event management case study pdf

Integrating Business Processes to Improve Travel Time Reliability (2011)

Chapter: chapter 5 - case studies: special-event management.

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C H A P T E R 5 Case Studies: Special-Event ManagementSpecial events present a unique case of demand fluctuation that causes traffic flow in the vicinity of the event to be radically dif- ferent from typical patterns. Special events can severely affect reliability of the transportation network, but because the events are often scheduled months or even years in advance, they offer an opportunity for planning to mitigate the impacts. Because large-scale events are recurring at event venues, it gives an opportunity for agencies to continually evaluate and refine strategies, impacts, and overall process improvements over time. In this section, case studies are presented that examine the processes developed for special-event management at the Kansas Speedway in Kansas City, Kans., and the Palace of Auburn Hills near Detroit, Mich. Kansas: Kansas Speedway In 2001, the Kansas Speedway opened for its first major NASCAR race. With attendance exceeding 110,000 people, it set a record as the largest single-day sporting event in the his- tory of Kansas. Attendance has continued to grow and now exceeds 135,000 for most major races. The traffic control strategies that were put into place to handle these major events were the result of years of planning between the Kansas Speed- way, Kansas Highway Patrol (KHP), Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT), and the Kansas City Police Depart- ment. The process was successful in part because of the clear lines of responsibility that were defined for each agency and the strong spirit of cooperation and trust that was established before the first race was held. In preparation for this case study, representatives from KHP and KDOT were interviewed. Lt. Brian Basore and Lt. Paul Behm represented the KHP Troop A and were able to share their experience from many years of actively managing special events at the Kansas Speedway. The primary responsibilities of KHP are to operate the KHP Command Center that was estab- lished for the Kansas Speedway race events and to manage 45traffic on the freeways around the event. Representatives of KDOT who were interviewed included Leslie Spencer Fowler, ITS program manager, and Mick Halter, PE, who was formerly with KDOT as the District One metro engineer during the design and implementation of the Kansas Speedway. Fowler and Halter provided an excellent history of the development of the project, as well as a description of KDOT’s current opera- tional procedures used during races at the Kansas Speedway. KDOT maintains the CCTV cameras and portable DMS around the Speedway and assists KHP with traffic control on the freeways. Description This case study examines the development of the special-event management procedures for races at the Kansas Speedway. Par- ticular focus is given to the roles and responsibilities of the KHP and KDOT in developing the initial infrastructure and strate- gies that led to a successful special-event management process that has been used and refined for 8 years. One of the strongest recurring themes in development of this case study was the out- standing cooperation and partnerships that were developed between the agencies involved. Each agency has clearly defined responsibilities before and on race day, though no agency is considered in charge. They cooperate to safely and efficiently move vehicles from the freeways to city streets to the Kansas Speedway parking lots and then do the same process in reverse. Background of Agency The Kansas Speedway is a 1.5-mi oval race track suitable for many types of races, including Indy and NASCAR. Seating capacity is currently being expanded to 150,000 people, and parking capacity allows for 65,000 vehicles. The Speedway is located approximately 15 mi west of downtown Kansas City, near the intersection of I-70 and I-435, which serve as the pri- mary routes used by spectators attending the races. Events are

46held throughout the year, and there are typically two major race events each year when crowds reach capacity. The major- ity of parking is on Kansas Speedway property and is free for spectators. The Kansas Speedway provides attendants and directs vehicles into the parking areas. The primary agencies involved in traffic management for the Kansas Speedway include KHP Troop A in Kansas City, KDOT District One, and the Kansas City Police Department. KHP is responsible for traffic management on the freeways and for operation of the KHP Command Center, which is activated several days before major events and serves as the central com- munications center for all public agencies on race day. The full resources of Troop A (over 40 troopers) are used on race day, along with over 20 other troopers from around the state. KHP also deploys a helicopter to monitor traffic from the air and roving motorcycle units on race day. KDOT District One is responsible for maintaining five CCTV cameras and deploy- ing 12 portable DMSs on roads used to access the Speedway. The Kansas City Police Department provides officers for the city street network that links the freeways to the Kansas Speedway (1). Other participants in the process include Wyandotte County and the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA). Wyandotte County currently owns the WebEOC software used by all participat- ing agencies to share information and request assistance on race day (2). The KTA maintains I-70 near the Speedway. It is responsible for such maintenance tasks on this section of I-70 as snow and ice removal, guardrail, and signing and striping, although the section is not tolled. Process Development The Kansas Speedway opened for its first major event in sum- mer 2001. However, development of the process for special- event traffic management began long before Kansas City was even selected as the site for the racetrack. In the early 1990s the International Speedway Corpora- tion was searching for a new location for a race track in the Midwest. The track was expected to host several large events per year, including at least one to two major races that were expected to attract more than 100,000 people. Given the poten- tial positive economic benefit that such a facility could bring to an area, the International Speedway Corporation solicited pro- posal packages from several sites under consideration. Propos- als needed to address criteria established by the International Speedway Corporation for site selection, including accessibil- ity of the site to attendees. The effort to bring the race track to Kansas was led by Kansas City, with strong support from the governor and lieutenant governor of Kansas. Understanding the importance of accessibility, the governor directed KDOT to develop a plan and provide funding to make the necessary infrastructure improvements to handle race traffic for theSpeedway. The priority placed on this project by the governor’s office served as the first enabler to implementing the traffic management process. KDOT developed an extensive plan to accommodate the large number of vehicles expected to attend events at the Kansas Speedway. I-70 needed to be widened and a new inter- change was needed at 110th Street. US-24, which went through the proposed site of the track, needed to be completely realigned. Although not part of the original planning, CCTV cameras and portable DMS were also required to assist with traffic management. KDOT identified funding for each of their proposed infrastructure projects, and these projects were included in the package that was submitted to the International Speedway Corporation. More than a year before the first race event at the Kansas Speedway, all the agencies involved in traffic management began planning for the event. Agencies that participated in the planning included KHP, KDOT, KTA, Kansas City Police, Wyandotte County, and the Kansas Speedway. The Missouri DOT and Missouri Highway Patrol were also initially involved because there was concern that traffic could be affected east of the track into Missouri. (Once the Speedway opened, it turned out that this concern was unfounded as race traffic had only minor impacts on I-70 near the Speedway and did not affect traffic on I-70 in Missouri.) To facilitate traffic management planning, a consultant also was brought on-board early in the process. The success of the planning for traffic management was attributed to two primary factors. The first was the importance that the governor and Kansas City placed on the success of hosting major races at the Kansas Speedway. Millions of dol- lars were invested by the state and city to bring the race track to Kansas, and to recoup their investment they needed to suc- cessfully host large races. The visibility and importance of the first successful event was a great motivator for every agency involved. The second factor to which success was attributed was the personalities involved. Several of those interviewed for this case study noted that there were no egos in the room that got in the way. A sense of mutual respect among the agencies and for their work was a consistent factor in planning for traffic management. No single agency was designated as “in charge”; rather, each agency took responsibility for its piece and worked well with the other agencies to ensure overall success. The result of the planning efforts was a multilayered traffic plan with different agencies leading the layers. The first layer dealt with interstate traffic, which was KHP’s responsibility. The second layer dealt with traffic on local streets traveling between the interstates and the Kansas Speedway, this layer was the responsibility of the Kansas City Police Department. The third layer handled traffic entering or leaving the track property, which was the responsibility of the Kansas Speed- way. KDOT provided support to all three layers through

47deployment of CCTV cameras, DMS, and cones. Each layer was critical to successfully manage traffic for events. Detailed Process and Integration Points Figure 5.1 shows the detailed process that was developed for special-event traffic management at the Kansas Speedway. Before a major event, all four agencies that are involved in man- aging traffic on race day come together for a meeting to discuss the upcoming event and changes or special circumstances that need to be considered in their planning. These agencies have worked closely together since the first event in 2001, and there is a clear understanding of the roles and responsibilities of each agency.Figure 5.1. Detailed business process diagram of Kansas Speedway special event.are sent and portable DMS are controlled. On the day before race day, KHP conducts a briefing to review the setup and pro- cedures for race day. During the race event, KHP, Kansas City Police Department, and the Kansas Speedway manage traffic on freeways, local streets, and in the parking lots. KHP deploys a helicopter to monitor traffic from the air and roving officers on monocycles to patrol the heavily congested areas around the Speedway that cannot be easily accessed by troopers in cruisers. All agencies continue to communicate primarily through WebEOC, a system owned by Wyandotte County that lets each agency monitor messages and communicate on a web-based system. Once the race is completed, a follow-up meeting to review race day events may be held. This meeting was originally held after every event during the first few years the Kansas Speed- way was in operation, but as traffic management has become more efficient, it is now only held as warranted.In the week before race day, KHP will activate the KHP Command Center. The KHP Command Center is the commu- nications hub for the event and is where CCTV camera feeds

48Several key integration points were identified in the Kansas Speedway special-event traffic management process, including the following: • Integration between KHP and KDOT for deployment and operation of CCTV cameras and portable DMS; • Integration between KHP, KDOT, Kansas City Police Department, and Kansas Speedway to develop traffic man- agement plans for upcoming events and to discuss traffic management performance after operations; and • Integration between KHP, KDOT, Kansas City Police Department, Kansas Speedway, and Wyandotte County for sharing of information through WebEOC during the special event. Types of Agencies Involved The primary agencies that are involved in the special-event traffic management are KHP, KDOT, Kansas City Police, and the Kansas Speedway. As described earlier, a three-layered approach is set up, with KHP responsible for traffic on the free- ways, Kansas City Police responsible for traffic on local streets, and Kansas Speedway responsible for traffic in the parking areas. Numerous special teams have been established to facili- tate the special-event traffic management on race day. These include the KHP Post Commanders Team, Logistics Team, and KDOT Team. The KHP Post Commanders Team is made up of the commanders from each traffic post where KHP will be directing traffic. The post commanders attend the post com- manders briefing the evening before the race begins, direct the other troopers at their post, and communicate with the KHP Command Center. The Logistics Team is responsible for set- ting up the event, including staging and setting up of tempo- rary traffic control, providing water and tents for troopers at traffic posts, and running errands during the event. The KDOT Team is responsible for maintaining the CCTV cameras, put- ting the portable DMS boards in place and changing messages on the board if the wireless communications fail, and assisting with temporary traffic control placement. Types of Nonrecurring Congestion Addressed The process for managing the Kansas Speedway traffic deals with nonrecurring congestion due to a special event. When the Kansas Speedway first opened in 2001, KHP set up 14 inbound posts and 11 outbound posts, with troopers stationed at each post to direct traffic. Since then, KHP has increased the effi- ciency of traffic management and has been able to reduce the number of posts down to seven inbound and seven outbound. Traffic is monitored from the KHP Command Center using CCTV cameras and a helicopter that provides updates on traf- fic conditions; portable DMSs with wireless communication can assist in directing traffic. The roving motorcycle units areused around the Kansas Speedway and can assist with manag- ing any incident that blocks roadways. Over time, KHP and KDOT have refined temporary traffic control patterns and gen- eral traffic control to increase efficiency of the system as much as possible. One of the primary concerns on race day is getting traffic off I-70 without significantly affecting through traffic. Because major races are held on weekends, the overall level of traffic on I-70 is generally lighter than what is experienced on a weekday. As part of the initial package that was proposed by Kansas City to bring the Speedway to Kansas, KDOT agreed to add one more lane to I-70 to accommodate overflow traffic for major races. KHP has been able to quickly move traffic off I-70 with only minor impacts on through traffic on the interstate. KDOT has not done a study of travel times for through traffic on race day, but they estimate that at peak periods before or after a race, motorists on I-70 will only experience minor slowdowns with perhaps 5 min of delay to their total trip. Performance Measures The Kansas Speedway tracks the time it takes to clear parking lots after races and has seen improvements in clearance times since the initial race in 2001. After races, if something went wrong or clearance times exceeded normal ranges, this infor- mation is shared with KHP and an evaluation meeting with all agencies involved in the traffic management may be held to review the traffic management. However, these instances are rare and in most events the parking lot clearance times can be accurately estimated based on race attendance. KHP initially used troopers stationed at 14 inbound posts and 11 outbound posts to direct traffic. Although not a per- formance measure, the shift to seven inbound and seven outbound posts is seen by KHP as an indication of the improvement of their traffic management efficiency. Benefits The planning and cooperation between KHP, KDOT, Kansas City Police, and the Kansas Speedway allowed for efficient traf- fic management of more than 100,000 spectators from day one. The agencies involved in traffic management have been able to improve their efficiency and reduce the manpower needed to manage traffic over time and consider their traffic management effort a success from the start. The popularity of racing in the United States and the effi- cient use of the Kansas Speedway have prompted an expansion of the seating capacity of the Speedway. Current expansion work will bring the total seating capacity of the Kansas Speed- way to 150,000. Without an efficient plan to move spectators in and out of the Speedway, this expansion would not be possible.

49The traffic management process developed for the Kansas Speedway goes beyond simple convenience to spectators. By minimizing the impacts to through traffic on I-70 and I-435, KHP can reduce freeway backups and minimize the chances of secondary incidents on freeways. Efficient and effective move- ment of vehicles off the race track is also critical for evacuation. On April 25, 2009, a tornado touched down in Kansas only a few miles from the Kansas Speedway. About 30 min earlier, a race that was in progress was suspended for the day due to rain, and many of the spectators were in the process of leaving the event. The tornado did not touch down close enough to the Kansas Speedway to cause any damage, but it was an important reminder of the need to be able to efficiently move traffic out of an area, especially in Kansas, which is particularly prone to tornadoes. Lessons Learned Each agency interviewed identified the single most important factor to the success of the special-event traffic management as the cooperation among all agencies in the planning and execu- tion of traffic management. The importance placed on success- fully bringing the Speedway to Kansas by the governor and Kansas City certainly contributed to that cooperation and coordination, but the personalities of the leaders from each agency and the existing relationships that had been established were identified as even more important factors. KHP has learned that the development of a race-day proto- col is particularly important, so that procedures for handling incidents or other unexpected events are well understood. KHP has worked with their partners to develop a tow policy to address abandoned vehicles, a traffic crash policy to quickly clear incidents, and a no-patrol zone to keep troopers and police officers in cruisers from adding to the congestion around the race track by limiting patrols to troopers on motorcycles. Receiving information from the CCTV cameras and the ability to control the portable DMSs from the KHP Command Center have been valuable. However, CCTV cameras have failed in the past and communications to the portable DMSs are not always reliable, which sometimes necessitates the need for KDOT to manually change messages in the field. KHP and other agencies involved in traffic management have learned that technology is useful, but they need to be careful that they are not totally dependent on technology. Analysis and Research Observations Planning for the traffic management at the Kansas Speedway essentially began when Kansas was still being considered by the International Speedway Corporation and continued up until the first event. Political support for the Kansas Speedway gave those involved in traffic management a sense that they mustsucceed. Each agency took responsibility for their part of the plan, executed it well, and supported their partners. The sense of cooperation that started during the initial planning for traf- fic management of the race track has been carried into the con- tinued operations. It is clear that each agency felt they had an important stake in the success of the Kansas Speedway and contributed the resources and staff required for that success. One interesting note is that there are no formal agreements in place with any of the agencies regarding operations. When agencies were asked about this, they said they did not see a need to formalize what has worked well so far. There is confidence that they can continue to count on their partners, and that the strong relationships and years of experience working together will continue to add to that confidence. Michigan: The Palace of Auburn Hills The Palace of Auburn Hills (the Palace) is an arena located northwest of Detroit that hosts events such as concerts, basket- ball games, circuses, and graduations for eight months of the year. Because of the volume of traffic generated by these types of events, an increase in traffic congestion is typical in the vicin- ity of the Palace. Focused traffic management plans at these locations can help mitigate the effects of the increased conges- tion before and after the event. The Palace is located in Auburn Hills, a suburb of the greater Detroit, Michigan, area, in the north-central section of Oakland County. The Auburn Hills Police Department (AHPD) has been involved with traffic management strategies at the Palace since it opened in 1988 and has played an integral part in the development of the traf- fic management plan currently in place. To acquire details regarding the traffic management plans implemented for events hosted at the Palace, an initial inter- view was conducted with Danielle Deneau, PE, of the Road Commission for Oakland County (RCOC). After that conver- sation, a more in-depth interview was conducted with Capt. Jim Mynesberge of the Auburn Hills Police Department. Description In terms of traffic operations and management, a special event can be categorized as a scheduled interruption to normal traf- fic flow. The Palace special event case study provides an analy- sis for a multiagency, public–private partnership focused on managing traffic for planned events of varying sizes. The traf- fic management plan includes traffic control strategies man- aged through the RCOC FAST-TRAC signal system, which is programmable and detects actual traffic counts (the original timing was based on recording traffic flow as officers manually directed traffic); traffic monitoring capabilities through the MDOT CCTV cameras; and traveler information using the

50MDOT DMS and MiDrive website. The current traffic man- agement plan includes a partnership between the Palace, the Police, RCOC, and MDOT and has resulted in memoranda of understanding (MOUs) and formal agreements between some of these agencies. The plan provides a direct connection between the Police dispatch and the RCOC TOC. The effec- tiveness of the traffic management plan allows fewer officers to be used for managing traffic at special events and reduces the time required to load-in and load-out for each Palace event. Load-in and load-out are two performance measures that have been defined to measure the success of traffic control before and after events. Background of Agency The Palace is located within Auburn Hills, adjacent to I-75, and is within the jurisdiction of the AHPD. The Palace is a multipurpose arena used for concerts, sporting events, and other events such as wrestling, circuses, or graduations. The arena has been operational for over 20 years and is the perma- nent home of the Detroit Pistons (NBA) and the Detroit Shock (WNBA). The arena is recognized for its large capacity for the NBA and can accommodate over 22,000 fans for bas- ketball games and over 25,000 for concerts at center stage. The Palace also is the only arena that can hold the entire host city’s population. The AHPD provides security and traffic enforcement for the Palace during events. The Pistons typically attract a large attendance for their games, which has resulted in the arena expanding the parking capacity to keep pace with the atten- dance demands. AHPD manages the traffic before, during, and after each event, with a focus on providing efficient and safe access for motorists. Process Development The Palace partnered with AHPD and RCOC to develop a per- sonalized traffic management plan for events at the Palace. The original traffic management plan used several police officers and manual traffic control to move vehicles through several intersections in the vicinity of the Palace. The original site plan included only three driveways, which created some capacity issues for event traffic ingress and egress. The traffic manage- ment plan recommended improvements to the site that included additional lanes, modified use of the existing drive- ways, and the construction of two additional access drives. One new access drive was constructed on the north side of the site, and one on the south side. The access drive located on the south side is called Direct Drive, and when clearing the park- ing lot, only allows right turns, providing drivers with direct access to I-75. The Palace also established a MOU with MDOT to temporarily close the access road just east of Direct Driveafter events to provide exclusive use for Palace traffic when events commence. The Palace had several motivations for an improved traffic management plan. The first was happier patrons attending events. The second was monetary. Since the Palace pays for the use of AHPD officers to manage traffic at events, there was vested interest in streamlining the personnel and the time required. The larger events would require a total of 15 officers to work an event and effectively manage traffic. Each inter- section required two to three officers to safely direct traffic to and from the facility (15 officers total). With the revised plan, the larger events can be managed effectively by only one or two officers. Initially, AHPD and the Palace met regularly to discuss improvements, issues, and traffic management strategies. AHPD now has the ability to implement the Event Manager (developed by RCOC) and activate predetermined signal tim- ing plans through the RCOC TOC. With this closely integrated coordination, the issues have decreased and the coordination meetings have been reduced to only twice a year. AHPD and the Palace used two specific measures of effec- tiveness initially to determine if pre-event traffic was being managed properly. These measures allowed the two agencies to assess operations and determine the appropriate area of con- cern, namely: • If traffic was queuing on the public roadway but the Palace driveways had additional capacity, then traffic was not being managed effectively by the police. • If traffic was stopped at the driveways and vehicles were queuing on the public roads, then the Palace personnel were not effectively managing the parking operations. These observations were used to support the need to increase the access lanes and construct the additional driveway. The Palace parking process also was modified to establish longer stacking lanes approximately an hour and half before the event start time. This was necessary to accommodate the process for collecting parking fees from each vehicle. For postevent traffic, the effectiveness measure was based on all the access drives clearing at the same time. The bal- ance of exiting traffic was accomplished by sectioning the lots and directing all traffic to the specific exits. Since most events ended after 10:00 p.m., the Palace traffic could receive a higher preference in green time. It was determined that shorter cycle lengths resulted in extended clearance times for the Palace. Shorter cycle lengths create longer delays because of lost startup time and more clearance intervals per hour. In other words, the longer traffic was stopped, the longer it took to empty vehicles from the lot. The passing traf- fic was only inconvenienced by waiting through a single cycle length to accommodate the exiting Palace traffic. This impact

51was measured both visually and by using the FAST-TRAC system. Detailed Process and Integration Points Figure 5.2 shows the process used by the Palace for special-event traffic management. The traffic management plan involves revised signal timing at 19 intersections in the vicinity of the Palace. Signal timing plans were developed for small, medium, and large events. The number of intersections included in the signal timing plan provides a larger footprint than AHPD was able to manage with only police officers. The plan allows a senior AHPD officer to select the appropriate timing plan based on input from the Palace concerning the size of an event. The senior officer also has the authority to instruct the dispatcher to activate the appropriate timing plans. The dispatcher then has the ability to activate the timing plans via the Event Man- ager from the AHPD facility.Figure 5.2. Detailed business process diagram for a special event at the Palace of Auburn Hills.The Palace has access to its own CCTV cameras around the facility and to MDOT-owned CCTV cameras on the trunk routes. The MDOT cameras provide information about traf- fic conditions on the roadways approaching the Palace. The Palace personnel also use radios to communicate continuously with AHPD. The Palace documents the load-in and load-out times for each event that occurs, and has observed that the load-out time has decreased from approximately 1 h to less than 25 min with the current traffic management plan. Figure 5.3 displays the Palace and the surrounding trans- portation network for reference. I-75 runs north-south on the west side of the Palace, and M24 (Lapeer Road) runs north- south on the east side. The small connector on the south side of the Palace is the Direct Drive that is used exclusively for postevent traffic. AHPD responds to incidents in the vicinity of the Palace, including those that occur on I-75. During events, AHPD will coordinate for these incidents because they can affect traffic management at the Palace. Coordination is

52Source: © 2010 Google. Map data © 2010 Google. Source: © 2010 Google. Imagery © 2010 DigitalGlobe, USDA Farm Service Agency, Cnes/Spot Image, GeoEye, U.S. Geological Survey. Map data © 2010 Google. Figure 5.3. The Palace of Auburn Hills and surrounding transportation network.initiated by AHPD with MDOT and the Michigan Intelligent Transportation System Center (MITSC) to verify the incident, and MDOT will activate DMSs in the area to inform motorists of the incident if needed. In some cases, traffic is diverted to Opdyke Road through media and DMS communication. During an incident, the Palace monitors the CCTV cameras and communicates traffic conditions with the AHPD officers. AHPD also coordinates with RCOC to determine possible adjustments to the signal timing. After the incident has cleared, AHPD will coordinate with MDOT and RCOC to clear DMS messages and reset signal timing, respectively. Several key integration points were identified in the Palace of Auburn Hills special-event traffic management process, including the following: • Coordination between the Palace and AHPD: Based on guidelines established in the traffic management plan, the Palace determines the size of an event (small, medium, or large) and informs AHPD. • The AHPD Dispatcher has the ability to activate the pre- determined signal timing plans within FAST-TRAC. The AHPD Sergeant has the authority to select the appropriatetiming plan based on the size of the event and directs the Dispatcher as to which plan to activate. The AHPD dispatch has a direct connection with FAST-TRAC so RCOC person- nel are not required during most events. • The Palace has access to MDOT CCTV cameras so they can monitor traffic in the vicinity of the arena during an event. MDOT also monitors traffic, but the Palace’s access to sur- veillance provides the ability to focus specifically on inci- dents that can affect typical traffic during an event. • Coordination occurs via radio between Palace personnel and AHPD personnel to adjust the predetermined traffic management plan and mitigate potential impacts on traffic. The response to incidents during an event is coordinated among MDOT, the Palace, AHPD, and RCOC. Based on the impact of the incident, DMSs are activated with appropriate messages, timing plans can be adjusted, and additional resources can be implemented for modified traffic control solutions. The Palace maintains records of all events, including the load-in and load-out times. Based on this documentation, the stakeholders have identified consistent results in the current

53traffic management plan. RCOC maintains the event signal timing plans respective to each event size. These timing plans can be revisited if issues or changing traffic patterns are identi- fied. The MDOT MITS Center maintains incident records that can be referenced to determine impacts on the traffic during events. There is no central location for data related to events at the Palace, but it can be obtained from the individual partners. Types of Agencies Involved There are four main partners involved in the coordination of events at the Palace of Auburn Hills. The public–private part- nership includes AHPD, the Palace, RCOC, and MDOT. The Palace is responsible for traffic on arena property, maintaining an arena-specific traffic management plan, and coordinating with AHPD for implementation. The Palace also has access to MDOT CCTV cameras so they can monitor traffic conditions on approaching routes. AHPD is the local police department responsible for traffic control within the city, including the local interstate routes. RCOC is responsible for county road maintenance and operations of the countywide signal system. RCOC has developed and programmed event-specific timing plans relative to the three categories of event sizes and allows AHPD to activate appropriate timing plans remotely. The MDOT MITS Center is responsible for monitoring the south- eastern Michigan roadway network and uses CCTV cameras and detection for surveillance and DMS and the MiDrive web- site for sharing traveler information. Types of Nonrecurring Congestion Addressed The Palace’s traffic management plan addresses nonrecurring traffic impacts classified as special events and crashes. When the Palace opened in 1988, AHPD manually controlled traffic in and around the arena. AHPD used approximately three to four traffic control police officers per intersection at several intersections (15 officers in all). In addition, the larger events required at least an hour to move traffic in and out of the park- ing facilities. The signal timing plans available through FAST-TRAC and the agreement between RCOC and AHPD to activate signal timing plans remotely via the Event Manager make it possible to improve efficiency. The signal timing plans are predeter- mined based on the estimated level of traffic for scheduled events. The signal timing plans also incorporate additional intersections that were previously not managed during events. The revised signal timing plans allow AHPD to decrease the total number of officers required at any event to no more than two and reduced the time for emptying the lot to approxi- mately 25 min. Improved incident management is the result of an agreement between MDOT and the Palace to share camera images. The Palace personnel can access views of several cameras located onapproaching roadways. When incidents occur in Auburn Hills, even on the interstate, AHPD typically are the first responders on scene. They will respond and coordinate with the Michi- gan State Police (MSP) and MDOT on the traffic management needs at the incident. They also coordinate with the Palace on any impacts to event-related traffic. MDOT will activate mes- sage signs to warn motorists and AHPD can modify the traffic management strategy to accommodate the changes in traffic patterns. Performance Measures Because the Palace tracks the load-in and load-out times dur- ing each event, those times can be compared to ensure the traf- fic management plan is working effectively. They meet with AHPD to discuss new issues and develop strategies that can mitigate these issues at the next scheduled event. The Palace maintains constant communication with AHPD to ensure that there is efficient and safe access for motorists. AHPD also com- municates with RCOC on potential issues with the signal tim- ing plans. The improved signal timing plans have allowed AHPD to reduce the number of required traffic control police officers from 15 to no more than two officers for each event. Emptying the parking lots of the Palace can now be achieved in less than 25 min. In addition, crash rates have remained con- sistent with the implementation of the Event Manager. Benefits The traffic management program at the Palace of Auburn Hills has proven to be successful. Benefits include improved traffic control efficiency; improved travel time; higher efficiency of motorist movement; and streamlined use of police resources. These benefits are achieved through strong relationships and trust between the stakeholders. With the reduction in load-in and load-out times, the impact on motorists traveling in the vicinity of the arena also is reduced. In addition, spectators are able to reach the arena more quickly and spend more time at the event. This improved mobility translates into cost savings for the motorists by reduc- ing fuel consumption and travel. The Palace also experiences a fiscal benefit by having spectators arrive earlier at events. The improved signal timing plans allow for more intersec- tions to be managed during an event with fewer officers, which frees up more officers for responding to emergencies, inci- dents, and other situations. Fewer officers for manual traffic control also has increased safety for personnel. Directing traf- fic in the dark and during poor weather conditions often cre- ated unsafe conditions for AHPD officers. The Palace’s cost for police personnel also is reduced. The Palace indicated that the savings from the fewer officers required to control traffic can be redirected to other expenses, such as an extension of park- ing facilities or a reduction in ticket costs for events.

54Lessons Learned All the agencies involved with the special-event traffic man- agement plan have acknowledged benefits, but there are still some elements that can be improved. Some simple modifica- tions could be achieved more quickly, while others are more extensive and would require several years. The partners stated that the traffic management plan should be developed as the site is designed. This approach would identify deficiencies in driveway access and potential capacity issues related to mov- ing the maximum capacity of the parking lots. The site devel- opment also should limit the amount of traffic movement occurring closer to the buildings to minimize conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians. This additional conflict can gener- ate congestion within the parking lot. Lastly, sufficient light- ing throughout the parking lot should be implemented. Better lighting increases safety by improving visibility for drivers navigating among pedestrians, especially during inclement weather. Analysis and Research Observations The Palace traffic management plan has been developed through input from the Palace of Auburn Hills, AHPD, and RCOC and has improved the efficiency, reliability, and safety of traffic management during special events hosted by the Palace. During arena events, such as games and concerts, thetraffic flow in and out of the Palace has improved considerably while limiting the resource needs of AHPD. Coordination between the Palace and AHPD also has increased the reliabil- ity of loading and unloading the Palace parking lots. The Palace records and evaluates the load-in and load-out times to determine possible signal timing adjustments. The Palace personnel discuss improvements to the traffic manage- ment plan with AHPD on a continuous basis. The continued communication between the Palace, AHPD, and RCOC has improved operations and resulted in improved mobility for the motorists going to the Palace, as well as for motorists within the area. Agreements have been established between AHPD, the Palace, and MDOT to share CCTV camera video images for improved incident management. The police can coordinate and respond to incidents more quickly. Based on monitoring an incident, real-time information is provided and coordi- nated between all stakeholders to improve traffic coordination during and after each event. References 1. Basore, B., and P. Behm. Kansas Speedway Traffic Management. Kansas Highway Patrol, 2007. 2. TriCon Environmental, Inc. ESi WebEOC Professional Version 7. www.tricon-env.com/Product_software.php?id=webeoc. Accessed July 20, 2011.

TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report: S2-L01-RR-1: Integrating Business Processes to Improve Travel Time Reliability addresses various ways that transportation agencies can reengineer their day-to-day business practices to help improve traffic operations, address nonrecurring traffic congestion, and improve the reliability of travel times delivered to roadway system users.

The project that produced this report also produced SHRP 2 Report S2-L01-RR-2 : Guide to Integrating Business Processes to Improve Travel Time Reliability.

An e-book version of this report is available for purchase at Google , Amazon , and iTunes .

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Events Management: An International Approach

Journal of Tourism Futures

ISSN : 2055-5911

Article publication date: 17 April 2018

Issue publication date: 15 May 2019

• Events management
• Contemporary issues
• Case studies

Hay, B. (2019), "Events Management: An International Approach", Journal of Tourism Futures , Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 104-105. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-03-2017-0008

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018, Brian Hay

Published in the Journal of Tourism Futures . Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial & non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

In the last three decades, there has an unprecedented growth in event management studies, covering not only the familiar and well-known international mega events, but also the growing recognition of national, regional and local community-based events. It is easy to forget that the first academic course in event management was developed a little over 25 years ago, and today, there are event management programmes that range from technical diplomas to PhDs. The first edition of the book was published in 2012, but given the rapid change in our understanding of the issues facing event managers, there is a greater need for event management students to be even better informed of the challenging and emerging issues facing the sector. This second edition attempts to build, develop and update the issues raised in the first edition.

In words drawn from the preface, this book takes an “explicit international approach […] to prepare students for the realities of working in (the) sector”, and like the first edition, it highlights “key critical global issues affecting events”. This second edition also highlights and focusses on some of the key drivers in event management, as well as exploring a number of new theoretical advances within the events sector. This second edition differs from the first, by removing some of the extended case studies (but still makes very good use of a number of practical case studies) and has added four new chapters, which cover topics, such as: the increasing importance of social media, a much stronger emphasis on international events and the inclusion of more case studies from North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.

As with an increasing number of text books, the book itself is only one of a number of links to support the students learning experiences. Through access to an accompanying website, the students can make use of additional learning resources: including free online reading material from the Sage journal database, and video links to case studies which help to illustrate the issues raised in each chapter. For lecturers, there is a supporting instructor’s manual, along with teaching notes as well as a list of suggested learning tasks.

The book covers 14 chapters written by 22 authors from countries such as: Australia, Bulgaria, Italy, the Netherlands, Taiwan and the UK. Although it is not surprising that most of the authors are from academia, a fair number of them have also worked in the events sector, while other authors are currently working in the sector. This is one of the strengths of the book, it explores issues through the eye of the practitioner. As for the book itself, it is grouped into three well-defined sections, the first section “Introducing an International Approach to Events Management” explores through two chapters, the macro contextual factors, challenges and issues faced by the events management landscape, by exploring both the positive and negative impacts of global issues and how they impact local event management decisions. The second section “International Events Management in Practice” is the core focus of this book, and covers in eight chapters the management issues that event managers will face in practice. These chapters are well-constructed and packaged, and in each chapter, the current research knowledge on the topic along with the event manager’s perspectives into issues are explored, along with a well-chosen case study, which illustrates the points issues raised in the chapter. The individual chapter topics covered in this section are: event design, managing events, team building, marketing, sponsorship, financing issues, risk management and the particular challenge of event evaluation. These chapters also illustrate the challenges faced by international events, and how lessons from such events can also be applied to more local events. The final section “Contemporary Issues in International Events Management” focusses on four chapters on emerging issues, including: the growth and impact of social media before, at and after the event; corporate social responsibility and sustainability, and questions the seriousness of event managers in fully understanding these issues; the importance of events to a destination’s tourism profile and whether events alone, can change this profile. The final chapter looks to the future of events by exploring through scenario planning how event managers can “future proof” their events. It concludes with advice for event management students, that by understanding future changes impacting the sector, they can be better prepared for future job opportunities.

While it would be wrong to say, the book was fun to read, but it was certainly enjoyable to read. Unlike many second editions, it is a genuine improvement on the first edition, as it not only covers new issues, but also was not afraid to change the format, for example, by dropping the extensive use of very detailed case studies. Edited books with multiple authors can sometimes read like a series of unrelated and loosely linked chapters, using many of the same dated references. This cannot be said about this book, as the editors and authors worked hard to link the chapters together, to bring a level of consistency often missing from edited books, with for example, references to other chapters so that the reader could better understand the linkages in the discussions. It was particularly helpful that a common format was adopted for each section/chapter: an overview the chapters in each section; clear learning objectives for each chapter; a well-written chapter summary; relevant case study along with questions for the reader to consider; listing of useful websites; additional reading material along with a short sentence explaining the content of these references. The great strength of the book and this is to be commended, was the extensive use of relevant case studies, which added substantially to the quality of the reader’s experience.

It is difficult to make any serious criticisms of the book, as it is an improvement from the first edition, but my suggestions in any third edition, would be the provision of a separate listing of the case studies in the index, along with additional case study material on the publishers website. This would add appeal to event practitioners, as it would aid them in their future planning. In addition, I would like to see some more insights and lessons about events from other destinations, in particular from Africa, South America and China, all of which have a rich history of local and national events.

Finally, in terms of a recommendation, as I said before the book was an enjoyable read, which provided a lot of useful insightful and practical information for event management students. Indeed, I would find it difficult to understand why the book should not form part of the reading list of any event management course, as it covers all the key issues that event management students should be exploring. However, the book deserves a wider readership, it should also be of interest to tourism students, and also to those working in event management, as many of the issues will be familiar to them in their day-to-day work. Although this book could not be described as essential reading for tourism futurologists, it does discuss issues that will impact the future direction of events management within a tourism context, and as such the book should be welcomed by tourism futurologists.

About the author

Brian Hay is a Professor of Tourism at the School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.

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Case Studies: Successful Events Using Event Software

Introduction.

In the evolving realm of event planning, success hinges on adapting to the target audience’s demands and creating memorable experiences. This compilation of case studies uncovers the success stories of prominent organizations such as GE Healthcare, leveraging modern platforms in the information technology sector. These stories illuminate the transformative power of event software in orchestrating successful product launches, virtual and hybrid events, and esports competitions across the United States and beyond. They highlight amplified customer satisfaction, enhanced security, significant cost savings, and insightful analytics, offering valuable lessons for event planners on the path to success. Delve into these customer stories to discover how the right platform can elevate your event planning strategies.

5 Event Case Studies

Case study 1: product launch by ge healthcare.

GE Healthcare leveraged a top-tier platform in the information technology sector to successfully launch a groundbreaking product. This case study emphasizes the crucial role of analytics in understanding the target audience, leading to a memorable experience and amplified customer satisfaction.

Case Study 2: Virtual Event In The United States

As the demand for virtual events surged, a prominent firm triumphed in hosting a large-scale virtual event using advanced event software. The event offered attendees an interactive experience and demonstrated impressive cost savings, making it a success story worth noting.

Case Study 3: Hybrid Event In The Information Technology Sector

In this customer story, an IT company adeptly bridged the gap between physical and digital spaces, setting up a hybrid event that attracted a broad audience. The event showcased the platform’s security features, underscoring the importance of safety in memorable experiences.

Case Study 4: Esports Competition

This case study recounts how a leading Esports organization used an event software platform to deliver an exceptional experience for attendees, from live streaming to real-time social media integration. This success story encapsulates the power of creating memorable experiences for a specific target audience.

Case Study 5: United Nations Conference

The United Nations harnessed event software to enhance the attendee experience at a crucial conference. With robust analytics, seamless security, and improved customer satisfaction, this case study is an example of how event planners can utilize technology for successful and impactful events.

The Skift Take: These case studies demonstrate the powerful role of event software platforms in facilitating successful events, from product launches to large-scale conferences. Leveraging technology, organizations like GE Healthcare and the United Nations have improved attendee experience, enhanced security, saved costs, and gained valuable insights. These success stories serve as a testament to the transformative potential of information technology in event planning.

Why Event Badges Will Never Be The Same Again [Case Study]

The digital revolution has forever changed the face of event badges. In our case study, we delve into how technology-driven badges have enhanced the event experience, providing not just identity verification, but also serving as a tool for networking, data collection, and improving overall attendee engagement.

How To Increase Engagement With Your Event App By 350% [Case Study]

In this case study, we unravel the strategy behind a staggering 350% increase in event app engagement. Through a blend of user-friendly design, interactive features, and personalized content, the case underlines the power of a well-implemented event app in boosting attendee interaction and enhancing the overall event experience.

How To Meet Green [Case Study]

This case study explores the concept of sustainable event planning. It illustrates how a platform’s features can facilitate ‘green’ events, thereby reducing environmental impact while ensuring a memorable attendee experience. Such initiatives highlight the potential for event software to contribute meaningfully towards global sustainability goals.

How To Increase Attendance By 100+% [Case Study]

This case study explores the tactics employed by an organization which led to a remarkable doubling of event attendance. The successful campaign, powered by a robust event software platform, offered personalized communication, early bird incentives, and an appealing event agenda, demonstrating the potential of effective marketing strategies in boosting event turnout.

How This Event Boosted Their Success [Case Study]

This case study unravels the success journey of an event that significantly boosted their success using a comprehensive event software platform. The strategic use of interactive features, data insights, and exceptional planning led to a remarkable rise in attendee satisfaction and engagement, underlining the game-changing potential of technology in event management.

In the dynamic field of event planning. The power of leveraging advanced platforms in information technology, as demonstrated in the case studies, is clear. Success stories from esteemed organizations such as GE Healthcare. Underscore the invaluable role of event software in facilitating triumphant product launches, virtual and hybrid events, and even esports competitions. The benefits are manifold, including enhanced customer satisfaction, improved security, substantial cost savings, and the generation of valuable analytics to guide future strategies. These case studies serve as tangible proof that the right technology can significantly elevate the success of your event.

If these success stories inspire you to embrace the transformative power of event software. We invite you to experience the difference firsthand. Orderific is ready to demonstrate how our platform can elevate your event planning process. Book a demo with us today and begin your journey towards unprecedented event success.

What role do event case studies play in the event planning and management process?

Event case studies offer real-world examples of successful planning and management strategies, providing valuable insights and lessons.

How can event professionals benefit from studying real-world success stories in the industry?

They can gain practical knowledge, tactics, and inspiration to implement successful strategies in their own events.

What types of insights can event case studies provide for improving future events?

Event case studies provide actionable insights into effective planning strategies, attendee engagement, and ROI optimization.

Are there specific industries or event types that are commonly featured in case studies?

Yes, industries often featured include tech, healthcare, and entertainment, and event types range from corporate events to music festivals.

How can event planners effectively apply lessons learned from case studies to their own projects?

They can apply these lessons by tailoring the strategies highlighted in case studies. Which aligns with their event’s unique needs and goals.

Introduction Enhancing a new employee's onboarding experience is crucial in an increasingly digital world. Through our advanced onboarding software, we Read more

Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the event planning industry, offering event planners innovative tools to craft immersive, personalized experiences. Read more

Introduction Event technology is rapidly evolving, presenting opportunities and challenges for event planners. The adoption of event tech can significantly Read more

Introduction The era of big data has ushered in an unprecedented opportunity for event organizers. The wealth of event data Read more

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Method and system for internet based event management at universities (Case study: Van lang University)

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Chau Ly Thi Huyen; Method and system for internet based event management at universities (Case study: Van lang University). AIP Conf. Proc. 20 September 2021; 2406 (1): 020020. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067064

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Today, organizing events plays an important role in working environment, especially in the educational contexts such as universities. However, the problem with events is that the information is not centrally managed. Therefore, events still haven’t attracted the attention of students, leading to the low number of attendees. At the same time, it is still challenging to check attendance, get information and collect responses from event attendees due to conventional methods. Technology has not been applied to match the trend of smartly connected society in the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Therefore, the research focuses on examining the necessities and needs of event management at universities to propose methods and systems for managing and planning events based on Internet for students. A new Internet-based specific methods and systems with computerized program will help the organizations and information management departments to save organizational costs, improve event management on mobile phones and computers easily, quickly check statistics attendees, and increase the level of student communication and engagement. The specific results were initially developed and trialed at Van Lang University and used as the basis to expand methods and systems to adapt to a smarter society in schools. another university.

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• About Adverse Childhood Experiences
• Risk and Protective Factors
• Program: Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences through Data to Action
• Adverse childhood experiences can have long-term impacts on health, opportunity and well-being.
• Adverse childhood experiences are common and some groups experience them more than others.

What are adverse childhood experiences?

Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years). Examples include: 1

• Experiencing violence, abuse, or neglect.
• Witnessing violence in the home or community.
• Having a family member attempt or die by suicide.

Also included are aspects of the child’s environment that can undermine their sense of safety, stability, and bonding. Examples can include growing up in a household with: 1

• Substance use problems.
• Mental health problems.
• Instability due to parental separation.
• Instability due to household members being in jail or prison.

The examples above are not a complete list of adverse experiences. Many other traumatic experiences could impact health and well-being. This can include not having enough food to eat, experiencing homelessness or unstable housing, or experiencing discrimination. 2 3 4 5 6

Quick facts and stats

ACEs are common. About 64% of adults in the United States reported they had experienced at least one type of ACE before age 18. Nearly one in six (17.3%) adults reported they had experienced four or more types of ACEs. 7

Preventing ACEs could potentially reduce many health conditions. Estimates show up to 1.9 million heart disease cases and 21 million depression cases potentially could have been avoided by preventing ACEs. 1

Some people are at greater risk of experiencing one or more ACEs than others. While all children are at risk of ACEs, numerous studies show inequities in such experiences. These inequalities are linked to the historical, social, and economic environments in which some families live. 5 6 ACEs were highest among females, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native adults, and adults who are unemployed or unable to work. 7

ACEs are costly. ACEs-related health consequences cost an estimated economic burden of $748 billion annually in Bermuda, Canada, and the United States. 8

ACEs can have lasting effects on health and well-being in childhood and life opportunities well into adulthood. 9 Life opportunities include things like education and job potential. These experiences can increase the risks of injury, sexually transmitted infections, and involvement in sex trafficking. They can also increase risks for maternal and child health problems including teen pregnancy, pregnancy complications, and fetal death. Also included are a range of chronic diseases and leading causes of death, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and suicide. 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

ACEs and associated social determinants of health, such as living in under-resourced or racially segregated neighborhoods, can cause toxic stress. Toxic stress, or extended or prolonged stress, from ACEs can negatively affect children’s brain development, immune systems, and stress-response systems. These changes can affect children’s attention, decision-making, and learning. 18

Children growing up with toxic stress may have difficulty forming healthy and stable relationships. They may also have unstable work histories as adults and struggle with finances, jobs, and depression throughout life. 18 These effects can also be passed on to their own children. 19 20 21 Some children may face further exposure to toxic stress from historical and ongoing traumas. These historical and ongoing traumas refer to experiences of racial discrimination or the impacts of poverty resulting from limited educational and economic opportunities. 1 6

Adverse childhood experiences can be prevented. Certain factors may increase or decrease the risk of experiencing adverse childhood experiences.

Preventing adverse childhood experiences requires understanding and addressing the factors that put people at risk for or protect them from violence.

Creating safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments for all children can prevent ACEs and help all children reach their full potential. We all have a role to play.

• Merrick MT, Ford DC, Ports KA, et al. Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:999-1005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6844e1 .
• Cain KS, Meyer SC, Cummer E, Patel KK, Casacchia NJ, Montez K, Palakshappa D, Brown CL. Association of Food Insecurity with Mental Health Outcomes in Parents and Children. Science Direct. 2022; 22:7; 1105-1114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.04.010 .
• Smith-Grant J, Kilmer G, Brener N, Robin L, Underwood M. Risk Behaviors and Experiences Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 23 U.S. States and 11 Local School Districts. Journal of Community Health. 2022; 47: 324-333.
• Experiencing discrimination: Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Impacts of Racism on the Foundations of Health | Annual Review of Public Health https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-101940 .
• Sedlak A, Mettenburg J, Basena M, et al. Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS-4): Report to Congress. Executive Summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health an Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.; 2010.
• Font S, Maguire-Jack K. Pathways from childhood abuse and other adversities to adult health risks: The role of adult socioeconomic conditions. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:390-399.
• Swedo EA, Aslam MV, Dahlberg LL, et al. Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:707–715. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7226a2 .
• Bellis, MA, et al. Life Course Health Consequences and Associated Annual Costs of Adverse Childhood Experiences Across Europe and North America: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Public Health 2019.
• Adverse Childhood Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations with Poor Mental Health and Suicidal Behaviors Among High School Students — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021 | MMWR
• Hillis SD, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Marchbanks PA, Marks JS. The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death. Pediatrics. 2004 Feb;113(2):320-7.
• Miller ES, Fleming O, Ekpe EE, Grobman WA, Heard-Garris N. Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Obstetrics & Gynecology . 2021;138(5):770-776. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004570 .
• Sulaiman S, Premji SS, Tavangar F, et al. Total Adverse Childhood Experiences and Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review. Matern Child Health J . 2021;25(10):1581-1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03176-6 .
• Ciciolla L, Shreffler KM, Tiemeyer S. Maternal Childhood Adversity as a Risk for Perinatal Complications and NICU Hospitalization. Journal of Pediatric Psychology . 2021;46(7):801-813. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab027 .
• Mersky JP, Lee CP. Adverse childhood experiences and poor birth outcomes in a diverse, low-income sample. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2560-8 .
• Reid JA, Baglivio MT, Piquero AR, Greenwald MA, Epps N. No youth left behind to human trafficking: Exploring profiles of risk. American journal of orthopsychiatry. 2019;89(6):704.
• Diamond-Welch B, Kosloski AE. Adverse childhood experiences and propensity to participate in the commercialized sex market. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020 Jun 1;104:104468.
• Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, & Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
• Narayan AJ, Kalstabakken AW, Labella MH, Nerenberg LS, Monn AR, Masten AS. Intergenerational continuity of adverse childhood experiences in homeless families: unpacking exposure to maltreatment versus family dysfunction. Am J Orthopsych. 2017;87(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000133 .
• Schofield TJ, Donnellan MB, Merrick MT, Ports KA, Klevens J, Leeb R. Intergenerational continuity in adverse childhood experiences and rural community environments. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(9):1148-1152. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304598 .
• Schofield TJ, Lee RD, Merrick MT. Safe, stable, nurturing relationships as a moderator of intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment: a meta-analysis. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4 Suppl):S32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.004 .

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

ACEs can have a tremendous impact on lifelong health and opportunity. CDC works to understand ACEs and prevent them.