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APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: Government Websites & Publications, & Gray Literature

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Government Websites, Government Publications, & Gray Literature

Tips on citing APA 7th edition references for Government reports and Gray (or Grey) Literature (p. 329-331): 

• Gray literature (or grey literature: either spelling is correct), is generally unpublished research that can include government reports, research reports, theses, dissertations, poster sessions, conference sessions or proceedings, etc... While gray literature is not considered scholarly (or technically peer-reviewed) it is still an important source of information because it is produced by researchers and practitioners in the field. It is often data, summaries, facts, statistics, or other information from current and ongoing research (Weintraub, 2000). (Paraphrased from Weintraub, I. (2000). The role of grey literature in the sciences .  https://web.archive.org/web/20080212130534/https://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/access/greyliter.htm ) 
• Government reports often contain a publication number or report number. Make sure to add this information after the title of the document in parenthesis.
•  As in all other APA 7th edition citations, if the publisher is the same as the author (which can often be the case for government reports and gray literature), you do not include the publisher in the source area of the reference. 
• If an agency or corporation is the author, the names can be abbreviated after the first in-text citation. For example, a first citation from the National Institute of Mental Health would be (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018), and all remaining citations would be (NIMH, 2018). 

Reference Example 1:

National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute. (2016).  The heart truth for African American women: Take action to protect your heart fact sheet (NIH Publication No. 16-5066). US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health .  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/all-publications-and-resources/heart-truth-african-american-women-take-action-protect

In-text Citation (Paraphrase):

(National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2016) - first citation

(NHLBI, 2016) - all subsequent citations

In-text Citation (Direct Quote):

(National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2016, p.8) - first citation

(NHLBI, 2016, p. 8) - all subsequent citations

Reference Example 2:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, June 16). Clinical growth charts .  https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017) - first citation

(CDC, 2017) - all subsequent citations

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016, para.3) - first citation

(CDC, 2016, para.3)  - all subsequent citations

• APA 7 Government Website Examples A PDF with three examples of different types of government websites and how to correctly add reference entries for them in your paper.

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Page References

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to Chapter 10: Reference Examples, pp. 329-331 for more information. 

Helpful Tips

If you are citing a report, issue brief, or any other type of document issued with a number, include the type of document and number of publication in parenthesis directly after the title.

Example from page 329 of APA Manual:

National Cancer Institute. (2018).  Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment  [NIH Publication No. 18-2424]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-after-treatment.pdf

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Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a government website in APA

Generally, it is not necessary to cite a website in a reference entry in APA style. According to the APA guidelines , one can simply add the URL of the website as an in-text citation, e.g.:

The website USA gov (https://www.usa.gov/) claims to be an online guide to government information and services.

To cite a government website in a reference entry in APA style 6th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) of government website: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to seven authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For eight or more authors include the first six names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Date of publication: Give the year, month and day in brackets followed by a full stop, e.g. (2019, June 13).
• Title of government website: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• Format: Describe any specific item found on the website, e.g. Brochure, Image, Video file, etc.
• URL: Give the full URL of the web page including the protocol (http:// or https://).

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a government website in APA style 6th edition:

Author(s) of government website . ( Date of publication ). Title of government website [ Format ]. Retrieved from URL

To cite a government website in a reference entry in APA style 7th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) of government website: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to 20 authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For 21 or more authors include the first 19 names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Title of the webpage: Give the title of the specific webpage an italicize.
• Title of the website: Give the official title of the website.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a government website in APA style 7th edition:

Author(s) of government website . ( Date of publication ). Title of the webpage . Title of the website . URL

APA reference list examples

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the APA style guidelines for a government website citation in action:

A brochure found on a website by a government agency

Office for Human Research Protections . ( n.d. ). Becoming a research volunteer: It's your decision [ Brochure ]. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/ohrp/education/ brochures/3panelfinal.pdf

A website by a government agency

Office for Human Research Protections . ( n.d. ). Becoming a research volunteer: It's your decision . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/ohrp/education/ brochures/3panelfinal.pdf

A video found on a website by a government agency

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . ( 2018, Oct 19 ). Managing someone else's money: Guidebooks for financial caregivers [ Video file ]. Retrieved from https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/managing-someone-elses-money/

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . ( 2018, Oct 19 ). Managing someone else's money: Guidebooks for financial caregivers . https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/managing-someone-elses-money/

Note: When the author and website name are the same, omit the website name from the citation.

This citation style guide is based on the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( 6 th edition).

More useful guides

• APA Citation for Government Documents
• How to Cite a Government Site Without an Author in APA Format
• APA blog: How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style

More great BibGuru guides

• Harvard: how to cite an online magazine article
• Chicago: how to cite an honors thesis
• MLA: how to cite a website

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How to Cite U.S. Government Documents in APA Citation Style: Government Agencies

• House and Senate Reports and Documents
• Congressional Hearings & Testimony
• Congressional Record
• Congressional Bills and Resolutions
• Federal Laws/Statutes
• Executive Documents -- Presidential Papers, Proclamations and Executive Orders
• Rules/Regulations -- Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) and the Federal Register
• Foreign Relations of the United States
• State Legislative Documents
• State Statutes (Laws)
• Court Cases
• Government Agencies

Basic template

Report by agency (no individual author(s) identified), report with specific author(s), published jointly by two agencies, issue brief, policy brief, and miscellaneous.

• Other legal citations

Reports, Press Releases, Issue Briefs. Policy Briefs, etc.

• Author or Name of Group (If the group name has many layers, use the most specific agency as the author). The parent agencies will be listed as the publisher. Note: You can abbreviate agency names in-text, but do not abbreviate agency names in the list of references .
• Title of Report or Title of Report (Report No. __)
• If it's not a report, but something fuzzier, like a press release, policy brief, etc. (so-called "gray literature), include a description in brackets. e.g., [Press Release] following the title.
• Publisher name (unless the publisher IS the group author)

Tip: It is often easier to identify the relevant elements of the citation by consulting a catalog entry (worldcat or your library's catalog) or by downloading the full report as a pdf and checking the cover pages.

1st Example: Multi-layered agency

Sample report: Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs .

• (Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, 2004)
• Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (2004)

Reference List:

Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. (2004, June). Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs . (EPA 816-R-04-003). Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water. https://permanent.fdlp.gov/websites/epagov/www.epa.gov/safewater/uic/cbmstudy/docs.html

Explanation: When there are multiple layers in the agency name, use the most specific layer. The governing agenc(ies) will be in the publisher element. When a report number is listed, include this in parentheses following the title. In this case, a published month was also identified, so it was included, according the template on p.329 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020).

2nd Example: No report number.

Acidity in Lakes and Streams

• (EPA, Report on the Environment, 2018)

Explanation. It is permissible to use abbreviations for well-known government agencies to shorten the parenthetical citation.

Reference List

• Environmental Protection Agency. Report on the Environment. (2018, August). Acidity in Lakes and Streams. https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=12

Explanation:

• Do not abbreviate agency names in the Reference List.
• You may have to search to find a date. In this case, there is a section on documentation that lists the "last date updated." It is entered according to the template on page 329 of the Publication Manual (2020) e.g., (2020, May 2)
• Since the author is also the publisher, it is not repeated after the title.
• Determining the type of document is not always straightforward. The important principle, always, is to include the information in a manner that will allow your reader to easily locate the document and understand where it fits in the hierarchy of agency publications.

Sample report: A Reconciliation between the Consumer Price Index and the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index

• (McCully et al., 2007)

Note: For in-text citations with 2 others, include both surnames, joined by an ampersand (&). With 3 or more, use the first surname, followed by et al..

• McCully, C.P., Moyer, B.C., & Stewart, K.J. (2007, September). A Reconciliation between the Consumer Price Index and the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index . Bureau of Economic Analysis & Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://apps.bea.gov/papers/pdf/cpi_pce.pdf

Note: When jointly published by two agencies, connect with amerpsand (&). When jointly published by three or more, connect with commas.

Document identified as an Issue Brief (no issue number)

Improving Health Care For Adults With Disabilities: An Overview Of Federal Data Sources

• (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2020)
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2020)
• (CMS, 2020)

*Note: For well-known agency abbreviations (EPA, NIH) you can use the agency abbreviation in your in-text citation. The important principle is that your in-text reference should point seamlessly to your Reference List entry. When in doubt, spell it out.

• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (December, 2020). Improving Health Care For Adults With Disabilities: An Overview Of Federal Data Sources [Issue Brief]. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federaldatadisability508.pdf

Explanation: If an issue brief is not numbered, indicate [Issue Brief] in square brackets. (Publication Manual of the APA, 2020, p. 331)

Issue Brief, Numbered

Example: Social Security reform: the Nature of the Problem

• (U.S. Dept. of Treasury, 2007)
• United States. Department of the Treasury. (2007). Social Security Reform: The Nature of the Problem (Issue Brief no. 1). https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/economic-policy/ss-medicare/Documents/post.pdf

Explanation: Include numbered issue briefs in parentheses (rather than square brackets) (Publication Manual of the APA, 2020, p. 331)

Example: Document type not explicitly identified*

• Environmental Protection Agency. Report on the Environment. (August, 2018). Acidity in Lakes and Streams. https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=12
• You may have to search to find a date. In this case, there is a section on documentation that lists the "last date updated."
• * Determining the type of document is not always straightforward. Use your best judgement. I decided that this could follow the template for an unnumbered report (above) or an issue brief, even though this was not explicitly stated on the website, because the content is regularly updated around a specific issue.
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Education - Early Childhood, Primary and Secondary

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How to reference key online resources for Education (APA 7th)

Use this template for webpages & for PDFs retrieved from the web:

Author. (Year or Year, Month Date). Title [Form, if needed ]. Site name (exclude if same as author name). URL

This table shows how to format in-text citations and full references for key educational resources in APA 7th:

Tips for referencing websites and online documents (using APA 7th)

Visit our fedcite guide  for examples of references and in-text citations for webpages and online documents. , see below for supplementary advice to help you with specific referencing issues that you may encounter., referencing websites.

• You must include an in-text citation and reference list entry for a website/ webpage if you mention specific information from it, whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly.
• If you are talking in general about a website, without mentioning any specific information on that site, simply give the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. There is no need to include a reference list entry. 

Reference list entries for webpages and PDFs

• Give name of corporate author in full (not as an abbreviation or acronym) in the reference list.
• Include only the specific agency responsible for the publication - do not include the name of parent organisations (e.g. State Government of Victoria) unless you need to avoid ambiguity.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for webpages (as displayed on the individual page) or use (n.d.) if there is no date given.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date rather than the year of creation or copyright.
• Give the title of the specific page. If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase in square brackets.
• In many cases, the website's name is the same as the name of the corporate author. Whenever this is the case, omit the site name from the reference list entry to avoid repetition.

In-text citations for webpages and PDFs

• The first time you refer to an organisation or government body in an in-text citation, include the full name, followed by the abbreviated form or acronym (if it is well-known and commonly-used) in square brackets.  e.g. (Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations [DEEWR], 2009).
• In subsequent in-text citations, include only the abbreviated form or acronym (if it is well-known and commonly-used) e.g. (DEEWR, 2009)
• When quoting directly from a PDF, include a page number, e.g. (DEEWR, 2009, p. 11).
• When quoting directly from a webpage, include the section title or paragraph number, e.g. (VCAA, n.d., para. 3). If paragraphs are not numbered, simply count them yourself.

Referencing multiple pages from within the same website

• Reference each webpage separately and use lower case letter suffixes (as described in following section below) to distinguish between each one.

Referencing multiple sources with same author and same year of publication

• When you refer to more than one source published by the same author in the same year, distinguish each source by using a lower-case letter immediately after the year within the brackets.
• In the reference list, order these works alphabetically by title. In-text citations should include the same corresponding letter.
• NOTE: If the date is given as (n.d.), add a hyphen before the lower-case letter. e.g. (n.d.-a)

Example: In-text

… other strategies are mentioned (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2019a)

… as described in the Toolkit (DET, 2019b) 

Example: Reference list

Department of Education and Training. (2019a). High impact teaching strategies: Excellence in teaching and learning. 

https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/teachers/support/high-impact-teaching-strategies.pdf

Department of Education and Training. (2019b ). Literacy teaching toolkit. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/

school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/default.aspx

APA Style website

For more information on how to reference webpages, visit the APA Style website:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Webpage on a website references . APA style.  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references

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APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Government Document

• General Style Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with 1 Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3–20 Authors
• Journal Article 21 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from a University site
• Web Page with No Author
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Twitter/Instagram
• Lecture/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Citation Support
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Your Paper

Online Government Document

For more tips on citing government sources, check out the Government Publication section under the Books tab.

General Format

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Government Author, Year)

In-Text Citation (Quotation):

(Government Author, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])

References:

Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle . URL of specific document

First time: (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2020)

Subsequently: (HUD, 2020)

First time: (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2020, p. XX)

Subsequently: (HUD, 2020, p. XX)

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2020). National comprehensive housing market analysis . https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/pdf/National-CHMA-20.pdf

TIP: To abbreviate or not abbreviate?

QUESTION: If I am citing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the in-text citation, do I need to use the full name or can I just use CDC?

ANSWER: If the corporate author names (corporations, organizations, and government agencies) are readily identified by an abbreviation, you should include the full name in the first citation along with the abbreviation in brackets and then use the abbreviation in all other subsequent in-text citations.

Example: First in-text citation

• (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014)

Example: Subsequent in-text citations

• (CDC, 2014)

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APA 7th Edition Referencing: Education

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Education Citations

Here you will find examples of education specific citations. Please note you will still need to use the other tabs to assist you in citing books, journal articles, webpages, etc.

Curriculum Documents

• Australian Curriculum
• Adventist Curriculum
• Learning Frameworks
• State Curriculums
• Standards for Teachers
• My School/ NAPLAN
• Government Legislation
• Australian Bureau of Statistics

The Australian Curriculum is developed and published online by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority.

If the Curriculum is referenced as a webpage- the website has no date unless the document is downloaded as a PDF.  If you use the website, use (n.d.) instead of the date.

If you have downloaded the PDF, include the date written in the PDF

Australian Curruculum

Transformational Teaching- Adventist Worldwide Curriculum Frameworks

The Adventist Curriculum is housed online by the Curriculum and Instruction Resource Center Linking Educators (CIRCLE); however, it is developed and published by Adventist Education Australia.

• The Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) is part of the National Quality Framework (NQF) for early childhood education and care.
• The  My time, our place: Framework  is the National approved learning framework for school aged children under the NQF.

While most Australian states have adopted the Australian National Curriculum to replace individual state curriculums, some states, such as NSW, Western Australia, and Victoria, have chosen to retain individual state curriculums.

Note some older NSW Curriculum documents may still have Board of Studies NSW. If this is the case, use this name, not NSW Education Standards Authority.

The Copyright to these webpages belongs to the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Agency, which is why this corporation is listed as the author.

Australian legal material should be referenced using the guidelines found in the  Australian Guide to Legal Citation,  not The  Bluebook  suggested by the APA style manual as the Bluebook is unsuitable for Australian legislation. See the AGLC4 guid e for further legal references.

All In-text Citations should adhere to APA 7th style guidelines and follow the format of a work without an author.

See the Legal & Government tab for a list of Jurisdiction abbreviations.

Reports by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) are commonly used sources of information for academic tasks.

Note that some pages on the ABS webpage are updated regularly. Include a retrieval date if the contents of the page are designed to change. This is shown by the Latest Release date.

The ABS's website  How to cite ABS sources has some good tips on how to cite ABS tables and images, but remember these tips are generic and need to be adapted to the APA 7th Referencing style

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APA 7th Edition Citation Guide

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Report Authored by a Government Agency, Corporation or Non-Profit

Report by an author at a government agency, non-profit or corporation, book authored by a government agency, corporation or non-profit.

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Note:  For in-text citations, agency names must be spelled out the first time you use them.  However, you can establish an abbreviation in parenthesis and use that for all subsequent references.  For example, if you were referencing the American Nurses Association, you need to write it out for your first use and establish the the abbreviation in the parenthesis: American Nurses Association (ANA).  For all subsequent uses, you can just refer to it as ANA.  

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APA 7th Referencing Guide

• Education curriculum resources

Australian Curriculum

The  Australian Curriculum  is created and published online by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA).

The website has no date, so is referenced as (n.d.). If you download the document as a pdf, reference the full date.

Elements of the reference

Individual or group author. (year, month day - if available).  title of page - italicised.  website name - if needed. url.

[Note: omit the website name if the author and website name are the same.]

In-text citation

• First time the organisation is cited include full name, then acronym and date if available.
• If works have the same author and no date, use "n.d." and add a hyphen before the a and b.
• If including a direct quote or referring to a specific section/stage/outcome of the curriculum, use the curriculum identifier.

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], n.d.)  OR  The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, 2015) shows that ...

(acara, n.d.-a) or (acara, n.d.-b) or the australian curriculum, assessment and reporting authority (acara, n.d.-c) shows that ..., subsequent citation with curriculum identifier: (acara, n.d. acmna001), reference list, australian curriculum, assessment and reporting authority. (2015, december).  english: sequence of content f-6 strand: language.  https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/media/4401/english_-_sequence_of_content.pdf, endnote reference type, web page - add month day to last update date field if needed., national approved learning frameworks.

The  Early Years Learning Framework  (EYLF) is part of the National Quality Framework (NQF) for early childhood education and care.

My Time, Our Place: Framework is the National approved learning framework for school age children under the NQF.

Reference both documents as a document on the web. The document is available to download from a few different websites, make sure you include the website name from which you downloaded the document.

• First time the organisation is cited include full name, then acronym and date.
• Include a page number for a direct quote

(Department of Education, 2022)  OR  The Department of Education (2022) shows that ...

Department of education. (2022). belonging, being and becoming: the early years learning framework for australia v2.0 . australian children's education & care quality authority.  https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/eylf-2022-v2.0.pdf, department of education. (2022). my time, our place: framework for school age care in australia v2.0 . australian children's education & care quality authority.  https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/mtop-v2.0.pdf.

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Southern Cross University acknowledges and pays respect to the ancestors, Elders and descendants of the Lands upon which we meet and study. We are mindful that within and without the buildings, these Lands always were and always will be Aboriginal Land.

• Introduction
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• Multiple Authors
• Personal Communications (E-mails, Interviews, etc.)
• Previous Coursework
• Religious Works
• Secondary Source/Indirect Citation (as cited in)
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APA 7th Edition Citation Guide Government Documents, Statutes, and Court Cases

Government report.

If the author is a government department or agency, list the department/agency as the author and leave out the "Agency Name" section.

If a government department is considered to be the author of the report and has a well-known abbreviation, you do not need to type out the full name in each in-text citation. In the first in-text citation of your paper, type out the full name of the department followed by the abbreviation in brackets or parentheses. After that, you can use the abbreviated title.

Reference Page Format:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication).  Title of report.  Agency Name. URL

Reference Page Example:

U.S. Department of Education. (2019).  FY 2018 annual performance report and FY 2020 annual performance plan .   https://www2.ed.gov/about/reports/annual/2020plan/fy18apr-fy20app.pdf

In-text Citation Examples:

First in-text citation: ... (U.S. Department of Education [USDE], 2019). According to the U.S. Department of Education (USDE, 2019)... After the first in-text citation: ... (USDE, 2019). According to the USDE (2019)...

Note that unlike many other reference types, the title of the case is listed in standard type in the reference list and in italics for in-text citations.

Name v. Name, Volume U.S. Page (Year). URL

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).  https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483

Brown v. Board of Education  (1954) shows that ... ...( Brown v. Board of Education , 1954).

Federal Laws and Statutes

U.S.C. stands for United States Code. The § symbol stands for "section" and can be inserted in Word with the "Insert Symbol" function, or copied and pasted from this guide.

Name of Act, Title Number U.S.C. § Section Number (Year). URL

Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015).  https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1177

The Every Student Succeeds Act (2015) states that ... ...(Every Student Succeeds Act, 2015).

State Laws and Statutes

The § symbol stands for "section" and can be inserted in Microsoft Word with the "Insert Symbol" function, or copied and pasted from this guide.

Name of Statute, State Stat. § Section Number (Year). URL

Nurse Practice Act, Minn. Stat. § 148.171 (2019).  https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.171

The Nurse Practice Act (2019) states that ... ...(Nurse Practice Act, 2019).

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APA (7th ed.) referencing guide (Online): Government reports

• Paraphrasing
• Direct quotes
• Secondary Referencing
• More than one work cited
• Author with two or more works cited in the same year
• Personal Communication
• In-text citations

Reference list

• Referencing Tools
• Books with one author
• Books with two authors
• Books with three or more authors
• Edited book
• Chapter in an edited book
• Anthologies and Collected Works
• Critical Editions
• Multivolume work
• Religious and classical Works
• Thesis / Dissertation
• Translation
• Work within an Anthology
• Conference Paper
• Journal article with one author
• Journal article with two authors
• Journal articles with three or more authors
• Journal article with no identified author/anonymous author
• Newspaper articles
• Magazine articles
• Book review in a journal or newspaper
• Act of Parliament
• Law report (case law)
• Business Reports
• Statistics & Datasets
• Government reports
• YouTube/online videos
• Episode of a TV Show
• Radio Broadcast

In text citations

1st citation: Department of Health (DoH, 1998) state that...... OR ...(Department of Health (DoH), 1998).

Subsequent citations:

DoH (1998) acknowledge that.... OR ...(DoH, 1998). 

Note: A good tip if you are going to use the same citation a few times in your assignment is to use acronyms.  You must explain the acronym in full the first time you use it, followed by the acronym so it is clear to your lecturer what the abbreviation stands for.

In print: Group Author (Year). Title (Report number). Source.

Online: Group Author. (Year). Title (Report number). Source. URL

For example:

Department for Education. (2017). Unlocking talent, fulfilling potential: A plan for improving social mobility through education (Cm 9541). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/667690/Social_Mobility_Action _Plan_-_for_printing.pdf

Department of Health. (1998). Our healthier nation: A contract for health (Cm 3852). The Stationery Office .

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Citation Guide

• Chicago 17th
• Chicago 16th
• RefWorks Transition
• Citation Generators
• Citation Styles by Discipline
• Citation Management Programs

Paper Format Information

• Paper Format (from APAStyle.org)
• Student Sample Paper
• Student Sample Paper with Annotation

APA Style: 7th Edition (2019)

Other Useful Sources on APA 7

• Common Reference Examples Guide   (PDF file)
• Reference List: Electronic Sources
• In-Text Citations , including quotations and secondary sources 
• Tables & Figures  
• Data Set References
• Clip Arts or Stock Images  
• Reference List: Audiovisual Media   (from Purdue OWL)
• Report by a Government Agency or Other Organization  
• The Bluebook  
• Citing Court Decisions   (from APA Style)
• Government & Legal References  (from U of Washington)  
• APA 7th Edition Citation for Business Sources   Citation examples from specialized business databases such as ABI/INFORM, Business Source Complete, eMarketer Pro, Mintel, NexisUni, Statista, etc. 

How to Cite AI Tools in APA

If you intend to use and cite AI-generated content for course assignments, first consult with your instructor. Instructors have varying opinions about how or whether students may use ChatGPT or other Generative AI tools. Use the following format to cite ChatGPT. For detailed information on how to cite AI in APA style, please check this APA blog post, How to cite ChatGPT , created on April 7, 2023.  To quote or reproduce the text generated by ChatGPT in your paper:

To put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix or in online supplemental materials:

To create a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software :

Reference List

  Books

In-Text Citation

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• University of Newcastle Library
• Referencing Guides
• APA 7th Style
• Education resources

APA 7th Style:  Education resources

• About APA 7
• GUIDE INDEX
• In-text Citations
• What are DOIs?
• Books & Theses
• Book chapters
• Web resources
• Reports & Gov docs
• Building codes, Patents & Standards
• Conferences
• Course material
• Health resources
• Images & tables
• Video & audio
• Other sources
• Secondary sources
• Missing details
• UON Referencing Guide This link opens in a new window
• Syllabus Documents
• Graded readers
• Children's books

Other online resources

• Intranet documents

Difficult-to-reference textbooks

Syllabus documents.

Reference list examples :

Board of Studies NSW. (2012). Mathematics K-10 syllabus: Vol. 2. Mathematics years 7-10.

Board of Studies NSW. (2012). Mathematics K-10 syllabus. https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/k-10/learning-areas/mathematics/mathematics-k-10

NSW Education Standards Authority. (2017). Mathematics advanced: Stage 6 syllabus . https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/11-12/stage-6-learning-areas/stage-6-mathematics/mathematics-advanced-2017

Where more than one syllabus is needed for referencing , refer to the information under Year/Date on the Reference list page of this guide (reference examples provided below).

NSW Education Standards Authority. (2017a). Mathematics advanced: Stage 6 syllabus . https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/11-12/stage-6-learning-areas/stage-6-mathematics/mathematics-advanced-2017

NSW Education Standards Authority. (2017b). Physics: Stage 6 syllabus . https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/11-12/stage-6-learning-areas/stage-6-science/physics-2017

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. Follow the general pattern:  (Corporate Author, Year)

...should be discussed with parents (NSW Education Standards Authority, 2017).

Direct Quotations

If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word from a source, add a page reference to your in-text citation, e.g. :

... “set of broad learning outcomes” ( NSW Education Standards Authority, 2017 , p. 4).

Need to reference more than one form in-text?  See the tab for Same author/s and same year on the page for In-text Citations

Graded (or guided) reading programmes

Michaels, J., & Parton, D. (2005). The zigzag kayak trip . Macmillan Education Australia.

Randell, B., & Bruere, J. (2002). Leo the lion cub . Cengage Learning Australia.

Reilly, C., & Edwards, L. (2013). Time for lunch . Oxford University Press.

Reimer, L. (2005). Worker magnetic termites . Macmillan Education Australia.

Tainui, B. (2007). The rock band . Macmillan Education Australia.

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. Follow the general patterns:  (Author Surname, Year)  or  (1st Author Surname & 2nd Author Surname, Year)

... they had a fun time (Michaels & Parton, 2005).

... where Michael remarked, “It's time to eat!” ( Reilly & Edwards, 2013 , p. 4).

Children's books

Edwards, H., & Niland, D. (1994). Look, there’s a hippopotamus in the playground eating cake . Hodder Children’s Books Australia.

Fox, M., & Vivas, J. (2013). Possum magic (30th anniv. ed.). Omnibus Books.

French, J., & Whatley, B. (2006). Josephine wants to dance . Angus & Robertson.

Gleitzman, M. (2003). Teacher’s pet . Puffin Books.

Documents from intranet locations

Reference list examples:.

For a resource available to your reader/s

St Catherine's Catholic College. (2015). Dealing with student behaviour [Staff information sheet]. https://www.singleton.catholic.edu.au/site/intranet/

For a resource not available to your reader/s

No reference list entry.

Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.

Where the reader will be able to access the document you are citing, follow the general pattern for the number of authors .

Where the reader will be unable to access the document you are citing, you can follow the pattern below:

(Initial. Author Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)  or

(Corporate Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Wallsend High requires staff to follow strict guidelines when dealing with troubled students, as detailed in a best practice guide located on the staff intranet ( Wallsend High , personal communication, May 2, 2019).

Help and Information

UON Referencing Guide

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

New method makes hydrogen from solar power and agricultural waste

University of Illinois Chicago engineers have helped design a new method to make hydrogen gas from water using only solar power and agricultural waste, such as manure or husks. The method reduces the energy needed to extract hydrogen from water by 600%, creating new opportunities for sustainable, climate-friendly chemical production.

Hydrogen-based fuels are one of the most promising sources of clean energy. But producing pure hydrogen gas is an energy-intensive process that often requires coal or natural gas and large amounts of electricity.

In a paper for Cell Reports Physical Science , a multi-institutional team led by UIC engineer Meenesh Singh unveils the new process for green hydrogen production.

The method uses a carbon-rich substance called biochar to decrease the amount of electricity needed to convert water to hydrogen. By using renewable energy sources such as solar power or wind and capturing byproducts for other uses, the process can reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero.

"We are the first group to show that you can produce hydrogen utilizing biomass at a fraction of a volt," said Singh, associate professor in the department of chemical engineering. "This is a transformative technology."

Electrolysis, the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, requires an electric current. At an industrial scale, fossil fuels are typically required to generate this electricity.

Recently, scientists have decreased the voltage required for water splitting by introducing a carbon source to the reaction. But this process also uses coal or expensive chemicals and releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

Singh and colleagues modified this process to instead use biomass from common waste products. By mixing sulfuric acid with agricultural waste, animal waste or sewage, they create a slurry-like substance called biochar, which is rich in carbon.

The team experimented with different kinds of biochar made from sugarcane husks, hemp waste, paper waste and cow manure. When added to the electrolysis chamber, all five biochar varieties reduced the power needed to convert water to hydrogen. The best performer, cow dung, decreased the electrical requirement sixfold to roughly a fifth of a volt.

The energy requirements were low enough that the researchers could power the reaction with one standard silicon solar cell generating roughly 15 milliamps of current at 0.5 volt. That's less than the amount of power produced by an AA battery.

"It's very efficient, with almost 35% conversion of the biochar and solar energy into hydrogen" said Rohit Chauhan, a co-author and postdoctoral scholar in Singh's lab. "These are world record numbers; it's the highest anyone has demonstrated."

To make the process net-zero, it must capture the carbon dioxide generated by the reaction. But Singh said this too could have environmental and economic benefits, such as producing pure carbon dioxide to carbonate beverages or converting it into ethylene and other chemicals used in plastic manufacturing.

"It not only diversifies the utilization of biowaste but enables the clean production of different chemicals beyond hydrogen," said UIC graduate Nishithan Kani, co-lead author on the paper. "This cheap way of making hydrogen could allow farmers to become self-sustainable for their energy needs or create new streams of revenue."

Orochem Technologies Inc., who sponsored the research, has filed for patents on their processes for producing biochar and hydrogen, and the UIC team plans to test the methods on a large scale.

In addition to Singh, Kani and Chauhan, the paper was co-authored by UIC graduate student Rajan Bhawnani. Other co-authors come from Stanford University, Texas Tech University, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Korea University and Orochem Technologies Inc.

• Energy and Resources
• Alternative Fuels
• Energy Technology
• Solar Energy
• Energy and the Environment
• Renewable Energy
• Environmental Science
• Sustainability
• Alternative fuel vehicle
• Hydrogen vehicle
• Hydroelectricity
• Water resources
• Renewable energy

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Illinois Chicago . Original written by Rob Mitchum. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

• Nishithan C. Kani, Rohit Chauhan, Samuel A. Olusegun, Ishwar Sharan, Anag Katiyar, David W. House, Sang-Won Lee, Alena Jairamsingh, Rajan R. Bhawnani, Dongjin Choi, Adam C. Nielander, Thomas F. Jaramillo, Hae-Seok Lee, Anil Oroskar, Vimal C. Srivastava, Shishir Sinha, Joseph A. Gauthier, Meenesh R. Singh. Sub-volt conversion of activated biochar and water for H2 production near equilibrium via biochar-assisted water electrolysis . Cell Reports Physical Science , 2024; 102013 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102013

Cite This Page :

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