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Ukubhala i-eseyi / Indaba: IsiZulu Grade 10 – 12 Essay Guide

Ukubhala i-eseyi / Indaba: IsiZulu Grade 10 – 12 Essay Guide.

Iyini Indaba

Indaba ubhalo oluhlelekile olugxile isihlokweni esisodwa. Lo mbhalo wakhiwa ngezigaba, zonke ezigxile esihlokweni esikhulu.

UKUBHALWA KWENDABA/-ESEYI

Isingeniso:.

Bhala isingeniso esizokwethula ingqikithi yendaba.

Isingeniso sakho kumele sibe sifushane kepha sidle ngokujiya. Lesi sigaba yisona esibeka ngamafuphi ulwazi oluhambisana nesihloko obhala ngaso. Lapha ubeka umfundi wendaba yakho esithombeni ngozokhuluma ngakho ngokwesihloko.

Yethula umbono wakho kabanzi.

Kulesi sigatshana kumele indaba ihleleke ngokwezigaba ezilandelanayo. Yileso naleso sigaba kuba kuhle ukuba sibe nomusho osasihloko ukwehlukanisa umqondo wezigaba. Zama ukuchaza kabanzi umqondongqangi waleso naleso sigaba. Zama ukufaka nezibonelo uma zidingeka ukweseka umqondo wesigaba.

Sebenzisa imisho elekelela ukunikezelana kwezigaba

I-eseyi iyaye igeleze kamnandi uma kuwukuthi kusetshenziswa imisho elekelela ukunikezelana kwezigaba. Kuba umkhuba omuhle uma uxhumanisa izigaba zakho ngobuciko ukuze i-eseyi yakho izohleleka kahle. Kungasetshenziswa amagama afana nalawa alandelayo: Ngakho-ke; kwagcina, kufana, ngaphezu kwalokho…

Phetha ngesigaba esisongayo

Phetha ngokugcizelela umbono wakho ngokwesihloko obhala ngaso. Songa ngokuthi ubeke ukuthi kungani ubona ngale ndlela wena obona ngayo noma uphethe ngokugoqa umqondongqangi wendaba yakho.

Inqubo Yokubhala

Bheka umdwebo owethula inqubo yokubhala imibhalo bese ufunda amanothi angezansi achaza inqubo ngokugcwele:

Zilungiselele ngaphambi kokubhala.

•a ngenhloso yombhalo nezethameli zawo.

Veza izinhlaka zesakhiwo, isitayela nombono ngesihloko.

Thola amaphuzu ahambisana nesihloko, wahlele ngokuwabhala phansi. Yenza amalungiselelo angaba amaphuzu noma umdwebo osalulwembu.

Yakha izinhlaka zokuqala

Sebenzisa ngempumelelo imibono esemqoka nesekelayo etholakale lapho kulungiselwa ukubhala. Bhala indaba noma umbhalo ophelele ulandela amaphuzu owabhale kumalungiselelo. Nquma ngokukhethwa kwamagama anembayo, achazayo nemishwana ezokwenza ukuthi okubhalwayo kucace.

Qikelela ukuthi ithoni nerejista kuhambisana nezethameli kanye nenhloso yombhalo wakho.

Buyekeza, ufundisise ukuze ucacise

Fundisisa lokhu okubhalile ukuthola ukuthi kuyawakha yini umqondo

Lungisa Amaphutha

Hlolisisa umsebenzi wakho ukuze ulungise amaphutha okungaba ukukhethwa kwamagama, izimpawu zokuloba, isipelingi njl.

Yethula umkhiqizo wokugcina

Yiba nomkhiqizo osesigabeni esesikulungele ukufundwa bese uthola imiklomelo/amamaki

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Isibonelo Sokubhala Umlando Kamufi (isiZulu Obituary Example & Structure) Grade 10 -12

Isibonelo Sokubhala Umlando Kamufi (isiZulu Obituary Example & Structure) Grade 10 -12 Paper 3:

Umlando kamufi/ngomufi ubhalwa abomndeni noma yiloyo oqokelwe ukuba awubhale. Kumele ubhalwe umuntu omaziyo umufi ukuze kungaphambani okubhaliwe nempilo kamufi. Kubhalwa okugqamile, okusemqoka nokuyiqiniso ngempilo ebiphilwa ngumufi. Ubhalelwa ukuba ufundwe enkonzweni yakhe yokugcina (ngelanga lomngcwabo).

QAPHELA : okuqukethwe kufanele kuhambisane neminyaka umufi ayiphilile.

Okulindelekile uma ubhala umlando kamufi/ngomufi:

Isihloko esigqamile esinamagama kamufi aphelele.
Usuku lokuzalwa nashone ngalo.
Bhala ngenkathi edlule.
Bhala njengomuntu wesithathu.
amagama kamufi aphelele.
indawo azalelwa kuyo.
abazali bakhe.
usuku ashone ngalo (ungabhala iminyaka abesenayo uma uthanda).
imininingwane ngemfundo
imiklomelo nezikhundla esikoleni
imininingwane yemfundo ephakeme.
Imininingwaqne yomsebenzi (uma ushone esesebenza)
Ukuxhumana / izinto azenzile/imisebenzi ayenzile emphakathini.
Isiphetho: Umusho onemininingwane mayelana nomndeni wakhe noma wakubo awushiyile emhlabeni.
Isivaleliso: Umusho wokuvalelisa okungaba amazwi acashunwe embhalweni ethile noma okunye okuhambisana nokuvalelisa umufi.

Amagama awabe inani elifanele. Amalungiselelo

Igama nesibongo salowo oshonile, ikheli, ubudala, usuku lokuzalwa, indawo lapho azalelwa khona, ashonela khona imbangela yokufa, ubude besikhathi asigulile (uma ethathwe ukugula) kanye nezihlobo zakhe (abazali njl.)
Akuzuzile empilweni, ngokwemfundo, nasemphakathini. Amanqampunqampu ngomufi. Kungathintwa izinto ayezenza eziyohlala zikhumbuleka emndenini nakubangani.
Umbiko wokuzwelana nomndeni nawo ungafakwa.
Eminye imilando ingafaka okusondelene nomufi njengenkondlo.
Ulimi olusetshenziswayo yilolo olumiselwe imigomo
Sebenzisa izihlonipho njengokuthi uhambile, udlulile emhlabeni, usishiyile kunokuthi ufile.

Njengayo yonke imibhalo eyi-eseyi bhala isingeniso, umzimba kanye nesiphetho.

Isihloko: Isihloko sibhale sigqame sibe namagama kamufi aphelele; Isibonelo: Umlando kaZamlandela Ntokozo Khumalo. Isingeniso: imininingwane noluzalwa nabazali bakamufi:
Isibonelo: Bhala amagama kamufi aphelele, usuku azalwa ngalo, uzalwa ngobani, wazalelwa kuphi. Umzimba: Okuhambisana nemfundo (uma kukhona).
Isibonelo: Bhala amazinga akhe ezemfundo; Izikole zemfundo afunda kuzona. Isigaba sesithathu: Izinto ezinhle azenzile esikoleni, emphakathini nasemndenini.
Isigaba sesine: Usuku adlule ngalo emhlabeni. Abantu abayigazi lakhe abashiye emhlabeni.
Isiphetho : Phetha ngomusho omfushane wokumvalelisa, Isibonelo: Lala uphumule Mntungwa/Ulale ngokuthula/ngoxolo

Umlando ka- Babo Mlungisi Makhathini (1994-20.)

UBabo Mlungisi Makhathini wazalwa ngomhla ziyi-7 ku-Agasti 1994. Wazalelwa eThekwini elokishini laseMlazi. Abazali bakhe kwakunguBusi Makhathini (MaNgcobo) no Dkt. Cecilia Makhathini (ongasekho). Usishiye ngokuzuma mhla ziyi-13 Novemba 20.

UBabo waqala imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi kwaMgaga Combine School. Waqhubeka waya eMenzi High School lapho aphothula khona umatikuletsheni. Esikoleni wayeduma ngokucula kanye nokwenza imidlalo yasesiteji. Wathola izindebe eziningi zokulingisa imidlalo yasesiteji. Imfundo yakhe ephakeme wayenza eMangosuthu Technikon College lapho afundela khona ukuba ngu-Sound Engineer. Waphasa ngamalengiso.

Waqala ukusebenza ngonyaka wezi-2014 eWizard Music Studio. Ubewuthanda kakhulu umculo futhi esiza abaculi abasaqalayo. Wayaziwa futhi kakhulu ngegalelo lakhe lokuqeqesha o-DJ.

Emphakathini waba nesandla esikhulu ekuthuthukiseni intsha. Wayeyilungu eliqavile leqembu elibusayo. Kuningi akwenzile ukusiza nokuqoqa izingane ezisebenzisa izidakamizwa.

Ushiye emhlabeni umama wakhe, udadewabo oyedwa nabafowabo abathathu.

‘Lala uphumule Gxabhashe! Siyohlala sikukhumbula njalo!’ EXODUS 14:14

Tsotsi Contextual Questions and Answers Grade 11

How sports personalities are portrayed by the media and how the portrayal influences people.

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History Grade 10 - Topic 4 Essay Questions and Answers

Shaka Zulu Legacy

Essay questions on Shaka Zulu’s legacy will be asked as 8-mark questions where students have to use sources to answer the question. The following article will discuss the major points of the question and refer to supporting evidence for these points.

TIP: See our technical skills pack on answering source-based paragraphs.

The above statue portraying Shaka Zulu was removed in 2010, due to difference in opinion about the portrayal of Shaka Zulu. [1] Discuss the legacy of Shaka Zulu by explaining ways in which he has been portrayed, and why he has been portrayed this way.

How has Shaka been remembered?

A myth and legacy around Shaka Zulu emerged in the early 19th Century in South Africa. It was initially believed that Shaka was the main cause of the Mfecane. [2] This has since been debated by historians, who claim that Shaka was one of many leaders that played a role in influencing South Africa during this time. This discussion shall look at different portrayals of Shaka and why he was depicted in this way.

TIP: Questions on Shaka and the Mfecane are examinable. See additional article on the historiography of the Mfecane.

How Shaka has been portrayed?

The late Winston S. Churchill , former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, once stated that, “History is written by victors.” [3] A victor is a winner and by incorporating only the winner’s interpretation into history it leads to biased representation of history. One see’s traces of the victor’s history in common portrayals of Shaka Zulu : [4]

Some historians portray Shaka as a “military genius” who consolidated a powerful Zulu military and society resulting in the defeat of other chiefdoms. [5] Shaka was obsessed with military tactics and employed new techniques on the battlefield that allowed for the defeat of rival kingdoms.
Shaka is also portrayed as a cruel tyrant who caused the destruction and misery of African societies during the Mfecane as he had firm control over his subjects. [6] Shaka would order the execution of those who he deemed a threat or disloyal to him or the Zulu kingdom.
Shaka is also portrayed as a nation builder and an admirable leader who consolidated and strengthened the Zulu nation. [7]

Information or knowledge on Shaka comes from different types of sources. Historical research methodology requires that the reliability of sources has to be assessed. Questions of who produced the sources and why sources were produced can give one a better understanding of the angle taken in the information’s portrayal.

The Military Genius

Oral history and praise poems portray Shaka as a “military genius.” Here is an extract from a praise poem titled Shaka: [8]

“Dlungwana son of Ndaba! Ferocious one of the Mbelebele brigade, Who raged among the large kraals, So that until dawn the huts were being turned upside down. He who is famous without effort, son of Menzi, He who beats but is not beaten, unlike water, Axe that surpasses other axes in sharpness; Shaka, I fear to say he is Shaka, Shaka, he is the chief of the Mashobas. He of the shrill whistle, the lion; He who armed in the forest, who is like a madman, The madman who is in full view of the men. He who trudged wearily the plain going to Mfene; The voracious one of Senzangakhona, Spear that is red even on the handle… The attacker has been long attacking them: He attacked Phungashe of the Buthelezi clan, He attacked Sondaba of Mthanda as he sat in council, He attacked Macingwane at Ngonyameni, He attacked Mangcengeza of the Mbatha clan, He attacked Dladlama of the Majolas, He attacked Nxaba son of Mbhekane, He attacked Gambushe in Pondoland, He attacked Faku in Pondoland.”

In African societies, oral tradition was the main way to pass on information where speaking about history would passed down from one generation to the next. [9] Praise poems or izibongo, a Zulu word referring to praises intoned in honour of a person, are generally long. Oral tradition has accumulated accounts of people who lived through the events or who heard of these events. The following quote comes from an interview in 1903 that a Natal administrator, James Stuart, had with Jantshika Nongila whose father was a spy for Shaka : [10]

“At Dukuza, while Tshaka was sitting in company, he pointed to the cattle in the kraal and said, “No ordinary man will inherit those cattle; none but a great man will get them. The day I die the country will be overrun by locusts; it will be ruled by white men. The stars will be bright in the sky. While I am still taking care of you.”

The Cruel Tyrant

Accounts which portrayed Shaka as a cruel and bloodthirsty tyrant were based on written accounts. The only written accounts of Shaka produced during his lifetime were by British traders who visited the Zulu kingdom in the 1820s. Lots of historians based their views of Shaka on the diary of Francis Fynn, a British trader. [11] The credibility of the source is problematic as the diary did not provide an accurate daily account, but was written down from what Fynn could still remember. In addition, the British trader called Nathaniel Isaacs encouraged Fynn to write negatively about Dingane and Shaka . In a letter addressed Fynn, Isaacs said: [12]

“Make them seem as bloodthirsty as you can, and try to give an estimation of the number of people they have murdered during their reign.”

The Nation Builder

The negative depictions of Shaka by British traders were not the only colonial written records, but there were also colonial administrators in Nata l who portrayed Shaka as a nation builder. [13] In the early 1900s a Natal administrator, James Stuart, collected many oral testimonies from people who heard of stories of Shaka . For example, in 1903, Stuart interviewed Jantshika Nongila, the son of Shaka’s spy. [14] The following extract comes from original documents written by Stuart from the interviews he conducted and these original documents are currently held in the Killie Campbell Africana Library in Durban: [15]

“Almost at the same time as that of Napoleon in Europe, the career of Shaka in South Africa, instead of being full of failure, met with success and that in a truly remarkable manner. Beginning with a small and little known tribe he by degrees lifted it together with many surrounding tribes within a five hundred mile radius into becoming a great nation.”

During the twentieth century written records were produced by Zulu leaders who admired Shaka’s leadership skills. [16] The former African National Congress (ANC) Leader, Albert Luthuli , wrote of Shaka in his autobiography, “Let My People Go”. [17] Luthuli wrote of Shaka as a formidable leader, but also as a leader who displayed dangerous characteristics as a dictator.

Why was Shaka portrayed in this way?

Different sources provide different perspectives and theories of Shaka’s role and influence as a leader of the Zulu kingdom . Sources display bias when they focus on one aspect of Shaka , either as a nation builder or a cruel tyrant. [18] Sources that depict Shaka as a cruel tyrant have dominated the historical narrative of the Zulu leader. These sources also place a lot of emphasis on the traditional view that Shaka Zulu was one of the main causes for the Mfecane. [19] However, from the 1980s many historians rejected the one-sided view of Shaka as merely a bloodthirsty tyrant, but placed more emphasis on his positive role as a Zulu leader.

Remember that one has to ask who and why a source was produced. Negative portrayals of Shaka by British colonial traders were written when the British saw him as a threat to their colonial influence in Natal . [20] By portraying Shaka as a threat, it could justify their subjugation of the Zulu kingdom . However, by the early 1900s Shaka had long passed on and was no longer a threat to the British colony. [21] In the early 1900s the Natal administrator, James Stuart, wanted to produce accounts of Shaka as a proficient administrator, because he wanted to provide evidence to the British colony of good African administrators so that African leaders could administer areas reserved for African land use. [22] Thus, the pool of information about Shaka provided more positive accounts of his leadership. From the 1980s, more historians rejected the biased notion of Shaka as a bloodthirsty tyrant, but have integrated different perspectives which acknowledge his intelligible leadership, without ignoring his dictatorial tendencies. [23]

This content was originally produced for the SAHO classroom by Ilse Brookes, Amber Fox-Martin & Simone van der Colff

[1] C. Ndasilo. “King Shaka statue still causing trouble”. News24. 23 August 2013. Available at: https://www.news24.com/news24/Travel/South-Africa/King-Shaka-statue-still-causing-trouble-20130823

Accessed 15 October 2020.

[2] J. Wright. “Political Mythology and the Making of Natal’s Mfecane,” Canadian Journal of African Studies. (23), (2), 1989. p. 272.

[3] History News Network. “The History of “History is Written by the Victors,” available at: https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/173752 . [online] Accessed 25 November 2020.

[4] N. Worden, J. Bottaro, P. Visser, P. “In Search of History: Grade 10 Learner’s Book”.

[8] Ibid.”.

[9] SA History Online, “Oral Tradition and indigenous knowledge.”[online] Available at: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/oral-tradition-and-indigenous-knowledge . Accessed 25 November 2020.

[10] Testimony from the James Stuart Archive. Available at: https://fhya.org/baleka-ka-mpitikakazi-testimony-from-the-james-stuart-archive-of-recorded-oral-evidence-relating-to-the-history-of-the-zulu-and-neighbouring-peoples-volume-1-ant-lyl [online]. Accessed 25 November 2020.

[11] H.F. Fynn. D. McK. Malcolm, J. Stuart. (eds.). The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn. Compiled from Original Sources . (Shuter & Shooter: Pietermaritzburg, 1950.)

[12] N. Worden, J. Bottaro, P. Visser, P. “In Search of History: Grade 10 Learner’s Book”.

[14] Testimony from the James Stuart Archive. Available at: https://fhya.org/baleka-ka-mpitikakazi-testimony-from-the-james-stuart-archive-of-recorded-oral-evidence-relating-to-the-history-of-the-zulu-and-neighbouring-peoples-volume-1-ant-lyl [online]. Accessed 25 November 2020.

[15] N. Worden, J. Bottaro, P. Visser, P. “In Search of History: Grade 10 Learner’s Book”.

[17] A. Luthuli. Let My People Go. (Mafube: Tafelberg, 1960).

[18] N. Worden, J. Bottaro, P. Visser, P. “In Search of History: Grade 10 Learner’s Book”.

[19] J. Wright. “Political Mythology and the Making of Natal’s Mfecane,” Canadian Journal of African Studies. (23), (2), 1989. p. 272.

[20] N. Worden, J. Bottaro, P. Visser, P. “In Search of History: Grade 10 Learner’s Book”.

[22] Testimony from the James Stuart Archive. Available at: https://fhya.org/baleka-ka-mpitikakazi-testimony-from-the-james-stuart-archive-of-recorded-oral-evidence-relating-to-the-history-of-the-zulu-and-neighbouring-peoples-volume-1-ant-lyl [online]. Accessed 25 November 2020.

[23] J. Wright. “Political Mythology and the Making of Natal’s Mfecane,” Canadian Journal of African Studies. (23), (2), 1989. p. 272.

Henry Francis, F. Stuart, J. & McK. Malcolm D. (eds.). The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn. Compiled from Original Sources . Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter, 1950.
History News Network. “The History of “History is Written by the Victors,” available at: https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/173752 . [online] Accessed 25 November 2020.
Luthuli A. Let My People Go. Mafube. Tafelberg, 1960.
SA History Online, “Oral Tradition and indigenous knowledge.”[online] Available at: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/oral-tradition-and-indigenous-knowledge . Accessed 25 November 2020.
SA History Online, “The Mfecane.”[online] Available at: Insert link. Accessed tbc.
Testimony from the James Stuart Archive. Available at: https://fhya.org/baleka-ka-mpitikakazi-testimony-from-the-james-stuart-archive-of-recorded-oral-evidence-relating-to-the-history-of-the-zulu-and-neighbouring-peoples-volume-1-ant-lyl [online]. Accessed 25 November 2020.
Wright, J. “Political Mythology and the Making of Natal’s Mfecane,” Canadian Journal of African Studies. (23), (2), 1989.
Worden, N., Bottaro, J. Visser, P. “In Search of History: Grade 10 Learner’s Book”.

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Essay on Zulu

Shaka Zulu Essay

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Zulu , Politics , Military , Tribe , Nation , History , Services papers , Region

Words: 1700

Published: 03/31/2021

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Introduction to Shaka Zulu Essay

In this paper, I shall discuss the impact of Shaka King Zulu’s reign in Southern Africa. Specifically taking into account how Shaka was able to use his military genius and political acumen to establish the Zulu Kingdom and stabilize his reign. The purpose of this paper is to discover as to how Shaka struggled to give a name for himself before he became ruler, and how he used his power to usher the creation of the Zulu nation. Other topics this paper would discuss is the military background of Shaka under the Mtetwa, how he rose to power, and how he was killed. This paper will also examine how Shaka became a symbol of nationalism and how his name became a myth and source of debate for many.

Early Years of King Shaka

Shaka Zulu is considered a myth to African history considering that no one is aware of his origins or early career. According to Hodge (2008), he was seen by historians as an illegitimate son of a chief, who had been cast-off from the tribe and paid service to another tribe leader . Others suggest that this record is true as Osei (2001) stated that Shaka was born in 1786 to King Senzangakona, who ruled the tribe living close to the Umvolosi and Umlatusi rivers. His mother was only known as Nandi, the first great woman to ever hold honor and influence in Zulu. Despite the fame of his parents, Shaka was scorned by his tribesmen was some believed him to be an illegitimate child of their chieftain. Once his treatment got so bad, his grandmother took Shaka away and stayed in Mtetwa where he met his future second-in-command Ngomane.

Under Service to Dingiswayo

After seven years of training and staying at the Mtetwa, Shaka entered into the service of Dingiswayo, who was the tribe’s chief at the period. Many commended Shaka’s fighting prowess and his successes were known throughout the tribe. Dingiswayo at that time had only began his reign in 1795 and managed to conquer neighboring tribes like the Quadi, Qwabe, Langeni, Ntshali and many others. However, he was unable to defeat King Zwide of the Ndwande, who was also a military genius in his own right. Shaka had entered into Dingiswayo’s army at that point and immediately became the tribe chief’s favorite as he made a name for himself in many conquests. Some even called him the Sigidi (thousand) after defeating thousands of enemy tribesmen. Shaka easily rose through the ranks in Dingiswayo’s army and became the Commander in Chief of the Izicwe Regiment. Under Dingiswayo, Shaka was able to learn not just military combat, but also governance. He took every detail and analyzed which areas of the tribe’s leadership would be a threat, such as Dingiswayo’s generosity. For Shaka, aggression can be prevented by ensuring that the conquered would no longer be able to retaliate once they are defeated. While earning praises in Mtetwa, Shaka remained in touch with the happenings in his old tribe. Rise of King Shaka

As Shaka slowly honed his political policies, his father had been reported to have passed away in 1810. Dingiswayo, upon hearing the news, knew that Shaka was most trustworthy than his brothers and had asked the Zulu to see him as their king. However, one of Shaka’s half-brothers took the throne, prompting Shaka to execute a conniving scheme to remove his brother from the throne. He had sent one of his half-brothers who went with him to Mtetwa, Ngwadi, and announce to their tribe that he was killed by Dingiswayo and he had barely escaped. Ngwadi had been able to sway their tribesmen and their reigning relatives, getting the chance he needs to assassinate the king. Ngwadi was able to commit the act when the King took a bath one morning, striking him with two spears from behind. Once the act was done and reported to Shaka, Dingiswayo gave his favorite general with an imposing staff and a select group of warriors as a farewell gift. Upon arriving in the tribe, Shaka was accepted immediately and was crowned the eleventh king of the Zulu. Dingiswayo became an ally to Shaka and both of them engaged in various campaigns around the region. However, Shaka knew this would be dangerous in the long run due to the plots by their previous targets. Dingiswayo had been taken out in one of their skirmishes, prompting Shaka to unite both the Mtetwas and Zulus to defeat this alliance and become their king . Leadership and Military under King Shaka

Many historians considered Shaka to be a revolutionary in terms of reorganizing the entire kingdom. According to Knight (1995), the kingdom remained as a conglomerate of various tribes: either defeated by Shaka in the past or those who allied with him. Each of these clans retained their autonomy from one another and they are represented by regional chiefs or the izikhulu (isikhulu for singular) in the national council. It would be difficult to for Shaka or his successors to argue against these chiefs as they may end up indoctrinating the tribes handled by these chiefs and risk being killed. However, Shaka had showcased that he can balance these chiefs by centralizing power to himself and staving these chiefs away from full control and revert the system back to its previous state before his reign.

Shaka had also reorganized the nation’s military and political system as he permitted young men from other tribes to enter service directly to the king rather than going to the local chiefs. This ensured that Shaka had full control over the military and the economy, binding the clans under his rule. He also established guilds called the amabutho (ibutho), which recruited members based on their age or capacity. Usually, members of the amabutho would need to serve the king for 15 to 20 years. Once their term is finished, they can marry and move around; however, these men can still be called into service in emergencies. Shaka also exerted a tight grip over his constituents since at that time, only his political system existed to unite them . It was said that the first clear contact and record about Shaka was written at this point through the diary of a British medic, Henry Francis Fynn. Fynn was in Durban as the medic of the British ivory traders in 1824. Under his leadership, according to these records, Zulu managed to claim the area now known today as Natal and reached even to the Eastern Cape. His conquests even triggered the movement of many Africans towards southeast Africa or the mfecane. This left many areas in the region underpopulated and undeveloped .

Death of Shaka King and Legacy

Shaka was killed in 1828 by his followers and his half-brother Dingane, who eventually succeeded the throne as the new king. According to Falola (2002), although Shaka had made Zulu a formidable nation, the fact he left the nation without a legitimate heir caused the nation to crumble. Many were also against Shaka’s rule because he had alienated many of his relatives and allies. He was also never married despite having the choice of concubines and royal women to become his bride, killing those found pregnant of his progeny in the fear this heir would claim his position. He was also quite notorious for killing tribesmen who made a single mistake such as in 1827 when he killed several people because they were not morning properly for the death of his mother. However, Shaka’s successor had triggered the downfall of the kingdom as he did not have the same military and political acumen as Shaka. Dingane even directed his attention towards the Boers of South Africa, whom he perceived as rivals to his kingdom . Britain was even requested to intercede to stop the fighting; but, it led to the Zulu War of 1879. Although the British army failed to win in the Battle of Isandhiwana, it had slowly broken the Zulu nation break apart due to the impact of the war .

Regardless of the destruction of the empire he had built, Shaka remained an icon for many ethnic groups, especially for the nationalists. According to Wright (2006), the King’s life became a myth for both whites and blacks alike from 1880 to the 1920s, seeing him as the revolutionary in the region. Historians argued that many of Shaka’s allies may have manipulated the records deliberately to ensure that Shaka would be seen in a negative light by the future generation. Admittedly, he had been the cause of major uprooting and migrations of many tribes due to his violent conquests. However, some viewed him as a prime mover or a revolutionary as he was able to establish a somewhat stable government despite the lack of example. As the years progressed, Shaka was viewed as the face of African nationalism as nationalists used him as an example for South Africans to emulate to regain control of their ‘nation’ which the British government took from them .

While history remains uncertain as to the actual account of King Shaka’s life, it could be argued that Shaka was a revolutionary in his own right. He had used his military and political genius to establish a united nation with its very own political system unlike anything seen in the region. He understood where the existing political regimes were weak and exploited it to gain his throne. He had been the one who raised a revolution around the region to unite tribes into one group. Shaka also showed ruthlessness that earned him enemies, but it had enabled him to secure his throne and nation without putting them into chaos.

Falola, T. (2002). Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide. Westport: Greenwood Publishing. Hodge, C. C. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Knight, I. (1995). Zulu, 1816-1906. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Osei, G. K. (2001). Shaka the Great. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. Wright, J. (2006). Reconstituting Shaka Zulu for the twenty-first century. Southern African Humanities, 18(3), 139-153.

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The Zulu Tribe: Historical Significance and Cultural Heritage in South Africa

This essay about the Zulu tribe explores the historical and cultural significance of this group within South Africa. Focusing on the influential figure of Shaka Zulu, it discusses his rise to power and the broader implications for Zulu society, emphasizing themes of resilience, unity, and cultural identity. The narrative also highlights how the traditions and spirit of the Zulu people continue to inspire and influence even in contemporary times, underscoring their lasting impact on both local and national levels.

How it works

In the embrace of Africa, under the expansive southern skies, there lies a story as ancient as the cycles of the mighty Zambezi River. Nestled among the rolling hills and fertile lands of KwaZulu-Natal, the Zulu tribe stands as a symbol of the enduring spirit of a community shaped by historical forces.

At the center of this saga is Shaka Zulu, a towering figure whose presence resounded across the plains like distant thunder. Born into royalty but molded by hardship, Shaka’s rise from an ostracized prince to a revolutionary leader is a tale of resilience and resolve that echoes through history.

However, the narrative of the Zulu people extends beyond the deeds of one individual; it is a rich tapestry created by the lives of many, each adding to the diverse and vibrant fabric of Zulu culture. From the simplest homestead to the most majestic royal court, the principle of ubuntu — the belief in a universal bond that connects all existence — permeates every facet of Zulu society, uniting its members in a shared sense of humanity.

As the Zulu kingdom expanded its reach over the sunlit landscapes of southern Africa, it built alliances, waged conflicts, and made a lasting impact on the terrain. In the midst of battles and the roar of battle cries, a cultural revival emerged. Craftsmen, storytellers, and musicians revitalized ancient traditions, ensuring that the essence of Zulu heritage continued to shine through the ages.

Now, as South Africa marches confidently into the 21st century, the legacy of the Zulu tribe continues to shine as a source of hope and inspiration in a rapidly evolving world. From the vibrant streets of Johannesburg to the secluded hamlets of the Eastern Cape, the spirit of Shaka and his people endures, reminding us of the strength found in resilience, unity, and cultural identity, transcending time and place.

Ultimately, the saga of the Zulu tribe is more than a mere historical account; it is a living, dynamic legacy of the strength and vitality of the human spirit. It serves as a reminder that, regardless of the challenges we encounter, the ties of community, the resilience of traditions, and the force of unity will always illuminate our path, guiding us from the darkest times toward a brighter, more hopeful future.

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The Zulu Nation’s History and Culture Essay

The continent of Africa was home to a significant number of ancient tribes, some of which are still alive in the modern world. An important feature distinguishing African tribes from European peoples is their identity, culture, and exceptional values. The Zulu nation is one of the most significant ethnicity for African history. In addition to the militancy and toughness, this tribe is known for its rich language and specific culture. Parts of the representatives of the people exist today in a modified state. It is necessary to analyze the cultural history of the legendary tribe.

Before examining the uniqueness of the tribe, it is vital to identify it as a society. The Zulu people live on the continent of Africa, in the southern part of it, which is known as KwaZulu-Natal. In Zulu, “Zulu” means “sky,” and the word Zulu translates as “sky people” (BBC News Africa). The Zulu language is similar to the Middle African languages, so there is ample opportunity for explorers to research it (BBC News Africa). Many Zulu now speak English, Portuguese, Sesotho, and other South African languages (BBC News Africa). Although the Zulu tribes are predominantly pagan in their beliefs, Christianity is also widespread among the tribes. Zulu religion, in particular, includes belief in a creator god, and the spirit world can only be accessed through ancestors, who soothsayers contact (Giblin, 2019). One particular area of life among the tribes is the institution of death, which is associated with evil and is associated with people who do terrible things in life. It is important to note that most religious rituals have a unique factors: different utensils and dishes are often used for other foods, and believers perform ablutions up to three times a day (Giblin, 2019). Thus, the general Zulu religion combines certain aspects of European as well as a pagan religion.

The Zulu are the largest people in southern Africa. This is due to the migration of ancient peoples across the continent, whose goal was to get away from deserts and powerful established states, such as Egypt and Ethiopia (BBC News Africa). After finding an area free of people, the tribes decided to come to a settled way of life, settling and developing their own style of architecture, known as the Ikanda (BBC News Africa). Later an entire empire emerged, consisting of numerous tribes, united both by the government of one king and a common wide territory.

It is worth noting that the Zulu people can be characterized as a fast-growing yet extremely powerful state. This was due to the unique Zulu warriors, the Impi, who were more dangerous than other African armies (BBC News Africa). The structure of the state was unusual in that the empire was divided into clans based on kinship (Mahoney, 2019). For the Zulu, a wedding is a costly celebration, as it is customary for every Zulu who decides to marry legally to pay a bride price to her parents (Mahoney, 2019). In this family, the husband stands for the chief, and institution of marriage is hallowed.

Around the end of the seventeenth century, Zulu people left their habitat in the Congo and migrated to Natal, in the land of South Africa. The Zulu lived in small groups, nominally recognizing the authority of the paramount chief. By the beginning of the 18th century, however, the population was growing rapidly and steadily, agricultural production was improving, and trade competition with Europeans was increasing, which led to the need to centralize and expand the power of Zulu chiefs.

BBC News Africa. (2020). Gift of the Nile – history of Africa with Zeinab Badawi [Episode 3] [Video]. YouTube. Web.

Giblin, J. L. (2019). Kinship in African history . John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Mahoney, M. R. (2019). Ethnicity in Southern Africa . John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Zulu language

Endangered Different languages

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There are many different ‘languages’ around the world. Zulu is some of those languages that defies all odds since many Zulu words are produced by seems. I am going to share and speak with you regarding the information of Zulu just like where it is spoken at how many persons speak Zulu the Government of Zulu, where it is at first spoken and came from the trade and the population. So you will learn a lot of things about Zulu in the newspaper.

“A Botswana Organization delegation led by the country’s investment and trade advertising agency will certainly undertake a trade and investment quest to Macia, mozambique, Maputo for the 25th ” 29th August 2014. Botswana Investment and Trade Centre in partnership with the Botswana Embassy in Macia, mozambique will profile and promote Botswana offer to Macia, mozambique in the form of a stunning business environment, the different sector investment possibilities for potential investors to learn and many different Botswana produced products which have been ready for foreign trade. ” The main reason these countries are able to makes trade agreement are since both countries have Zulu speakers. If trade is needed, as proven in this article, operate can be done in either English or zulu. Sugar imports from countries outside of the region like The european countries and Brazil is intensely subsidized will be imported in to Tanzania by 100 percent obligation it is the prevalent external from the product pertaining to the east african community group. Tanzania annual sweets deficit of 100, 1000 metric loads for its regional market with imports in the SADC from beyond the location. According to the net the Tanzania had indicated that this was going to enable its domestic market adjust since it is undergoing reorganization, rearrangement, reshuffling.

Typically Tanzania was expected to dedicate itself to zero work on glucose originating from SADC under the SADC Sugar Co-operation Agreement CMT agreed that Tanzania be provided with a dispensation of a year they must change while enabling SADC excess producers they must include Malawi to export to Tanzania at 10% duty and 20% with the raw glucose. 10% in excess for refined sugar originating from third parties. A delicacy in Zulu traditions is amazi which is a fermented milk this means you will only be shared with family members. They curdle the milk in a gourd and then they remove the whey contents. It really is believed which the amazi makes men solid and enhances digestion. Dark beer Beer making is a three-day process that Zulu women are appreciative to satisfy. Maize and sorghum (grain plant) will be soaked in water for a day. This content is then hard boiled with dry out sorghum and place to cool of. For the third day time the brew is blocked, using a sieve, and it can be consumed the same day. The drums really are a very important piece to the Zulu African culture they are applied mainly for producing music and to celebrating. One of the drums are produced by goatskin to play the drum you have to play that with a flaunted piece of reed and vibrate it with hands. The ingungu is played to celebrate the start of a womans initially menstruation. Which usually that is the drum that is crafted from goatskin. There is numerous dances in the lifestyle of Zulu that means place to place in your lifestyle. According to the Africa culture the ancestors are extremely believed to reside in the soul world they are also known to work hand on hand with goodness. Zulu beliefs are created around the occurrence of primitive spirits. Ancestors and forefathers presence also comes in the form of dreams, sickness and snakes. Opportune instances to communicate with ancestors happen to be during beginning, puberty, relationship and loss of life.

Exposure to ancestors are meant to ask them to get blessings, best of luck, fortune, guidance and assistance. Ancestors are implored through offerings and sacrifices. Home-brewed beer and slaughtering pets are some of the normal forms of offerings. Bad luck is considered to be the work of the evil spirit also to rid with all the issue a conventional healer, termed as a sangoma, convey to the spirit with the help of plea and herbal remedies. On most in the websites I’ve checked out some of the most traditional foods are. They have a large amount of fruits and vegetables that are not found anywhere else. They tend to consume communally by families additionally they tend to us 3 huge legged containers. Most of the time the foodstuff is cooked properly by wide open flame. Various Zulu persons eat farmed products and pumpkin. They have a history of foraging native foods just like umfino crazy spinach amadumbe cassava and Jews mallow. The porridge is on a regular basis served at a several legged for a community Zulu village. A few of the more popular types of Porridge which might be served will be butter bean-based iphalishi, bad milk-based iphalishi elimuncu and pumpkin-based isijeza. Other favorites are a crumbly corn porridge called phutu and curries borrowed coming from Indian colonial influences. These types of porridge dishes are typically served with plant relishes created from tomato and onion along with dumplings and portions of roasting meat.

Common spices include curry, cumin, salt and self defense. Some of the everything is eat can also be eaten there not many sometimes are regionzied Sweet poker chips flavored with cumin tend to be found at large Zulu community meals. Additional popular vegetables added to porridge, stir-fries or perhaps served by itself include leeks, onions, weight loss plans, spinach and sunflower seed products. Native fruit and vegetables found at meals are amadumbe, cassava, blackjack, cleome, morogo and umfino. Within Zulu culture, there is a special foodstuff called amazi that is made by every individual family. Dairy is included with a bag or paralysé and set aside to curdle. Like cottage cheese (especially low or non fat), the curds are segregated from the whey and used. The amazi gourd is never cleaned, and is refilled instantly when it is emptied. The fact that it can be not cleansed lends to the distinct taste of the amazi. Which seems very dirty to me. The beer plus the fruit. Zulu culture specific beer-making customs include using the native mobola plum, sorghum and maize. Women make the ale by steeping the fruit or perhaps grains to get a whole day over an open fire in a unique beer-making semi-thatched hut. The mash blend cools for another day until it is ready to be strained and served. The Native fruits grow plentifully in Zulu territories, and is also eaten refreshing as a part of foods. Some of the fruits have seed products that are used since nuts or perhaps for oil, including the marula and mobola plum. The mobola plum has seed products that are considered to be a substitute for almonds.

Other prevalent fruits inside the area happen to be red milkwood, wild medlar, num-num, kei apple as well as the monkey orange. Most of these fruits I have by no means heard of nevertheless they sound pretty interesting. The meat is known as a weird thing to learn regarding. Meat both wild and domesticated is a frequent part of the Zulu cuisine Lean meats are often roasted whole over a spit or perhaps added to veg based broths or porridge. The roasting meat is definitely served in large, rectangular wooden pans called ugqoko Livestock pets or animals eaten contain goats a lot of chickens some cows several sheep and several pigs Livestock is seen as wealth in Zulu culture and parts of the pet are consumed Hunted meats and seafood such as buffalo kudu and waterbuck are usually a large portion of the Zulu diet. Now that time for my personal favorite the Treat. Anytime you say sweet im prepared to learn about that. To finish a meal, a traditional maize-based sweet custard dessert is often served. It might be topped which has a sauce created from chocolate, prunes and cream.

Other desserts bought at Zulu dishes include melk terts, dried fruit leathers, fried dough koeksisters and spice cookies. This delicacy didnt sound very good but I would really like to give it a try one day. Even though it sounds awful. Zulu generally there customs extremely for location to location but a very important factor that stays constant is there sotums in most parts of the Zulu kingdom. They are effectively known for their beadwork and generally there basket making. A Wedding wedding ceremony must be during the night when the moon is glowing because each time a moon is usually not helped bring it is a indication of misfortune it also makes the celebration less festive the brides father and mother do not get because it is deemed a sad celebration. The women of Zulu traditions dress according to if they happen to be married or perhaps not. One Zulu girls flonte presently there bodys even more then wedded women. A married girls coves right now there bodys showing that they are hitched. The Zulu is the largest ethnic group in south america.

Generally there identity has evolved over time. The way Zulu is usually spoken very weirdly it is not necessarily spoken simply by words but it is spoken by appear a little tick there are many different strategies to make ticks that is why it is easy for these to speak this if we might try to speak Zulu it will be very difficult for people just like the way Mr. Hammock tries to instruct us spanish it is very challenging trying to learn of talking Zulu will be 100 times harder. And so in conclusion there are various languages around the globe. Zulu is usually one of those languages that defies all odds because various Zulu phrases are made by sounds. We am have got shared and talk to you about the info of Zulu like in which it is spoken at how many people speak Zulu the us government of Zulu, where it is originally spoken and originated in the trade and the human population. So you learn many things regarding Zulu in the paper.

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Home — Essay Samples — Science — Endangered Languages — Everything You Need to Know about Zulu Language

Everything You Need to Know About Zulu Language

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Shaka zulu essay.

A significant amount of myth surrounds the life of the Zulu leader Shaka Zulu, as he is recognized as one of the more popular leaders in African history and is widely known for his conquests in southern Africa. It is difficult to assess when Shaka Zulu was born, but scholars believe he was born sometime between 1781 and 1787. It is also difficult to characterize his upbringing, due to the lack of sources, and therefore historians have difficulty ascertaining whether Shaka was mistreated by his father, Senzangakona, or whether his mother, Nandi, and Senzangakona had a stable relationship, but it can be ascertained that Shaka was conceived out of wedlock.

What is known by historians is that Shaka, as a young warrior, was under the guidance of Dingiswayo, a chief of the Mthethwa, who was instrumental to Shaka’s rise to power. Dingiswayo assisted Shaka in ousting his brothers for control of the Zulu in 1812.

After Shaka came to power, he created a number of alliances with neighboring tribes in order to check the growing power of the Ndwandwe. Aside from these alliances, Shaka also adopted a number of military reforms in order to strengthen the martial power of the Zulus. It is open to debate whether Shaka himself devised these military changes, whether other Africans assisted in these designs, or whether he was influenced by the success of European models. It is known that the changes he initiated helped him to defeat the Ndwandwe. Some of the reforms that he adopted included the exchange of the assegai for a short spear used to stab opponents, ordering his soldiers to fight without sandals in order to increase mobility, and using the “Buffalo Horns” formation, which primarily consisted of the right and left flanks surrounding the bulk of the opponent’s army, while the center was used as the main thrust against the enemy.

Shaka was eager to learn about European culture, and he was fascinated by Christianity. He was also interested in learning how to read and write. He had an intermediary named Jakot who traveled between the Zulu and the Europeans to provide Shaka with information regarding the foreigners. From the news that he received, Shaka was able to make comparisons on various aspects of European and Zulu societies. The information he acquired regarding the power of Britain troubled Shaka, as he became concerned that the British might initiate a war against him and the Zulu. This concern may have prompted Shaka to send a diplomatic mission to King George in 1828, which proved relatively fruitless.

European perceptions of Shaka Zulu are complex and difficult to ascertain. This is particularly true when examining the writings of James Saunders King, who wrote articles for the South African Commercial Advertiser concerning the characteristics of Shaka Zulu. The article that was published by King on July 11, 1826, noted the hospitality that the Zulu leader extended towards others, but another article published the following week noted Shaka’s tyrannical nature.

Shaka fought a number of wars to gain supremacy in southern Africa, battling the Ndwandwe tribe a number of times. Shaka was forced to contend with the Ndwandwe, under the leadership of Zwide, in a number of battles, including the Battle of Gqokli Hill in 1818, where Shaka defeated a numerically superior Ndwandwe force, and another engagement on the Mhlatuze River. After the latter battle, the Zulu were able to demolish Zwide’s kraal, forcing Zwide to flee from Shaka’s grasp, but Zwide did not long survive the destruction of his army, and he was later killed. Despite the fact that Shaka defeated the Ndwandwe tribe, he was forced to confront them again in 1826 when Zwide’s son, Sikhunyane, rose to power and became a threat to Shaka. Shaka quickly dealt with this threat, attacking the Ndwandwe encampment that was situated in the vicinity of the Intombi River and slaughtering a significant number of Ndwandwe warriors. Following this victory, Shaka took possession of 60,000

Ndwandwe cattle and killed the Ndwandwe women and children in the vicinity, ending the Ndwandwe threat to his rule.

Following Shaka’s victory over the Ndwandwe, an event occurred that contributed to the downfall of the Zulu leader: His mother died. Nandi’s death in 1827 greatly affected Shaka Zulu, as illustrated by the terms of mourning that he initiated following her death. He stipulated that milk was not to be extracted from cows for drinking, nor were the Zulu permitted to grow crops, threatening the Zulu with starvation. He also stipulated that women who were discovered to be with child within one year of Nandi’s death were to be executed along with their husbands.

Nandi’s death resulted in the deaths of many of the Zulu, as Shaka executed people for not following his terms of mourning or for not attending to him at the time of his mother’s death. Even after he ended the terms for the period of mourning, the continuation of this erratic behavior continued in 1828. His unpredictability is illustrated by the fact that he killed 300 women, some of whom were the wives of the leaders of Zulu regiments, while his warriors were absent.

Shaka’s bizarre behavior led conspirators to plot his assassination. It is not exactly known when Shaka died, but the best estimates claim September 1828. The assassination was a result of a plot between his half-brothers Dingane and Mhlangana and a man named Mbopa, who was Shaka’s head domestic servant. The three men were encouraged to act by Mkabayi, the sister of Senzangakona, who asserted the belief that Shaka was implicated in the death of his mother.

It is impossible to know for certain whether Mkabayi believed this or if she wanted Shaka dead for ulterior motives. After Shaka was killed, a civil war ensued, as Dingane was forced to contend with pro-Shaka forces and his half-brother Mpande, who was able to acquire the assistance of the Boers and the British settlers in southern Africa, in order to consolidate his grasp on the Zulu. Dingane failed to subdue all of his opponents, and Mpande was successful in overthrowing his half-brother and becoming the leader of the Zulu in 1840.

Bibliography:

Mofolo, Thomas. Chaka, the Zulu. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949;
Morris, Donald. The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879. London: Cape, 1966;
Ritter, E. A. Shaka Zulu: the Rise of the Zulu Empire. London: Longmans, Green, 1955;
Roberts, Brian. The Zulu Kings. London: Hamilton, 1974.

This example Shaka Zulu Essay is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need a custom essay or research paper on this topic please use our writing services. EssayEmpire.com offers reliable custom essay writing services that can help you to receive high grades and impress your professors with the quality of each essay or research paper you hand in.

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Ask teachers, mentors, family, or friends for feedback on your essay. Reach out well in advance of any deadlines, and give them at least two weeks to provide feedback. Ask them in person if you can, but if you cannot, send them an email. If they agree to take a look, you can send them a message with your essay. Download a sample message below.

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Want to Write Better Fiction? Become a Translator

Around the world, it’s common for fiction writers to moonlight as translators. Even in places where there’s a robust network of governmental support for writers, translation work provides, at least in theory, a welcome injection of income. Since it’s difficult to make a living writing novels or stories, collecting an extra source of funding is important. What better way to do that than by plying the same medium—language, storytelling—as you do in your art?

In Denmark, Pia Juul ( The Murder of Halland ; tr. Martin Aitken ), Harald Voetmann ( Sublunar, Awake ; tr. Johanne Sorgenfri Ottesen ), Olga Ravn ( The Employees ; tr. Martin Aitken), and Simon Fruelund , whose work I’ve translated, most recently The World and Varvara , have all translated books into Danish while also developing their craft as writers. Brazilian Paolo Henriques Britto ( The Clean Shirt of It ; tr. Idra Novey ) and Argentine Federico Falco ( A Perfect Cemetery , tr. Jenny Croft ) have done the same. Jhumpa Lahiri was a prominent novelist and short story writer in English, of course, before she moved to Italy and began publishing in—and translating from—Italian. This is by no means an exhaustive list.

Unlike many of their counterparts elsewhere, most American novelists don’t translate books. Here in the United States, with its constellation of MFA programs, many teach creative writing. Those who don’t teach work full- or part-time jobs, sometimes more than one; unless you’re independently wealthy, it’s nearly impossible to make art and provide a decent life for yourself and your family. Like freelance writers, independent (non-academic) translators are part of the gig economy—a perilous balancing act between employment and under-employment. For translators whose primary income is derived from translation, it’s a constant hustle. Even if you’re signed to translate two books, say, you’re always thinking about landing a third, because you can’t let the well run dry. You want to know you’ve got a reliable income stream ahead of you. And with many translators increasingly losing jobs to generative AI , the hustle is even more acute today.

If you aspire to write fiction as well as translate it, as many translators do, then you have to steal time from some other part of your life. When I was translating my second book, Jussi Adler-Olsen ’s The Absent One , I would wake up at 4 a.m. to work on my own novel for one hour before shifting, between 5 to 7 a.m., to the translation. Then I’d have breakfast with my wife and son and head out to my full-time job as the communications director for a nonprofit. Though I cherished the one hour I got to spend on my novel—a book that took 10 years to write and would ultimately find no publisher despite my then agent’s best efforts—it came at the cost of extreme exhaustion. It was a crushing schedule I could not maintain.

Though the novel I slowly pieced together in those wee morning hours was never published, nor were two of the manuscripts I wrote after that, the crucible of translation was a vitally important training ground that taught me how to read, and write, better—however much I lamented being pulled away from my own fiction and however many rejections I got. By immersing myself in novels at the most minute level, like a biologist studying spores in a Petri dish, I learned how to develop the backbone of stories, economize, and shape language. You might ask, isn’t that what all novelists do who regularly read and study fiction? To a degree, yes. But there’s a fundamental difference: reading fiction, even close reading, is not the same thing as re creating it via translation. Or, as Jenny Croft puts it, “Translation is the closest and most active form of reading.”

The crucible of translation was a vitally important training ground that taught me how to read, and write, better.

We’ve recently witnessed a flowering of new fiction by translators. In March of this year, Bloomsbury published The Extinction of Irena Rey by Croft, whose first book, Homesick , was originally written in Spanish as a novel but later published as a memoir in English. Last year, Penguin Random House published Take What You Need , the third novel by Idra Novey following Those Who Knew and Ways to Disappear . In July, HarperCollins will publish Korean translator Anton Hur ’s debut novel Toward Eternity , while recent National Book Award for Translation winner Bruna Dantas Lobato ’s Blue Light Hours , also her debut, will be published by Grove Atlantic in October. That same month, SFWP will publish my own debut novel, The Book of Losman . This, too, is no exhaustive list.

It’s hardly surprising that translators write fiction. The question is: How does each writer’s background as a translator impact their work as fiction writers? I asked Croft, Novey, and Dantas Lobato this question.

“I think the most important thing my translation work has done for my fiction has been to de-center standardized U.S. storytelling, which is difficult to do because U.S. storytelling is typically held so firmly in place by marketing, MFA programs, etc.,” Croft says. Croft, widely known as the translator of Nobel laureate Olga Tokarczuk ’s Flights and The Books of Jacob and for her prominent role in the #namethetranslator movement, translates from Argentinian Spanish, Polish, and Ukrainian. She won the 2018 International Booker Prize for her work on Flights and teaches at the University of Tulsa. “My translation work makes me hyper-aware of the linguistic structures a writer might otherwise take for granted, such as syntax and etymologies,” she added. “My years as a translator have taught me to judge all works on their own terms. And as a writer, to try and understand the terms of the work I’m embarking on.”

Like most translators, including the ones here, Idra Novey had literary aspirations from an early age. “I started writing poems and stories in elementary school and have never stopped,” she says. “Writing is my way of processing the world, and translation has become integral to my writing process. I was drawn to translate writers I admired and whose work I wanted to share with others, who couldn’t read it in the original.”

For Novey, who teaches at Princeton and who as a translator is perhaps best known for her work on Clarice Lispector ’s The Passion According to G.H , “the questions that guide my word choices when recreating the sensibility of another writer in English have become integral to the questions that guide my word choices for each character in [a] novel.”

She doesn’t shy away from incorporating questions of translation in her fiction. Her first novel, Ways to Disappear , is about an American translator who flies to Brazil to search for a famous novelist who has gone missing. Much like The Extinction of Irena Rey , Ways to Disappear reads like a novel conceived and developed outside the confines of an MFA workshop. Novey’s experience as a translator enriches her narratives at the most fundamental level of storytelling: language.

This kind of creativity, deeply embedded in culture and language, is paramount to the work of a translator. For translators who also write fiction, it offers another layer of possibility not available to writers who think and write solely in English. The best instruction for any writer—besides reading deeply and widely—is to become immersed, at the granular level, in another language.

Bruna Dantas Lobato, originally from Brazil, is perhaps best known for her translation of Sténio Gardel ’s The Words That Remain , which won the 2023 National Book Award for Translated Literature. She has a slew of forthcoming translations in the pipeline, and will begin teaching at Grinnell College in the fall. Her debut novel, Blue Light Hours , follows the lives of two women who live 4,000 miles apart—one (a mother) in Brazil and one (her daughter) in Vermont, where she’s a student.

What brought Dantas Lobato to translation was a keen desire to return to her roots; she missed her native language. “My life was fragmented,” she recalls. “There was this one person I was before, and there was this one person I was. There was cognitive dissonance, and I wanted to bridge the gap. I brought a lot of what I knew about writing to my work as a translator.”

The main thing translation has given her, she says, is “an expansive writer’s toolkit.” When she began putting stories to paper, she felt limited as a writer. As a translator, however, she was working with different voices and styles—from third person to first person—and this experience opened up new vistas in her fiction and boosted her confidence: “Because I’ve translated all these books, I don’t feel intimidated at all. I got my chance to try out different things. And I feel I can embody any voice I want.”

K.E. Semmel is a writer and translator. His debut novel, The Book of Losman , is forthcoming in October from SFWP. Find him online at kesemmel.com and on X at @kesemmel.

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Cramming for an exam isn’t the best way to learn – but if you have to do it, here’s how

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Around the country, school and university students are hitting the books in preparation for exams. If you are in this position, you may find yourself trying to memorise information that you first learned a long time ago and have completely forgotten – or that you didn’t actually learn effectively in the first place.

Unfortunately, cramming is a very inefficient way to properly learn. But sometimes it’s necessary to pass an exam. And you can incorporate what we know about how learning works into your revision to make it more effective.

Read more: Exams: seven tips for coping with revision stress

A great deal of research evidence on how memory works over time shows that we forget new information very quickly at first, after which the process of forgetting slows down.

In practice, this means that very compressed study schedules lead to a catastrophic amount of forgetting.

A better option is to space out learning a particular topic more gradually and over a longer period. This is called the “spacing effect” and it leads to skills and knowledge being retained better, and for longer.

Research has found that we remember information better when we leave a gap of time between first studying something and revisiting it, rather than doing so straight away. This even works for short timescales – a delay of a few seconds when trying to learn a small piece of information, such as a pair of words, for instance. And it also works when the delay between study sessions is much longer .

In the classroom , spacing out practice could mean reviewing and practising material the next day, or delaying homework by a couple of weeks, rather than revisiting it as soon as possible. As a rule, psychologists have suggested that the best time to re-study material is when it is on the verge of being forgotten – not before, but also not after.

But this isn’t how things are learned across the school year. When students get to exam time, they have forgotten much of what was previously studied.

Better cramming

When it comes to actually learning – being able to remember information over the long term and apply it to new situations – cramming doesn’t work. We can hardly call it “learning” if information is forgotten a month later. But if you need to pass an exam, cramming can lead to a boost in temporary performance. What’s more, you can incorporate the spacing effect into your cramming to make it more efficient.

It’s better to space practising knowledge of a particular topic out over weeks, so if you have that long before a key exam, plan your revision schedule so you cover topics more than once. Rather than allocating one block of two hours for a particular topic, study it for one hour this week and then for another hour in a week or so’s time.

If you don’t have that much time, it’s still worth incorporating smaller gaps between practice sessions. If your exam is tomorrow, practice key topics in the morning today and then again in the evening.

Learning is also more effective if you actively retrieve information from your memory, rather than re-reading or underlining your notes. A good way to do this, incorporating the spacing effect, is to take practice tests. Revise a topic from your notes or textbook, take a half-hour break, and then take a practice test without help from your books.

An even simpler technique is a “brain dump” . After studying and taking a break, write down everything you can remember about the topic on a blank sheet of paper without checking your notes.

Change the way we teach

A shift in teaching practices may be needed to avoid students having to cram material they only half-remember before exams.

But my research suggests that teachers tend to agree with the idea that consolidation of a topic should happen as soon as possible, rather than spacing out practice in ways that would actually be more effective.

Teachers are overburdened and make heroic efforts with the time they have. But incorporating the spacing effect into teaching needn’t require radical changes to how teachers operate. Often, it’s as simple as doing the same thing on a different schedule .

Research has shown the most effective way to combine practice testing and the spacing effect is to engage in practice testing in the initial class, followed by at least three practice opportunities at widely spaced intervals. This is quite possible within the typical pattern of the school year.

For example, after the initial class, further practice could come via a homework task after a few days’ delay, then some kind of test or mock exam after a further gap of time. The revision period before exams would then be the third opportunity for consolidation.

Building effective self-testing and delayed practice into education would spell less stress and less ineffective cramming. Exam time would be for consolidation, rather than re-learning things that have been forgotten. The outcome would be better long-term retention of important knowledge and skills. As a bonus, school students would also gain a better insight into how to study effectively.

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PROOF POINTS: AI essay grading is already as ‘good as an overburdened’ teacher, but researchers say it needs more work

ChatGPT scored an essay within one point of a human grader 89 percent of the time in one batch of essays

Still, this level of accuracy was impressive because even teachers disagree on how to score an essay and one-point discrepancies are common. Exact agreement, which only happens half the time between human raters, was worse for AI, which matched the human score exactly only about 40 percent of the time. Humans were far more likely to give a top grade of a 6 or a bottom grade of a 1. ChatGPT tended to cluster grades more in the middle, between 2 and 5.

Tate set up ChatGPT for a tough challenge, competing against teachers and experts with PhDs who had received three hours of training in how to properly evaluate essays. “Teachers generally receive very little training in secondary school writing and they’re not going to be this accurate,” said Tate. “This is a gold-standard human evaluator we have here.”

The raters had been paid to score these 1,800 essays as part of three earlier studies on student writing. Researchers fed these same student essays – ungraded – into ChatGPT and asked ChatGPT to score them cold. ChatGPT hadn’t been given any graded examples to calibrate its scores. All the researchers did was copy and paste an excerpt of the same scoring guidelines that the humans used, called a grading rubric, into ChatGPT and told it to “pretend” it was a teacher and score the essays on a scale of 1 to 6.

Older robo graders

Earlier versions of automated essay graders have had higher rates of accuracy . But they were expensive and time-consuming to create because scientists had to train the computer with hundreds of human-graded essays for each essay question. That’s economically feasible only in limited situations, such as for a standardized test, where thousands of students answer the same essay question.

Earlier robo graders could also be gamed, once a student understood the features that the computer system was grading for. In some cases, nonsense essays received high marks if fancy vocabulary words were sprinkled in them. ChatGPT isn’t grading for particular hallmarks, but is analyzing patterns in massive datasets of language. Tate says she hasn’t yet seen ChatGPT give a high score to a nonsense essay.

Tate expects ChatGPT’s grading accuracy to improve rapidly as new versions are released. Already, the research team has detected that the newer 4.0 version, which requires a paid subscription, is scoring more accurately than the free 3.5 version. Tate suspects that small tweaks to the grading instructions, or prompts, given to ChatGPT could improve existing versions. She is interested in testing whether ChatGPT’s scoring could become more reliable if a teacher trained it with just a few, perhaps five, sample essays that she has already graded. “Your average teacher might be willing to do that,” said Tate.

Many ed tech startups, and even well-known vendors of educational materials, are now marketing new AI essay robo graders to schools. Many of them are powered under the hood by ChatGPT or another large language model and I learned from this study that accuracy rates can be reported in ways that can make the new AI graders seem more accurate than they are. Tate’s team calculated that, on a population level, there was no difference between human and AI scores. ChatGPT can already reliably tell you the average essay score in a school or, say, in the state of California.

Questions for AI vendors

At this point, it is not as accurate in scoring an individual student. And a teacher wants to know exactly how each student is doing. Tate advises teachers and school leaders who are considering using an AI essay grader to ask specific questions about accuracy rates on the student level: What is the rate of exact agreement between the AI grader and a human rater on each essay? How often are they within one-point of each other?

The next step in Tate’s research is to study whether student writing improves after having an essay graded by ChatGPT. She’d like teachers to try using ChatGPT to score a first draft and then see if it encourages revisions, which are critical for improving writing. Tate thinks teachers could make it “almost like a game: how do I get my score up?”

Of course, it’s unclear if grades alone, without concrete feedback or suggestions for improvement, will motivate students to make revisions. Students may be discouraged by a low score from ChatGPT and give up. Many students might ignore a machine grade and only want to deal with a human they know. Still, Tate says some students are too scared to show their writing to a teacher until it’s in decent shape, and seeing their score improve on ChatGPT might be just the kind of positive feedback they need.

“We know that a lot of students aren’t doing any revision,” said Tate. “If we can get them to look at their paper again, that is already a win.”

That does give me hope, but I’m also worried that kids will just ask ChatGPT to write the whole essay for them in the first place.

This story about AI essay scoring was written by Jill Barshay and produced by The Hechinger Report , a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for Proof Points and other Hechinger newsletters .

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Porsche-driving Indian teenager who killed two people ordered to write essay

A n Indian court granted bail to a drink-driving teenager who rammed his Porsche into a motorbike and killed two people, on the condition that he “write an essay” about the incident.

The court also told the 17-year-old boy from Pune in the western state of Maharashtra to undergo treatment for his drinking habit, take counselling sessions and work with the local police for 15 days.

The teenager, who has not been named, is the son of a prominent real estate magnate, and the perceived leniency shown by the judge has sparked outrage in the country .

The accident occurred at around 3.15am in Kalyani Nagar in Pune on Sunday.

A group of friends was returning home on motorbikes after a party at a local restaurant. When they reached the Kalyani Nagar junction, one of their motorcycles was hit by the teenager’s Porsche, police say, causing its two riders to fall and die instantly.

After hitting the riders, the teenager crashed his car into some railings, police say.

A video that has been widely shared on social media shows a group of passersby attacking the driver as he tries to exit the vehicle.

The deceased were identified as software engineers Anis Awadhiya and Ashwini Koshta, both 25.

A case was registered against the driver at a local police station and he was charged with rash driving, causing death by rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide and endangering life or personal safety of a person.

The accused is reportedly four months shy of 18, the minimum legal age to drive a car in India .

He was reportedly out celebrating his Class 12 exam results.

He was driving at 200 kmh when he collided with the motorcycle.

The boy’s lawyer, Prashant Patil said: “The juvenile accused who was arrested by Pune Police has been granted bail by the Juvenile Justice Board on certain conditions, including that the accused should work with the traffic police of Yerawada for 15 days, accused should write an essay on accident, should get treatment from the concerned doctor to help him quit drinking and should take psychiatric counselling and submit the report.”

Police said they will appeal the bail order and treat the accused as an adult.

“We will not leave any stone unturned to prove that this is a heinous crime,” Pune’s police chief, Amitesh Kumar, told India Today .

Police have also arrested the boy’s father and owners of the two bars that allegedly served him alcohol.

The legal drinking age in Maharashtra is 25.

“We’re in shock,” Jugal Kishor Koshta, an uncle of one of the victims, told NDTV. “It’s condemnable that he should get bail in 15 hours. He and his parents should be investigated. We will discuss the matter once Ashwini’s last rites are over tomorrow.”

“We want his bail cancelled and he should remain in police custody. Because of him, an innocent girl, who has seen nothing of life, died," Sachin Bokde, another uncle of the victim, said.

Sanjay Raut, a prominent member of the opposition party Shiv Sena in Maharashtra, accused Pune police of serving pizza and burgers to the accused teenager after the crash, India Today reported.

“Police commissioner should be suspended. He tried to protect the accused. A young couple was killed and the accused was granted bail within two hours,” he told the ANI news agency.

“In the video, it can be seen that he was drunk, but his medical report was negative. Who is helping the accused? Who is this police commissioner? He should be removed or the people of Pune will come on the streets.”

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essays is mostly determined by the topic chosen by the essayist. Worth mentioning will also be the style Ntuli uses when writing his essays. 1.2 MOTIVATION A study of Zulu essays is necessary because it has not been-researched extensively. Even the publishing of Zulu_essay books has been very slow. The first Zulu essay book, for example, was
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3.1 INDABA ELANDAYO (NARRATIVE ESSAY) Lena indaba lapho umbhali okukanye umxoxi exoxa ngesigameko esithile esake senzeka kuye, ake asibona senzeka komunye noma axoxelwa ngaso. Kuyenzeka kokunye umbhali abhale indaba ayisusela ekhanda. Lokho siyakuthola kwenzeka kakhulu kubafundi (ezikoleni).
Indaba Elandisayo / Narrative Story
Watch anywhere, anytime. This lesson will teach you how to tell a Narrative Story and how to structure it, write the introduction, the body and conclusion. You will also know how to be aware of how to arrange your points in the outline when writing a narrative story . Ngemuva kwalesi sifundo uzokwazi lokhu: Iyini indaba elandisayo, Isakhiwo ...
History Grade 10
Shaka Zulu Legacy. Essay questions on Shaka Zulu's legacy will be asked as 8-mark questions where students have to use sources to answer the question. The following article will discuss the major points of the question and refer to supporting evidence for these points. TIP: See our technical skills pack on answering source-based paragraphs.
Eseyi / Essay Writing
After this lesson you will know the following: Different types of essays, Narrative essay, Descriptive essay, Picture essay. you will know what is important under each type of subject and prepare to write an essay and the Structure of a well-written essay. Ngemuva kwalesi sifundo nizokwazi nakhu okulandelayo: Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama - eseyi , Indaba elandisayo , Indaba echazayo , Indaba ...
Essay On Shaka Zulu
Introduction to Shaka Zulu Essay. In this paper, I shall discuss the impact of Shaka King Zulu's reign in Southern Africa. Specifically taking into account how Shaka was able to use his military genius and political acumen to establish the Zulu Kingdom and stabilize his reign. The purpose of this paper is to discover as to how Shaka struggled ...
PDF Department of African Languages
comprehension skills based on simple Zulu passages on everyday topics. You will learn the techniques of translating from Zulu to English and from English to Zulu. Lesson 5: You will be exposed to the essay, paragraph, dialogue and friendly letter as types of creative writing.
Zulu Culture Essay
Zulu Culture Essay. The Zulus tribe is an independent clan and the largest ethnic group in South Africa. The Zulu clan reputation is well known for their proud, fierce, and barbaric behavior. According to Ethnologies, in 1816 a new chief Shaka Zulu conquered and created a nation that was named after him. His descendants made up the Zulu clan.
Engineered "Zuluness": Language, Education, and Ethnic Identity in
This essay rejects the primordialist answer, which holds that language and ethnic identity are naturally occurring as well as naturally related phenomena. Instead, it argues that a language-based Zulu identity emerged due to a complex historical process involving human decision-making about what constitutes the Zulu language and who speaks it ...
The Zulu Tribe: Historical Significance and Cultural Heritage in South
This essay about the Zulu tribe explores the historical and cultural significance of this group within South Africa. Focusing on the influential figure of Shaka Zulu, it discusses his rise to power and the broader implications for Zulu society, emphasizing themes of resilience, unity, and cultural identity.
The Zulu Nation's History and Culture
The Zulu nation is one of the most significant ethnicity for African history. In addition to the militancy and toughness, this tribe is known for its rich language and specific culture. Parts of the representatives of the people exist today in a modified state. It is necessary to analyze the cultural history of the legendary tribe.
The personal experience essay in isiZulu as reflection of the writing
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the application of various approaches to teaching communicative writing skills in senior phases of learning. The main aim is to investigate how these approaches are adopted to instil competence in the communicative writing skills of grade 12learners ofisiZulu first language. Various approaches to writing skills are discussed and explored in order to make ...
Zulu language Essay Example ☑️ Free & Best Paper Samples
Dark beer Beer making is a three-day process that Zulu women are appreciative to satisfy. Maize and sorghum (grain plant) will be soaked in water for a day. This content is then hard boiled with dry out sorghum and place to cool of. For the third day time the brew is blocked, using a sieve, and it can be consumed the same day.
Zulu Poems of (and for) Nature: Bhekinkosi Ntuli's Environmental
Similarly, in her essay discussing "natures of Africa: ecocriticism and animal studies in contemporary cultural forms," Julia Martin (Reference Martin 2017) justifies the need for exploring marginalized writings on African relations with the nonhuman world. She claims that these are necessary because "mainstream" scholarship often ...
Everything You Need to Know About Zulu Language
Zulu beliefs are formed around the presence of ancestral spirits. Ancestors' presence comes in the form of dreams, sickness and snakes. Opportune times to communicate with ancestors are during birth, puberty, marriage and death. Contact with ancestors are made to ask them for blessings, good luck, fortune, guidance and assistance.
Shaka Zulu Essay ⋆ History Essay Examples ⋆ EssayEmpire
Ritter, E. A. Shaka Zulu: the Rise of the Zulu Empire. London: Longmans, Green, 1955; Roberts, Brian. The Zulu Kings. London: Hamilton, 1974. This example Shaka Zulu Essay is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need a custom essay or research paper on this topic please use our writing services.
THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF ZULU ESSAYS WITH
Essay writing soon got recognition allover the world. 1.5.4 THE EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF ZULU ESSAYS Zulu essays originated very late when in other countries essay writing was an old art. At the beginning this artistic and lacked higher literary qualities. was not The reason for g~~re this might be the influence of religion and the Bible.
PDF Strategies for Essay Writing
Harvard College Writing Center 5 Asking Analytical Questions When you write an essay for a course you are taking, you are being asked not only to create a product (the essay) but, more importantly, to go through a process of thinking more deeply about a question or problem related to the course. By writing about a
Zulu Essay
Zulu Essay. History of the Zulu KwaZulu-Natal is a province in Africa, officially founded in late 1977 ("KwaZulu-Natal"). However, it was built off hundreds of years as a tribe and heavy war tactics. The tribe itself was very primitive The Zulu were a very powerful nation at their prime, and hold some key influences in both culture and warfare.
How to Write a College Essay
Ask teachers, mentors, family, or friends for feedback on your essay. Reach out well in advance of any deadlines, and give them at least two weeks to provide feedback. Ask them in person if you can, but if you cannot, send them an email. If they agree to take a look, you can send them a message with your essay. Download a sample message below.
Indian teen allegedly kills two while drunk driving. As ...
Anger is growing in India after a teenager who allegedly killed two people while drunk driving was ordered to write an essay as punishment, with many demanding a harsher penalty and accusing the ...
Want to Write Better Fiction? Become a Translator
The Millions' future depends on your support. Become a member today. K.E. Semmel is a writer and translator. His debut novel, The Book of Losman, is forthcoming in October from SFWP. Find him online at kesemmel.com and on X at @kesemmel. Around the world, it's common for fiction writers to moonlight as translators.
Cramming for an exam isn't the best way to learn
Better cramming. When it comes to actually learning - being able to remember information over the long term and apply it to new situations - cramming doesn't work. We can hardly call it ...
PROOF POINTS: AI essay grading is already as 'good as an overburdened
Most remarkably, the researchers obtained these fairly decent essay scores from ChatGPT without training it first with sample essays. That means it is possible for any teacher to use it to grade any essay instantly with minimal expense and effort. "Teachers might have more bandwidth to assign more writing," said Tate.
Porsche-driving Indian teenager who killed two people ordered to write
A n Indian court granted bail to a drink-driving teenager who rammed his Porsche into a motorbike and killed two people, on the condition that he "write an essay" about the incident.
How teachers started using ChatGPT to grade assignments
A new tool called Writable, which uses ChatGPT to help grade student writing assignments, is being offered widely to teachers in grades 3-12. Why it matters: Teachers have quietly used ChatGPT to grade papers since it first came out — but now schools are sanctioning and encouraging its use. Driving the news: Writable, which is billed as a ...

Ukubhala i-eseyi / Indaba: IsiZulu Grade 10 – 12 Essay Guide

Iyini Indaba

UKUBHALWA KWENDABA/-ESEYI

Inqubo Yokubhala

Zilungiselele ngaphambi kokubhala.

Yakha izinhlaka zokuqala

Buyekeza, ufundisise ukuze ucacise

Lungisa Amaphutha

Yethula umkhiqizo wokugcina

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Okulindelekile uma ubhala umlando kamufi/ngomufi:

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PROOF POINTS: AI essay grading is already as ‘good as an overburdened’ teacher, but researchers say it needs more work

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