ome and immune profiles of the Inspiration4 crew reveal conserved, cell-type, and sex-specific responses to spaceflight

Collection of biospecimens from the inspiration4 mission establishes the standards for the space omics and medical atlas (SOMA)

Author information, authors and affiliations.

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Braden T. Tierney, Jiwoon Park, Nadia Houerbi, Alexander G. Lucaci, Sebastian Garcia Medina, Namita Damle, Kirill Grigorev, Evan E. Afshin, Krista A. Ryon, Christopher R. Chin, Jonathan Foox, Craig Westover, Jeremy Wain Hirschberg, Jacqueline Proszynski, Marissa Burke, Ashley Kleinman, Daniel J. Butler, Christopher Mozsary, Jan Krumsiek, Cem Meydan & Christopher E. Mason

The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Braden T. Tierney, Jiwoon Park, Nadia Houerbi, Alexander G. Lucaci, Sebastian Garcia Medina, Kirill Grigorev, Evan E. Afshin, Karolina Sienkiewicz, Annalise Schweickart, Jonathan Foox, Jan Krumsiek, Cem Meydan & Christopher E. Mason

BioAstra, Inc, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey & Christopher E. Mason

Center for STEM, University of Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Eliah G. Overbey

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Deena Najjar

Tri-Institutional Biology and Medicine program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Karolina Sienkiewicz, Matthew MacKay, Annalise Schweickart, Maria A. Sierra, Gabriel Deards, Chandrima Bhattacharya & Jan Krumsiek

Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Laura Patras, Serena Lucotti, Irina Matei & David C. Lyden

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Laura Patras

Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Remi Klotz, Veronica Ortiz & Min Yu

Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA

Matias F. Valenzuela & David Furman

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Ezequiel Dantas

Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Ezequiel Dantas, Irina Matei, David C. Lyden & Ari M. Melnick

Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Theodore M. Nelson

Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

Egle Cekanaviciute, Lauren M. Sanders & Sylvain V. Costes

Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

S. Anand Narayanan

Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Caleb M. Schmidt, Michael A. Schmidt & Julian C. Schmidt

Advanced Pattern Analysis and Human Performance Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Department of Systems Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Caleb M. Schmidt

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), Hawthorne, CA, USA

Sean Mullane, Seth Stravers Tigchelaar, Steven Levitte & Jaime Mateus

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Steven Levitte

Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Conor Loy, Omary Mzava, Joan Lenz & Iwijn De Vlaminck

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Doru Paul, Ari M. Melnick & Cem Meydan

Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Lynn E. Taylor & Susan M. Bailey

TrialX Inc., New York, NY, USA

Chintan O. Patel, Sharib A. Khan, Mir Suhail, Syed G. Byhaqui & Burhan Aslam

Seer, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA

Aaron S. Gajadhar, Lucy Williamson, Purvi Tandel, Qiu Yang, Jessica Chu, Ryan W. Benz, Asim Siddiqui & Daniel Hornburg

Element Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA

Kelly Blease, Juan Moreno, Andrew Boddicker, Junhua Zhao, Bryan Lajoie, Andrew Altomare, Semyon Kruglyak & Shawn Levy

KBR; Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

Ryan T. Scott, Rachel R. Gilbert & San-huei Lai Polo

Alamar Biosciences, Inc, 47071 Bayside Parkway, Fremont, CA, USA

Ishara Ariyapala, Joanne Beer & Bingqing Zhang

NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA

Briana M. Hudson, Aric Rininger & Sarah E. Church

Blue Marble Space Institute of Science; Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

• Afshin Beheshti

Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Medical School and the Wyss Institute, Boston, MA, USA

George M. Church

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Houston, TX, USA

Scott M. Smith & Brian E. Crucian

University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Sara R. Zwart & Anil S. Menon

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Francine Garrett-Bakelman

Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Qiuying Chen, Dawson Miller & Steven Gross

10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA

Joe Shuga, Stephen Williams & Corey Nemec

Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Department of Medicine, Division of Physiatry, The Ottawa Hospital, Room 2505G, 505 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 1321, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Roger Guindon Hall, Room 4111A, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Martin Pelchat

Department of Biology, Gendron Hall Room 3-372, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Odette Laneuville

Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA

Kelly L. Bolton

Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Susan M. Bailey

Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Richard Granstein

Cosmica Biosciences Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA

David Furman

Stanford 1000 Immunomes Project, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Institute for Research in Translational Medicine, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Bader Shirah

The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA

Christopher E. Mason

WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Eliah G. Overbey , Cem Meydan or Christopher E. Mason .

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-3, Supplementary Tables 4 and 9, Supplementary Note 1 and additional references.

Reporting Summary

Supplementary table 1.

Sample Information. Comprehensive list of samples collected from each crew member, at each timepoint, for each assay. Tab 1 is an overview of which samples are present at each timepoint. Tab 2 is an itemized list of each sample, including the number of sequenced DNA/RNA molecules for sequencing assays.

Supplementary Table 2

OSDR Studies. Comprehensive list of prior studies in OSDR for previous assays on human, metagenomic, and metatranscriptomic samples.

Supplementary Table 3

Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry Stats Tables. Sequencing and mass spectrometry statistics for multiome, TCR, BCR, cfRNA, dRNA, and proteomics assays.

Supplementary Table 5

cfRNA Calculations. Tissue of origin analysis from cfRNA sequencing. Tab 1 contains fractions of cell type specific RNA enrichment. Tab 2 contains comparisons between timepoints.

Supplementary Table 6

Recovery Profile Pathways. Overrepresented KEGG pathways during recovery from spaceflight in PBMCs. Tabs are split for CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD14+ monocyte and CD16+ monocytes.

Supplementary Table 7

Metagenome and Metatranscriptome CVs. Species-level CV calculations across crew members for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic samples from oral, nasal, and skin swab samples.

Supplementary Table 8

Human Omics CVs. Gene/analyte-level CV calculations across crew members for NULISAseq, EVP proteomic, plasma proteomic, metabolomic, dRNA-seq and short read RNA-seq assays. GSEA pathway enrichment is calculated for pre-flight, post-flight (R+1), and recovery time intervals.

Peer Review File

Rights and permissions.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Overbey, E.G., Kim, J., Tierney, B.T. et al. The Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) and international astronaut biobank. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07639-y

Download citation

Received : 30 December 2022

Accepted : 31 May 2024

Published : 11 June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07639-y

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

This article is cited by

Aging and putative frailty biomarkers are altered by spaceflight.

• Andrea Camera
• Marshall Tabetah

Scientific Reports (2024)

Transcriptomics analysis reveals molecular alterations underpinning spaceflight dermatology

• Jonas Elsborg

Communications Medicine (2024)

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Help | Advanced Search

Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: gpt-4 technical report.

Abstract: We report the development of GPT-4, a large-scale, multimodal model which can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs. While less capable than humans in many real-world scenarios, GPT-4 exhibits human-level performance on various professional and academic benchmarks, including passing a simulated bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. GPT-4 is a Transformer-based model pre-trained to predict the next token in a document. The post-training alignment process results in improved performance on measures of factuality and adherence to desired behavior. A core component of this project was developing infrastructure and optimization methods that behave predictably across a wide range of scales. This allowed us to accurately predict some aspects of GPT-4's performance based on models trained with no more than 1/1,000th the compute of GPT-4.

Submission history

Access paper:.

• HTML (experimental)
• Other Formats

References & Citations

• Google Scholar
• Semantic Scholar

9 blog links

Bibtex formatted citation.

Bibliographic and Citation Tools

Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.

• Institution

arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .

The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to generate value

If 2023 was the year the world discovered generative AI (gen AI) , 2024 is the year organizations truly began using—and deriving business value from—this new technology. In the latest McKinsey Global Survey  on AI, 65 percent of respondents report that their organizations are regularly using gen AI, nearly double the percentage from our previous survey just ten months ago. Respondents’ expectations for gen AI’s impact remain as high as they were last year , with three-quarters predicting that gen AI will lead to significant or disruptive change in their industries in the years ahead.

About the authors

This article is a collaborative effort by Alex Singla , Alexander Sukharevsky , Lareina Yee , and Michael Chui , with Bryce Hall , representing views from QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and McKinsey Digital.

Organizations are already seeing material benefits from gen AI use, reporting both cost decreases and revenue jumps in the business units deploying the technology. The survey also provides insights into the kinds of risks presented by gen AI—most notably, inaccuracy—as well as the emerging practices of top performers to mitigate those challenges and capture value.

AI adoption surges

Interest in generative AI has also brightened the spotlight on a broader set of AI capabilities. For the past six years, AI adoption by respondents’ organizations has hovered at about 50 percent. This year, the survey finds that adoption has jumped to 72 percent (Exhibit 1). And the interest is truly global in scope. Our 2023 survey found that AI adoption did not reach 66 percent in any region; however, this year more than two-thirds of respondents in nearly every region say their organizations are using AI. 1 Organizations based in Central and South America are the exception, with 58 percent of respondents working for organizations based in Central and South America reporting AI adoption. Looking by industry, the biggest increase in adoption can be found in professional services. 2 Includes respondents working for organizations focused on human resources, legal services, management consulting, market research, R&D, tax preparation, and training.

Also, responses suggest that companies are now using AI in more parts of the business. Half of respondents say their organizations have adopted AI in two or more business functions, up from less than a third of respondents in 2023 (Exhibit 2).

Gen AI adoption is most common in the functions where it can create the most value

Most respondents now report that their organizations—and they as individuals—are using gen AI. Sixty-five percent of respondents say their organizations are regularly using gen AI in at least one business function, up from one-third last year. The average organization using gen AI is doing so in two functions, most often in marketing and sales and in product and service development—two functions in which previous research  determined that gen AI adoption could generate the most value 3 “ The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier ,” McKinsey, June 14, 2023. —as well as in IT (Exhibit 3). The biggest increase from 2023 is found in marketing and sales, where reported adoption has more than doubled. Yet across functions, only two use cases, both within marketing and sales, are reported by 15 percent or more of respondents.

Gen AI also is weaving its way into respondents’ personal lives. Compared with 2023, respondents are much more likely to be using gen AI at work and even more likely to be using gen AI both at work and in their personal lives (Exhibit 4). The survey finds upticks in gen AI use across all regions, with the largest increases in Asia–Pacific and Greater China. Respondents at the highest seniority levels, meanwhile, show larger jumps in the use of gen Al tools for work and outside of work compared with their midlevel-management peers. Looking at specific industries, respondents working in energy and materials and in professional services report the largest increase in gen AI use.

Investments in gen AI and analytical AI are beginning to create value

The latest survey also shows how different industries are budgeting for gen AI. Responses suggest that, in many industries, organizations are about equally as likely to be investing more than 5 percent of their digital budgets in gen AI as they are in nongenerative, analytical-AI solutions (Exhibit 5). Yet in most industries, larger shares of respondents report that their organizations spend more than 20 percent on analytical AI than on gen AI. Looking ahead, most respondents—67 percent—expect their organizations to invest more in AI over the next three years.

Where are those investments paying off? For the first time, our latest survey explored the value created by gen AI use by business function. The function in which the largest share of respondents report seeing cost decreases is human resources. Respondents most commonly report meaningful revenue increases (of more than 5 percent) in supply chain and inventory management (Exhibit 6). For analytical AI, respondents most often report seeing cost benefits in service operations—in line with what we found last year —as well as meaningful revenue increases from AI use in marketing and sales.

Inaccuracy: The most recognized and experienced risk of gen AI use

As businesses begin to see the benefits of gen AI, they’re also recognizing the diverse risks associated with the technology. These can range from data management risks such as data privacy, bias, or intellectual property (IP) infringement to model management risks, which tend to focus on inaccurate output or lack of explainability. A third big risk category is security and incorrect use.

Respondents to the latest survey are more likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider inaccuracy and IP infringement to be relevant to their use of gen AI, and about half continue to view cybersecurity as a risk (Exhibit 7).

Conversely, respondents are less likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider workforce and labor displacement to be relevant risks and are not increasing efforts to mitigate them.

In fact, inaccuracy— which can affect use cases across the gen AI value chain , ranging from customer journeys and summarization to coding and creative content—is the only risk that respondents are significantly more likely than last year to say their organizations are actively working to mitigate.

Some organizations have already experienced negative consequences from the use of gen AI, with 44 percent of respondents saying their organizations have experienced at least one consequence (Exhibit 8). Respondents most often report inaccuracy as a risk that has affected their organizations, followed by cybersecurity and explainability.

Our previous research has found that there are several elements of governance that can help in scaling gen AI use responsibly, yet few respondents report having these risk-related practices in place. 4 “ Implementing generative AI with speed and safety ,” McKinsey Quarterly , March 13, 2024. For example, just 18 percent say their organizations have an enterprise-wide council or board with the authority to make decisions involving responsible AI governance, and only one-third say gen AI risk awareness and risk mitigation controls are required skill sets for technical talent.

Bringing gen AI capabilities to bear

The latest survey also sought to understand how, and how quickly, organizations are deploying these new gen AI tools. We have found three archetypes for implementing gen AI solutions : takers use off-the-shelf, publicly available solutions; shapers customize those tools with proprietary data and systems; and makers develop their own foundation models from scratch. 5 “ Technology’s generational moment with generative AI: A CIO and CTO guide ,” McKinsey, July 11, 2023. Across most industries, the survey results suggest that organizations are finding off-the-shelf offerings applicable to their business needs—though many are pursuing opportunities to customize models or even develop their own (Exhibit 9). About half of reported gen AI uses within respondents’ business functions are utilizing off-the-shelf, publicly available models or tools, with little or no customization. Respondents in energy and materials, technology, and media and telecommunications are more likely to report significant customization or tuning of publicly available models or developing their own proprietary models to address specific business needs.

Respondents most often report that their organizations required one to four months from the start of a project to put gen AI into production, though the time it takes varies by business function (Exhibit 10). It also depends upon the approach for acquiring those capabilities. Not surprisingly, reported uses of highly customized or proprietary models are 1.5 times more likely than off-the-shelf, publicly available models to take five months or more to implement.

Gen AI high performers are excelling despite facing challenges

Gen AI is a new technology, and organizations are still early in the journey of pursuing its opportunities and scaling it across functions. So it’s little surprise that only a small subset of respondents (46 out of 876) report that a meaningful share of their organizations’ EBIT can be attributed to their deployment of gen AI. Still, these gen AI leaders are worth examining closely. These, after all, are the early movers, who already attribute more than 10 percent of their organizations’ EBIT to their use of gen AI. Forty-two percent of these high performers say more than 20 percent of their EBIT is attributable to their use of nongenerative, analytical AI, and they span industries and regions—though most are at organizations with less than $1 billion in annual revenue. The AI-related practices at these organizations can offer guidance to those looking to create value from gen AI adoption at their own organizations.

To start, gen AI high performers are using gen AI in more business functions—an average of three functions, while others average two. They, like other organizations, are most likely to use gen AI in marketing and sales and product or service development, but they’re much more likely than others to use gen AI solutions in risk, legal, and compliance; in strategy and corporate finance; and in supply chain and inventory management. They’re more than three times as likely as others to be using gen AI in activities ranging from processing of accounting documents and risk assessment to R&D testing and pricing and promotions. While, overall, about half of reported gen AI applications within business functions are utilizing publicly available models or tools, gen AI high performers are less likely to use those off-the-shelf options than to either implement significantly customized versions of those tools or to develop their own proprietary foundation models.

What else are these high performers doing differently? For one thing, they are paying more attention to gen-AI-related risks. Perhaps because they are further along on their journeys, they are more likely than others to say their organizations have experienced every negative consequence from gen AI we asked about, from cybersecurity and personal privacy to explainability and IP infringement. Given that, they are more likely than others to report that their organizations consider those risks, as well as regulatory compliance, environmental impacts, and political stability, to be relevant to their gen AI use, and they say they take steps to mitigate more risks than others do.

Gen AI high performers are also much more likely to say their organizations follow a set of risk-related best practices (Exhibit 11). For example, they are nearly twice as likely as others to involve the legal function and embed risk reviews early on in the development of gen AI solutions—that is, to “ shift left .” They’re also much more likely than others to employ a wide range of other best practices, from strategy-related practices to those related to scaling.

In addition to experiencing the risks of gen AI adoption, high performers have encountered other challenges that can serve as warnings to others (Exhibit 12). Seventy percent say they have experienced difficulties with data, including defining processes for data governance, developing the ability to quickly integrate data into AI models, and an insufficient amount of training data, highlighting the essential role that data play in capturing value. High performers are also more likely than others to report experiencing challenges with their operating models, such as implementing agile ways of working and effective sprint performance management.

About the research

The online survey was in the field from February 22 to March 5, 2024, and garnered responses from 1,363 participants representing the full range of regions, industries, company sizes, functional specialties, and tenures. Of those respondents, 981 said their organizations had adopted AI in at least one business function, and 878 said their organizations were regularly using gen AI in at least one function. To adjust for differences in response rates, the data are weighted by the contribution of each respondent’s nation to global GDP.

Alex Singla and Alexander Sukharevsky  are global coleaders of QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and senior partners in McKinsey’s Chicago and London offices, respectively; Lareina Yee  is a senior partner in the Bay Area office, where Michael Chui , a McKinsey Global Institute partner, is a partner; and Bryce Hall  is an associate partner in the Washington, DC, office.

They wish to thank Kaitlin Noe, Larry Kanter, Mallika Jhamb, and Shinjini Srivastava for their contributions to this work.

This article was edited by Heather Hanselman, a senior editor in McKinsey’s Atlanta office.

Explore a career with us

Related articles.

Moving past gen AI’s honeymoon phase: Seven hard truths for CIOs to get from pilot to scale

A generative AI reset: Rewiring to turn potential into value in 2024

Implementing generative AI with speed and safety