art and culture essay

Essay on Relationship Between Art And Culture

Students are often asked to write an essay on Relationship Between Art And Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Relationship Between Art And Culture

Introduction.

Art and culture are two sides of the same coin. They are deeply connected. Culture is a way of life, while art is a creative expression of this lifestyle. Art reflects the beliefs, customs, and traditions of a culture.

Art as a Reflection of Culture

Art is a mirror of culture. It shows us what people in a certain culture value. For example, ancient Egyptian art often shows gods and pharaohs, showing their religious beliefs and social hierarchy.

Culture Influences Art

On the other hand, culture influences the kind of art produced. For instance, in a culture where nature is revered, you might find more landscape paintings or nature-inspired sculptures.

Art Preserves Culture

Art also helps to keep culture alive. It records the history and traditions of a culture for future generations. Through art, we can learn about cultures that existed thousands of years ago.

In conclusion, art and culture are closely linked. Art not only reflects culture but also helps to preserve it. It’s a beautiful cycle of influence and preservation.

250 Words Essay on Relationship Between Art And Culture

The bond between art and culture.

Art and culture are two sides of the same coin. They are closely linked and often influence each other. Art is a way for people to express their ideas and feelings. It can be in the form of paintings, music, dance, drama or any other creative activity. On the other hand, culture is the way of life of a group of people. It includes their customs, beliefs, values and traditions.

Art Reflects Culture

Art is a mirror of culture. It shows what a community believes in and values. For example, if a culture values bravery and courage, their art might have images of warriors and heroes. Similarly, if a culture values peace and harmony, their art might have images of nature and tranquility. In this way, art reflects the culture of a society.

Culture also has a big impact on art. It shapes the themes and styles of art. For example, in a culture that values individualism, art might be more experimental and unique. In a culture that values community, art might be more traditional and communal. In this way, culture influences the kind of art that is produced.

The Cycle of Influence

There is a continuous cycle of influence between art and culture. Art reflects culture, and then culture is influenced by this art. This cycle continues, leading to the evolution of both art and culture over time.

In conclusion, art and culture are deeply connected. They influence and reflect each other, creating a rich tapestry of human expression and experience. Understanding this relationship can help us appreciate art and culture in a deeper and more meaningful way.

500 Words Essay on Relationship Between Art And Culture

Art and culture are two sides of the same coin. They are closely linked and often influence each other. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. It includes their beliefs, customs, and practices. Art, on the other hand, is a creative expression that can take many forms like paintings, music, dance, and literature.

The Influence of Culture on Art

Culture plays a big role in shaping art. The beliefs, traditions, and customs of a society can be seen in the art they create. For example, in a society where nature is worshipped, you might see a lot of art that celebrates the beauty of nature. The same goes for societies that value heroes or religious figures. Their art often showcases these figures in a grand and impressive way.

The Impact of Art on Culture

Just as culture can shape art, art can also influence culture. Art can introduce new ideas and perspectives to a culture. It can challenge old beliefs and encourage people to think in new ways. For example, a painting or a song can make people see a social issue in a different light. This can lead to changes in the way people think and behave, which in turn can change the culture.

Art often serves as a mirror to the culture it comes from. It reflects the values, conflicts, and aspirations of the people. By looking at the art of a society, we can learn a lot about their way of life. For example, the art of ancient Egypt tells us about their religious beliefs and their reverence for pharaohs. Similarly, the art of the Renaissance period reflects the values of humanism and the importance of individual expression.

Art and Cultural Exchange

Art also plays a key role in cultural exchange. When art from one culture is shared with another, it can lead to a better understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures. This can promote peace and harmony among different cultures. For example, when we listen to music or watch films from different parts of the world, we get a glimpse into their culture. This helps us understand and respect their way of life.

In conclusion, art and culture are closely connected. They influence each other and often reflect each other. Art is a powerful tool that can shape culture and promote cultural understanding. By appreciating art, we can also appreciate the rich diversity of cultures around the world.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Introduction

Art is the expression of one’s views and feelings, which may take many forms like dance, music, painting , literature or theatre. By seeing the art of a particular country, we can easily understand its inherent culture. Thus, it is right to say that art and culture play a great role in the growth of a country. When people share common beliefs, attitudes and values, it becomes the culture of that nation, which artists try to capture and manifest through their art.

India is a country that is rich in diverse culture and art. With many communities coexisting with each other, one can witness the diversity in languages and beliefs of the country. The essay on Indian art and culture will be useful for students to familiarise themselves with the distinct features of India’s unique culture and art.

India’s Art and Culture

Just like there are many beautiful flowers in different shapes and colours in a garden , India also has such variety in art and culture. Although people in India follow different cultures, all of them live together in harmony, and this is what sets India apart from other countries. Each state in the country has a distinct culture or tradition, which is passed down to them by their ancestors. We will go through the diversity of India in this art and culture essay.

Interestingly, the language also varies from state to state. Despite these differences, the people of India live in unity and peace as they respect and love each other.

Indian clothing is another important factor that defines the country’s culture. The style of clothing differs according to the geographical place they live in, and yet, they contribute to the culture of the country.

Art is closely related to the culture of a country as they speak about the rich heritage of the nation. Indian art has many forms to which many notable personalities have contributed. If we are familiar with the works of Raja Ravi Varma or Rabindranath Tagore, it reveals that they have been successful in portraying Indian culture through their art. Being one of the oldest cultures, India’s culture reminds us of the virtues of unity and integrity in this essay on Indian art and culture. Let us also teach our children more about our nation through these interesting sets of GK questions .

Importance of Art and Culture

Art and culture are the identity of a nation, which helps us to understand the world around us better. As it brings people together, it offers us the opportunity to learn from each other and understand how there is unity even in diversity. Moreover, art and culture help in building the country as they preserve our heritage and creativity. Indian art and culture are what keep us binding together, and we are proud of it.

You can find more essays similar to the art essay on BYJU’S website. Also, you can explore a range of kid-friendly learning resources, such as short stories, poems, worksheets, etc., for little learners on the website.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is india rich in art and culture.

India is a multicultural country that practises different art forms like dance, music, theatre, sculpting, painting, etc. Many notable names are associated with Indian art as they have contributed immensely to their fields. In addition, India’s culture is ingrained in its different religious practices and festivals celebrated by all.

What are the different languages spoken in India?

Since India is a diverse country, many languages are spoken in the country. Some languages spoken in India include Bengali, Hindi, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu, Urdu and Konkani, among many others.

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IELTS Essay on Art and Culture: Samples

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Updated on 27 February, 2024

upGrad Abroad Team

Upgrad abroad editorial team.

The essays in International English Language Testing System (IELTS) exams come with specific themes and topics that aspirants have to write on. IELTS essay on Art and Culture   is one of the common topics that you can practice while preparing for the IELTS exam. The minimum word limit for it is 250 words, while there is no upper limit. Candidates should aim to complete the essays within a maximum of 40 minutes.

Table of Contents

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Why Should Current Education Models Include Art and Culture?

Art is so much more than a medium of expression. While it helps local craftspeople promote their creativity and culture, developing synergy between different communities is essential. Beyond culture, art also promotes people's cognitive abilities and critical skills, especially in children. If art is excluded from the academic curriculum, a child will face difficulties adapting to new cultures and environments. 

Art helps the younger generation adopt a diverse opinion set and successfully influences people towards the roots of society. It is also scientifically proven that art can help in reducing interdisciplinary actions, increasing attendance, and helping kids respond better in classrooms. However, some people can argue against the cause by replacing art lessons with academic concepts. In my opinion, eliminating art from school programs is another way to invite trouble and make education boring. With art, kids have the opportunity to bond with each other and creatively present their ideas. 

It is believed that children have gifted creative abilities, and regular art lessons can help stimulate their intellect. In the earlier stages of life, kids often find it challenging to catch up with linguistic capabilities and problem-solving skills. However, art helps simplify basic concepts, thus strengthening their overall academic acumen. It does not mean that academics should entirely be replaced by art. Both entities are equally important and must be essential for school coursework. However, if taught together, academics and art can bring a new change in a kid's life by giving them a healthy balance of all subjects. 

Apart from academic development, art is also linked to improved emotional intelligence in children. All art forms help stimulate emotions and present 21st-century educators with an innovative way to help kids think better. Teachers can also use art to explain scientific topics in an improved manner. For example, kids are more likely to learn basic mathematics if they see diagrammatic representation rather than just writing numbers on their notebooks. 

To conclude, we can say that schools must include art in the coursework. While some people believe it will distract and poorly affect kids' grades, it is not entirely true. Art helps kids connect with their culture at the root level and brings a sense of belonging. Overall, students can also express their values more clearly, thus making it easy for parents and teachers to track their progress.

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More and More People are Turning Towards Technology and Business. How and Why should we Promote Art and Culture?

Art has presented a medium for different cultures to express their values and connect. As a result, we come across an array of art forms all across the globe. All these forms are interrelated and possess similarities and dissimilarities. While art has played a crucial role in connecting society, we also notice more people turning to science, technology, and business sectors. 

This shift in priorities can be attributed to the lack of basic infrastructure and an everlasting need to improve the lifestyle. People believe that art is a mere expression form and not a means of adding value and character to their lives. While it is easy to admire a canvas painting or a marble sculpture, it does not improve the way our society operates. For example, a science degree is likely to get a well-paid job in a multinational corporation compared to an art degree. However, it is not entirely true. Art has given most communities a way to sustain their cultural values. Additionally, it has also been a source of revenue for underprivileged communities and resulted in their cultural and financial empowerment. Therefore, authorities must take the proper steps to promote and revive gradually disappearing art forms. 

Government can take the much-needed steps to promote art by organizing cultural events and opening more national galleries. A formal acknowledgment and celebration of the art form will help create more awareness of the cause. 

While technology has presented people with a way to connect, it has also created a more extensive community divide by acting as a two-edged sword. Art can help fill that void and bring together a larger proportion of people. Technology has made all forms of content more accessible. It has ultimately resulted in shorter attention spans. But with the promotion of art and culture at the root level, we can expect more development in our cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills. 

In conclusion, we can safely say that art is losing popularity and importance as it does not help people scale their careers. However, there is a growing need for the promotion of art. It helps us connect to our cultural roots and presents us with a way to express our thoughts and ideas. Government should focus on allotting a separate budget for the art and culture sector and provide more job opportunities in the same field. 

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Essay on Art

500 words essay on art.

Each morning we see the sunshine outside and relax while some draw it to feel relaxed. Thus, you see that art is everywhere and anywhere if we look closely. In other words, everything in life is artwork. The essay on art will help us go through the importance of art and its meaning for a better understanding.

What is Art?

For as long as humanity has existed, art has been part of our lives. For many years, people have been creating and enjoying art.  It expresses emotions or expression of life. It is one such creation that enables interpretation of any kind.

It is a skill that applies to music, painting, poetry, dance and more. Moreover, nature is no less than art. For instance, if nature creates something unique, it is also art. Artists use their artwork for passing along their feelings.

Thus, art and artists bring value to society and have been doing so throughout history. Art gives us an innovative way to view the world or society around us. Most important thing is that it lets us interpret it on our own individual experiences and associations.

Art is similar to live which has many definitions and examples. What is constant is that art is not perfect or does not revolve around perfection. It is something that continues growing and developing to express emotions, thoughts and human capacities.

Importance of Art

Art comes in many different forms which include audios, visuals and more. Audios comprise songs, music, poems and more whereas visuals include painting, photography, movies and more.

You will notice that we consume a lot of audio art in the form of music, songs and more. It is because they help us to relax our mind. Moreover, it also has the ability to change our mood and brighten it up.

After that, it also motivates us and strengthens our emotions. Poetries are audio arts that help the author express their feelings in writings. We also have music that requires musical instruments to create a piece of art.

Other than that, visual arts help artists communicate with the viewer. It also allows the viewer to interpret the art in their own way. Thus, it invokes a variety of emotions among us. Thus, you see how essential art is for humankind.

Without art, the world would be a dull place. Take the recent pandemic, for example, it was not the sports or news which kept us entertained but the artists. Their work of arts in the form of shows, songs, music and more added meaning to our boring lives.

Therefore, art adds happiness and colours to our lives and save us from the boring monotony of daily life.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of the Essay on Art

All in all, art is universal and can be found everywhere. It is not only for people who exercise work art but for those who consume it. If there were no art, we wouldn’t have been able to see the beauty in things. In other words, art helps us feel relaxed and forget about our problems.

FAQ of Essay on Art

Question 1: How can art help us?

Answer 1: Art can help us in a lot of ways. It can stimulate the release of dopamine in your bodies. This will in turn lower the feelings of depression and increase the feeling of confidence. Moreover, it makes us feel better about ourselves.

Question 2: What is the importance of art?

Answer 2: Art is essential as it covers all the developmental domains in child development. Moreover, it helps in physical development and enhancing gross and motor skills. For example, playing with dough can fine-tune your muscle control in your fingers.

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The Value of Art Why should we care about art?

One of the first questions raised when talking about art is simple—why should we care? Art in the contemporary era is easy to dismiss as a selfish pastime for people who have too much time on their hands. Creating art doesn't cure disease, build roads, or feed the poor. So to understand the value of art, let’s look at how art has been valued through history and consider how it is valuable today.

The value of creating

At its most basic level, the act of creating is rewarding in itself. Children draw for the joy of it before they can speak, and creating pictures, sculptures and writing is both a valuable means of communicating ideas and simply fun. Creating is instinctive in humans, for the pleasure of exercising creativity. While applied creativity is valueable in a work context, free-form creativity leads to new ideas.

Material value

Through the ages, art has often been created from valuable materials. Gold , ivory and gemstones adorn medieval crowns , and even the paints used by renaissance artists were made from rare materials like lapis lazuli , ground into pigment. These objects have creative value for their beauty and craftsmanship, but they are also intrinsically valuable because of the materials they contain.

Historical value

Artwork is a record of cultural history. Many ancient cultures are entirely lost to time except for the artworks they created, a legacy that helps us understand our human past. Even recent work can help us understand the lives and times of its creators, like the artwork of African-American artists during the Harlem Renaissance . Artwork is inextricably tied to the time and cultural context it was created in, a relationship called zeitgeist , making art a window into history.

Religious value

For religions around the world, artwork is often used to illustrate their beliefs. Depicting gods and goddesses, from Shiva to the Madonna , make the concepts of faith real to the faithful. Artwork has been believed to contain the spirits of gods or ancestors, or may be used to imbue architecture with an aura of awe and worship like the Badshahi Mosque .

Patriotic value

Art has long been a source of national pride, both as an example of the skill and dedication of a country’s artisans and as expressions of national accomplishments and history, like the Arc de Triomphe , a heroic monument honoring the soldiers who died in the Napoleonic Wars. The patriotic value of art slides into propaganda as well, used to sway the populace towards a political agenda.

Symbolic value

Art is uniquely suited to communicating ideas. Whether it’s writing or painting or sculpture, artwork can distill complex concepts into symbols that can be understood, even sometimes across language barriers and cultures. When art achieves symbolic value it can become a rallying point for a movement, like J. Howard Miller’s 1942 illustration of Rosie the Riveter, which has become an icon of feminism and women’s economic impact across the western world.

Societal value

And here’s where the rubber meets the road: when we look at our world today, we see a seemingly insurmountable wave of fear, bigotry, and hatred expressed by groups of people against anyone who is different from them. While issues of racial and gender bias, homophobia and religious intolerance run deep, and have many complex sources, much of the problem lies with a lack of empathy. When you look at another person and don't see them as human, that’s the beginning of fear, violence and war. Art is communication. And in the contemporary world, it’s often a deeply personal communication. When you create art, you share your worldview, your history, your culture and yourself with the world. Art is a window, however small, into the human struggles and stories of all people. So go see art, find art from other cultures, other religions, other orientations and perspectives. If we learn about each other, maybe we can finally see that we're all in this together. Art is a uniquely human expression of creativity. It helps us understand our past, people who are different from us, and ultimately, ourselves.

Reed Enger, "The Value of Art, Why should we care about art?," in Obelisk Art History , Published June 24, 2017; last modified November 08, 2022, http://www.arthistoryproject.com/essays/the-value-of-art/.

Introduction to Art

30,000 years of human creativity

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Cross-Cultural Psychology

Art across cultures: a tapestry of diverse expressions, exploring the impact of culture on artistic perception and creation..

Posted June 4, 2024 | Reviewed by Monica Vilhauer

• The diversity of artistic expression worldwide emphasizes culture's role in art creation and perception.
• Emotional reactions to art and aesthetic judgments are deeply influenced by cultural factors as well.
• Understanding cross-cultural perspectives on art fosters empathy and inclusivity in the global art community.

This post is written by Hreem Mahadeshwar and Valedeen D'Souza, Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai.

Art is like a deep, shared language that shows us the beauty and complexity of our cultures. Going beyond words, it helps us capture the elements that make each civilization unique and also succeeds in giving us a glimpse into the hearts of those who create it. More often than not, artists use the rich traditions and symbols of their backgrounds to inspire their creations, weaving their cultural stories into their work. The diversity of artistic expression worldwide—from the intricate calligraphy found in Islamic art, which is not just an aesthetic endeavor but also a profound manifestation of cultural and religious significance, to the vibrant patterns and colors in African art, rooted deeply in the continent's rich traditions—highlights the significant role culture plays in art creation. With various kinds of cultures present it isn't hard to posit that individuals from different cultures could perceive art through unique cognitive frameworks developed within their cultural contexts.

This cultural shaping extends into the cognitive processes that underlie artistic expression and appreciation. Culture molds our cognitive frameworks, influencing how we perceive, create, and interpret art. A study found that cultural differences between the East and West profoundly affect perception and thought processes, which in turn can be reflected in artistic expressions. For example, the emphasis on perspective and individual elements in Western art contrasts with the focus on harmony and the relationship between elements in Eastern art. These distinctions not only celebrate the diversity of artistic expression but also underscore how cultural contexts shape our appreciation and understanding of art.

Moreover, the varied use of symbols in art across different cultures adds layers of meaning and complexity to the global art landscape. The meanings attributed to colors, shapes, and motifs, and the storytelling and narrative techniques, vary significantly across cultures, enriching the art world with diverse perspectives. The color red , for instance, may symbolize luck and prosperity in Chinese culture, whereas it might represent negative connotations like blood or danger in some Western contexts. Additionally, storytelling and narrative techniques exhibit remarkable variation across cultural traditions, enriching the world of art with diverse perspectives.

Japanese manga also offers a unique way of telling stories that's different from Western comics. Its special distinctive panel layouts along with its unique storytelling ways provide a rather contrasting narrative experience compared to that of Western comic books. More specifically, manga’s narrative style is deeply influenced by Japanese aesthetics and values, emphasizing the flow of time and the internal states of characters, often through the use of visually quiet, contemplative panels that contrast sharply with the action. As emphasized by Scott McCloud in “ Understanding Comics ”, Western comics tend to be rooted in American and European traditions. Thus they emphasize the external action and dynamics between characters, with a stronger focus on linear storytelling and direct conflict. The art style in Western comics often highlights realism and proportion, with a vibrant color palette used to capture the attention and convey the mood or tone of the scene. The narrative structure is generally more straightforward, with each panel pushing the story forward through action or dialogue. These cultural differences in symbolism and narrative techniques not only underscore the diversity of artistic expression but also draw attention to the role of cultural context in the interpretation of art.

Cultural backgrounds significantly shape how individuals perceive and engage with artworks, particularly through the lens of attentional processes. Cultural values, aesthetic norms, and familiarity influence what aspects of art capture attention. Cultural priming further accentuates attentional biases towards culturally congruent stimuli. For instance, while Western cultures tend to put more emphasis on the object itself, East Asian cultures pay more attention to the context surrounding the object. By recognizing and embracing the differences between cultures, we can make enjoying art a more inclusive and rewarding experience for everyone.

Also, in many cultures, people feel and show their emotions together, collectively , creating a sense of harmony, togetherness, and shared happiness . This contrasts with cultures that value individuality, where personal reactions to art can include deep self-reflection, intense feelings, and thoughts about life's big questions. This shows that different cultures have their own ways of understanding and showing emotions, which could play a role in the way individuals from various cultures look at a particular artwork. When we learn about these differences, we start to appreciate the wide range of human experiences and creativity even more. Recognizing how our backgrounds influence our views and feelings towards art helps us become more open-minded and respectful of others. This approach to art opens our hearts to the beauty of diversity, bringing us closer to art lovers around the world.

In the rich tapestry of human culture, art serves as a vibrant reflection of our diverse experiences. Rooted in cultural heritage, artistic expression resonates with varied emotions and perspectives across societies. Understanding these cross-cultural dynamics enriches our appreciation of art's universal appeal and cultural specificity. By acknowledging the influence of cultural factors on artistic interpretation and emotional reactions, we cultivate empathy and understanding across diverse cultural contexts. Ultimately, embracing cultural diversity enhances the inclusivity and richness of our artistic experiences, fostering a deeper connection to the global art community.

Monk Prayogshala Research Institution is a not-for-profit academic research institution in Mumbai, India.

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Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays

Early cycladic art and culture.

Marble female figure

Marble seated harp player

Marble head from the figure of a woman

Marble spouted bowl

Attributed to the Bastis Master

Terracotta kernos (vase for multiple offerings)

Terracotta jar

Terracotta jug

Department of Greek and Roman Art , The Metropolitan Museum of Art

October 2004

The Cyclades, a group of islands in the southwestern Aegean, comprises some thirty small islands and numerous islets. The ancient Greeks called them kyklades , imagining them as a circle ( kyklos ) around the sacred island of Delos, the site of the holiest sanctuary to Apollo. Many of the Cycladic Islands are particularly rich in mineral resources—iron ores, copper, lead ores, gold, silver, emery, obsidian, and marble, the marbles of Paros and Naxos among the finest in the world. Archaeological evidence points to sporadic Neolithic settlements on Antiparos, Melos, Mykonos, Naxos, and other Cycladic Islands at least as early as the sixth millennium B.C. These earliest settlers probably cultivated barley and wheat, and most likely fished the Aegean for tunny and other fish. They were also accomplished sculptors in stone, as attested by significant finds of marble figurines on Saliagos (near Paros and Antiparos). In the third millennium B.C., a distinctive civilization, commonly called the Early Cycladic culture (ca. 3200–2300 B.C.), emerged with important settlement sites on Keros and at Halandriani on Syros. At this time in the Early Bronze Age, metallurgy developed at a fast pace in the Mediterranean. It was especially fortuitous for the Early Cycladic culture that their islands were rich in iron ores and copper, and that they offered a favorable route across the Aegean. Inhabitants turned to fishing, shipbuilding, and exporting of their mineral resources, as trade flourished between the Cyclades, Minoan Crete , Helladic Greece, and the coast of Asia Minor.

Early Cycladic culture can be divided into two main phases, the Grotta-Pelos (Early Cycladic I) culture (ca. 3200?–2700 B.C.), and the Keros-Syros (Early Cycladic II) culture (ca. 2700–2400/2300 B.C.). These names correspond to significant burial sites. Unfortunately, few settlements from the Early Cycladic period have been found, and much of the evidence for the culture comes from assemblages of objects, mostly marble vessels and figurines, that the islanders buried with their dead. Varying qualities and quantities of grave goods point to disparities in wealth, suggesting that some form of social ranking was emerging in the Cyclades at this time.

The majority of Cycladic marble vessels and sculptures were produced during the Grotta-Pelos and Keros-Syros periods. Early Cycladic sculpture comprises predominantly female figures that range from simple modification of the stone to developed representations of the human form, some with natural proportions and some more idealized ( 1972.118.104 ; 68.148 ). Many of these figures, especially those of the Spedos type, display a remarkable consistency in form and proportion that suggests they were planned with a compass. Scientific analysis has shown that the surface of the marble was painted with mineral-based pigments—azurite for blue and iron ores, or cinnabar for red. The vessels from this period—bowls ( 2001.766 ), vases, kandelas (collared vases), and bottles—display bold, simple forms that reinforce the Early Cycladic predilection for a harmony of parts and conscious preservation of proportion.

Department of Greek and Roman Art. “Early Cycladic Art and Culture.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ecyc/hd_ecyc.htm (October 2004)

Further Reading

Barber, R. L. N. The Cyclades in the Bronze Age . Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1987.

Fitton, J. Lesley. Cycladic Art . 2d ed. London: British Museum Press, 1999.

Getz-Gentle, Pat. Early Cycladic Sculpture: An Introduction . Rev. ed. Malibu, Calif.: Getty Museum, 1994.

Getz-Gentle, Pat. Sculptors of the Cyclades: Individual and Tradition in the Third Millennium B.C . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987.

Hendrix, Elizabeth. "Painted Ladies of the Early Bronze Age." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 55 (Winter 1997–98), pp. 4–15. See on MetPublications

Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary . 3d ed., rev. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Lawrence, A. W. Greek Architecture . 4th ed., rev. by R. A. Tomlinson. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983.

Mertens, Joan R. "Some Long Thoughts on Early Cycladic Sculpture." Metropolitan Museum Journal 33 (1998), pp. 7–22. See on MetPublications

Greek Art of the Aegean Islands . Exhibition catalogue. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979. See on MetPublications

Papathanasopoulos, G. Neolithic and Cycladic Civilization . Athens: Melissa, 1981.

Pedley, John Griffiths. Greek Art and Archaeology . 2d ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998.

Renfrew, Colin. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C . London: Methuen, 1972.

Schallin, Ann-Louise. Islands under Influence: The Cyclades in the Late Bronze Age and the Nature of the Mycenaean Presence . Jonsered: P. Astrom, 1993.

Thimme, Jürgen, ed. Art and Culture of the Cyclades: Handbook of an Ancient Civilisation . Karlsruhe: C. F. Müller, 1977.

Vermeule, Emily. Greece in the Bronze Age . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

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Art and Culture: Critical Essays Paperback – January 1, 1965

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• Print length 288 pages
• Language English
• Publisher Beacon Press
• Publication date January 1, 1965
• Dimensions 5.4 x 0.7 x 8 inches
• ISBN-10 0807066818
• ISBN-13 978-0807066812
• See all details

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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Beacon Press; Edition Unstated (January 1, 1965)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 288 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0807066818
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0807066812
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 11.4 ounces
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.4 x 0.7 x 8 inches
• #1,117 in Arts & Photography Criticism
• #1,320 in Essays (Books)
• #1,855 in Art History (Books)

About the author

Clement greenberg.

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Art writing task 2 questions for IELTS

Here you can find common IELTS essay questions for "Art" topic.

For a long time art has been considered an essential part of all cultures in the world. However, nowadays people’s values have changed, and we tend to consider science, technology and business more important than arts.

What do you think are the causes of this?

What can be done to draw people’s attention to art?

The government's investment in arts, music and theatre is a waste of money. Governments should invest these funds in public services instead.

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Studying art in school improves students' performance in other subjects, because it is easier for multi-skilled students to learn new things. That's why art should be obligatory in schools.

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Jahman Anikulapo: A Hero of Culture’s Underdogs | Sanya Osha | Essay

by Sanya Osha

June 05, 2024

Lagos Book and Art Festival (LABAF) turns twenty-five this year, and Sanya Osha highlights the contributions of one of the co-founders of the event.

Jahman Anikulapo is clearly a colossus within artistic circles in Nigeria for the sheer amount of work, dedication and sacrifice he has put in to ensure that contemporary art in the country is visible and well represented. When he embarked on the eventful quest as a ‘culture worker’, many would not have guessed the mild-mannered, unassuming man would have such a transformative impact on how the art world was run and positioned. Jahman came upon the scene quietly but not long after, he established himself as a key player equally at home with artists, foreign cultural centres and a wide variety of government officials working in the culture sector. It is this remarkably smooth ability to veer into different spheres of activity without causing rancour or undue friction that has made him the go-to-guy in all matters of culture in Nigeria.

He worked for many years for The Guardian Newspapers during its golden era under the mentorship of the equally selfless Ben Tomoloju. In 1991, he was drafted by Toyin Akinoso, Yomi Layinka, Tunde Lanipekun and Jossy Ogbuanoh to pen the mission statement of the Committee for Relevant (CORA), a gathering that mediates the gulf between government and the culture sector. Chika Okeke-Agulu – now a professor in the Department of African American Studies, Princeton University – subsequently joined them as a student, and he’s credited as a co-founder. Anikulapo was a reporter when he was enlisted and eventually became a stalwart of the group.

Similarly, the Lagos Book and Art Festival (LABAF) was inaugurated in September 1999 by Akinosho and Anikulapo as National Creativity Day and to welcome Chinua Achebe back home after his automobile accident in 1991 which confined him to a wheel chair for the rest  of his life. Thus, for over three decades, LABAF has been at the forefront of promoting Nigerian literary culture internationally.

Anikulapo went on to co-found the iRepresent International Film Festival (iREP) which showcases documentaries – along with Femi Odugbemi and Makin Soyinka in March 2010.

After serving The Guardian Newspapers for twenty-five years he temporarily disengaged from active journalism as the editor of the Sunday edition. Nonetheless, he serves as an advisor and sits on the editorial board of NaijaTimes , an online publication. In addition, he assists as Wole Soyinka’s media assistant. Currently, he’s engaged in a flurry of events to mark Soyinka’s 90 th birthday celebrations. His post- Guardian years have largely involved a deeper immersion in theatre and film pursuits either as a resource person, facilitator or organiser of a bewildering range of events. And he’s managed to accomplish all of this without being narcissistic or hogging the spotlight. This almost overwhelming sense of modesty is what grants his varied accomplishments an even keener edge.

Indeed, his names, Jahman Anikulapo, reveal a great deal about his character and values. Jahman, obviously a Rastafarian reference, calls to mind Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, three incontrovertible icons of reggae. These legendary Jamaican musicians not only thrust reggae onto the global stage with their transcendent music but also managed to forge an ethos of selflessness and social commitment. The name Jahman also alludes to a wellspring of spirituality. These values are also central to the sort of practice Jahman was able to evolve.

Anikulapo, on the other hand, immediately evokes another great icon of social and artistic transformation, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti. Anikulapo-Kuti, as we all know, employed music as a weapon. Jahman – originally an indigene of Abeokuta, Anikulapo-Kuti’s hometown – on his part, believes art must strive towards relevance and that a central part of the beauty of art stems from its transformative impact. It is intended that such therapeutic effects would in turn lead to the alleviation of social neuroses. Jahman’s practice is deeply informed by this belief in the restorative powers of culture. In the Southern part of Africa, this kind of belief can be found in the philosophy of ubuntu or in a crudely put aphorism, “we are, therefore, I am.” From Jahman’s vantage point, the communal antecedents of art are important for its reception and appreciation. And so, all through his professional life, he has sought to form collectives that downplay the role of the self-seeking ego in favour of the wisdom and integrity of the communal. How he managed this incredible feat in the cauldron of fiery egotists that Lagos often is can only be imagined. To do so, one can only surmise, must have entailed a sleight of hand involving Zen-like psychosocial engineering.

Many would want to wish Jahman an even more productive final phase after turning 60 last year and having led a focused and well spent life. It is quite apt to say Jahman elicits a lot of admiration for the way in which he has conducted his personal and professional lives. I can recall his conduct and performance during one of my first journalistic assignments to cover an art exhibition at Newton Jibunoh’s Didi Museum on Victoria Island, Lagos in the early 1990s, which were simply delectable. I was a novice journalist and he expertly chaperoned me without even giving a hint of doing so. In other words, he didn’t condescend to me even though there was so much I learnt from him in one evening.

I have never really admired artists doubling as art administrators as the case of some presidents of our art associations (e.g. Performing Musicians Association of Nigeria (PMAN), theatre bodies and literary fraternities have demonstrated. Many of them began as artists and ended up as controversial, fractious and sometimes even mediocre administrators who ended up producing very few pieces of art worth talking about.

Jahman never deceived himself, at least not publicly, about being an artist and instead he concentrated in seeing that the arts and artists are well represented in policy decisions. CORA has become a veritable institution for not only forging a collective voice for Nigerian artists but also honouring the achievements of ageing or pioneer artists who are unfairly ignored in the public eye. In representing appropriately, the achievements of this category of artists, Jahman and his team at CORA are not only paying homage to the entrenched African tradition of according respect to our elders but also exhibiting in the most discreet way, their deep sense of patriotism, dedication and humanity. By adopting this sort of stance, Jahman is affirming that the values inherent in the art of preservation are an integral part of the art-making process.

In this way, among others, he goes against the grain and instead manages to establish a path for those who wish to devote themselves fully to the arts and artists without self-seeking publicity motives. Nigeria definitely needs more of his kind as he ponders what new paths to explore at this stage of his life. He ought to draw comfort from the fact that he has done his best which is better than what most of us have achieved. There is indeed a lot to be thankful for, least of all, Anikulapo’s championing of the cause of the cultural underdog in a context that is paradoxically compromised by ever-growing philistinism.

Image courtesy of Sanya Osha

• Jahman Anikulapo
• Lagos Book & Arts Festival

Sanya Osha, a Cape Town based writer and scholar, is a fellow of the African Studies Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands and a research associate with ZMO Berlin, Germany. He was a frequent contributor to Africa Review of Books/Revue Africaine des Livres. His other work has appeared in Gadfly Online, Transition, African American Review, The Black Scholar, Diogenes, African Writers Magazine,  Review of African Political Economy, Culture Review Magazine, Africa-in-Words, Africa is a Country, Nigrizia, Los Angeles Review of Books, World Literature Today,  Johannesburg Review of Books, and elsewhere.

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Blackface: The Birth of An American Stereotype

Historian Dale Cockrell once noted that poor and working-class whites who felt “squeezed politically, economically, and socially from the top, but also from the bottom, invented minstrelsy” as a way of expressing the oppression that marked being members of the majority, but outside of the white norm. Minstrelsy, comedic performances of “blackness” by whites in exaggerated costumes and make-up, cannot be separated fully from the racial derision and stereotyping at its core.  By distorting the features and culture of African Americans—including their looks, language, dance, deportment, and character—white Americans were able to codify whiteness across class and geopolitical lines as its antithesis.

The whole idea of a stereotype is to simplify. Chinua Achebe

The pervasiveness of stereotypical images like these made the civil rights efforts of African Americans even more difficult. The black people represented here were irresponsible, laughable, and difficult to understand. If white people accepted these stereotypes, it became that much easier to deny African Americans the full rights of citizenship. 

The first minstrel shows were performed in 1830s New York by white performers with blackened faces (most used burnt cork or shoe polish) and tattered clothing who imitated and mimicked enslaved Africans on Southern plantations. These performances characterized blacks as lazy, ignorant, superstitious, hypersexual, and prone to thievery and cowardice. Thomas Dartmouth Rice, known as the “Father of Minstrelsy,” developed the first popularly known blackface character, “Jim Crow” in 1830. By 1845, the popularity of the minstrel had spawned an entertainment subindustry, manufacturing songs and sheet music, makeup, costumes, as well as a ready-set of stereotypes upon which to build new performances.

Cover to early edition of Jump Jim Crow sheet music.

Blackface performances grew particularly popular between the end of the Civil War and the turn-of-the century in Northern and Midwestern cities, where regular interaction with African Americans was limited.  White racial animus grew following Emancipation when antebellum stereotypes collided with actual African Americans and their demands for full citizenship including the right to vote.  The influence of minstrelsy and racial stereotyping on American society cannot be overstated.  New media ushered minstrel performances from the stage, across radio and television airwaves, and into theaters.  Popular American actors, including Shirley Temple, Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney donned blackface, bridging the minstrel performance across generations, and making blackface (racial parody, and stereotypes) a family amusement.

Blackface and the codifying of blackness— language, movement, deportment, and character—as caricature persists through mass media and in public performances today.  In addition to the increased popularity of “black” Halloween costumes, colleges and universities across the country continue to battle against student and professor blackface performances.  In each instance, those facing scrutiny for blackface performances insist no malice or racial hatred was intended.

View objects in our collection related to blackface and minstrelsy.

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Check and Proofread My Resume: The Importance of Having a Professional Edit Your Resume

As students embark on their career journeys, creating an impressive resume becomes one of the essential 'small efforts' that has lasting effects. A resume often serves as the initial point of interaction with prospective employers; therefore, making it flawless is of utmost importance. Just as we rely on review writing service for assistance with choosing academic assistance providers, relying on professionals is wise for resume editing services reviews too. Let’s find out why.

Why Professional Eyes Matter

Unfortunately, writing a resume on our own can often be an exercise in futility. We list our qualifications and experiences and hope they pass the Applicant Tracking Systems, but is that enough?

• An External Perspective: Sometimes, we become so immersed in our own narrative that we fail to identify discrepancies and gaps that are more easily overlooked by internal reviewers. External reviewers offer a fresh perspective that allows them to identify redundancies or gaps we might otherwise overlook.
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Beyond Grammar: The Art of Effective Communication

While error-free content is crucial, its real power lies in how well your application communicates. That is where professional editing helps elevate your resume application.

• Clarity and Brevity: Professionals can assist in crafting an uncluttered resume that showcases your achievements and skills succinctly.
• Active Voice and Potency of Words: Utilizing active voice and potent action verbs will make your accomplishments truly stand out. Consulting a professional is often helpful for tailoring language so every word counts towards reaching its intended purpose.
• Format and Design: When it comes to readability, layout, and design play an equally crucial role. An editor can advise on formatting solutions so your content is presented in an easily digestible manner.

And here is the thing - we often rely on essay services reviews to verify our choices, much as seeking feedback on your resume is about ensuring it can withstand scrutiny.

Why Every Word Counts 

Are you asking whether every word on your resume counts? The answer is an emphatic "yes." A resume is more than a mere summary - it serves as an effective marketing tool, showcasing who you are as an employee in an employer's eyes, so every word matters when selling yourself as a potential candidate for employment. That’s why coursework writing service help is crucial – it can help you choose the right words.

• Asserting Your Image: Every aspect of the writing, including the language used and accomplishments highlighted, as well as verbs used when describing roles, can paint an accurate portrait of who you are - be it someone proactive and results-driven or one who just went through the motions.
• Stand Out From the Crowd: As recruiters review resumes, unique phrases or achievements tend to grab their attention first. Professionals choose words carefully for your resume so you can ensure it stands out.
• Being Genuine: While presenting the best version of yourself is key, being truthful should also be prioritized. Your actions and words should reflect who you really are as an individual - overstatements may backfire when applying for jobs, especially during interviews.

Content Is Half the Battle

Crafting engaging content is only half the battle; creating an effective resume structure can dramatically impact potential employers' impression of you. Professional editing can elevate the content and make you stand out from the rest.

• Guided Reading Experience: By choosing an effective format for your resume, professionals can direct the reader's eyes toward its most essential parts. Highlighting specific sections or using bold font for key achievements, or even using whitespace effectively can make your document more scannable and reader-friendly.
• Professionalism: By investing time in formatting demonstrates a dedication to professional communication of information and speaks volumes about your work ethic.
• Compatibility: Resumes are frequently screened by software before being read by humans, so having a clear, standard format ensures yours can easily be read by these systems.

After Your Edited Resume – Essay Services Reviews Advice 

Even once you have your edited and proofread resume, the work doesn't stop there - as job markets change constantly, staying current is essential to staying relevant in today's job market. Get feedback and refine continuously for best results when updating and refining resumes is necessary, whether through soliciting feedback or ongoing revision.

• Peer Review: Just as students rely on essay services reviews to select the ideal writing aids, seeking feedback from peers or mentors in your industry may yield invaluable insights. They might help identify areas for improvement you overlooked or provide insight on more concise ways of framing certain points.
• Maintain an Up-to-Date Resume: Be sure to regularly update your resume with any new skills, certifications, or experiences that might become relevant - an up-to-date resume can always be ready for any opportunity that comes knocking.
• Stay Informed: Just as universities provide their students with essay feedback, various platforms offer insights into current resume trends. Be sure to stay abreast of this information to make sure your resume doesn't look out of date!

Final Thoughts

Your resume should serve as more than an accounting of facts from your academic and professional life; it should demonstrate your dedication, aspirations, and dedication to excellence. Just as one would take great care when selecting an academic platform, investing in professional proofreading services for your resume is an investment in its success. Don't leave such an important document up to chance. 

Before venturing into the world, ensure your resume is ready and waiting to make an impressionable statement about who you are. For further assistance or further exploration on this topic, just Google "essay services reviews." There will surely be guidance tailored specifically toward you.

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Hard Bodies: Aesthetic, Materiality, and Mediality of Masculinity in American and European Art and Visual Culture, c. 1900 – today

Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., Germany, 9th–11th January 2025

Deadline: 15th July, 2024

Description:

The hard body is omnipresent in contemporary culture. It evokes purity, whiteness, and resistance to cracking or contamination. It is the result of disciplined self-optimization (physical training, a strict diet, dietary supplements, and/or surgery) and part of the iconography of white supremacy. Contemporary artists only refer to the hard male body to destroy it – like Candice Lin in her installation A Hard White Body (2017). 

So, why should we revisit the hard male body, with its undeniable hegemonic bias? Why not dismiss it, and look at the fragmented, performative, vulnerable, and transformative male body instead?

This conference argues that the study of the hard male body is crucial to understand constructions of masculinities (straight and queer) in the art and visual culture that have developed in constant exchange between Europe and the US since the 19th century. Klaus Theweleit’s psychoanalytic study of masculinity, Männerphantasien (1977/2019), serves as the conference's primal inspiration: His term "body armor" delineates the function of muscles as a protective barrier against physical threats and any sexual and emotional destabilizations originating from women. 

However, art and visual culture represent the hard male body as an ambiguous figure: neither solely hegemonic or heteronormative nor solely white but part of queer desire and potentially queer itself. Taking the intertwined European and American emergence of fitness and bodybuilding culture as well as representations of muscular men in art and mass media since the late 19th century as a starting point, this conference will reconstruct the ambivalent history of an abiding fascination with the hard male body.

Three main strands include: 

1. The Muscular Male Body: Biopolitics, Cultural Practices, and Discourses

The hard body’s renaissance across Europe and the US in the 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the biopolitics, cultural practices, and discourses that shaped it. 

2. The Medialized Male Body

The muscular male body's medializations from the early 1900s to today. The eroticism, ambivalence, and spectacle of the muscular male body in the imagery representing as well as shaping this ideal or bodies directly.

3. The (Re- or De-)Materialized Male Body

Appropriations of the hard male body in contemporary art, its re- and/or dematerializations and surface transformations.

We will seek contributions that investigate the following questions:

How was the hard male body established as the primary image of modernist masculinity?

What role did art, art education, and mass media play in this process?

How are the muscular male body's appeal and glamor enhanced (or even created) by medialized, circulating images? 

How are Black muscular men eroticized – in media directed at Black and white beholders, respectively? 

How are Asian muscular men represented throughout this period, for example in white homoerotica and pornography?

Why is the hard male body's eroticism overlooked even in queer studies? 

How is the hard male body transformed or seen from a feminist perspective?

What are the materials and techniques used to aestheticize or optimize hard bodies in contemporary art, sports, fitness culture, and homoerotica as well as pornography? 

What are the materials and surfaces that (de-)stabilize or transform muscular male bodies in contemporary art?

What are the visual and/or artistic strategies behind it?

This international in-person conference seeks to connect established scholars and young researchers from America and Europe. We therefore look for early career researchers at the final stages of their PhD or in the postdoc phase to present papers on one of the related topics outlined above. In order to establish equity, all travel and accommodation costs for inner-European travel will be covered. 

Proposals should include the paper’s title (max 15 words), an abstract (max 500 words) and a short CV. Please send your material to: [email protected]

Proposal deadline: July 15th, 2024

Notification date: July 31st, 2024

Organized by Max Böhner (Humboldt-University of Berlin/University of Potsdam), Antje Krause-Wahl (Goethe University); Clara J. Lauffer (Goethe University); Simon Wendt (Goethe University)