marine science research projects high school

Biology Research Projects for High School Students: 20 Ideas To Try This Summer

By János Perczel

Co-founder of Polygence, PhD from MIT

16 minute read

Biology and biomedical research are two of the most popular academic disciplines among high schoolers. If you’re someone who’s interested in those fields and you’re looking for research opportunities this summer, you’ve come to the right place! With the study of biology, not only can you gain a better understanding of the natural world, but your research can have practical applications in fields like medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Whether you’re just starting out in your exploration of biology, have taken a biology class in school, or you’re looking to do some advanced research to submit to your state’s science fair , we have level-appropriate ideas for you!

With a variety of topics like cancer treatment, genetics, neurodegenerative diseases, and marine life, we’ve got you covered. Here is a curated list of 20 different research project ideas to get those creative juices flowing. If you’re hungry for more, head over to our comprehensive Project Ideas database here and browse over 2800 more ideas!  

Research YOUR fave areas of Biology and Medicine

Polygence pairs you with an expert mentor in to create a passion project around biology and medicine. Together, you work to create a high quality research project that is uniquely your own. We also offer options to explore multiple topics, or to showcase your final product!

Human Body Project Ideas

Rate of cognitive decline in different elevations.

Oxygen partial pressure decreases with altitude, challenging blood oxygenation which may affect brain function. If you’ve ever felt some altitude sickness, then this is exactly what’s happening. This is because the atmospheric pressure decreases at higher elevations, leading to a decrease in the partial pressures of the gasses in the air, including oxygen. And of course, oxygen is needed for us to function. What is the effect on brain health/ cognition in sudden increased elevation: say, climbing Mount Everest? Does chronic exposure to high elevations increase the likelihood of dementia? In this project, a meta-analysis of published works examining the effects of altitude on cognition would be conducted.

Idea by mentor Alyssa

Building a Blood Vessel

Use online graphics to illustrate how a blood vessel forms. Blood vessels are structures that carry blood and are responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. For this project, complete a literature search to understand what is known about blood vessel growth. Then, utilize this information to generate a graphic with no words to demonstrate how the vasculature (network of blood vessels) forms. The goal of this project is to explain science without using text and therefore make it more available to a larger community.

Idea by mentor Natalie

Examining the bacterial profile of various households

As of late, bacterial microbiomes have been a huge and interesting topic in the field of bacteriology as they play an important role in human health. Bacterial microbiomes are communities of bacteria that live on or outside organisms. They’re found in various parts of the human body, and help us to digest food and regulate our immune system. In this project, you will seek to understand how skin microbiomes can differ between different  individuals of different households. This project will require making different bacterial media that can be made at home selecting for various microorganisms. If you’re new to preparing bacterial media, check out this resource here!

Idea by mentor Hamilton

Regulation of Circadian Clocks

Sleep is known to be governed by two distinct processes: a circadian clock that aligns sleep and wakefulness to the solar day and the sleep homeostat that encodes for sleep debt as a compensatory mechanism against sleep loss. You’ve most likely heard about circadian rhythm and our body’s internal clock, and circadian regulation of sleep is a fundamental process that allows animals to anticipate sleepiness or wakefulness consistently every day. These mechanisms can be regulated in multiple ways: at the gene, protein, gene, and clock neuronal level. In this project, we will focus on 1) how to efficiently digest primary and review articles to compile and condense information, 2) investigate how circadian clocks are regulated at these different genetic levels, and 3) try to effectively summarize the information we've gathered. We can present this information in a variety of ways, and what the final product looks like is up to you.

Idea by mentor Oscar

The Biology of Aging

Aging is the number one risk factor for a variety of diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and loss of hearing/sight. We are only now beginning to truly understand the process of aging and have even started to uncover ways that we could stop, or potentially reverse, the effects of aging. What are the hallmarks/signs of aging? How do researchers study 'aging'? How does human lifespan and aging compare to the rest of the animal kingdom? Is it possible to stop or reverse the effects of aging? What advancements are being made related to this? We could explore these questions or brainstorm others you might have about the biology of aging.

Idea by mentor Emily

Animals, Plants, and Nature Project Ideas

How genetically engineered mosquitoes are reducing rates of vector-borne diseases such as zika.

Many countries are already releasing millions of genetically engineered mosquitoes into the wild every week. These mosquitoes have been modified to reduce their ability to transmit disease-causing pathogens like dengue fever, Zika, and malaria, and are sent into the wild to mate with disease-carrying mosquitoes. However, this is still controversial as some people are concerned about the unintended consequences on the environment. What could be the potential pros and cons for this? The project will mainly focus on doing meta analysis of articles and watching informative videos to understand how/why genetically engineered mosquitoes can be used to reduce rates of different diseases. Students will have the chance to use critical thinking and do in-depth research on genetic engineering techniques, how scientists determine breeding rates and number of insects released, and epidemiology of different bloodborne diseases.

Idea by mentor Vanessa

Efficacy of Marine Protected Areas

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are areas of ocean or coastal waters that are set aside for the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. These areas are established by governments, NGOs, or other organizations, and they can take different forms, from fully protected "no-take" zones to areas with regulated fishing or other activities. Marine protected areas have the potential to guide sustainable resource management and protect biodiversity, but have a host of reasons for why they are not currently effective. Explore reasons for why MPAs may not be effective. Then develop a framework for mapping, modeling, and implementing an effective Marine Protected Area.

Bioinspiration: Do animals hold the answers?

Can the toxins produced by frogs help us fight antibiotic resistant bacteria strains? How can understanding how lizards and newts regrow their limbs help us improve wound treatment? Why do tilapia skins help with burns? Discover the role of animals in the development of modern medicine as well as its potential. Are there any ethical concerns with these developments and findings? If so, what are they and do they matter? Share your findings in a research proposal, article, or presentation.

Idea by mentor Cheyenne

How Climate Change Can Affect Future Distributions of Rare Species

Climate change, such as global warming and longer drought, can threaten the existence of some of the rarest plants on earth. It is important to understand how future suitable habitats will change for these rare species so that we can target our conservation efforts in specific areas. In this project, you will identify a rare species that you like (it can be animals, plants, or fungi!), and gather the data online on its current occurrences. Then you will learn how to perform species distribution modeling to map its current and future suitable habitat areas. To get you started on learning species distribution modeling, check out this Youtube resource here. The changes in the amount or location of future suitable habitats can significantly affect the destiny of a rare species. By doing this project, you will not only learn skills in data analyses but also become the best ambassador for this rare species that you love. 

Idea by mentor Yingtong

A Reef’s Best Frenemies

Coral reefs are in global decline. A primary cause of this is "coral bleaching" which results in the white reefs we often see in the news. Coral bleaching is actually the breakdown in the partnership between the coral animal and tiny, symbiotic algae that live within its cells. Corals and algae have a variety of thermal tolerances which are likely decided by genetic and environmental factors. However, despite how important this relationship is, it's currently very poorly understood. This project would review existing literature on the symbiotic partnernship and try to identify factors that predict bleaching and thermal resilience.

Idea by mentor Carly

Dive in to BioMed NOW!

Register to get paired with one of our expert mentors and to get started on exploring your passions today! You have agency in setting up your schedule for this research. Dive in now!

Diseases and Treatments Project Ideas

The understanding of a new and upcoming treatment: immunotherapy.

Immunotherapies have been growing in the past few years as alternative treatments for many types of cancer. These treatments work by boosting the patient's immune system to fight the disease, however it is not always effective. There are many types of immunotherapies with various nuances, but they all work to attack specific cells that are causing the disease. For this project, pick one of a few types of immunotherapy and deeply understand the mechanism of action and what is the current effectiveness against the cancer it treats.

Idea by mentor Hannah

Exploring The Cancer Genome Atlas data 

There has been an explosion of publicly available data for cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas was a research program with the purpose of creating a comprehensive catalog of genomic and molecular information about different types of cancer, with the aim of improving our understanding of the disease and developing new treatments. The dataset has been used to identify new cancer subtypes, develop diagnostic tests, and discover potential targets for new cancer therapies. Explore the implications and impact of The Cancer Genome Atlas data, and why it’s become so important.

Idea by mentor Hersh

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Physiological Benefits of Fasting-induced Autophagy

Autophagy, meaning "self-eating", is a cellular process where damaged or unwanted components are disposed. Autophagy has been linked to various diseased pathologies, including cancer and heart disease. Fasting or specific dietary lifestyles may induce levels of autophagy in the human body. In this project, we will perform and systematic review and meta-analysis of fasting or diet-induced autophagy and its benefits on the body. You will gain skills in 1) searching and reviewing primary literature, 2) computational skills for performing data analysis (R language), and 3) writing your scientific findings.

Idea by mentor Jose 

The Amyloid Hypothesis: Sifting through the controversy

For many years, scientists have thought that amyloid beta was the protein responsible for a patient developing Alzheimer's Disease symptoms. This "Amyloid Hypothesis" is now being questioned in light of current clinical data. Recently, drugs have been developed that reduce amyloid beta in patients. Surprisingly, the drugs worked in reducing amyloid beta, but it did not result in the slowing of disease pathology. Does this mean that the amyloid hypothesis is incorrect? Is amyloid beta less important in the progression of disease then what we once thought? This research project aims to explore the issues with the amyloid hypothesis and to assess where we stand in our understanding of amyloid beta's contribution to Alzheimer’s.

Idea by mentor Patrick

How do vaccines work?

During the COVID pandemic, vaccines have been all over the news! But how do they actually work? What’s the science behind them? Through this project, you will explore how vaccines work and the history of science behind vaccine development. While the final product of the projectwill be up to you, the ultimate goal of this project is for you to be a true public health advocate for vaccines and to be able to communicate why vaccines are so important in a way that the general public can understand.

Idea by mentor Helen

Sleep Disruption Profiles in Various Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been studied for decades but we are no closer to understanding the mechanisms of the disease. Because of the vast number of researchers studying AD, there are numerous models used to study the disease. All these models have different sleep profiles, phenotypes, disease onsets, sex differences etc. Therefore, in this project we will compile a document based on extensive literature review about the various models there are. We will focus on sleep profiles in these animals with an emphasis on male and female differences. This information is valuable because it is important to know which model is best to use to answer your scientific questions and there is a lot of criticism (by other scientists) that can be brought on by the model chosen so you need to be able to justify your choice. This project will also introduce you to the world of AD research and some of the gaps in knowledge in the field.

Idea by mentor Shenee

Rethinking The Treatment Of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. They are conditions that affect the nervous system, particularly the brain and spinal cord, and examples include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. While billions of dollars have been spent trying to find treatments for the disease, very few drugs and therapies have had a meaningful impact on slowing down disease progression. This is often because by the time someone is diagnosed with a disease, it has progressed too far for a treatment to have a substantial effect. Some recent approaches to treatment have turned to looking for early indications of the disease (termed "biomarkers") that can occur before the onset of symptoms. By diagnosing disease and beginning treatment before symptoms arise, these treatments could have a more profound effect in slowing down the progression of disease. Students could review the recent progress being made on identifying biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, and either write a paper or even record a podcast on their findings!

Idea by mentor David

Genetics Project Ideas

Height and genetics: nature or nurture.

How much do your genes determine your height? How much do nutrition and environmental factors play a role? What gene variants are implicated in height differences and what is the role of epigenetics? Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that occur without changes to the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be influenced by diet and lifestyle. We will access and analyze an open dataset on twins to estimate the correlation between monozygotic twins (who have the exact same DNA) and height. You will learn to use R to open a dataset, analyze data with statistical methods such the student’s t-test, and display your data as graphs and charts. Finally, you will learn how to make a research presentation on height and genetics, describe the research methods, and present the data in a compelling and thorough way.

Idea by mentor Adeoluwa

The World of Personalized Medicine

Similar to our fingerprints, our genetic code is also unique to each individual person. Our genetic code is what determines our hair color, height, eye color, skin tone...just about everything! For those that develop diseases such as cancer, their genetic code found inside the malignant cells that comprise a tumor may also be unique to them or to certain groups of people with similar mutations (the drivers of disease). So why is it that we treat each person the same way even though the genetic drivers of that disease may be disparate? The world of Personalized Medicine is new and exciting and looks to circumvent this problem. Personalized Medicine (also known as precision medicine) uses the genetic code of a patients disease to guide treatment options that prove to be highly efficacious. Together, lets write a review on a disease of your choice that could benefit from Personalized Medicine based on current literature and research.

Idea by mentor Somer

General Biology Project Ideas

Teach a biology concept two ways: to your fellow students and to the general public.

One of the best ways to learn is to teach. Choose a biological concept that interests you and prepare a lesson and or demo on it. The format should be a video recording of yourself teaching (a la Khan Academy or a Zoom class), but the other details are up to you. Consider incorporating a demonstration (e.g. how can you use items from your kitchen to illustrate properties of mixtures?) or animation (e.g. to illustrate molecular motion). Also consider how you will check that your students understand the concept(s) and/or skill(s) you have taught them. Prepare and record two versions of your lesson: one intended for your peers and one for the general public. How will the versions differ to reflect these different audiences? You will learn what it's like to teach, gain a much greater understanding of your chosen concept(s)/skill(s), and learn how to communicate science to different audiences.

Idea by mentor Alexa

Once you’ve picked a project idea, check out some of our resources to help you progress with your project! Whether you’re stuck on how to cite sources , how to come up with a great thesis statement , or how to showcase your work once it’s finished , we’ve created blog posts to help you out. If you’re interested in doing one of the biology research projects with the help of an amazing mentor at Polygence, apply now ! If you would like some help with coming up with your own idea, book a complimentary consultation call with our admissions team here ! For more biology and science research information, check out our comprehensive list of research opportunities for high school students .

Feeling Inspired?

Interested in doing an exciting research project? Click below to get matched with one of our expert mentors!

• Solar Power
• Geothermal Energy
• Nuclear Power
• Why are fossil fuels bad?
• Businesses Selling Shark Fins
• Beach Cleanups
• Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
• Marine Plastic Pollution
• Ocean Resources
• Sounds in the Sea
• Aquaculture
• Artificial Reefs
• Coral Restoration
• Ocean Mining
• Invasive Species
• Threatened & Endangered Species
• A Sea Ethic
• Marine Biodiversity
• Marine Conservation Organizations
• Marine Life in Captivity: Pros & Cons
• Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
• Sustainable Ecotourism
• Act / Petitions
• Chapter 1: Roots of the modern environmental dilemma: A brief history of the relationship between humans and wildlife
• Chapter 2: A history of wildlife in North America
• Chapter 3: Climatic determinants of global patterns of biodiversity
• Chapter 4: Biodiversity
• Chapter 5: Natural selection
• Chapter 6: Principles of ecology
• Chapter 7: Niche and habitat
• Chapter 8: Conservation biology
• Chapter 9: Conservation in the USA: legislative milestones
• Chapter 10: Alien invaders
• Chapter 11: Wildlife and pollution
• Chapter 12: What you can do to save wildlife
• Sharks & Rays
• Squid & Octopuses, etc.
• Whales & Dolphins
• Search Google
• Ocean Channel
• Photo Galleries
• A History of the Study of Marine Biology
• The Naming of Life: Marine Taxonomy
• Marine Ecology
• Forests of the Sea
• Zooplankton
• Marine Mites
• – Coral Reefs
• Echinoderms
• Hemichordates
• Lophophorates
• Worms (Marine)
• Marine Birds
• Marine Fishes
• – Sharks, Rays and Skates
• Marine Mammals
• – Dolphins (toothed whales)
• Marine Reptiles
• Submarines & Deep Technology
• Marine Science/Ocean Life Related Journals
• Marine Biology Laboratories, Institutes & Graduate Programs
• Scuba Diving
• Ocean Mysteries: Did Life begin in the Ocean?
• Ocean Mysteries: Mermaids
• Ocean Mysteries: Sea Monsters
• Ocean Mysteries: The Bermuda Triangle
• Ocean Quizzes
• Recommended Books
• History of the Ocean
• Ocean Chemistry
• Light & Color in the Ocean
• The Ocean & Temperature
• Currents & Tides
• Ocean Geography
• Geological Makeup of Marine Environments
• Geologic Time & Life on Earth
• Marine Zones
• Estuaries, Salt Marshes & Mangroves
• Continental Shelves
• The Open Ocean
• The Arctic & Antarctic
• The Deep Sea
• Other Ocean Worlds
• For Students (+ Interview!)
• Marine Biology Degree Programs in the U.S.
• Marine Biology Degree Programs Worldwide
• For Teachers
• MarineBio Kids
• Academic Earth
• FutureLearn
• Khan Academy
• MIT OpenCourseWare
• Open Learning Initiative
• Stanford Online
• The Open University
• Daily Newsfeeds
• Conservation
• The Clownfish Herald
• What’s New @ MarineBio?
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
• Facebook Group
• Facebook Page
• Our Sponsors
• Contributors
• For Scientists
• Marine Conservation/Science Support

Welcome to MarineBio!

The largest group of marine biologists/conservationists online, marine life, find out more about..., marine conservation, marine biology education, learn more about..., marinebio projects, marinebio is an advocacy and educational conservation organization for all marine life..

We provide information to people from all walks of life — students, journalists, policymakers, scientists…. You protect what you love .

Many areas in the ocean are still amazing, rich in biodiversity and vital to our own survival, but a large part is in deep trouble (pardon the pun). One of our main goals is to help people learn about marine life and ocean conservation so that they will love the ocean too and help protect it, if not restore it to a healthy state.

Support the MarineBio Conservation Society and help support the following projects and our mission. Please contact us at [email protected] if you’d like to help with any of our current projects described below (in no order of importance):

Project 1: Marine Life Sciences (Marine Biology)

Project description.

Entails exploring and describing the alien world that marine life inhabits to assist with the understanding of the various marine conservation issues and their related efforts. This effort also interests and assists students around the world interested in studying Marine Biology, Biology, Zoology, Marine Conservation, Biological Oceanography, etc. We need to be able to offer at least a current entry-level Marine Biology course’s worth of information online to help students with career and job decisions, etc. as well as to help increase the global awareness of marine life and its conservation. By helping to ultimately produce teachers in the marine life sciences and the vital researchers that ocean life needs at this crucial time in history, we hope to help improve things for marine life (and ultimately ourselves) in countless ways.

Status: UNDERWAY (ongoing)

Topics of interest (in no order of importance):

• Octopuses, squid, cuttlefish & nautiloids
• plankton groups such as phytoplankton, diatoms, dinoflagellates, seaweeds vs algae, foraminifera, radiolarians, larval forms, zooplankton, rotifers, chaetognatha, Claudocera (new page/s)
• Seagrasses, kelp (new page/s)
• marine bacteria (new page/s)
• expand/update invertebrates , explain/expand all terms
• expand/update coral reefs , explain/expand all terms
• Seals & Sea Lions (new page/s)
• update/expand (greatly) Marine Life Cycles
• update/expand (greatly) Symbionts, Parasites, Hosts & Cooperation
• update/expand (greatly) Marine Life Research Tools & Methods
• update/expand (greatly) Submarines & Deep Technology
• update/expand (greatly) Marine Life / Ocean Facts…

Contact Us re Project 1: Marine Life Sciences (Marine Biology)

Project 2: Marine Conservation Information

We are generating more interesting and in-depth information covering the main conservation issues concerning ocean life: global warming , the lack of a Sea Ethic , the solutions to overfishing ( sustainable fishing ), the threats to and an understanding of the importance of biodiversity , habitat conservation , ocean pollution , alien species , and sustainable ecotourism . Expert-reviewed sections on each topic with a focus on solutions while highlighting current efforts and the obstacles involved.

Status: UNDERWAY (ongoing): Marine Conservation section introduction

Importance: marine conservation essentially began with the save the whales campaign in the ’70s and the dolphin-safe tuna boycott in 1986. Since those times, we have learned much more about what lives in the ocean and subsequently that much of it is struggling, if not disappearing, due mainly to our presence. Like marine species data, marine conservation data exists online but it is usually also scattered with bits of data about different aspects at different locations, hidden in various books and journals, or written about for various reasons for a wide number of audiences. By researching and tying the existing data together and filling in the remaining gaps, we hope to provide the most complete picture possible of each marine conservation issue online. Then, also using various Web technologies, we will connect that data together in various ways with the above species to show, for example, relationships between species and the various conservation threats and their status. We should also be able to show and share various data on conservation issue solutions to the widest possible number of people, groups, agencies, and governments (knowledge is power and time is wasting). In doing so, these efforts should help to further promote marine conservation and marine conservation research.

Required: to achieve the above we also need staff. An important goal for MarineBio is to generate adequate funding to hire Marine Conservation Researchers to work on the very latest issues in the places where they are needed most. Of all research, and especially conservation research, marine conservation research is severely lacking (~30:1 according to Dr. Norse ) and ocean life, which so many of us depend on, is quickly paying the ultimate price, extinction. And now with global warming as the number one marine conservation issue, there has never been a time when marine conservation research was more needed.

• The Father of All Mass Extinctions
• expand alien species to full coverage
• expand eco-friendly boating page
• expand sustainable-fishing page to cover all aspects in detail, commercial vs recreational fishing…
• sustainable seafood
• update 101+ ways to help page
• page on how what we do on land can help save the ocean (cleanups, planting trees, etc.)
• how to implement a Sea Ethic
• Conservation Biology > Marine Conservation Biology
• Sustainable Aquaculture, is it possible?
• expand marine biodiversity page
• paleoclimatology
• zooxanthellae
• coccolithophores
• foraminifera
• expand on Threatened & Endangered Species page
• the spread of disease and its relationship to endangered species
• unsustainable fishing practices
• Genetic diversity
• The Endangered Species Act
• Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
• the Oceans Act
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
• mass extinctions
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service)
• optimum sustainable population (OSP)
• Evolutionary Significant Units
• Migratory species
• bottom trawling
• dynamiting coral reefs
• commercial fishing equipment
• coastal development
• The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
• Environmental Protection Agency
• mercury, DDT, PCBs
• fishmeal and fish oil
• gill nets, purse seines, and drift nets
• halogenated hydrocarbons
• Prokaryotes
• photosynthesis
• hydrogen sulfide gas
• expand Sustainable Ecotourism page
• Ecotourism page
• expand/update The Future

Contact Us re Project 2: Marine Conservation Information

Project 3: marine species database.

Status: UNDERWAY (ongoing): Species launched »

Importance: various forms marine species data exists online but it is usually scattered with bits of data about different aspects at different locations, photos of species and behaviors at others, and video and other important information at yet other locations or missing altogether. By tying existing data together and filling in the remaining gaps, we hope to provide the most complete picture possible of each marine species that we discuss. Then, using various Web technologies, we will allow users to connect that data together in various ways to show, for example, relationships between species in terms of taxonomy, habitats, predators and prey, reproduction details, and conservation threats and status. Once we complete the most common and endangered ~10,000 marine species, we plan to offer that data in other ways for multiple uses to students, the general public, and researchers alike, especially to help promote marine conservation and marine conservation research.

Draft pending species list

Common name, taxonomy, valid authority, data sources… completed:

Abbott’s boobies, Papasula abbotti, (Ridgeway, 1893) Abbott’s moray eels, Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott, 1860) Abe’s Flyingfish, Cheilopogon abei (Parin, 1996) Abrolhos jawfishes, Opistognathus alleni (Smith-Vaniz, 2004) Abyssal Spiderfish, Bathypterois longipes (Günther, 1878) Abyssal assfishes, Bassozetus compressus (Günther, 1878) Abyssal halosaurs, Halosauropsis macrochir (Günther, 1878) Abyssal skates, Bathyraja ishiharai (Stehmann, 2005) Abyssal whiptails, Coryphaenoides murrayi (Günther, 1878) Acadian redfishes, Sebastes fasciatus (Storer, 1854) Achilles tangs, Acanthurus achilles (Shaw, 1803) Acorn barnacles, Chthamalus antennatus (Darwin, 1854) Adorned wrasses, Halichoeres cosmetus (Randall & Smith, 1982) Aeolid Nudibranchs, Jason mirabilis (Miller, 1974) African Flyingfishes, Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes, 1847) African basslets, Lipropoma africanum (Smith, 1954) African coris, Coris cuvieri (Bennett, 1831) African cuttlefishes, Sepia bertheloti (d’Orbigny, 1839) African pompanos, Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787) African squid, Alloteuthis africana (Adam, 1950) African striped grunts, Parapristipoma octolineatum (Valenciennes, 1833) Alaska pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas, 1814) Aleutian skates, Bathyraja aleutica (Gilbert, 1896) Alexander’s damsels, Pomacentrus alexanderae (Evermann & Seale, 1907) Alfonsinos, Beryx decadactylus (Cuvier, 1829) Alfred mantas, Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868) Allonautilus perforatus (Conrad, 1849) Ambon scorpionfishes, Pteroidichthys amboinensis (Bleeker, 1856) American comb jellies, Mnemiopsis leidyi (A. Agassiz, 1865) American crocodiles, Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) American eels, Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817) American fourspot flounders, Hippoglossina oblonga (Mitchill, 1815) American sand lances, Ammodytes americanus (DeKay, 1842) American white pelicans, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (Gmelin, 1789) American whitespotted filefishes, Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853) Anagolous bobtail squid, Sepiola affinis (Naef, 1912) Anchor corals, Euphyllia ancora (Veron & Pichon, 1980) Andrea cuttlefishes, Sepia andreana (Steenstrup, 1875) Anemone hermit crabs, Dardanus pedunculatus (Herbst, 1804) Angel clubhook squid, Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii (Férussac, 1835) Angola flying squid, Todarodes angolensis (Adam, 1962) Antarctic flying squid, Todarodes filippovae (Adam, 1975) Antarctic neosquid, Alluroteuthis antarctica (Odhner, 1923) Antarctic petrels, Thalassoica antarctica (Gmelin, 1789) Antarctic terns, Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) Antarctic toothfishes, Dissostichus mawsoni (Norman, 1937) Antilles bobtail squid, Austrorossia antillensis (Voss, 1955) Arabian angelfishes, Pomacanthus asfur (Forsskål, 1775) Arabian cuttlefishes, Sepia arabica (Massy, 1916) Arc-eye hawkfishes, Paracirrhites Arcatus (Cuvier, 1829) Arctic amphipods, Eusirus holmi (Hansen, 1887) Arctic terns, Sterna paradisaea (Pontoppidan, 1763) Argentine shortfin squid, Illex argentinus (Castellanos, 1960) Armed cranch squid, Galiteuthis armata (Joubin, 1898) Armored pipefishes, Solenostomus armatus (Weber, 1913) Arrow squid, Doryteuthis pleii (Blainville, 1823) Arrow worms, Eukrohnia hamata (Möbius, 1875) Artichoke corals, Scolymia cubensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) Ass’s ear abalone, Haliotis asinina (Linnaeus, 1758) Atlantic Lanternfish, Diogenichthys atlanticus (Tåning 1928) Atlantic Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe, 1802) Atlantic Spanish mackerels, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815) Atlantic armhook squid, Gonatus steenstrupi (Kristensen, 1981) Atlantic bird squid, Ornithoteuthis antillarum (Adam, 1957) Atlantic bobtail squid, Sepiola atlantica (d’Orbigny, 1839) Atlantic brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis (Blainville, 1823) Atlantic cranch squid, Teuthowenia megalops (Prosch, 1849) Atlantic croakers, Micropogonias undulatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Atlantic emperors, Lethrinus atlanticus (Valenciennes, 1830) Atlantic herrings, Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) Atlantic petrels, Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel, 1863) Atlantic pygmy skates, Gurgesiella atlantica (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962) Atlantic stingrays, Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur, 1824) Atlantic strawberry cockles, Americardia media (Linnaeus, 1758) Atlantic tobies, Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch, 1786) Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (Gmelin, 1789) Australian cownose rays, Rhinoptera neglecta (Ogilby, 1912) Australian gannets, Morus serrator, (Gray, 1843) Australian giant cuttlefishes, Sepia apama (Gray, 1849) Australian mados, Atypichthys strigatus (Günther, 1860) Bald eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) Balloon seabats, Coelophrys brevipes (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) Banded Cucumberfishes, Paraulopus balteatus (Gomon, 2010) Banded box jellies, Tamoya ohboya (Collins et al., 2011) Banded coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811) Banded drop-arm octopuses, Ameloctopus litoris (Norman, 1992) Banded morays, Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland, 1844) Banded pipefishes, Micrognathus crinitus (Jenyns, 1842) Banded sea kraits, Laticauda colubrina (Gray, 1835) Banded tulip snails, Cinctura lilium (Fisher von Waldheim, 1807) Banggai cardinalfishes, Pterapogon kauderni (Koumans, 1933) Bar jacks, Caranx ruber (Bloch, 1793) Barbel Flyingfish, Exocoetus monocirrhus (Richardson, 1846) Barbfishes, Scorpaena brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1829) Barnacle-eating Onchidoris nudibranchs, Onchidoris bilamellata (Linnaeus, 1767) Barndoor skates, Dipturus laevis (Mitchill, 1818) Barred hamlets, Hypoplectrus puella (Cuvier, 1828) Barred hogfishes, Bodianus scrofa (Valenciennes, 1839) Barredfin moray eels, Gymnothorax zonipectis (Seale, 1906) Barreleyes, Macropinna microstoma (Chapman, 1939) Bartel’s dragonets, Synchiropus bartelsi (Fricke, 1981) Bartsch’s squid, Uroteuthis bartschi (Rehder, 1945) Basket stars, Gorgonocephalus eucnemis (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Bastard grunts, Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825) Bat stars, Patiria miniata (Verrill, 1913) Batfishes, Halieutaea stellata (Vahl, 1797) Batwing coral crabs, Carpilius corallinus (Herbst, 1783) Beaked sea snakes, Enhydrina schistosa (Daudin, 1803) Bearded ghouls, Inimicus didactylus (Pallas, 1769) Bearhead Flyingfish, Cheilopogon arcticeps (Günther 1866) Beautiful feather stars, Cenometra bella (Hartlaub, 1890) Beka squid, Loliolus beka (Sasaki, 1929) Bellybutton nautiluses, Nautilus macromphalus (Sowerby, 1848) Bermuda sea chubs, Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) Berry armhook squid, Gonatus berryi (Naef, 1923) Berry’s bobtail squid, Euprymna berryi (Sasaki, 1929) Bicolor angelfishes, Centropyge bicolor (Bloch, 1787) Bicolor anthias, Pseudanthias bicolor (Randall, 1979) Bicolor damselfishes, Stegastes partitus (Poey, 1868) Big-fin bobtail squid, Rossia megaptera (Verrill, 1881) Bigeye barracudas, Sphyraena forsteri (Cuvier, 1829) Bigeye inshore squid, Doryteuthis ocula (Cohen, 1976) Bigeye scad, Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) Bigeye skates, Okamejei meerdervoortii (Bleeker, 1860) Bigfin reef squids, Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1830) Bigfin squid, Magnapinna pacifica (Vecchione & Young, 1998) Bignose unicornfishes, Naso vlamingii (Valenciennes, 1835) Bigscale Deepsea Smelt, Melanolagus bericoides (Borodin 1929) Binocular fishes Winteria telescopa (Brauer, 1901) Bipinnate sea plumes, Antillogorgia bipinnata (Verrill, 1864) Bird wrasses, Gomphosus varius (Lacepède, 1801) Birdbeak burrfishes, Cyclichthys orbicularis (Bloch, 1785) Biscuit sea stars, Tosia australis (Gray, 1840) Black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii (Leach, 1814) Black comb-tooth blennies, Ecsenius namiyei (D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1902) Black drums, Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766) Black groupers, Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey, 1860) Black gulper eels, Saccopharynx schmidti (Bertin, 1934) Black jacks, Caranx lugubris (Poey, 1860) Black longspine sea urchins, Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) Black mangroves, Avicennia germinans ((L.) L.) Black margates, Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) Black moray eels, Muraena augusti (Kaup, 1856) Black scabbardfishes, Aphanopus carbo (Lowe, 1839) Black scorpionfishes, Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) Black sea basses, Centropristis striata (Linnaeus, 1758) Black snappers, Apsilus dentatus (Guichenot, 1853) Black storm petrels, Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte, 1854) Black swallowers, Chiasmodon niger (Johnson, 1864) Black triggerfishes, Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786) Black-and-gold chromis, Neoglyphidodon nigroris (Cuvier, 1830) Black-and-yellow rockfishes, Sebastes chrysomelas (Jordan & Gilbert, 1881) Black-banded sea kraits, Laticauda laticaudata (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-banded sea snakes, Hydrophis melanosoma (Günther, 1864) Black-bar chromis, Chromis retrofasciata (Weber, 1913) Black-browed albatrosses, Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828) Black-faced blennies, Tripterygion delaisi (Cadenat & Blache, 1970) Black-margin nudibranchs, Doriprismatica atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804) Blackbar soldierfishes, Myripristis jacobus (Cuvier, 1829) Blackcheek moray eels, Gymnothorax breedeni (McCosker & Randall 1977) Blackfin slatey, Diagramma melanacrum (Johnson & Randall, 2001) Blackside hawkfishes, Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider, 1801) Blackspot tuskfishes, Choerodon schoenleinii (Valenciennes, 1839) Blackstripe cardinalfishes, Ostorhinchus nigrofasciatus (Lachner, 1953) Blackstriped angelfishes, Genicanthus lamarck (Lacepède, 1802) Blacktail combers, Serranus atricauda (Günther, 1874) Blacktip soldierfishes, Myripristis botche (Cuvier, 1829) Blackwing flyingfishes, Hirundichthys rondeletii (Valenciennes, 1847) Bladder wrack, Caulerpa prolifera ((Forsskål) J.V. Lamouroux, 1809) Bladed fire corals, Millepora complanata (Lamarck, 1816) Blind electric rays, Typhlonarke aysoni (Hamilton, 1902) Bloody fairy wrasses, Cirrhilabrus sanguineus (Cornic, 1987) Bloody frogfishes, Antennatus sanguineus (Gill, 1863) Blotchfin scorpionfishes, Scorpaenodes varipinnis (Smith, 1957) Blue Grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae (Hector, 1871) Blue buttons, Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, 1758) Blue chromis, Chromis cyanea (Poey, 1860) Blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun 1896) Blue hamlets, Hypoplectrus gemma, (Goode and Bean, 1882) Blue humphead parrotfishes, Chlorurus cyanescens (Valenciennes, 1840) Blue lings, Molva dypterygia (Pennant, 1784) Blue rockfishes, Sebastes mystinus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1881) Blue runners, Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815) Blue sea squirts, Clavelina moluccensis (Sluiter, 1904) Blue sea stars, Phataria unifascialis (Gray, 1840) Blue skates, Dipturus batis (Linnaeus, 1758) Blue trevally, Carangoides ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) Blue-speckled prawn-gobies, Cryptocentrus caeruleomaculatus (Herre, 1933) Bluebell tunicates, Clavelina puertosecensis (Millar & Goodbody, 1974) Blueface angelfishes, Chaetodontoplus personifer (McCulloch, 1914) Bluefin trevally, Caranx melampygus (Cuvier, 1833) Bluegirdled angelfishes, Pomacanthus navarchus (Cuvier, 1831) Blueheads, Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bloch, 1791) Bluespine unicornfishes, Naso unicornis (Forsskål, 1775) Bluestriped goatfishes, Upeneus lineatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Bluetail trunkfishes, Ostracion cyanurus (Rüppell, 1828) Blushing star corals, Stephanocoenia intersepta (Lamarck, 1836) Bocaccio rockfishes, Sebastes paucispinis (Ayres, 1854) Bordered Roboastra nudibranchs, Roboastra luteolineata (Baba, 1936) Boreal clubhook squid, Onychoteuthis borealijaponica (Okada, 1927) Boreoatlantic armhook squid, Gonatus fabricii (Lichtenstein, 1818) Boreopacific armhook squid, Gonatopsis borealis (Sasaki, 1923) Boring giant clams, Tridacna crocea (Lamarck, 1819) Bottletail or tropical bottletail squid, Sepiadarium kochi (Steenstrup, 1881) Boulder brain corals, Colpophyllia natans (Houttuyn, 1772) Boulder star corals, Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) Bowmouth guitarfishes, Rhinobatos ancylostoma (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Box jellyfishes, Chironex fleckeri (Southcott, 1956) Brachiopods, Lingula anatina (Lamarck, 1801) Branch corals, Acropora cervicornis (Dana, 1846) Branching vase sponges, Callyspongia aculeata (Linnaeus, 1759) Breadcrumb sponges, Halichondria (Halichondria) panicea (Pallas, 1766) Bridled burrfishes, Chilomycterus antennatus (Cuvier, 1816) Broadback cuttlefishes, Sepia savignyi (Blainville, 1827) Broadbarred firefishes, Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) Brown algae, Spatoglossum schmittii (W. R. Taylor, 1945) Brown bear armhook squid, Gonatus ursabrunae (Jefferts, 1985) Brown boobies, Sula leucogaster, (Boddaert, 1783) Brown chromis, Chromis multilineata (Guichenot, 1853) Brown chubs, Kyphosus bigibbus (Lacepède, 1801) Brown moray eels, Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche, 1809) Brown pullers, Chromis hypsilepis (Günther, 1867) Brown-lined puffers, Canthigaster rivulata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Brown-spotted spinefoots, Siganus stellatus (Forsskål, 1775) Bubblegum corals, Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) Buffalo sculpins, Enophrys bison (Girard, 1854) Bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana ((K.Mertens) Postels & Ruprecht, 1840) Bull rays, Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Bumphead parrotfishes, Scarus perrico (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) Butter hamlets, Hypoplectrus unicolor (Walbaum, 1792) Cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres, 1854) California aglajas, Navanax inermis (J.G. Cooper, 1863) California armhook squid, Gonatus californiensis (Young, 1972) California blue dorids, Felimare californiensis (Bergh, 1879) California flounders, Paralichthys californicus (Ayres, 1859) California flyingfishes, Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus californicus (Cooper, 1863) California grenadiers, Nezumia stelgidolepis (Gilbert, 1890) California gulls, Larus californicus (Lawrence, 1854) California lilliput octopuses, Octopus micropyrsus (Berry, 1953) California moray eels, Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres, 1859) California scorpionfishes, Scorpaena guttata (Girard, 1854) California seahare nudibranchs, Aplysia californica (J. G. Cooper) California sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher (Ayres, 1854) California sponge crabs, Moreiradromia sarraburei (Rathbun, 1910) Californian anchovies, Engraulis mordax (Girard, 1854) Caltrop murex, Murex tribulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Canary damsels, Abudefduf luridus (Cuvier, 1830) Canary rockfishes, Sebastes pinniger (Gill, 1864) Candycane pygmy gobies, Trimma cana (Winterbottom, 2004) Cannonball jellyfishes, Stomolophus meleagris (Agassiz, 1862) Cape Hope squid, Loligo reynaudii (d’Orbigny, 1841) Cape gannets, Morus capensis, (Lichtenstein, 1823) Cape petrels, Daption capense (Linnaeus, 1758) Capelins, Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776) Cardinal soldierfishes, Myripristis gildi (Greenfield, 1965) Cardinalfishes, Archamia ataenia (Randall & Satapoomin, 1999) Caribbean chestnut moray eels, Enchelycore carychroa (J. E. Böhlke & E. B. Böhlke, 1976) Caribbean two-spot octopuses, Octopus hummelincki (Adam, 1936) Carol bobtail squid, Neorossia caroli (Joubin, 1902) Cassin’s auklets, Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas, 1811) Cat augers, Oxymeris felina (Dillwyn, 1817) Ceylon Gymnodoris nudibranchs, Gymnodoris ceylonica (Kelaart, 1858) Chain moray eels, Echidna catenata (Bloch, 1795) Chalice corals, Mycedium steeni (Veron, 2002) Chamberlain’s Nembrothas, Nembrotha chamberlaini (Gosliner & Behrens, 1997) Checkerboard wrasses, Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacépède, 1801) Cheeklined wrasses, Oxycheilinus digramma (Lacepède, 1801) Cherubfishes, Centropyge argi (Woods & Kanazawa, 1951) Chilean devil rays, Mobula tarapacana (Philippi, 1892) China rockfishes, Sebastes nebulosus (Ayres, 1854) Chinese dragon nudibranchs, Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864) Chinese ghouls, Inimicus caledonicus (Sauvage, 1878) Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853) Chinese numbfishes, Narcine lingula (Richardson, 1846) Chinese trumpetfishes, Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) Chitons, Acanthochitona crinita (Pennant, 1777) Chocolate chip sea stars, Protoreaster nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chocolate hinds, Cephalopholis boenak (Bloch, 1790) Christmas Island red crabs, Gecarcoidea natalis (Pocock, 1888) Christmas frigatebirds, Fregata andrewsi (Mathews, 1914) Christmas shearwaters, Puffinus nativitatis (Streets, 1877) Chub mackerels, Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum, 1792) Clark’s anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830) Clark’s grebes, Aechmophorus clarkii (Lawrence, 1858) Clawed armhook squid, Gonatus onyx (Young, 1972) Cleaner gobies, Elacatinus genie (Böhlke & Robins, 1968) Clearnose skates, Raja eglanteria (Bosc, 1800) Clown coris, Coris aygula (Lacepède, 1801) Clown toados, Canthigaster callisterna (Ogilby, 1889) Clown triggerfishes, Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Clown wrasses, Halichoeres maculipinna (Müller & Troschel, 1848) Co’s Chromodoris nudibranchs, Goniobranchus coi (Risbec, 1956) Cobalt chromis, Chromis flavicauda (Günther, 1880) Cobbler wobbegongs, Sutorectus tentaculatus (Peters, 1864) Cobias, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) Cockatoo Handfishes, Pezichthys amplispinus Last & Gledhill 2009 Cockatoo squid, Galiteuthis phyllura (S. S. Berry, 1911) Cockatoo waspfishes, Ablabys taenianotus (Cuvier, 1829) Cocktail wrasses, Pteragogus flagellifer (Valenciennes, 1839) Coconut crabs, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) Coffeebean scaled squid, Pholidoteuthis massyae (Pfeffer, 1912) Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) Coleman’s shrimp, Periclimenes colemani (Bruce, 1975) Colonial tunicates, Pyrosoma atlanticum (Péron, 1804) Comb-finned squid, Chtenopteryx sicula (Vérany, 1851) Combtooth blennies, Cirripectes hutchinsi (Williams, 1988) Comets, Calloplesiops altivelis (Steindachner, 1903) Comical blennies, Ecsenius opsifrontalis (Chapman & Schultz, 1952) Commensal anemone shrimp, Ancylomenes tosaensis (Kubo, 1951) Commerson’s frogfishes, Antennarius commerson (Lacepède, 1798) Common Hairfin Anchovy, Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes 1848) Common arm squid, Brachioteuthis riisei (Steenstrup, 1882) Common bluestripe snappers, Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskål, 1775) Common bobtail squid, Sepietta oweniana (d’Orbigny, 1841) Common clubhook squid, Onychoteuthis banksii (Leach, 1817) Common dragonets, Callionymus lyra (Linnaeus, 1758) Common eagle rays, Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Common egg cowries, Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) Common fangtooths, Anoplogaster cornuta (Valenciennes, 1833) Common feather duster worms, Sabellastarte sanctijosephi (Gravier, 1906) Common goose barnacles, Lepas anatifera (Linnaeus, 1758) Common guillemots, Uria aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763) Common guitarfishes, Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) Common gulls, Larus canus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common hairy tritons, Monoplex pilearis (Linnaeus, 1758) Common halfbeaks, Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani, 1841) Common keyhole limpets, Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758) Common limpets, Patella vulgata (Linnaeus, 1758) Common mojarras, Gerres argyreus (Forster, 1801) Common mussels, Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) Common northern comb jellies, Bolinopsis infundibulum (O.F. Müller, 1776) Common olives, Oliva oliva (Linnaeus, 1758) Common pelican’s foot, Aporrhais pespelecani (Linnaeus, 1758) Common periwinkles, Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) Common ponyfishes, Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål, 1775) Common sandpipers, Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) Common sawfishes, Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758) Common sea fans, Gorgonia ventalina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common sea stars, Archaster typicus (Müller & Troschel, 1840) Common sea urchins, Echinus esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) Common silver bellies, Gerres subfasciatus (Cuvier, 1830) Common silver-biddy, Gerres oyena (Forsskål, 1775) Common snooks, Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) Common stingarees, Trygonoptera testacea (Müller & Henle, 1841) Common stingrays, Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Common terns, Sterna hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758) Common torpedos, Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) Common tusk shells, Antalis vulgaris (da Costa, 1778) Common two-banded seabreams, Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Compass jellyfishes, Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1767) Compressed tobies, Canthigaster compressa (Marion de Procé, 1822) Coneys, Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus, 1758) Conger eels, Conger erebennus (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) Convict blennies, Pholidichthys leucotaenia (Bleeker, 1856) Convict snake eels, Leiuranus versicolor (Richardson, 1848) Convict surgeonfishes, Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) Cook’s petrels, Pterodroma cookii (Gray, 1843) Copepods, Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus, 1770) Coral brotulas, Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides (Bleeker, 1855) Coral groupers, Epinephelus corallicola (Valenciennes, 1828) Coral hawkfishes, Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) Coral hinds, Cephalopholis miniata (Forsskål, 1775) Coral toadfishes, Sanopus splendidus (Collette, Starck & Phillips) Cornetfishes, Fistularia tabacaria (Linnaeus, 1758) Cory’s shearwaters, Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769) Cosmopolitan Flyingfish, Exocoetus volitans (Linnaeus 1758) Crab plovers, Dromas ardeola (Paykull, 1805) Creamy (Chromodoris) nudibranchs, Goniobranchus fidelis (Kelaart, 1858) Creole wrasses, Clepticus parrae (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Creole-fishes, Paranthias furcifer (Valenciennes, 1828) Crested Nembrothas, Nembrotha cristata (Bergh, 1877) Crevalle jacks, Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766) Crevice kelpfishes, Gibbonsia montereyensis (Hubbs, 1927) Crocker’s sea snakes, Laticauda crockeri (Slevin, 1934) Crocodile flatheads, Cociella crocodilus (Cuvier, 1829) Crown-of-thorns starfishes, Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) Crowned sea urchins, Centrostephanus coronatus (Verrill, 1867) Crusty nautiluses, Allonautilus scrobiculatus (Lightfoot, 1786) Cucumber pearlfishes, Onuxodon margaritiferae (Rendahl, 1921) Curious wormfishes, Gunnellichthys curiosus (Dawson, 1968) Curvespine cuttlefishes, Sepia recurvirostra (Steenstrup, 1875) Cuttlefishes, Sepia tanybracheia (A. Reid, 2000) Cuvier’s cone snails, Conus cuvieri (Crosse, 1858) Cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium spp. (Ehrenberg ex Gomont, 1892) Daisy brittle stars, Ophiopholis aculeata (Linnaeus, 1767) Dalmatian Pelicans, Pelecanus crispus (Bruch, 1832) Dark slate-pencil urchins, Heterocentrotus trigonarius (Lamarck, 1816) Darkbar Flyingfish, Cypselurus hexazona (Bleeker 1853) Dart squid, Lolliguncula diomedeae (Hoyle, 1904) Darwin’s Roughy, Gephyroberyx darwinii (Johnson 1866) Dead man’s fingers, Codium fragile ((Suringar) Hariot, 1889) Dealfishes, Trachipterus arcticus (Brünnich, 1788) Deceiver fangbellies, Petroscirtes fallax (Smith-Vaniz, 1976) Decorator crabs, Naxia tumida (Dana, 1851) Decorator kelp crabs, Coryrhynchus lobifrons (Rathbun, 1894) Deep sea amphipods, Phronima spp. (Latreille, 1802) Deep sea dragonfishes, Grammatostomias flagellibarba (Holt & Byrne) Deep-sea predatory tunicates, Megalodicopia hians (Oka, 1918) Deepsea blackdevils, Melanocetus murrayi (Günther 1887) Deepsea congers, Bassanago hirsutus (Castle, 1960) Deepsea squid, Bathyteuthis abyssicola (Hoyle, 1885) Delicate ghostpipefishes, Solenostomus leptosoma (Tanaka, 1908) Demon stingers, Inimicus cuvieri (Gray, 1835) Devil firefishes, Pterois miles (Bennett, 1828) Devil flatheads, Onigocia spinosa (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Devil scorpionfishes, Scorpaeniopsis diabolus (Cuvier, 1829) Diamond leatherjackets, Rudarius excelsus (Hutchins, 1977) Diamond lizardfishes, Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758) Diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Troschel, 1857) Diatoms, Paralia spp. (Heiberg, 1863) Dimpled sheet corals, Agaricia grahamae (Wells, 1973) Dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae), Symbiodinium spp. (Freudenthal, 1962) Dinoflagellates, Scrippsiella spp. (Balech ex A.R.Loeblich III, 1965) Dog snappers, Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Double-ended pipefishes, Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857) Doublebar goatfishes, Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacepède, 1801) Dover soles, Microstomus pacificus (Lockington, 1879) Dracula shrimp-gobies, Stonogobiops dracula (Polunin & Lubbock, 1977) Dreamers, Dermatias platynogaster (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) Drums, Sciaena callaensis (Hildebrand, 1946) Dungeness crabs, Metacarcinus magister (Dana, 1852) Dusky batfishes, Platax pinnatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Dusky groupers, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) Dwarf bobtail squid, Sepiola rondeleti (Leach, 1817) Dwarf frogfishes, Antennarius pauciradiatus (Schultz, 1957) Dwarf hawkfishes, Cirrhitichthys falco (Randall, 1963) Dwarf moray eels, Gymnothorax melatremus (Schultz, 1953) Dwarf sawfishes, Pristis clavata (Garman, 1906) Eastern frogfishes, Batrachomoeus dubius (White, 1790) Eastern gobbleguts, Vincentia novaehollandiae (Valenciennes, 1832) Eastern rock lobsters, Sagmariasus verreauxi (H. Milne Edwards) Eightgill hagfishes, Eptatretus octatrema (Barnard, 1923) Elegant Phyllidia nudibranchs, Phyllidia elegans (Bergh, 1869) Elegant bobtail squid, Sepietta neglecta (Naef, 1916) Elegant cuttlefishes, Sepia elegans (Blainville, 1827) Elegant flatworms, Pseudobiceros bedfordi (Laidlaw, 1903) Elegant sea snakes, Hydrophis elegans (Gray, 1842) Elegant terns, Sterna elegans (Gambel, 1849) Elegant wrasses, Anampses elegans (Ogilby, 1889) Eleven-armed sea stars, Coscinasterias muricata (Verrill, 1870) Elkhorn corals, Acropora palmata (Lamarck, 1816) Elliptical star corals, Dichocoenia stokesi (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848) Emerald parrotfishes, Nicholsina usta usta (Valenciennes, 1840) Emerald wrasses, Thalassoma virens (Gilbert, 1890) Emperor angelfishes, Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch, 1787) Emperor shrimp, Periclimenes imperator (Bruce, 1967) English soles, Parophrys vetulus (Girard, 1854) Enigma skates, Brochiraja heuresa (Last & Séret, 2012) Eschmeyer’s scorpionfishes, Rhinopias eschmeyeri (Condé, 1977) Estuarine pipefishes, Syngnathus watermeyeri (Smith, 1963) Estuarine sea snakes, Hydrophis vorisi (Kharin, 1984) Estuarine stonefishes, Synanceia horrida (Linnaeus, 1766) European common squid, Alloteuthis subulata (Lamarck, 1798) European eels, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) European flying squid Todarodes sagittatus (Lamarck, 1798) European squid, Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798) Exquisite wrasses, Cirrhilabrus exquisitus (Smith, 1957) Extraordinary feather stars, Comanthus mirabilis (Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles & Vail, 1986) Eye-flash squid, Abralia veranyi (Rüppell, 1844) Fairy prions, Pachyptila turtur (Kuhl, 1820) False puffers, Paralticus prionurus (Bleeker, 1851) Fan-bellied leatherjackets, Monacanthus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) Fangblennies, Meiacanthus abruptus (Smith-Vaniz & Allen, 2011) Fangtooth moray eels, Enchelycore anatina (Lowe, 1838) Fantail mullets, Mugil gyrans (Jordan & Gilbert, 1884) Fat inkeeper worms, (Fisher & MacGinitie, 1928) Fat snooks, Centropomus parallelus (Poey, 1860) Feather stars, Florometra serratissima (A.H. Clark, 1907) Fiery armhook squid, Gonatus pyros (Young, 1972) Fimbriated moray eels, Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett, 1832) Fine-spotted leopard whiprays, Himantura tutul (Borsa, Durand, Shen, Alyza, Solihin & Berrebi, 2013) Finger corals, Porites porites (Pallas, 1766) Fire corals, Millepora alcicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Fire corals, Millepora exaesa (Lamarck, 1816) Fire gobies, Nemateleotris magnifica (Fowler, 1938) Fire sponges, Tedania (Tedania) ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Fire urchin snails, Echineulima asthenosomae (Warén, 1980) Flame anthias, Pseudanthias ignitus (Randall & Lubbock, 1981) Flame gobies, Trimma macrophthalmum (Smith, 1957) Flame scallops, Ctenoides ales (Finlay, 1927) Flamingo tongue snails, Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758) Flasher scorpionfishes, Scorpaenopsis macrochir (Ogilby, 1910) Flasherwrasses, Paracheilinus walton (Allen & Erdmann, 2006) Flashlight fishes, Photoblepharon steinitzi (Abe & Haneda, 1973) Flat-tail sea snakes, Pseudolaticauda schistorhynchus (Günther, 1874) Florida pompanos, Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) Flower sea urchins, Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck, 1816) Flowervase jewell squid, Histioteuthis hoylei (Goodrich, 1896) Flying gurnards, Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Forbes’ sea stars, Asterias forbesi (Desor, 1848) Foxfaces, Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel & Müller, 1845) Fragile saucer corals, Agaricia fragilis (Dana, 1846) Freckled goatfishes, Upeneus tragula (Richardson, 1846) Freckled hinds, Cephalopholis microprion (Bleeker, 1852) Freckled soapfishes, Rypticus bistrispinus (Mitchill, 1818) French grunts, Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest, 1823) Freshwater whiprays, Himantura dalyensis (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2008) Fried egg jellyfishes, Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778) Frigate tuna, Auxis thazard thazard (Lacepède, 1800) Frillfin turkeyfishes, Pterois mombasae (Smith, 1957) Frog cuttlefishes, Sepia murrayi (Adam & Rees, 1966) Funeral Jorunna nudibranchs, Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1859) Furry Coffinfish, Chaunax endeavouri (Whitley, 1929) Fused staghorn corals, Acropora prolifera (Lamarck, 1816) Gags, Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode & Bean, 1879) Galapagos damsels, Azurina eupalama (Heller & Snodgrass, 1903) Gaping file shells, Limaria hians (Gmelin, 1791) Garden eels, Heteroconger longissimus (Günther, 1870) Gargantuan blennies, Cirripectes obscurus (Borodin, 1927) Garibaldi damselfishes, Hypsypops rubicundus (Girard, 1854) Geometric moray eels, Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède, 1803) Ghost Melibe nudibranchs, Melibe engeli (de Filippi, 1867) Ghost crabs, Upogebia macginitieorum (Williams, 1986) Ghost pipefishes, Solenostomus cyanopterus (Bleeker, 1854) Ghost skates, Rajella dissimilis (Hulley, 1970) Giant African cuttlefishes, Sepia hierredda (Rang, 1837) Giant Caribbean anemones, Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860) Giant Cod, Lepidion inosimae (Günther 1887) Giant Hypselodoris nudibranchs, Hypselodoris apolegma (Yonow, 2001) Giant Pacific chitons, Cryptochiton stelleri (von Middendorff, 1847) Giant barrel sponges, Xestospongia muta (Schmidt, 1870) Giant basket stars, Astroboa nuda (Lyman, 1874) Giant cusk eels, Spectrunculus grandis (Günther, 1877) Giant damselfishes, Microspathodon dorsalis (Gill, 1862) Giant fire salps, Pyrostremma spinosum (Herdman, 1888) Giant guitarfishes, Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskål, 1775) Giant hermit crabs, Petrochirus diogenes (Linnaeus, 1758) Giant isopods, Bathynomus giganteus (A. Milne Edwards, 1879) Giant jawfishes, Opistognathus rhomaleus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera ((Linnaeus) C. Agardh, 1820) Giant kelpfishes, Heterostichus rostratus (Girard, 1854) Giant keyhole limpets, Megathura crenulata (Sowerby I, 1825) Giant moray eels, Gymnothorax melatremus (Bleeker, 1859) Giant mud crabs, Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775) Giant ostracods, Gigantocypris agassizi (G.W. Müller, 1895) Giant plumose anemones, Metridium farcimen (Brandt, 1835) Giant prawn-gobies, Amblyeleotris fontanesii (Bleeker, 1853) Giant rock scallops, Crassadoma gigantea (J.E. Gray, 1825) Giant scale worms, Polyodontes vanderloosi (Barnich & Steene, 2003) Giant sea stars, Pisaster giganteus (Stimpson, 1857) Giant shovelnose rays, Glaucostegus typus (Anonymous [Bennett], 1830) Giant skates, Dipturus gigas (Ishiyama, 1958) Giant slit-pore sea rods, Plexaurella nutans (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) Giant spider crabs, Leptomithrax gaimardii (H. Milne Edwards, 1834) Giant star corals, Moseleya latistellata (Quelch, 1884) Giant striped seabasses, Stereolepis doederleini (Lindberg & Krasyukova) Giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775) Giant tun, Tonna galea (Linnaeus, 1758) Gigantic whipnoses, Gigantactis gargantua (Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981) Girdled Glossodoris nudibranchs, Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888) Glacial squid, Psychroteuthis glacialis (Thiele, 1920) Glass gobies, Coryphopterus hyalinus (Böhlke & Robins, 1962) Glass squid, Cranchia pacifica (Issel, 1908) Glasshead barreleyes Rhynchohyalus natalensis (Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924) Glassy flying squid, Hyaloteuthis pelagica (Bosc, 1802) Glassy sweepers, Pempheris schomburgkii (Müller & Troschel, 1848) Glaucous gulls, Larus hyperboreus (Gunnerus, 1767) Glider Flyingfish, Cheilopogon atrisignis (Jenkins 1903) Golden bobtail squid, Sepiola aurantiaca (Jatta, 1896) Golden cuttlefishes, Sepia esculenta (Hoyle, 1885) Golden damselfishes, Amblyglyphidodon aureus (Cuvier, 1830) Golden hamlets, Hypoplectrus gummigutta (Poey, 1851) Golden king crabs, Lithodes aequispinus (Benedict, 1895) Golden mantis shrimp, Lysiosquilloides mapia (Erdmann & Boyer, 2003) Golden trevallys, Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775) Goldengirdled coralfishes, Coradion chrysozonus (Cuvier, 1831) Goldenstriped soapfishes, Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg, 1792) Goldentail moray eels, Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup, 1856) Golfball corals, Favia fragum (Esper, 1797) Goose barnacles, Lepas (Anatifa) pectinata (Spengler, 1793) Goosefishes, Lophiodes naresi (Günther 1880) Gopher rockfishes, Sebastes carnatus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Gorgeous prawn-gobies, Amblyeleotris wheeleri (Lubbock & Polunin, 1977) Gould’s flying squid, Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy, 1888) Graceful pipehorses, Acentronura gracilissima (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Grand pleurobranchs, Pleurobranchus grandis (Pease, 1868) Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis, 1949) Grass squid, Pickfordiateuthis pulchella (G. L. Voss, 1953) Graysbys, Cephalopholis cruentata (Lacepède, 1802) Greasy groupers, Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) Great auks, Pinguinus impennis (Linnaeus, 1758) Great black-backed gulls, Larus marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Great egrets, Ardea alba (Linnaeus, 1758) Great frigatebirds, Fregata minor (Gmelin, 1789) Great sculpins, Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus (Pallas, 1814) Great shearwaters, Puffinus gravis (O’Reilly, 1818) Great skuas, Stercorarius skua (Brunnich, 1764) Great star coals, Montastraea cavernosa (Linnaeus, 1767) Great white pelicans, Pelecanus onocrotalus (Linnaeus, 1758) Greater crested terns, Sterna bergii (Lichtenstein, 1823) Greater hooked squid, Onykia ingens (E.A. Smith, 1881) Greater pipefishes, Syngnathus acus (Linnaeus, 1758) Greater shining bobtail squid, Semirossia equalis (G. L. Voss, 1950) Greater soapfishes, Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Greater weevers, Trachinus draco (Linnaeus, 1758) Green chromis, Chromis caerulea (Cuvier, 1830) Green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O. F. Müller) Greenback parrotfishes, Scarus trispinosus (Valenciennes, 1840) Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792) Greenspotted rockfishes, Sebastes chlorostictus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Greenstriped rockfishes, Sebastes elongatus (Ayres, 1859) Grey triggerfishes, Balistes capriscus (Gmelin, 1789) Grey-headed albatrosses, Thalassarche chrysostoma (Forster, 1785) Grimaldi scaled squid, Lepidoteuthis grimaldii (Joubin, 1895) Grooved brain corals, Diploria labyrinthiformis, (Linnaeus, 1758) Grooved cuttlefishes, Sepia sulcata (Hoyle, 1885) Grunt sculpins, Rhamphocottus richardsonii (Günther, 1874) Guam Halgerda nudibranchs, Halgerda guahan (Carlson & Hoff, 1993) Guinean cuttlefishes, Sepia elobyana (Adam, 1941) Guinean puffers, Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe, 1838) Guinean thumbstall squid, Afrololigo mercatoris (Adam, 1941) Gulf blennies, Ecsenius pulcher (Murray, 1887) Gulf bobtail squid, Rossia bullisi (Voss, 1956) Gulf flounders, Paralichthys albigutta (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) Gulf of Mexico pygmy skates, Fenestraja sinusmexicanus (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950) Gulf toadfishes, Opsanus beta (Goode & Bean, 1880) Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Hairy blennies, Cirrisalarias bunares (Springer, 1976) Hairy hermit crabs, Pagurus hirtimanus (Miers, 1880) Hairy spooner crabs, Etisus anaglyptus (H. Milne Edwards) Hairy squat lobsters, Lauriea siagiani (Baba, 1994) Half-barred gobies, Amblygobius semicinctus (Bennett, 1833) Halfspotted groupers, Cephalopholis hemistiktos (Rüppell, 1830) Hapuku wreckfishes, Polyprion oxygeneios (Schneider & Forster, 1801) Hardwicke’s sea snakes, Lapemis hardwickii (Gray, 1834) Harlequin basses, Serranus tigrinus (Bloch, 1790) Harlequin ghost pipefishes, Solenostomus paradoxus (Pallas, 1770) Harlequin hinds, Cephalopholis polleni (Bleeker, 1868) Harlequin shrimp, Hymenocera picta (Dana, 1852) Harlequin sweetlips, Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides (Lacepède, 1801) Harlequin tuskfishes, Choerodon fasciatus (Günther, 1867) Harlequin wrasses, Bodianus eclancheri (Valenciennes, 1846) Hawaiian anthias, Pseudanthias thompsoni (Fowler, 1923) Hawaiian bigeyes, Pomachromis meeki (Jenkins, 1903) Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes (Berry, 1913) Hawaiian dascyllus, Dascyllus albisella (Gill, 1862) Hawaiian flying squid, Nototodarus hawaiiensis (Berry, 1912) Hawaiian lionfishes, Dendrochirus barberi (Steindachner, 1900) Hawaiian squirrelfishes, Sargocentron xantherythrum (Jordan & Evermann, 1903) Hawaiian turkeyfishes, Pterois sphex (Jordan & Evermann, 1903) Hawaiian whitespotted tobies, Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins, 1901) Hawkfish anthias, Serranocirrhitus latus (Watanabe, 1949) Hawkfishes, Paracirrhites bicolor (Randall, 1963) Hector’s dolphins, Cephalorhynchus hectori (Van Beneden, 1881) Hedley’s cuttlefishes, Sepia hedleyi (Berry, 1918) Helmet jellies, Periphylla periphylla (Péron & Lesueur, 1809) Herring gulls, Larus argentatus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Hidden cup corals, Phyllangia americana (Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1849) Hieroglyphic cone snails, Conus hieroglyphus (Duclos, 1833) High-hat triplefin blennies, Enneapterygius tutuilae (Jordan & Seale, 1906) Hikueru Glossodoris nudibranchs, Glossodoris hikuerensis (Pruvot-Fol, 1954) Hogfishes, Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum, 1792) Holthuis cleaner shrimp, Ancylomenes holthuisi (Bruce, 1969) Honey cowries, Erosaria helvola (Linnaeus, 1758) Honeycomb cowfishes, Acanthostracion polygonius (Poey, 1876) Honeycomb tobies, Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker, 1855) Hong Kong groupers, Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel) Hooded cuttlefishes, Sepia prashadi (Winckworth, 1936) Hooded nudibranchs, Melibe leonina (Gould, 1852) Horned puffins, Fratercula corniculata (Naumann, 1821) Horned sea snakes, Acalyptophis peronii (Duméril, 1853) Horse conchs, Pleuroploca gigantea (Kiener, 1840) Horse-shoe leatherjackets, Meuschenia hippocrepis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Horseshoe crabs, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille, 1802) Humans, Homo sapiens (Linnaeus, 1758) Humpback Anglerfishes, Tetrabrachium ocellatum (Günther, 1880) Humpback groupers, Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) Humpback unicornfishes, Naso brachycentron (Valenciennes, 1835) Humpback whale lice, Cyamus boopis (Lütken, 1870) Humpnose big-eye breams, Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) Hydrothermal vent shrimp, Chorocaris spp. (Martin & Hessler) Hydrothermal vent snails, Ifremeria nautilei (Bouchet & Warén) Hydrothermal vent squat lobsters, Munidopsis lauensis (Baba & de Saint Laurent, 1992) Hydrothermal vent worms, Riftia pachyptila (Jones, 1981) Immaculate puffers, Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Indian humpback dolphins, Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1829) Indian nudibranchs, Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896) Indian squid, Uroteuthis duvaucelii (d’Orbigny, 1835) Indigo hamlets, Hypoplectrus indigo (Poey, 1851) Indo-Pacific sergeants, Abudefduf vaigiensis (Forsskål, 1775) Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1832 [1833]) Indonesian Flyingfish, Cheilopogon katoptron (Bleeker 1866) Innkeeper crabs, Pinnixa franciscana (Rathbun, 1918) Intermediate Flyingfish, Cheilopogon intermedius (Parin 1961) Intermediate bobtail squid, Sepiola intermedia (Naef, 1912) Irukandji box jellyfishes, Carukia barnesi (Southcott, 1967) Irukandji jellyfishes, Keesingia gigas (Gershwin, 2014) Island groupers, Mycteroperca fusca (Lowe, 1838) Ivory bush corals, Oculina diffusa (Lamarck, 1816) Jack-knifefishes, Equetus lanceolatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Japanese bobtail squid, Sepiolina nipponensis (Berry, 1911) Japanese bottletail squid, Sepiadarium nipponianum (Berry, 1932) Japanese hooked squid, Onykia loennbergii (Ishikawa & Wakiya, 1914) Japanese pancake devilfishes, Opisthoteuthis depressa (Ijima & Ikeda, 1895) Japanese sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) Japanese spineless cuttlefishes, Sepiella japonica (Sasaki, 1929) Japanese squid, Loliolus japonicus (Hoyle, 1885) Javelins, Coelorinchus australis (Richardson, 1839) Jewel enope squid, Pyroteuthis margaritifera (Rüppell, 1844) Jimbles, Carybdea rastonii (Haacke, 1886) John dories, Zeus faber (Linnaeus, 1758) Johnston Island damsels, Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus (Fowler & Ball, 1924) Kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus (Girard, 1854) Kelp clingfishes, Rimicola muscarum (Meek & Pierson, 1895) Kelp greenlings, Hexagrammos decagrammus (Pallas, 1810) Kelp gulls, Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Ken’s cuttlefishes, Sepia grahami (A. Reid, 2001) Kermadec petrels, Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel, 1863) Key brotulas, Ogilbia cayorum (Evermann & Kendall, 1898) King demoiselles, Chrysiptera rex (Snyder, 1909) King mackerels, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) King snake eels, Ophichthus rex (Böhlke & Caruso, 1980) Kisslip cuttlefishes, Sepia lycidas (Gray, 1849) Knifebone cuttlefishes, Sepia cultrata (Hoyle, 1885) Knobby brain corals, Diploria clivosa (Ellis & Solander) Knobby cactus corals, Mycetophyllia aliciae (Wells, 1973) Kobi cuttlefishes, Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885) Kobi squid, Loliolus sumatrensis (d’Orbigny, 1835) Laced moray eels, Gymnothorax favagineus (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) Lacy crust bryozoans, Membranipora membranacea (Linnaeus, 1767) Lacy scorpionfishes, Rhinopias aphanes (Eschmeyer, 1973) Ladyfishes, Elops saurus (Linnaeus, 1766) Lancer swimming crabs, Portunus (Portunus) hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767) Land hermit crabs, Coenobita perlatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) Lantern basses, Serranus baldwini (Evermann & Marsh, 1899) Lanternfishes, Symbolophorus barnardi (Tåning, 1932) Large-tooth sawfishes, Pristis perotteti (Müller & Henle, 1841) Larger Pacific striped octopuses, Octopus sp. Largescale Flyingfish, Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker 1866) Largetooth sawfishes, Pristis microdon (Latham, 1794) Laughing gulls, Larus atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Laysan albatrosses, Phoebastria immutabilis, (Rothschild, 1893) Leaf scorpionfishes, Taenianotus triacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) Leaf-nose leg skates, Anacanthobatis folirostris (Bigelow & Schroeder) Least storm petrels, Oceanodroma microsoma (Coues, 1864) Leather basses, Dermatolepis dermatolepis (Boulenger, 1895) Lentil bobtail squid, Rondeletiola minor (Naef, 1912) Leopard chimaeras, Chimaera panthera (Didier, 1998) Leopard crinoid shrimp, Laomenes pardus (Marin, 2009) Leopard eels, Myrichthys pardalis (Valenciennes, 1839) Leopard electric-rays, Narcine leoparda (Carvalho, 2001) Leopard gobies, Elacatinus saucrus (Robins, 1960) Leopard moray eels, Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Leopard nudibranchs, Hypselodoris tryoni (Garrett, 1873) Leopard sea cucumbers, Bohadschia argus (Jaeger, 1833) Lesser crested terns, Sterna bengalensis (Lesson, 1831) Lesser devil rays, Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft, 1831) Lesser flamingos, Phoeniconaias minor (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1798) Lesser flying squid, Todaropsis eblanae (Ball, 1841) Lesser shining bobtail squid, Semirossia tenera (Verrill, 1880) Lesser starlet corals, Siderastrea radians (Pallas, 1766) Lettuce corals, Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus, 1758) Lettuce slugs, Elysia crispata (Mørch, 1863) Light-mantled albatrosses, Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster, 1785) Lightning flatworms, Pseudobiceros fulgor (Newman and Cannon, 1994) Lightning whelks, Busycon sinistrum (Hollister, 1958) Limpid-wing Flyingfish, Cheilopogon unicolor (Valenciennes, 1847) Lined Nembrothas, Nembrotha lineolata (Bergh, 1905) Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus (Girard, 1854) Lion’s mane jellyfishes, Cyanea capillata (Linnaeus, 1758) Lion’s paw sea cucumbers, Euapta godeffroyi (Semper, 1868) Little Pineapplefish, Sorosichthys ananassa (Whitley, 1945) Little skates, Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill, 1825) Little squid, Loliolus uyii (Wakiya & Ishikawa, 1921) Loch’s Chromodoris, Chromodoris lochi (Rudman, 1982) Long barrel squid, Uroteuthis singhalensis (Ortmann, 1891) Long-armed squid, Chiroteuthis veranyi (Férussac, 1835) Long-spined sea urchins, Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845) Longarm cuttlefishes, Sepia longipes (Sasaki, 1914) Longbill spearfishes, Tetrapturus pfluegeri (C. R. Robins & de Sylva, 1963) Longcomb sawfishes, Pristis zijsron (Bleeker, 1851) Longfin anthias, Pseudanthias ventralis ventralis (Randall, 1979) Longfin batfishes, Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775) Longfin dragonfishes, Tactostoma macropus (Bolin, 1939) Longfin inshore squid, Doryteuthis pealeii (Lesueur, 1821) Longnose hawkfishes, Oxycirrhites typus (Bleeker, 1857) Longnose skates, Raja rhina (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Longspine squirrelfishes, Holocentrus rufus (Walbaum, 1792) Longtail seamoths, Pegasus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Longtooth groupers, Epinephelus bruneus (Bloch, 1793) Lookdowns, Selene vomer (Linnaeus, 1758) Ludwig’s basket stars, Astrocladus ludwigi (Döderlein, 1896) Luminous Lanternfish, Lampadena luminosa (Garman 1899) Luminous bay squid, Uroteuthis noctiluca (Lu, Roper & Tait, 1985) Lynx cowries, Lyncina lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) Macaronesian sharpnose-puffers, Canthigaster capistrata (Lowe, 1839) Mackerel icefishes, Champsocephalus gunnari (Lönnberg, 1905) Madeira rockfishes, Scorpaena maderensis (Valenciennes, 1833) Madokai armhook squid, Gonatus madokai (Kubodera/Okutani, 1977) Madokai’s cuttlefishes, Sepia madokai (Adam, 1939) Magellan skates, Bathyraja magellanica (Philippi, 1902) Magister armhook squid, Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) Magnificent Ascidians, Botrylloides magnicoecum (Hartmeyer, 1912) Magnificent Chromodoris nudibranchs, Chromodoris magnifica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Magnificent cuttlefishes, Sepia opipara (Iredale, 1926) Magnificent fire urchins, Asthenosoma ijimai (Yoshiwara, 1897) Magnificent frigatebirds, Fregata magnificens (Mathews, 1914) Magnificent rabbitfishes, Siganus magnificus (Burgess, 1977) Magnificent sea anemones, Heteractis magnifica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Mahogany snappers, Lutjanus mahogoni (Cuvier, 1828) Makko armhook squid, Gonatopsis makko (Okutani/Nemoto, 1964) Malabar groupers, Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Man-of-war fishes, Nomeus gronovii (Gmelin, 1789) Manatee grass, Syringodium filiforme (Kützing, 1860) Mandarinfishes, Synchiropus splendidus (Herre, 1927) Mangrove killifishes, Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey, 1880) Mangrove stonefishes, Leptosynanceia asteroblepa (Richardson, 1844) Mangroves, Sonneratia griffithii (Kurz) Manybar goatfishes, Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Manyspot Flyingfish, Cheilopogon spilopterus (Valenciennes 1847) Map puffers, Arothron mappa (Lesson, 1831) Marbled cone snails, Conus marmoreus (Linnaeus, 1758) Marbled electric rays, Torpedo marmorata (Risso, 1810) Marbled groupers, Dermatolepis inermis (Valenciennes, 1833) Marbled snake eels, Callechelys marmorata (Bleeker, 1854) Marbled stingrays, Dasyatis marmorata (Steindachner, 1892) Margined Flyingfish, Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes 1847) Marine algae, Heterosigma akashiwo (Y. Hada) Marine phytoplankton, Chattonella subsalsa (B. Biecheler, 1936) Masked bannerfishes, Heniochus monoceros (Cuvier, 1831) Masked boobies, Sula dactylatra, (Lesson, 1831) Masked puffers, Arothron diadematus (Rüppell, 1829) Massive starlet corals, Siderastrea siderea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Mauve stingers, Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) Maze corals, Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean moray eels, Muraena helena (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean slipper lobsters, Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1803) Mermaid Lanternfish, Lampanyctus lepidolychnus (Becker 1967) Merten’s sea anemones, Stichodactyla mertensii (Brandt, 1835) Midnight snappers, Macolor macularis (Fowler, 1931) Miller’s Nembrothas, Nembrotha milleri (Gosliner & Behrens, 1997) Mimic cardinalfishes, Apogon phenax (Böhlke & Randall, 1968) Mimika bobtail squid, Euprymna morsei (Verrill, 1881) Minimal armhook squid, Berryteuthis anonychus (Pearcy/Voss, 1963) Mitre squid, Uroteuthis chinensis (Gray, 1849) Monkeyface pricklebacks, Cebidichthys violaceus (Girard, 1854) Moontail bullseyes, Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskål, 1775) Morning sun stars, Solaster dawsoni (Verrill, 1880) Morose nudibranchs, Tambja morosa (Bergh, 1877) Morrison’s dragonets, Synchiropus morrisoni (Schultz, 1960) Mosaic morays, Enchelycore ramosa (Griffin, 1926) Mosshead warbonnets, Chirolophis nugator (Jordan & Williams, 1895) Mountainous star corals, Orbicella faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) Mourning cuttlefishes, Sepia plangon (Gray, 1849) Mudskippers, Periophthalmus gracilis (Eggert, 1935) Multispotted groupers, Epinephelus gabriellae (Randall & Heemstra, 1991) Mushroom coral shrimp, Cuapetes kororensis (Bruce, 1977) Mushroom corals, Lobactis scutaria (Lamarck, 1801) Mushroom-coral pipefishes, Siokunichthys nigrolineatus (Dawson, 1983) Mustard hill corals, Porites astreoides (Lamarck, 1816) Mutant wrasses, Conniella apterygia (Allen, 1983) Mutton snappers, Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) Mysterious bobtail squid, Sepietta obscura (Naef, 1916) Naked sea butterflies, Clione limacina (Phipps, 1774) Napoleon snake eels, Ophichthus bonaparti (Kaup, 1856) Narrow-lined puffers (pufferfishes), Arothron manilensis (Marion de Procé, 1822) Narrow-ridged finless porpoises, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis (Pilleri & Gihr, 1972) Narrowhead Flyingfish, Cypselurus angusticeps (Nichols & Breder, 1935) Nassau groupers, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792) Needle cuttlefishes, Sepia aculeata (Van Hasselt, 1835) Neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii (Lesueur, 1821) Neon gobies, Elacatinus oceanops (Jordan, 1904) Network pipefishes, Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Rüppell, 1838) New Guinea mudskippers, Periophthalmus novaeguineaensis (Eggert, 1935) New Zealand lanternsharks, Etmopterus baxteri (Garrick, 1957) New Zealand rough skates, Zearaja nasuta (Banks ex Müller & Henle, 1841) New Zealand storm petrels, Oceanites maorianus (Mathews, 1912) Ningaloo maskrays, Neotrygon ningalooensis (Last, White & Puckridge) Noah’s giant clams, Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) Noble feather stars, Comaster nobilis (Carpenter, 1884) Noble penshells, Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) North Pacific bobtail squid, Rossia pacifica (Berry, 1911) North Pacific giant squid, Architeuthis martensii (Hilgendorf, 1880) North Pacific hakes, Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855) Northern ambereye shrimp, Hymenodora glacialis (Buchholz, 1874) Northern clingfishes, Gobiesox maeandricus (Girard, 1858) Northern dragonets, Diplogrammus xenicus (Jordan & Thompson, 1914) Northern flamboyant cuttlefishes, Metasepia tullbergi (Appelöf, 1886) Northern fulmars, Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus, 1761) Northern gannets, Morus bassanus, (Linnaeus, 1758) Northern giant petrels, Macronectes halli (Mathews, 1912) Northern pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus (Ortmann, 1888) Northern rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes moseleyi (Mathews & Iredale) Northern sculpins, Icelinus borealis (Gilbert, 1896) Northern shortfin squid, Illex illecebrosus (Lesueur, 1821) Northern stargazers, Astroscopus guttatus (Abbott, 1860) Nosestripe sandperches, Parapercis lineopunctata (Randall, 2003) Ocean surgeons, Acanthurus bahianus (Castelnau, 1855) Ocean triggerfishes, Canthidermis maculata (Bloch, 1786) Ocean turf grass, Halophila beccarii (Ascherson, 1871) Oceanic Flyingfish, Exocoetus gibbosus (Parin & Shakhovskoy, 2000) Oceanic two-wing flyingfishes, Exocoetus obtusirostris (Günther, 1866) Ocellated frogfishes, Fowlerichthys ocellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Ocellated moray eels, Gymnothorax saxicola (D. S. Jordan & B. M. Davis, 1891) Ochre-striped cardinalfishes, Ostorhinchus compressus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1911) Odd bobtail squid, Heteroteuthis dispar (Rüppell, 1844) Ohaguro-beras, Pteragogus aurigarius (Richardson, 1845) Old wives, Enoplosus armatus (White, 1790) Olive groupers, Epinephelus cifuentesi (Lavenberg & Grove, 1993) Olive sea snakes, Aipysurus laevis (Lacépède, 1804) Olive-headed sea snakes, Disteira major (Shaw, 1802) Oman cuttlefishes, Sepia omani (Adam & Rees, 1966) Opahs, Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788), aka cravos, moonfishes Opalescent inshore squid, Doryteuthis opalescens (Berry, 1911) Orange cup corals, Tubastraea coccinea (Lesson, 1829) Orange mangroves, Bohadschia maculisparsa (Cherbonnier & Féral, 1984) Orange peel nudibranchs, Tochuina tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788) Orange scallops, Laevichlamys squamosa (Gmelin, 1791) Orange-dotted tuskfishes, Choerodon anchorago (Bloch, 1791) Orangeback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Steenstrup, 1855) Orangutang crabs, Achaeus japonicus (De Haan, 1839) Oregon armhook squid, Gonatus oregonensis (Jefferts, 1985) Oriental flying gurnards, Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829) Oriental sweetlips, Plectorhinchus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ornamental spider crabs, Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne Edwards, 1831) Ornamented dragonets, Callionymus comptus (Randall, 1999) Ornate arm squid, Brachioteuthis picta (Chun, 1910) Ornate cuttlefishes, Sepiella ornata (Rang, 1837) Ornate sea snakes, Hydrophis ornatus (Gray, 1842) Ovalbone cuttlefishes, Sepia elliptica (Hoyle, 1885) Ox heart ascidians, Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Oxeye scad, Selar boops (Cuvier, 1833) Oyster toadfishes, Opsanus tau (Linnaeus, 1766) Oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pacific blood stars, Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857) Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) Pacific bonefishes, Albula argentea (Forster, 1801) Pacific clown anemone shrimp, Periclimenes brevicarpalis (Schenkel, 1902) Pacific electric rays, Torpedo californica (Ayres, 1855) Pacific graysby, Cephalopholis panamensis (Steindachner, 1877) Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis (Schmidt, 1904) Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes, 1847) Pacific lampreys, Lampetra tridentata (Richardson, 1836) Pacific lugworms, Abarenicola pacifica (Healy & Wells, 1959) Pacific ocean perches, Sebastes alutus (Gilbert, 1890) Pacific pearl oysters, Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) Pacific spaghetti eels, Gorgasia japonica (Abe, Miki & Asai, 1977) Pacific spiny lumpsuckers, Eumicrotremus orbis (Günther, 1861) Pacific viperfishes, Chauliodus macouni (Bean, 1890), aka viper… Painted combers, Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) Painted frogfishes, Antennarius pictus (Shaw, 1794) Painted greenlings, Oxylebius pictus (Gill, 1862) Painted sweetlips, Diagramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792) Painted tunicates, Clavelina picta (Verrill, 1900) Pajama cardinalfishes, Sphaeramia nematoptera (Bleeker, 1856) Palau nautiluses, Nautilus belauensis (Saunders, 1981) Pale cardinalfishes, Apogon planifrons (Longley & Hildebrand, 1940) Pale damselfishes, Amblyglyphidodon indicus (Allen & Randall, 2002) Panama brief squid, Lolliguncula panamensis (Berry, 1911) Panamic green moray eels, Gymnothorax castaneus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883) Papuan cuttlefishes, Sepia papuensis (Hoyle, 1885) Papuan tobies, Canthigaster papua (Bleeker, 1848) Parrotfishes, Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) Partridge tun, Tonna perdix (Linnaeus, 1758) Patagonian squid, Doryteuthis gahi (D’Orbigny, 1835) Patagonian toothfishes, Dissostichus eleginoides (Smitt, 1898) Patchwork cuttlefishes, Sepia vermiculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Peach fairy basslets, Pseudanthias dispar (Herre, 1955) Peacock flounders, Bothus lunatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Peacock mantis shrimp, Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linnaeus, 1758) Peacock wrasses, Iniistius pavo (Valenciennes, 1840) Pearl oysters, Pinctada imbricata (Röding, 1798) Pearlfishes, Snyderidia canina (Gilbert, 1905) Pearlscale angelfishes, Centropyge vrolikii (Bleeker, 1853) Pederson cleaner shrimp, Ancylomenes pedersoni (Chace, 1958) Pelagic Cod, Melanonus gracilis (Günther, 1878) Pelagic porcupinefishes, Diodon eydouxii (Brisout de Barneville, 1846) Pelagic stingrays, Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Pelican eels, Eurypharynx pelecanoides (Vaillant, 1882) Penguin’s wing oysters, Pteria penguin (Röding, 1798) Pennant coralfishes, Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Peppermint gobies, Coryphopterus lipernes (Böhlke & Robins, 1962) Peppermint sea stars, Fromia monilis (Perrier, 1869) Periophthalma prawn-gobies, Amblyeleotris periophthalma (Bleeker, 1853) Permits, Trachinotus falcatus, (Linnaeus, 1758) Peron’s sea butterflies, Atlanta peronii (Lesueur, 1817) Peruvian anchovetas, Engraulis ringens (Jenyns, 1842) Peruvian flyingfishes, Exocoetus peruvianus (Parin & Shakhovskoy, 2000) Peruvian stingrays, Urotrygon peruanus (Hildebrand, 1946) Pfeffer’s enope squid, Abraliopsis morisii (Vérany, 1839) Pharao Flyingfish, Cypselurus naresii (Günther 1889) Cypselurus narassi… Pharaoh cuttlefishes, Sepia pharaonis (Ehrenberg, 1831) Picasso triggerfishes, Rhinecanthus assasi (Forsskål, 1775) Piebald Flyingfish, Cheilopogon heterurus (Rafinesque, 1810) Piglet squid, Helicocranchia pfefferi (Massy, 1907) Pigmy leatherjackets, Brachaluteres jacksonianus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Pillar corals, Dendrogyra cylindrus (Ehrenberg, 1834) Pimpled Phyllidiella nudibranchs, Phyllidiella pustulosa (Cuvier, 1804) Pineapplefishes, Cleidopus gloriamaris (De Vis, 1882) Pineconefishes, Monocentris japonica (Houttuyn, 1782) Pinfishes, Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766) Pink anemonefishes, Amphiprion perideraion (Bleeker, 1855) Pink cuttlefishes, Sepia orbignyana (Férussac, 1826) Pink flashers, Paracheilinus carpenteri (Randall & Lubbock, 1981) Pink flatworms, Prostheceraeus roseus (Lang, 1884) Pink lady tritons, Charonia lampas (Linnaeus, 1758) Pink maomaos, Caprodon longimanus (Günther, 1859) Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792) Pink scaled squid, Pholidoteuthis adami (Voss, 1956) Pink-backed Pelicans, Pelecanus rufescens (Gmelin, 1789) Pink-speckled shrimpgobies, Cryptocentrus leptocephalus (Bleeker, 1876) Pinktail triggerfishes, Melichthys vidua (Richardson, 1845) Pismo clams, Tivela stultorum (Mawe, 1823) Plaintail turkeyfishes, Pterois russelii (Bennett, 1831) Planehead filefishes, Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus, 1766) Plownose chimaeras, Callorhinchus callorynchus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pointed sawfishes, Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham, 1794) Pollock, Pollachius virens (Linnaeus, 1758) Pom pom crabs, Lybia tessellata (Latreille, in Milbert) Porkfishes, Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Porous sea rods, Pseudoplexaura spp. (Houttuyn, 1772) Portuguese man-of-wars, Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Potato groupers, Epinephelus tukula (Morgans, 1959) Prickly dogfishes, Oxynotus bruniensis (Ogilby, 1893) Prickly leatherjackets, Chaetodermis penicilligerus (Cuvier, 1816) Prowfishes, Zaprora silenus (Jordan, 1896) Psychedelic frogfishes, Histiophryne psychedelica (Pietsch, Arnold, & Hall) Puddingwife wrasses, Halichoeres radiatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pufferfishes, Lagocephalus gloveri (Abe & Tabeta, 1983) Purple chimaeras, Hydrolagus purpurescens (Gilbert, 1905) Purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857) Purple shore crabs, Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana, 1851) Purple turrids, Lienardia goubini (Hervier, 1896) Purple-striped jellyfishes, Pelagia panopyra (Péron & Lesueur, 1810) Purpleback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1830) Pygmy Lanternfish, Lampanyctus pusillus (Johnson 1890) Pygmy clingfishes, Opeatogenys gracilis (Canestrini, 1864) Pygmy rock crabs, Glebocarcinus oregonensis (Dana, 1852) Queen conchs, Lobatus gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) Queen coris, Coris formosa (Bennett, 1830) Queen parrotfishes, Scarus vetula (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Queen triggerfishes, Balistes vetula (Linnaeus, 1758) Quillback rockfishes, Sebastes maliger (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Rabbit fishes, Chimaera monstrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Radial lionfishes, Pterois radiata (Cuvier, 1829) Radiant fire urchins, Astropyga radiata (Leske, 1778) Ragged sea hares, Bursatella leachii (Blainville, 1817) Raggy scorpionfishes, Scorpaenopsis venosa (Cuvier, 1829) Rainbow parrotfishes, Scarus guacamaia (Cuvier, 1829) Rainbow runners, Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Rainbow stars, Orthasterias koehleri (deLoriol, 1897) Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) Rainbow wrasses, Coris musume (Jordan & Snyder, 1904) Ram’s horn squid, Spirula spirula (Linnaeus, 1758) Randall’s prawn-gobies, Amblyeleotris randalli (Hoese & Steene, 1978) Razorfishes, Iniistius cyanifrons (Valenciennes, 1840) Reaper cuttlefishes, Sepia mestus (Gray, 1849) Red Irish lords, Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus (Tilesius, 1811) Red Sea goatfishes, Parupeneus forsskali (Fourmanoir & Guézé) Red abalone, Haliotis rufescens (Swainson, 1822) Red algae, Pseudolaingia hancockii (Challis, 1969) Red bigeyes, Pomachromis macracanthus (Cuvier, 1829) Red gorgonian corals, Leptogorgia chilensis (Verrill, 1868) Red hermit crabs, Dardanus calidus (Risso, 1827) Red hinds, Epinephelus guttatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) Red lionfishes, Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Red snappers, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860) Red tail wrasses, Anampses chrysocephalus (Randall, 1958) Red tree coral, Primnoa pacifica (Kinoshita, 1907) Red-cheeked fairy basslets, Pseudanthias huchtii (Bleeker, 1857) Red-footed boobies, Sula sula, (Linnaeus, 1766) Red-spotted blennies, Blenniella chrysospilos (Bleeker, 1857) Redbacked cleaner shrimp, Lysmata grabhami (Gordon, 1935) Redband parrotfishes, Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes, 1840) Redbanded rockfishes, Sebastes babcocki (Thompson, 1915) Redbarred sandperches, Parapercis multiplicata (Randall, 1984) Redlip blennies, Ophioblennius atlanticus (Valenciennes, 1836) Redstripe rockfishes, Sebastes proriger (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Redtail parrotfishes, Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Redtoothed triggerfishes, Odonus niger (Rüppell, 1836) Reef butterflyfishes, Chaetodon sedentarius (Poey, 1860) Reef scorpionfishes, Scorpaenodes caribbaeus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928) Reef squirrelfishes, Sargocentron coruscum (Poey, 1860) Reef stonefishes, Synanceia verrucosa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Regal angelfishes, Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, 1772) Reticulate boxfishes, Ostracion solorensis (Bleeker, 1853) Reticulate dascyllus, Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) Reticulated (Chromodoris) nudibranchs, Goniobranchus tinctorius (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828) Reverse jewell squid, Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880) Rhinoceros auklets, Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas, 1811) Ribbon moray eels, Rhinomuraena quaesita (Garman, 1888) Richardson’s rays, Bathyraja richardsoni (Garrick, 1961) Ridged cactus corals, Mycetophyllia lamarckiana (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848) Ring wrasses, Hologymnosus annulatus (Lacepède, 1801) Ringed pipefishes, Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus (Bleeker, 1853) Ringneck blennies, Parablennius pilicornis (Cuvier, 1829) Rio skates, Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841) Roaches, Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) Robust bobtail squid, Sepiola robusta (Naef, 1912) Robust clubhooked squid, Onykia robusta (Verrill, 1876) Rock beauties, Holacanthus tricolor, (Bloch, 1795) Rock greenlings, Hexagrammos lagocephalus (Pallas, 1810) Rock ling, Genypterus tigerinus (Klunzinger, 1872) Rock-boring urchins, Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) Rockmover wrasses, Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepède, 1801) Rocky-shore hermit-crabs, Pagurus anachoretus (Risso, 1827) Rolland’s demoiselles, Chrysiptera rollandi (Whitley, 1961) Roper inshore squid, Doryteuthis roperi (Cohen, 1976) Rose corals, Manicina areolata (Linnaeus, 1758) Rosecone cuttlefishes, Sepia rozella (Iredale, 1926) Ross seals, Ommatophoca rossii (Gray, 1844) Rosy rockfishes, Sebastes rosaceus (Girard, 1854) Rough Lanternfish, Electrona subaspera (Günther, 1864) Rough cactus corals, Mycetophyllia ferox (Wells, 1973) Rough leatherjackets Scobinichthys granulatus (White, 1790) Roughhead grenadiers, Macrourus berglax (Lacepède, 1801) Roughskin spurdogs, Cirrhigaleus asper (Merrett, 1973) Roughtail skates, Bathyraja trachura (Gilbert, 1892) Roughtail stingrays, Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815) Round stingrays, Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Roundear enope squid, Pterygioteuthis giardi (P. Fischer, 1896) Rounded bubblegum corals, Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846) Roundel skates, Raja texana (Chandler, 1921) Royal grammas, Gramma loreto (Poey, 1868) Royal terns, Sterna maxima (Boddaert, 1783) Ruby brittle stars, Ophioderma rubicunda (Lütken, 1856) Rubyfishes, Plagiogeneion rubiginosum (Hutton, 1875) Rugose hooked squid, Onykia robsoni (Adam, 1962) Sablefishes, Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas, 1814) Sabre squirrelfishes, Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) Saddle wrasses, Thalassoma duperrey (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Saddleback clownfishes, Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758) Saddleback shrimp, Rhynocrangon alata (Rathbun, 1902) Sailfin Flyingfish, Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson 1846) Sailfin blennies, Emblemaria pandionis (Evermann & Marsh, 1900) Sailfin sculpins, Nautichthys oculofasciatus (Girard, 1858) Sailor’s grunts, Haemulon parra (Desmarest, 1823) Sally lightfoot crabs, Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sammara squirrelfishes, Neoniphon sammara (Forsskål, 1775) Sand anemones, Oulactis muscosa (Drayton in Dana, 1846) Sand divers, Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Sand dollars, Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck, 1816) Sand steenbras, Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sand strikers, Eunice aphroditois (Pallas, 1788) Sandal-eyed squid, Sandalops melancholicus (Chun, 1906) Sandpaper Fish, Paratrachichthys macleayi (Johnston, 1881) Sao Paulo squid, Doryteuthis sanpaulensis (Brakoniecki, 1984) Sapphire devils, Chrysiptera cyanea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Sapphire flatworms, Pseudoceros sapphirinus (Newman and Cannon, 1994) Sarcastic fringeheads, Neoclinus blanchardi (Girard, 1858) Sargassum crabs, Planes major (MacLeay, 1838) Sargassum nudibranchs, Scyllaea pelagica (Linnaeus, 1758) Sargassum swimming crabs, Portunus (Portunus) sayi (Gibbes, 1850) Sargassum triggerfishes, Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus, 1758) Sargassum weed, Sargassum spp. (C. Agardh, 1820) Sargassumfishes, Histrio histrio (Linnaeus, 1758) Scarlet frogfishes, Antennatus coccineus (Lesson, 1831) Schultz’s pipefishes, Corythoichthys schultzi (Herald, 1953) Scorpion spider conchs, Lambis scorpius (Linnaeus, 1758) Scorpionfishes, Pontinus tentacularis (Fowler, 1938) Scrawled filefishes, Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) Scribbled angelfishes, Chaetodontoplus duboulayi (Günther, 1867) Scribbled pipefishes, Corythoichthys intestinalis (Ramsay, 1881) Scripps’s murrelets, Synthliboramphus scrippsi (Green and Arnold, 1939) Sculptured mitten lobsters, Parribacus antarcticus (Lund, 1793) Sea Pansies, Renilla reniformis (Pallas, 1766) Sea butterflies, Limacina helicina (Phipps, 1774) Sea cucumber scale worms, Gastrolepidia clavigera (Schmarda, 1861) Sea goldies, Pseudanthias squamipinnis (Peters, 1855) Sea gooseberries, Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Müller, 1776) Sea grapes, Caulerpa lentillifera (J. Agardh, 1837) Sea nettles, Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor, 1848) Sea plumes, Pseudopterogorgia spp. (Kükenthal, 1919) Sea pork, Aplidium californicum (Ritter & Forsyth, 1917) Sea slugs or nudibranchs, Hypselodoris purpureomaculosa (Hamatani, 1995) Sea sparkle (dinoflagellates), Noctiluca scintillans ((Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921) Sea swallows, Glaucus spp. (Forster, 1777) Sea tulips, Pyura spinifera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Sea wasps, Alatina alata (Reynaud, 1830) Seagrass wrasses, Novaculoides macrolepidotus (Bloch, 1791) Seaweed blennies, Parablennius marmoreus (Poey, 1876) Semicircle angelfishes, Pomacanthus semicirculatus (Cuvier, 1831) Sevenstar flying squid, Martialia hyades (Rochebrune and Mabille, 1889) Señoritas, Oxyjulis californica (Günther, 1861) Shaggy anglers, Antennarius hispidus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Shaggy crabs, Zalasius dromiaeformis (De Haan, 1839) Shark mackerels, Grammatorcynus bicarinatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Sharpchin rockfishes, Sebastes zacentrus (Gilbert, 1890) Sharpear enope squid, Ancistrocheirus lesueurii (d’Orbigny, 1842) Sharpnose snake eels, Apterichtus flavicaudus (Snyder, 1904) Sharptail eels, Myrichthys breviceps (Richardson, 1848) Sharptail shortfin squid, Illex oxygonius (Roper/Lu/Mangold, 1969) Sheep crabs, Loxorhynchus grandis (Stimpson, 1857) Sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792) Shiny bird squid, Ornithoteuthis volatilis (Sasaki, 1915) Shiny loosejaw dragonfishes, Astronesthes scintillans (Gilbert, 1915) Short bigeyes, Pristigenys alta (Gill, 1862) Short dragonfishes, Eurypegasus draconis (Linnaeus, 1766) Short-spined crown-of-thorns starfishes, Acanthaster brevispinus (Fisher, 1917) Short-tailed albatrosses, Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas, 1769) Shortclub cuttlefishes, Sepia brevimana (Steenstrup, 1875) Shortfin snake moray eels, Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker, 1852) Shortfin turkeyfishes, Dendrochirus brachypterus (Cuvier, 1829) Shorthorn fangtooths, Anoplogaster brachycera (Kotlyar, 1986) Shortjaw Lanternfish, Myctophum brachygnathum (Bleeker 1856) Shrimp-gobies, Myersina crocata (Wongratana, 1975) Shy hamlets, Hypoplectrus guttavarius (Poey, 1852) Shy tobies, Canthigaster ocellicincta (Allen & Randall, 1977) Siboga squid, Uroteuthis pickfordae (Adam, 1954) Sicklefin chimaeras, Neoharriotta pinnata (Schnakenbeck, 1931) Signal gobies, Cryptocentrus insignitus (Whitley, 1956) Silver gemfishes, Rexea solandri (Cuvier, 1832) Silver gulls, Larus novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Silver scabbardfishes, Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788) Silvery John dories, Zenopsis conchifer (Lowe, 1852) Sixbar angelfishes, Pomacanthus sexstriatus (Cuvier, 1831) Sixbar wrasses, Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett, 1830) Sixgill stingrays, Hexatrygon bickelli (Heemstra & Smith, 1980) Sixspot gobies, Valenciennea sexguttata (Valenciennes, 1837) Skeleton shrimp, Carinosquilla spinosa (Lamarck, 1801) Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Skunk clownfishes, Amphiprion akallopisos (Bleeker, 1853) Slate pencil urchins, Phyllacanthus parvispinus (Tension Woods, 1878) Slate-pencil urchins, Heterocentrotus mamillatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sleeper torpedos, Crassinarke dormitor (Takagi, 1951) Slender armourheads, Pseudopentaceros wheeleri (Hardy, 1983) Slender cuttlefishes, Sepia braggi (Verco, 1907) Slender filefishes, Monacanthus tuckeri (Bean, 1906) Slender sea pens, Stylatula elongata (Gabb, 1862) Slender sunfishes, Ranzania laevis (Pennant, 1776) Slimy sea plumes, Antillogorgia americana (Gmelin, 1791) Slingjaw wrasses, Epibulus insidiator (Pallas, 1770) Slippery dicks, Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch, 1791) Small giant clams, Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) Small striped cuttlefishes, Sepia prabahari (Neethiselvan & Venkataramani, 2002) Smalleye hammerheads, Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) Smalleyed round stingrays, Urotrygon microphthalmum (Delsman, 1941) Smallmouth grunts, Haemulon chrysargyreum (Günther, 1859) Smallmouth squirrelfishes, Sargocentron microstoma (Günther, 1859) Smallscale Smoothheads, Leptochilichthys microlepis (Machida & Shiogaki, 1988) Smalltooth sawfishes, Pristis pectinata (Latham, 1794) Smith’s cuttlefishes, Sepia smithi (Hoyle, 1885) Smooth Handfishes, Sympterichthys unipennis (Cuvier 1817) Smooth flower corals, Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas, 1766) Smooth hooked squid, Filippovia knipovitchi (Filippova, 1972) Smooth oreo dories, Pseudocyttus maculatus (Gilchrist, 1906) Smooth skates, Brochiraja albilabiata (Last & McEachran, 2006) Smooth trunkfishes, Rhinesomus triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) Snake convict blennies, Pholidichthys anguis (Springer & Larson, 1996) Snakefishes, Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) Snow petrels, Pagodroma nivea (Forster, 1777) Snowflake morays, Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) Snowy egrets, Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) Snowy groupers, Hyporthodus niveatus (Valenciennes, 1828) Snowy plovers, Charadrius alexandrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Social wrasses, Halichoeres socialis (Randall & Lobel, 2003) Sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792) Soles, Liachirus whitleyi (Chabanaud, 1950) Sooty albatrosses, Phoebetria fusca, (Hilsenberg, 1822) Sooty shearwaters, Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) Sooty terns, Onychoprion fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766) South American pilchards, Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842) Southeast Asian horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus gigas (Müller, 1785) Southern bobtail squid, Euprymna tasmanica (Pfeffer, 1884) Southern bottletail squid, Sepiadarium austrinum (Berry, 1921) Southern cuttlefishes, Sepia australis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Southern fiddler rays, Trygonorrhina fasciata (Müller & Henle, 1841) Southern fulmars, Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith, 1840) Southern giant petrels, Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin, 1789) Southern giant squid, Architeuthis sanctipauli (Vélain, 1877) Southern hakes, Merluccius australis (Hutton, 1872) Southern little pipehorses, Idiotropiscis australe (Waite & Hale, 1921) Southern or smooth giant clams, Tridacna derasa (Röding, 1798) Southern pygmy squid, Idiosepius notoides (Berry, 1921) Southern reef squid, Sepioteuthis australis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Southern roughy, Trachichthys australis (Shaw, 1799) Southern shortfin squid, Illex coindetii (Vérany, 1839) Southern sunfishes, Mola ramsayi (Giglioli, 1883) Southern tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi (Rathbun, 1924) Southern velvetfishes, Aploactisoma milesii (Richardson, 1850) Spaghetti worms, Terebella californica (Moore, 1904) Spanish grunts, Haemulon macrostomum (Günther, 1859) Spanish shawl nudibranchs, Flabellina iodinea (Cooper, 1863) Sparkling enope squid, Watasenia scintillans (Berry, 1911) Spear squid, Heterololigo bleekeri (Keferstein, 1866) Speckled Maori wrasses, Oxycheilinus arenatus (Valenciennes, 1840) Speckled hinds, Epinephelus drummondhayi (Goode & Bean, 1878) Spectacled parrotfishes, Chlorurus perspicillatus (Steindachner, 1879) Spectacled sea snakes, Disteira kingii (Boulenger, 1896) Spider cuttlefishes, Sepia lorigera (Wülker, 1910) Spineless cuttlefishes, Sepiella inermis (Van Hasselt, 1835) Spinetail rays, Bathyraja spinicauda (Jensen, 1914) Spiny flower corals, Mussa angulosa (Pallas, 1766) Spiny skates, Bathyraja spinosissima (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) Spinyhead blennies, Acanthemblemaria spinosa (Metzelaar, 1919) Spinyhead cusk eels, Hastatobythites arafurensis (Machida, 1997) Spiral wrack, Fucus spiralis (Linnaeus, 1753) Splendid alfonsinos, Beryx splendens (Lowe, 1834) Splendid dottybacks, Manonichthys splendens (Fowler, 1931) Splendid garden eels, Gorgasia preclara (Böhlke & Randall) Splendid seabass, Malakichthys elegans (Matsubara & Yamaguti, 1943) Spookfishes, Hydrolagus mitsukurii (Jordan & Snyder, 1904) Spot-billed Pelicans, Pelecanus crispus (Bruch, 1832) Spot-fin porcupinefishes, Diodon hystrix (Linnaeus, 1758) Spotfin flyingfishes Cheilopogon furcatus (Mitchill, 1815) Spotfin frogfishes, Antennatus nummifer (Cuvier, 1817) Spotnape cardinalfishes, Apogon notatus (Houttuyn, 1782) Spotted cleaner shrimp, Periclimenes yucatanicus (Ives, 1891) Spotted drums, Equetus punctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Spotted ghouls, Inimicus sinensis (Valenciennes, 1833) Spotted goatfishes, Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793) Spotted hawkfishes, Cirrhitichthys aprinus (Cuvier, 1829) Spotted morays, Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson, 1845) Spotted porcelain crabs, Neopetrolisthes maculatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) Spotted prawn-gobies, Amblyeleotris guttata (Fowler, 1938) Spotted ratfishes, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Spotted seahares, Aplysia dactylomela (Rang, 1828) Spotted snake-eels, Myrichthys tigrinus (Girard, 1859) Spotted spiny dogfishes, Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) Spotted surgeonfishes, Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett, 1828) Square-spot fairy basslets, Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) Squaretail mullets, Liza vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Staghorn corals, Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846) Stained Flyingfish, Cheilopogon spilonotopterus (Bleeker 1866) Star puffers, Arothron stellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Starck’s demoiselles, Chrysiptera starcki (Allen, 1973) Stargazing seadevils, Ceratias uranoscopus (Murray, 1877) Starry Hoplodoris Nudibranchs, Hoplodoris estrelyado (Gosliner & Behrens, 1998) Starry corals, Psammocora stellata (Verrill, 1866) Starry cuttlefishes, Sepia stellifera (Homenko & Khromov, 1984) Starry flounders, Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1787) Starry morays, Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther, 1867) Starry rockfishes, Sebastes constellatus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Starry toados, Arothron firmamentum (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Steenstrup’s bobtail squid, Sepiola steenstrupiana (Levy, 1912) Steinitz’ prawn-gobies, Amblyeleotris steinitzi (Klausewitz, 1974) Steller’s sea eagles, Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pallas, 1811) Stokes’ sea snakes, Astrotia stokesii (Gray, 1846) Stoplight parrotfishes, Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788) Stout blacksmelts, Pseudobathylagus milleri (Jordan & Gilbert, 1898) Stout bobtail squid, Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Strap-weed file-fishes, Pseudomonacanthus macrurus (Bleeker, 1857) Strawberry anemones, Corynactis californica (Carlgren, 1936) Strawberry hinds, Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828) Striated frogfishes, Antennarius striatus (Shaw, 1794) Striped eel catfishes, Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) Striped marlin, Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887) Striped mullets, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) Striped poison-fang blennies, Meiacanthus grammistes (Valenciennes, 1836) Striped poison-fang blenny mimics, Petroscirtes breviceps (Valenciennes, 1836) Striped pyjama squid, Sepioloidea lineolata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Striped seaperches, Embiotoca lateralis (Agassiz, 1854) Striped squid, Eucleoteuthis luminosa (Sasaki, 1915) Striped stingarees, Trygonoptera ovalis (Last & Gomon, 1987) Striped stingfishes, Choridactylus striatus (Mandrytsa, 1993) Sunburst anemones, Anthopleura sola (Pearse & Francis, 2000) Sunflower stars, Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt, 1835) Sunray lettuce corals, Leptoseris cucullata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Sunset anthias, Pseudanthias parvirostris (Randall & Lubbock, 1981) Sunstars, Crossaster papposus (Linnaeus, 1767) Superb sea stars, Poraster superbus (Möbius, 1859) Surf crabs, Ovalipes australiensis (Stephenson & Rees, 1968) Surinam squid, Doryteuthis surinamensis (Voss, 1974) Surmullets, Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sutton’s Flyingfish, Cheilopogon suttoni (Whitley & Colefax, 1938) Swordtail squid, Chiroteuthis calyx (Young, 1972) Swordtip squid, Uroteuthis edulis (Hoyle, 1885) Symmetrical brain coral, Diploria strigosa, (Dana, 1846) Table corals, Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891) Tail-spot wrasses, Halichoeres melanurus (Bleeker, 1851) Tasmanian clingfishes, Aspasmogaster tasmaniensis (Günther, 1861) Tasmanian numbfishes, Narcine tasmaniensis (Richardson, 1841) Ten-ray star corals, Madracis decactis (Lyman, 1859) Tessellated blennies, Hypsoblennius invemar (Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980) Tevoro giant clams, Tridacna mbalavuana (Ladd, 1934) Textile cone snails, Conus textile (Linnaeus, 1758) The tongue-eating louse aka tongue-biter Cymathoid isopods, Cymothoa… (Fabricius, 1787) These deep sea, transparent, luminescent octopuses, Vitreledonella richardi (Joubin, 1918) Thick-billed murres, Uria lomvia (Linnaeus, 1758) Thimble jellyfishes, Linuche unguiculata (Schwartz, 1788) Thornback cowfishes, Lactoria fornasini (Bianconi, 1846) Thornback rays, Raja clavata (Linnaeus, 1758) Thornback skates, Dentiraja lemprieri (Richardson, 1845) Threadfin dragonfishes, Echiostoma barbatum (Lowe, 1843) Threadfin slickheads,Talismania mekistonema (Sulak, 1975) Threeband pennantfishes, Heniochus chrysostomus (Cuvier, 1831) Threespot damselfishes, Stegastes planifrons (Cuvier, 1830) Threespot dascyllus, Dascyllus trimaculatus (Rüppell, 1829) Tiger anemones, Nemanthus annamensis (Carlgren, 1943) Tiger blennies, Ecsenius tigris (Springer, 1988) Tiger cowries, Cypraea tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tiger egg cowries, Cuspivolva tigris (Yamamoto, 1971) Tiger flatheads, Platycephalus richardsoni (Castelnau, 1872) Tiger flatworms, Cryptoceros crozeri (Hyman, 1939) Tiger gobies, Elacatinus macrodon (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1928) Tiger pipefishes, Filicampus tigris (Castelnau, 1879) Tiger rockfishes, Sebastes nigrocinctus (Ayres, 1859) Tiger snake eels, Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier, 1816) Tigertail sea cucumbers, Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (Lesson, 1830) Titan triggerfishes, Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Tobaccofishes, Serranus tabacarius (Cuvier, 1829) Tomato clownfishes, Amphiprion frenatus (Brevoort, 1856) Tomato hinds, Cephalopholis sonnerati (Valenciennes, 1828) Tomtate grunts, Haemulon aurolineatum (Cuvier, 1830) Tongue bobtail squid, Sepiola ligulata (Naef, 1912) Tortugas bobtail squid, Rossia tortugaensis (Voss, 1956) Treefishes, Sebastes serriceps (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Tri-spine horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus (Leach, 1819) Trident cuttlefishes, Sepia trygonina (Rochebrune, 1884) Tripodfishes Bathypterois grallator (Goode & Bean, 1886) Tristan albatrosses, Diomedea dabbenena (Mathews, 1929) Triton’s trumpet shells, Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus, 1758) Tropical clubhook squid, Onykia carriboea (Lesueur, 1821) Tropical congers, Ariosoma scheelei (Strömman, 1896) True tulip snails, Fasciolaria tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758) Truncate coralfishes, Chelmonops truncatus (Kner, 1859) Tube anemones, Pachycerianthus longistriatus (Carter, 1995) Tube corals, Cladocora arbuscula (Lesueur, 1821) Tuberculous nudibranchs, Dendrodoris tuberculosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Tufted puffins, Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas, 1769) Turban snails, Megastraea undosa (W. Wood, 1828) Turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum (Banks ex König, 1805) Turtle-headed sea snakes, Emydocephalus annulatus (Kreft, 1869) Twinspot gobies, Signigobius biocellatus (Hoese & Allen, 1977) Two-spot basslets, Pseudanthias bimaculatus (Smith, 1955) Two-tone pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus (Steenstrup, 1881) Twoclaw shrimp, Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (Lucas, 1846) Twospot turkeyfishes, Dendrochirus biocellatus (Fowler, 1938) Tyler’s tobies, Canthigaster tyleri (Allen & Randall, 1977) Umbrella squid, Histioteuthis bonnellii (Férussac, 1834) Unicornfishes, Naso reticulatus (Randall, 2001) Upside-down jellyfishes, Cassiopea xamachana (Bigelow, 1892) Urchin clingfishes, Diademichthys lineatus (Sauvage, 1883) Valentinni’s sharpnose puffers, Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker, 1853) Variable brittle stars, Ophiomastix variabilis (Koehler, 1905) Variable neon slugs, Nembrotha nigerrima (Bergh, 1877) Variable thorny oysters, Spondylus varius (G.B. Sowerby I, 1827) Variegated lizardfishes, Synodus variegatus (Lacepède, 1803) Veined squid, Loligo forbesi (Steenstrup, 1856) Velvet dogfishes, Zameus squamulosus (Günther, 1877) Velvet skates, Insentiraja subtilispinosa (Stehmann, 1989) Velvety red anemones, Urticina piscivora (Sebens & Laakso, 1978) Venus comb (Murex), Murex pecten (Lightfoot, 1786) Venus girdles, Cestum veneris (Lesueur, 1813) Vermiculate clingfishes, Tomicodon vermiculatus (Briggs, 1955) Vermiculated angelfishes, Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus (Bloch, 1787) Vermilion rockfishes, Sebastes miniatus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Viet Nam cuttlefishes, Sepia vietnamica (Khromov, 1987) Violet sea urchins, Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) Viper dogfishes, Trigonognathus kabeyai (Mochizuki & Ohe, 1990) Viper moray eels, Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Wahoos, Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) Wallan’s Chromodoris, Chromodoris willani (Rudman, 1982) Wandering albatrosses, Diomedea exulans (Linnaeus, 1758) Warty bobtail squid, Rossia palpebrosa (Owen, 1834) Warty frogfishes, Antennarius maculatus (Desjardins, 1840) Warty sea cucumbers, Apostichopus parvimensis (Clark, 1913) Warty slit-pore sea rods, Eunicea calyculata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Waved albatrosses, Phoebastria irrorata (Salvin, 1883) Web’s cuttlefishes, Sepiella weberi (Adam, 1939) Wedge-rumped storm petrels, Oceanodroma tethys (Bonaparte, 1852) Wedge-tailed shearwaters, Puffinus pacificus (Gmelin, 1789) Weedy scorpionfishes, Rhinopias frondosa (Günther, 1892) Wellington flying squid, Nototodarus sloani (Gray, 1849) West African pygmy skates, Neoraja africana (Stehmann & Séret, 1983) Western Frogfish, Batrachomoeus occidentalis (Hutchins 1976) Western Roughy, Optivus agrammus (Gomon 2004) Western grebes, Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence, 1858) Western gulls, Larus occidentalis (Audubon, 1839) White abalone, Haliotis sorenseni (Bartsch, 1940) White lace corals (bryozoans), Triphyllozoon moniliferum (MacGillivray, 1860) White mangroves, Laguncularia racemosa ((L.) C.F. Gaertn.) White trevally, Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) White-bellied sea eagles, Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788) White-edged groupers, Epinephelus albomarginatus (Boulenger, 1903) White-lined dironas, Dirona albolineata (MacFarland, 1905) White-margined moray eels, Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker, 1853) White-mouth morays, Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw, 1795) White-patch nautiluses, Nautilus stenomphalus (Sowerby, 1849) White-speckled hermit crabs, Paguristes puncticeps (Benedict, 1901) White-spotted hermit crabs, Dardanus megistos (Herbst, 1804) White-tailed tropicbirds, Phaethon lepturus (Daudin, 1802) Whitebarred gobies, Amblygobius phalaena (Valenciennes, 1837) Whiteface waspfishes, Richardsonichthys leucogaster (Richardson, 1848) Whiteline sea cucumbers, Synaptula media (Cherbonnier & Féral) Whitemargin unicornfishes, Naso annulatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Whitesaddle goatfishes, Parupeneus porphyreus (Jenkins, 1903) Whitespotted boxfishes, Ostracion meleagris (Shaw, 1796) Whitespotted filefishes, Cantherhines dumerilii (Hollard, 1854) Whitespotted groupers, Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus (Bloch, 1790) Whitespotted guitarfishes, Rhinobatos albomaculatus (Norman, 1930) Whitespotted puffers, Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Whitetail dascyllus, Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Whitetip soldierfishes, Myripristis vittata (Valenciennes, 1831) Whitley’s cuttlefishes, Sepia whitleyana (Iredale, 1926) Wide-eyed flounders, Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809) Willey’s Halgerda nudibranchs, Halgerda willeyi (Eliot, 1904) Wilson’s storm petrels, Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) Winged Lanternfish, Lampanyctus alatus (Goode & Bean 1896) Wispy waspfishes, Paracentropogon longispinis (Cuvier, 1829) Wolf-eels, Anarrhichthys ocellatus (Ayres, 1855) Wonderpuses, Wunderpus photogenicus (Hochberg, Norman & Finn, 2006) Wrasse ass basses, Liopropoma fasciatum (Bussing, 1980) Wrasse basses, Liopropoma eukrines (Starck & Courtenay, 1962) Wrasse blennies, Hemiemblemaria simulus (Longley & Hildebrand, 1940) Wrasses, Pseudolabrus sieboldi (Mabuchi & Nakabo, 1997) Wreckfishes, Polyprion americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Xenia swimming crabs, Caphyra laevis (A. Milne Edwards) Yaeyama blennies, Ecsenius yaeyamaensis (Aoyagi, 1954) Yellow boxfishes, Ostracion cubicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Yellow chromis, Chromis analis (Cuvier, 1830) Yellow clownfishes, Amphiprion sandaracinos (Allen, 1972) Yellow croakers, Larimichthys polyactis (Bleeker, 1877) Yellow goatfishes, Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier, 1829) Yellow hawkfishes, Cirrhitichthys aureus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Yellow pencil corals, Madracis auretenra (Locke, Weil & Coates, 2007) Yellow sea chubs, Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831) Yellow stingrays, Urobatis jamaicensis (Cuvier, 1816) Yellow-bellied sea snakes, Pelamis platura (Linnaeus, 1766) Yellowbar angelfishes, Pomacanthus maculosus (Forsskål, 1775) Yellowbar sandperches, Parapercis xanthozona (Bleeker, 1849) Yellowbelly damselfishes, Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847) Yellowblotch razorfishes, Iniistius aneitensis (Günther, 1862) Yellowface angelfishes, Pomacanthus xanthometopon (Bleeker, 1853) Yellowfin goatfishes, Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) Yellowfin groupers, Mycteroperca venenosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Yellowhead jawfishes, Opistognathus aurifrons (Jordan & Thompson, 1905) Yellowhead wrasses, Halichoeres garnoti (Valenciennes, 1839) Yellowline arrow crabs, Stenorhynchus seticornis (Herbst, 1788) Yellowstripe goatfishes, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacepède, 1801) Yellowstriped fairy basslets, Pseudanthias tuka (Smith, 1955) Yellowstriped goatfishes, Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775) Yellowtail anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830) Yellowtail coris, Coris gaimard (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Yellowtail rockfishes, Sebastes flavidus (Ayres, 1862) Yellowtail snappers, Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791) Yeti crabs, Kiwa hirsuta (De Haan, 1839) Zanzibar cuttlefishes, Sepia zanzibarica (Pfeffer, 1884) Zebra garden eels, Heteroconger polyzona (Bleeker, 1868) Zebra moon snails, Tanea undulata (Röding, 1798) Zebra moray eels, Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw, 1797) Zebra seabreams, Diplodus cervinus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) Zebra turkeyfishes, Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier, 1829) Zebra urchin crabs, Zebrida adamsii (White, 1847) Zigzag wrasses, Halichoeres scapularis (Bennett, 1832)

Contact Us re Project 3: Marine Species Database

Project 4: marinebio kids.

Volunteer suggestions:

• Have a look at our only current page specifically for kids at /marinebio/games/ . It will be split into games only and then needs to be replaced with a home page showing specific pages for different age groups.
• Search the Web and make a list of all the amazing resources for kids (and their parents and teachers) that you can find. Group them by age groups and look for those that offer the best materials for teachers too. There are tons of great materials online, let’s gather them all in one place and see what’s missing!
• Send us what you find with any remarks and suggestions you may have. Let’s start with English resources, etc. first and then look for Spanish, French, German, Chinese, Russian, etc. We have unlimited space and will make all the pages needed to offer the best resources available online for kids, their parent and their teachers.

Contact Us re Project 4: MarineBio Kids

Project 5: planet ocean information.

Topics Needed ASAP (in no order of importance…):

• Ocean Acidification: the science, the cause, the risks, etc. Tie into /oceans/conservation/global-warming
• Aquaculture: status, species, pros/cons, future, etc. Tie into /oceans/conservation/sustainable-fisheries
• Coral Bleaching: history, causes, prevention, the science involved, the future, etc. Tie into /oceans/conservation/global-warming
• Red Tides: history, causes, prevention, the science involved, the future, etc. Tie into /oceans/ocean-dumping
• Ocean Diseases: types, prevalence, species, causes, solutions, the future, etc. Tie into /oceans/ocean-dumping
• Marine Parasites: types, prevalence, species, causes, solutions, the future, etc. Start with /oceans/symbionts-parasites and expand…
• Marine Protected Areas vs. Marine Reserves: differences, benefits, cons, alternatives, current status, resources, etc. Tie into /oceans/conservation/sustainable-fisheries
• Ecosystem Management vs. other processes: what is it, pros/cons, etc. Tie into /oceans/conservation/sustainable-fisheries
• Research Vessels: ships, subs, aircraft, ROVS, AUVs, etc.
• Shipping: vessels, history, challenges, etc.
• Whale Watching: history, pros/cons, resources, etc.
• Diving: we have /oceans/scuba/ but it’s mainly about the History of Scuba and it’s rather old, let’s put History on its own page and make this section cover every aspect of scuba diving: types (snorkeling, free diving, sport, tech, commercial, military…), training, safety, best diev spots, where to see which species, underwater photography, videography, tech and commercial diving, gear (regs, BCs, computers, rebreathers…), etc. The more divers there are, the more people there will be that care about the Ocean and its life (and diving’s never been safer or more fun than now).
• Living Underwater: habitats history, current, future, challenges, etc.
• Living on the Sea: boats, sailboats, motorboats, yachts, etc.
• Water Sports! surfing, windsurfing, wakeboarding, etc.
• Oil & Gas from the Sea: drilling, platforms, exploration, history, challenges, tech, environmental issues, future, etc.
• Ocean Mining: history, status, future, etc. (e.g., China plans nuclear deep-sea mining base )
• Extraterrestrial/Extrasolar Oceans: starting with extraterrestrial liquid water , Mars, Europa, Callisto, Titan, Ganymede, Rhea, Titania, Oberon, Triton, Pluto, Eris, Sedna, Orcus, Ceres and possibly even Enceladus? For example, “Uranus and Neptune may possess large oceans of hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres, though their internal structure is not well understood at this time.” and “there is evidence that rocky planets hosting water may be commonplace throughout the Milky Way.”
• Shark Finning: (not shark fishing), include mantas being killed for just their gill rakers, etc. Tie into /oceans/conservation/sustainable-fisheries
• Plastic Pollution: best stats, status, efforts, alternatives, garbage patches, etc. Tie into /oceans/ocean-dumping
• Need to expand Ocean Pollution: this section should cover every type of pollution in detail (from all sources, industrial, commercial, residential, etc.) that effects marine life, every source, and all suggestions regarding solutions. Tie into /oceans/conservation/global-warming which is mainly about CO2 as a pollutant with various effects: warming, ocean acidification, etc.
• Commercial Fishing: everything… including TEDs, bottom trawling, etc. Start from /oceans/conservation/sustainable-fisheries
• Recreational Fishing: everything… what should every fisherperson know? What would they like to know?
• Captivity: all aspects concerning the controversial subject of keeping marine life in captivity, pros/cons, history, etc.
• Intelligence: what is it, who has it (marine mammals, cephalopods, fish?), who might have it…?
• We require pages for basically all ocean-related topics mentioned throughout the network such as the Great Barrier Reef or Oceania, etc. (any terms which are currently linked to Wikipedia).

Contact Us re Project 5: Planet Ocean Information

Project 6: marine conservation laws reports.

Status: UNDERWAY

• Starting with Marine Mammal Protection Act (and the various agencies, etc. included on that page) and then searching throughout the Web, we first need an easy to use and complete outline page listing all applicable marine conservation related laws in force around the world (as well as those laws effecting marine life such as the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts in the US, etc.). We can start with English-speaking countries but to be truly useful we’ll need pages about the relevant laws for all non-English speaking countries as well.
• Each law would then have its own page. We might start with listing all International Laws first and then list those applicable in each countries’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ)… we’re open to suggestions at this point. A succinct summary of each law followed by relevant resource links may be enough, let’s see what we find.
• Ultimately, we’d like the section to be able to tell users very quickly which laws apply depending upon where they are and what activity they are interested in pursuing (recreational and commercial fisherpeople come to mind here as the primary audience).

Contact Us re Project 6: Marine Conservation Laws Reports

Project 7: marine conservation & research support.

Suggestions for volunteers:

• Review the groups listed at /conservation/marine-conservation-biology/organizations/
• Search for missing or new groups by species and the various issues involved. These pages should list ALL “effective” groups worldwide involved in marine conservation (look for signs of research, publications, etc. — effectiveness should be able to be verified, contact them if you have any questions).
• Contact each group to let them know they are listed on our pages with an offer to suggest updates, send us material concerning their latest efforts and to participate in our various social networking efforts, provide interviews, announce events, meetings, etc. If they are making a difference, we want to know and will do what we can to help.
• a current complete list of those groups worldwide that are actually making a difference for marine life for the benefit of the public, as well as ourselves,
• a list to help everyone determine what species, issues and areas are receiving the proper amount of attention and which are not, and
• a selected list of groups worthy of our and the general public’s support depending upon what species, issues and areas are of the most concern, etc.

Contact Us re Project 7: Marine Conservation & Research Support

Project 8: earth status website/mobile apps.

Online database (desktop/mobile website dashboard similar to the COVID-19 Johns Hopkins one ) and mobile apps (iOS+Android) for the distillation of the latest science concerning top existential threats such as global warming. overfishing (habitat destruction), pollution (other than excess CO2), etc. The status of each would be at the country level though sorting could also show threats based on country groups of various kinds (regions, economic levels, etc.). Threat levels would be colored & icon coded (green circle: threats averaged are meeting say 80% or greater of targets, yellow triangle: 50-80%, red octagon: <50% of threats are meeting targets). Reports would be dynamically created based on selected options to provide offline reading and time snapshots of threat status and action priorities for groups, meetings, agencies, etc.

Other general attributes:

• frontend has to fast with minimal tech for old devices, slow connections and massive traffic scenarios. CDN utilization and security would be top priorities from the start.
• backend should follow KISS principal and allow for easy mirroring, syncing between site and app, and offline use.
• should remember settings used for each user without requiring an account (cookies).
• all panels should be resizable and offer a menu of options such as various sorting options, selected content, and the ability to be hidden or moved.
• world map should have option to view world in 3D at fullscreen. Clicking icons would first show summary with link to full page for each country.
• should offer multiple themes (lite/dark/mobile/color schemes)….

Status: Prototyping

Importance: This project should quickly/easily answer many questions most humans have concerning the state of existential threats such as global warming, overfishing (habitat destruction), pollution (other than excess CO2), etc. at a glance and in fine detail depending upon how interested users are.

This website/apps should:

• show which countries are doing well, need help or are lacking data… in nearly real-time,
• help educate all people (will need to be multi-lingual, say most common 10 languages) as to what threats are of the most importance, what their causes are, and what needs to be done (solutions), and most importantly, when (now),
• help guide governments as well as their citizens in a simple and quick way, and
• help manage efforts to organize around certain issues providing the data as to where actions are needed and why.

The idea for project came from the fact that the days of “spreading awareness” as a means for change are over and simply have not worked to the degree hoped for or needed. We continue to cause, and are currently in, a global mass extinction event greater than any known from geologic history. This not opinion, it is an easily verifiable fact. We all must act now. We must be able to identify the main threats with enough detail concerning causes, locations, and solutions so we can act to mitigate the threats as quickly as possible. This dashboard should act as a simple-to-use starting point to facilitate rapid decision-making and hopefully the actions needed while we still have time.

Required: A Core Team to complete design and prototyping of the database and programming (MySQL/PHP at least) after feedback and suggestions are received and incorporated. Desktop/mobile website & apps would be built at the same time. Data sources research and collection, including contacting and collaboration efforts would be significant and time consuming. A minimum estimated staff of 5 would also be required after launch to keep the project updated as new science is published, shared, etc. and actions are done by countries concerning the project issues described above.

If you are interested in working with us on this project, helping with funding, or have suggestions, please contact David Campbell at [email protected] or leave him a message at +1.713.248.2576 CST.

Contact Us re Project 8: EARTH STATUS web/mobile app

Project 9: ocean strandings database website/mobile apps.

The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act falls short of requiring a central global database to store and analyze data concerning worldwide reports of marine mammal strandings (including unusual mortality events ), necropsies results, etc. We hope to rectify that and also combine data about the stranding of sea turtles, fish, sharks, squid, etc. to help find out what trends may be hiding in the data to assist conservation efforts and research and to see if further work is needed involving investigations, especially in terms of the pathology involved and the common causes of strandings .

Potential sources of U.S. stranding data (there are “over 120 organizations partnered with NOAA Fisheries Service to investigate marine mammal strandings” alone…):

• California Academy of Sciences Department of Ornithology & Mammalogy
• Orca Network – Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• Department of Vertebrate Zoology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
• Florida Strandings!
• Institute for Marine Mammal Studies: IMMS Animal Rescues
• Louisiana Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• Marine Animal Rescue | Marine Mammal Center
• Marine Mammal Center Rescue (Stranding) Network list
• Marine Mammal Conservancy
• Mote Marine Laboratory
• NOAA NMSF Nationwide (U.S.) Marine Mammal Stranding Network Participants
• NOAA NMFS Alaska Region Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• NOAA NMSF NW Regional Office: Marine Mammal Stranding Network Maps & Area Contacts
• NOAA NMFS Pacific Islands Region Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• NOAA NMFS SE Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network (STSSN)
• NOAA NMFS National Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• Oregon Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• Pacific Marine Mammal Center
• San Juan Islands Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• Seal Sitters Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network [ Statistics ]
• Whatcom Marine Mammal Stranding Network
• Various other Universities, Marine Science Centers and Aquariums…
• British Columbia, CA: Marine Mammal Research Group Stranding Hotline – 800-665-5939
• Canada Stranding Hotline – 800-465-4336
• FAQs: Whale and dolphin strandings and beachings ….

Project main purposes: to display simplified and referenced metadata concerning strandings of marine life from ~1825 to the present in a central place online to help with efforts to understand and hopefully minimize or prevent such events in the future. The application will be very simple to use, utilize Google Maps and allow for detailed searching and reporting. It will hopefully help answer some basic questions surrounding marine life stranding events, such as:

• Which species strand the most often, where and why?
• Are stranding events increasing or is it just that reporting is improving? Where are they increasing the most?
• How are strandings related to natural events such as El Niños and other weather phenomena?
• What are the leading causes thought to cause stranding events? Do they differ by area?
• How many fin whales have stranded in the Atlantic Ocean since 1990? In the Pacific?
• What percentage of strandings have causes that are unknown? What is the likely reason…?

The project will also allow the public to submit new events as well as updates to existing events at any time for review and approval… we’ll also provide information to answer questions such as, what are you supposed to do when you find a stranded cetacean?

Contact our Founder at [email protected] if you have any technical questions or are interested in collaborating.

Contact Us re Project 9: Ocean Strandings Database

Project 10: ocean online communities.

The MarineBio Conservation Society (MarineBio) maintains and is a member of various communities involved and interested in marine life, marine conservation and marine biology. Members include high school and college students, marine biologists, marine conservationists, ocean sports professionals, marine science professionals and academia, etc.

Like to blog? Interested in Guest/Volunteer Blogging? Are you ready to be famous?

Seriously, if anyone is interested in writing blog posts about marine life that will be published on /news/ , here’s our latest list of post subjects to write about.

PM (message) me or Andrew Pollard if you’re interested (tell us which number from below you’re interested in writing about and we’ll reserve it for you).

We’ll handle editing, linking and photos/video. Be sure to reference things appropriately and include your byline (name, title, photo, links, etc.) at the end. Posts can simply be sent to us as any doc via messenger.

In no order of importance:

IN PROGRESS 1. Post about the sources and impacts of invasive species/shifts in geographic ranges due to climate change. What does it mean and how can people help? IN PROGRESS 2. Post about the importance of non-charismatic megafauna species and how preserving the little things – planktonic and benthic communities protect the marine world. How people can help by thinking about human activities. 3. Post about the cultural reliance on celebrity heroes to save the world and a need for a cultural shift towards global community conservation driven by personal conscience and green economy. How people can save the world by doing their bit. IN PROGRESS 4. Post about making choices in terms of study and why not to rely on strangers for life changing decisions. How you don’t have to be young or academic to help conserve the marine environment. 5. Post about the actual impact of the Fukushima incident in terms of initial, ongoing and expected impacts. What happens to radiation and how damaging is it to marine life? Why fixating on a non-issue is harmful to conservation efforts. IN PROGRESS 6. Post about marine life in captivity. The reasons why marine life is displayed, how it is used, how it is cared for and why it is inappropriate for some species. How people can help solve the problem. 7. Post about persistent organic pollution. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Cover PCBs and redirect Frank here whenever necessary. Can people’s choices help? IN PROGRESS 8. Post about the sources and impact of plastic in the ocean and the scale of the problem. Covering how reliance on recycling is dangerous and the importance of the 6 Rs in proper context. Using the 6 Rs effectively in day-to-day life. 9. Post about how stakeholder engagement, compromise and education are key to the future of the marine environment. 10. Post about privilege and the marine environment – from naming the oceans (Issues over name of Indian Ocean) to who is accredited with species discoveries/studies and why. Why it is an issue. 11. Post about exploitation of third world fisheries by first world nations. Impact on humans and environments. 12. Post about bycatch and discards. What is the unseen cost of seafood? Which are most damaging and why? How technology can help. How food choices can help with this. 13. Post about why stocks are overfished and what happens when stocks collapse bot for the stock and the wider ecosystem. How does this affect food choices? IN PROGRESS 14. Post about the physical impact of fishing gear on marine environments – benthic homogenization, habitat destruction and ghost fishing. What does this mean for personal seafood choices? 15. Post about the implications of climate change with regards to ecosystem collapsing. Personal carbon footprint reduction ideas. IN PROGRESS 16. Post about how and why humans interact with nature. The benefits, the damage and the dangers to both human and environment. 17. Post about the effect on artisanal fishing in developing countries, violence and illegal fishing and also slave labor and safety violations. 18. Post about mangrove systems being replaced with shrimp farms etc. 19. What is sustainable aquarium-keeping? RESERVED 20. Getting started in underwater videography: Underwater videography goals, Shoot planning, Gear, Principals to learn & practice, In the water, Post production, Web options 21. Getting started in underwater photography: Underwater photography goals, Shoot planning, Gear, Principals to learn & practice, In the water, Post production, Web options 22. Marine Species Identification: I took this pic and would like to know what it is…?! Determining general group (fish, coral, sponge, sea slug, urchin, eggs, bone, trash…), Where to check, Using photo to help ID, Double-checking, Groups to ask, Proper names, common and scientific? Dynamic science?

The MarineBio Conservation Society runs the following websites as part of our growing online presence supporting Our Mission :

MarineBio.org : since about 2000, we have averaged about 300K unique visitors and served about a half a million pages per month. And all without any significant external funding, thanks mainly to the countless visitors offering advice, pointing out mistakes and pitching in in various ways over the years. We read all feedback and will always welcome comments and suggestions concerning anything we provide. See the projects mentioned elsewhere on this page to see what we mainly need help with concerning the main site:

MarineBio @Facebook : currently reaching ~1 million people per week with >300K likes, our main Facebook page is becoming very popular as a great source of marine life photos and alerts concerning the latest issues in marine conservation here on Planet Ocean. Any and all feedback concerning our Facebook presence is highly appreciated.

MarineBio’s Facebook Group : named the “Friends of MarineBio.org” (the largest group of Marine Biologists online) and started in 2007 by our Cephalopod Advisor Dr. James Wood, our Facebook Group page currently has >30K members (including the likes of ocean heroes such as Amos Nachoum , Andy Murch , Carl Safina , Cathy Church , David Doubilet , David Helvarg , Fabien Cousteau , Joe Romeiro , Richard Ellis , Sylvia Earle , and Wallace “J.” Nichols , to name a few, and many others from all walks of life and all around the world…). Any and all feedback concerning our Facebook Group presence is also highly appreciated.

MarineBio @Instagram : we’re a bit late to Instagram but we hope to make up for it quickly…

MarineBio’s YouTube Channel : we consider our YouTube Channel a very useful resource with >5K subscribers to help us promote the best YouTube videos concerning marine life and its conservation as well as a way to link species to videos about them and improve our Ocean Channel (video library) . With broadband speeds and availability improving all the time, online video has finally become a very important part of rich online experiences….

Where else should we be ( LinkedIn , tumblr , StumbleUpon , reddit , deviantART , LiveJournal , Tagged , Ning , Meetup , Badoo , Dropbox , foursquare …)? We have a minor presence on Wikipedia and over 65K other webpages (various news sites, marine-life related groups, etc.) link to us in various ways…. Each site we’re on should primarily contribute to the important efforts by all effective groups toward spreading the proper awareness and making the changes needed NOW concerning the various marine conservation issues involving marine life (the ultimate uphill battle it seems).

Contact Us re Project 10: Ocean Online Communities

Has Earth Already Crossed MAJOR Tipping Points? | Weathered: Earth’s Extremes | PBS Terra

MarineBio 2024-10-03T12:08:35-05:00 Categories: Conservation News | Tags: Climate Change , climatechange , environment , global warming , Marine Conservation , marine life , Marine Science |

Shorebirds ~ Flyways | Full Episode | NATURE | PBS

MarineBio 2024-07-18T09:50:44-05:00 Categories: Conservation News | Tags: birds , Climate Change , climatechange , environment , global warming , marine biology , marine life , Marine Science |

The Facts Nearly Everyone Gets Wrong About the Climate Debate

MarineBio 2024-05-25T07:22:39-05:00 Categories: Conservation News | Tags: Climate Change , climatechange , environment , global warming , marine biology , marine life , Marine Science , solarsystem , space , weather |

Wonders of Life with Brian Cox

MarineBio 2024-05-14T09:45:39-05:00 Categories: Science News | Tags: biodiversity , deep sea , evolution , marine biology , marine life , Marine Science |

Discovering the Hidden Secrets of the Ocean

MarineBio 2024-04-26T10:59:25-05:00 Categories: Conservation News | Tags: biodiversity , coral reefs , deep sea , marine biology , Marine Conservation , Marine Protected Areas , Marine Science , technology |

What’s NASA Trying to Find at the Bottom of the Ocean?

MarineBio 2024-04-26T08:29:23-05:00 Categories: Science News | Tags: deep sea , Extraterrestrial life , marine biology |

One Comment

Hi, I am a science teacher at the public high school in Cambridge, Ma I have several students interested in REMOTE internships this spring, and am wondering if there might be a part of one of your PROJECTS that someone could take on. Can you let me know if you might be interested in working with them?

LEAVE A REPLY Cancel reply

Have a comment, question or suggestion? Feel free to submit comments to start or join discussions. Please keep in mind that all comments are moderated and your email address will NOT be published. Get your free Gravatar (Globally Recognized Avatar) before commenting to show your personal image instead of the default.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .

LAB OR IN-SCHOOL - HIGH SCHOOL

Lab or in-school programs for high school students, deepen the learning experience by adding hands-on experiences in the laboratory to complement what your students are doing on the boat and on the shore. labs can also be a stand-alone experience, and many of them can be brought to your classroom during an in-school visit  visiting teachers may work with our marine educators to customize a lab program, or select from one of our standard labs below. choose two activities for each 2.5 hour time slot unless otherwise indicated., email us with questions or to book, organism encounters critter bins (lab or in-school) seasonal (fall/spring), based on organism availability. students rotate in small groups between bins containing a variety of organisms from long island sound.  the activity can be focused in several different ways:, adaptations: for each organism, students will make predictions about how the animals move, eat, and survive.  students will identify and discuss structures and behaviors that they think are adaptations. this activity can be customized  for a wide range of age levels and curricular goals., taxonomic classification: students will use a dichotomous key to identify phyla, genus and species of each organism. tree of life: students will take notes on major traits of the organisms, and note how they are similar and dissimilar.  they will then use their observations to build phylogenetic trees – visual hypotheses about how the organisms might be related evolutionarily.  students will present their trees to the rest of the class (requires the entire 2.5 hour period if taught as a lab, or two separate hour-long sessions if taught as an in-school).  .

Lobsters and Climate Change (Lab or In-School) Students will rotate through stations in which they examine live lobsters, practice skills related to the lobster fishery such as lobster measurement and banding, examine a lobster trap, learn about lobster life cycles, interpret data from CT DEEP and Project Oceanology on climate change and lobster populations in Long Island Sound, and create a graph based on Project Oceanology’s lobster catch dataset.  We’ll end with a discussion of causes and consequences of the lobster die-off in Long Island Sound.     Plankton Exploration (Lab or In-School) Students will use microscopes to examine and draw planktonic organisms from Long Island Sound.  Students will compare different types of plankton, and discuss the role of plankton in the food web.  For lab programs taught at Project O only, students will then participate in an engineering challenge in which they design their own planktonic organisms. Students will have the opportunity to evaluate and compare their designs during a plankton race (sinking rate challenge) – slowest plankton wins!  In-school does not include plankton engineering challenge, and requires access to dissecting microscopes.   Squid Dissection (Lab or In-School)  HS-LS1-2 Students will work as a class and in small groups to create posters to serve as models of the external and internal anatomy of the squid. Each team will be responsible for an in-depth study of an assigned organ system through student-led dissection. Models will include sketches and diagrams with labels, student-generated definitions, comparisons to other model organisms, and observations and questions.   Quantitative Plankton Study (Lab or In-School) Students will use microscopes to examine and identify planktonic organisms from Long Island Sound.  We’ll compare different types of plankton, and discuss the role of plankton in food webs.  Students will use our plankton splitter, Bogarov trays, and clicker-counters to do quantitative plankton counts, compiling a dataset that can be used to examine the relative abundances of different members of the plankton, or to compare different locations. In-school requires access to dissecting microscopes.   Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) (Lab or In-School) Can be combined with the plankton exploration lab, or conducted as a stand-alone.  Students will use microscopes to search for the presence of phytoplankton species known to have harmful algal blooms in our region. Data collected during this lab will be shared with the NOAA phytoplankton monitoring network. In-school requires access to dissecting and compound microscopes.   Marine Algae Herbarium (Lab or In-School) Marine seaweed is of great importance to coastal and nearshore environments. Preserving plants can be used for identification of species and study of the taxonomic relationships between plants. They can also be used to determine geographic variations and studies of their tissues and structure. Seaweed pressing is also practiced as a form of art.  In this lesson, students learn about seaweed anatomy and classification as they collect, identify and preserve seaweed specimens.   Fish Printing (Gyotaku) and Fish Anatomy (Lab or In-School) Originating in Japan and China in the 1800's, fish printing served a practical purpose as fishermen used it to preserve a record of their catch. Since then, fish printing has been practiced as a form of art. This activity focuses on the history of fish printing and its modern form.  In this lesson, students learn about fish form and function, then make their own fish prints on paper or t-shirts. Project Oceanology t-shirts may be available for an additional cost. Please inquire if interested. Experiments and Engineering Challenges ​ Davy Jones Locker/Layered Ocean (Lab or In-School) The ocean appears homogenous from the surface, but under the waves there are many different layers of seawater.  As an organism travels from surface water to deeper water, it may encounter sharp changes in temperature, salinity, and other physical factors.  In this activity, students try to find Davy Jones’ Locker – a mythical place between the surface and the sea floor – by adjusting the density of an object to make it float between layers of seawater.   Bycatch Engineering Challenge (Lab or In-School) Bycatch is a serious problem for many marine fisheries.  In this engineering challenge focused on fisheries and conservation, students learn about bycatch and then design fishing nets that will maximize catch of a target species while minimizing bycatch.  We’ll test the nets in a fishing competition, then redesign them to improve performance.  Discussion will include examples drawn from fisheries management.   Energy Engineers: Build-a-Blade Wind Power (Lab or In-School) NOTE: 2.5 hrs duration Wind Power energy generation is a growing industry in southeastern New England. In this lab, students will conduct an experiment to test variables in turbine blade design, such as pitch, blade length, blade number, and others. Students will use their data to draw conclusions about which variables have the greatest effect on power output. Then, students will design, test, and revise turbine blades to find the optimal design with the least waste.   Water Filtration (Lab or In-School) Water treatment plants purify water, but so do natural habitats such as marshes.  In this engineering challenge, students learn about water purification and then design and test their own water purification devices.  Discussion will focus on how well different materials work to remove smell, color, and films from water, and on how water purification in the student-designed devices is similar to and different from water purification in the marsh and in the water treatment plant. Fish Respiration (Lab or In-School)  Fish living in estuarine environments frequently must cope with dramatic fluctuations in temperature and other environmental variables.  In this lab, students will study the physiological response of fish to rapid temperature change, and then discuss how this might impact their ecology. Seal Thermoregulation (Lab or In-School) Seals are warm-blooded mammals that need to maintain a constant body temperature for survival.  Harbor seals in Long Island Sound have adaptations that allow them to stay warm through the cold winter months.  In this activity, students use oatmeal models to quantify the effect of body size and shape on heat loss.   Beach Erosion (Lab) Students will create a coastal model that includes a beach or river and try to stabilize the structures they create. Groups will observe for impacts of erosion and then engineer solutions to coastal erosion by testing out a variety of mitigation strategies.     Quantitative Plankton Study (Lab or In-School) Students will use microscopes to examine and identify planktonic organisms from Long Island Sound.  We’ll compare different types of plankton, and discuss the role of plankton in food webs.  Students will use our plankton splitter, Bogarov trays, and clicker-counters to do quantitative plankton counts, compiling a dataset that can be used to examine the relative abundances of different members of the plankton, or to compare different locations. In-school requires access to dissecting microscopes.   Rock Erosion & Experimental Design (Lab or In-School) Students will learn about chemical and physical weathering and rock types, then make predictions about how temperature, pH, turbulence, and exposed surface area will impact erosion rates of limestone (chalk).  They will then work in small groups to design and carry out a two-factor experiment testing two of these variables, and report their findings back to the larger group.  This activity introduces students to complex experimental designs, and can be customized to fit into a wide variety of earth science curricula.   Data Analysis Labs (Lab or In-School)   Project Oceanology offers data analysis labs to accompany many of its boat and shore programs.  These are designed to complement the field experiences, but can also be taught as stand-alone lessons.  The curricular materials for these labs are freely available to teachers who book the programs.  They can be taught by Project Oceanology staff or by interested teachers, and can take place in the Project Oceanology computer lab or in the classroom either before or after a trip. Examples are provided here – if your program is not listed, ask! A Changing Sound (Introduction to Oceanography Data Analysis) Students examine Project Oceanology’s historical dataset of organisms captured and water quality characteristics, and make graphs showing how the biological and physical nature of Long Island Sound has changed (or not) over time.   Sewage Plant Study Data Analysis Students examine Project Oceanology’s water quality dataset, and make graphs showing geographic and seasonal variation in nutrient concentrations and other water quality parameters.     Nearshore Fish Study Data Analysis Students compare the data they have collected to a sample dataset.  There are two options: the nearshore fish diversity data analysis activity can be used with any nearshore fish study, while the silverside data analysis activity is designed for classes that collected a dataset on size structure of Atlantic Silverside populations.   Diagram the Beach/Diagram the Marsh In this follow-up activity to our Barrier Beach Study or Marsh Transect Study, students will use beach profile or marsh data to create a large-scale image of the habitat they surveyed.  Strong focus on graphing and science communication skills.

Other high school programs, programming home pages: on the boat on the shore lab or in-school  .

Shoals Marine Laboratory: Programs for High School Students Study marine biology on Appledore Island, Maine

Gain firsthand experience exploring marine science

Precollege programs at Shoals Marine Laboratory on Appledore Island, Maine, give you the chance to transform yourself from a student to a scientist.

Through hands-on labs and field work, you'll earn college credits while exploring topics including marine biology and conservation.

You can choose from

• Marine Environmental Science (3 credit, two-week summer course)
• Introduction to the Biology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays (1 credit, one-week summer course)

Classroom and field activities include deploying oceanographic equipment to collect water samples, exploring the rock intertidal zone, traveling to adjacent islands to observe seal and seabird colonies, dissecting sharks and rays to learn their unique anatomy, fishing for mackerel and bottom fish and observing whales in their foraging grounds.

To learn more and apply for programs, visit the Shoals Marine Laboratory high school course page .

Program highlights

• Live and study on Appledore Island, one of nine islands in the Isles of Shoals archipelago, located six miles off the coast of Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
• Participate in experiential, place-based learning that includes hands-on field and laboratory activities.
• Learn about scientific inquiry through both independent and/or group research projects.
• Benefit from small class sizes (faculty to student ratio between 1:5 to 1:8).

Shoals Marine Laboratory, a unit of Cornell University and the University of New Hampshire, is a leader in marine science education, research, and outreach.

Read a story about Shoals Marine Laboratory or view a live feed of the island campus .

Our programs offer you the rare opportunity to work closely with some of Cornell's most distinguished professors. Under their guidance, you'll develop the critical thinking and writing skills essential for success in college. You'll also have the chance to talk with them about your academic goals and career aspirations.

Student experiences