essay on new parliament house

New Parliament Building, Name, Architect, Features, Design

New Parliament Building is an intrinsic part of the vision of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'. Read all about New Parliament Building Design & its Features for UPSC Exam.

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New Parliament Building

The New Parliament Building, to be built by Tata Projects Ltd., would be constructed next to the current structure during a 22-month period and have a built-up size of 64,500 square meters across four stories. The new structure would feature contributions from artists and sculptors from all around the nation, showing the diversity and elevating it to the status of a “Atmanirbhar Bharat” symbol.

The New Parliament Building is an important topic to learn about and comes under the polity section of UPSC Subject which an important subject in UPSC Syllabus . Students can also go for UPSC Mock Test to get more accuracy in their preparations.

New Parliament Building Location

From Rashtrapati Bhavan to India Gate, the New Parliament Building or Central Vista Project is in place. It consists of the Rajpath plots of land immediately adjacent to North Block, South Block, the Parliament building, and other secretariat buildings for the central government. King George V announced in the Delhi Durbar (a large assembly) in December 1911 that Delhi would replace Calcutta as the capital of India. In celebration of King George V’s coronation, Delhi Durbar was held.

Edwin Lutyens, who was well-known for his unwavering devotion to European Classicism, and Herbert Baker, a well-known architect in South Africa, were tasked with building a new metropolis. Additionally, Herbert Baker designed the Union buildings in Pretoria, South Africa. Baker and Lutyens both contributed to the design of Parliament House. The Chausath Yogini Mandir in Madhya Pradesh served as the model for the Indian Parliament’s architecture. Edwin Lutyens was the designer of Rashtrapati Bhavan. Herbert Baker created The Secretariat, which consists of both the north and south blocks.

New Parliament Building Objective

The New Parliament Building Plan is put forth to accommodate the Parliament, Ministries, and Departments’ current and future space requirements, as well as to offer better public amenities, parking facilities, and other things. The planned redevelopment project is motivated by concerns over fire safety, acoustics, and the deteriorated state of the century-old building.

By July 2022, a new Parliament building will be constructed, and by March 2024, a shared Central Secretariat will be established. The strength of the parliament is anticipated to expand from 545 MPs to 900 seats after this project is finished. The initiative also aims to enhance Central Vista’s beauty to turn it into a top-tier tourism destination.

New Parliament Building Design & Features

The new parliament will be crowned with the national anthem, and its ceiling will feature traditional-style carpeting and fresco paintings similar to those in Rashtrapati Bhawan. In order to preserve some of the qualities of the current parliament, shlokas will be written on the interior walls. As with the current structure, Dholpur stone will serve as the main building material. Red granite might take the place of red sandstone in various interior spaces. Construction will be done with extra care to minimise disruption and protect the environment.

The Lok Sabha will have a seating arrangement of 888 members in the new Parliament House. India currently has 543 seats in the Lok Sabha. Similarly, the Rajya Sabha, which currently has 245 seats in the new Parliament House, will be able to accommodate 384 members. The room designated for it will have seats for 1,272 people when a joint assembly of the two chambers is called at the new Parliament House. Right now, there are just 430 seats available in the Centre Hall where the two Houses convene jointly.

In preparation for a larger Parliament, the new Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha chambers will have more seating (888 and 384 seats, respectively); a 25-year moratorium on raising the state-by-state distribution of seats expires in 2026.

New Parliament Building Major Attraction

The new structure will feature six entrances where “guardian statues depicting auspicious animals” would be on display. Based on their significance in Indian culture, vaastu shastra, and characteristics like intelligence, victory, power, and prosperity, these “auspicious animals” have been picked. Each animal selected to be housed in the structure carries a set of affirmations that promote harmony and well-being.

The gaja (elephant), which stands for knowledge, riches, intellect, and memory, guards the ceremonial entry to the north. The northern direction is connected to Mercury, the source of greater intellect, according to vaastu shastra. The ashva (horse), a symbol of endurance, strength, power, and speed that describes the calibre of governance, guards the southern gate. The garuda (eagle), a symbol of the people’s aspirations, soars at the eastern entrance.

According to vaastu shastra, the rising sun, which symbolizes victory, is connected to the East. Swans, which stand for judgement and wisdom, are shown at the northeastern entrance. The remaining entrances feature the Makara, a mythical aquatic creature made up of parts from various animals, which symbolizes unity in diversity, and the Shardula, a mythical creature thought to be the most powerful living thing, which represents the strength of the nation’s people.

The new structure will include three ceremonial foyers, four galleries for each of the two Houses, six granite statues honouring individuals who contributed to the liberation movement and the creation of the Constitution, as many Indian galleries, and one Constitution gallery.

New Parliament Building Inauguration

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated India’s new parliament building on Sunday 28th May, a modern complex which is part of his Hindu nationalist government’s grand plan to give a makeover to the British colonial-era architecture in the nation’s capital.

The inauguration, and the ongoing revamp of the heart of New Delhi based on Indian culture, traditions, and symbols, come a year before parliamentary elections in which Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) will pitch its strong Hindu nationalist credentials, and its performance in office over the last decade, to seek a third term.

New Parliament Building Sengol

‘ Sengol ‘, a historical sceptre from Tamil Nadu, which was received by India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to represent the transfer of power from the British and was kept in a museum in Allahabad, is now installed in the New Parliament Building by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on May 28, 2023.

New Parliament Building Architect

The new Parliament House was created by Ahmedabad-based HCP Design, Planning and Management, which is managed by architect Bimal Patel. The current Parliament House, a colonial-era structure, was created by British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker.

New Parliament Building UPSC

The new Parliament building will be a crucial component of the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” project since craftsmen and sculptors from all across India will contribute to and highlight the country’s cultural diversity there. Additionally, the new Parliament building will be earthquake-resistant. Students can read all the details related to UPSC by visiting the official website of StudyIQ UPSC Online Coaching .

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New Parliament Building FAQs

Which is the new parliament building in india.

A Platinum-rated Green Building, our new Sansad Bhavan will be a symbol of India's commitment towards environmental sustainability.

When Central Vista project will be completed?

The project is expected to be completed in 2026.

What is the current status of the new Parliament?

The new parliament building which is a part of the Central Vista redevelopment project, is set to be completed by the end of May 2023 in New Delhi.

What is the status of new parliament building New Delhi?

“Construction of the New Parliament Building is complete now and the new building symbolises the spirit of self-reliant India (Atmanirbhar Bharat).

What is new parliament building called?

The Parliament House (IAST: Sansad Bhavan) in New Delhi is the seat of the Parliament of India. Its houses the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha which represent lower and upper houses respectively in India's bicameral parliament.

What are the features of the new Parliament building?

The new complex will have 888 seats in the Lok Sabha chamber and 384 seats in the Rajya Sabha chamber. Unlike the present parliament building, it will not have a central hall. The Lok Sabha chamber will be able to house 1,272 members in case of a joint session.

What is the size of new parliament building India?

India's new Parliament building—a four-storey-high, grey-and-red sandstone structure spread across an area of 64,500 sq m—has generated employment for around 23,04,095 people, as per the official Central Vista website.

What is Sengol in new Parliament?

The Sengol gets its name from the Tamil word 'semmai', meaning righteousness. The sceptre is a historical symbol of Independence as it signifies the transfer of power from the British to the Indians.

Who inaugurated new parliament building in India?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated India's new parliament building on Sunday 28th May.

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New Parliament Building For New India

• 31 May 2023
• 13 min read
• GS Paper - 2
• GS Paper - 1
• Government Policies & Interventions
• Indian Heritage Sites

This editorial is based on ‘India’s new Parliament, and why it is needed’ which was published in Indian Express on 29/05/2023. It talks about the need of New Parliament building and its features.

For Prelims: Parliament , Central Vista project , Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha , Sengol

For Mains: Need for new parliament building, Symbolism in Elements of Parliament

In a significant milestone during the 75th year of Independence, Prime minister of India unveiled new Parliament building. Designed and constructed by Indians, this architectural marvel encapsulates the culture, pride, and spirit of the entire nation and looks forward to fulfilling the longstanding need of Indian democracy to have more spacious parliament as the number of seats and MPs will increase in the coming time.

The new parliament building, developed as a part of Central Vista Redevelopment project , takes care of infrastructural hurdles in parliamentary functioning.

Prime minister inaugurated the parliament and placed ‘Sengol’ , the symbol of power transfer to India from the British.

What was the Need for the New Parliament Building?

• With the number of Lok Sabha seats fixed at 545 since the 1971 Census -based delimitation, the building's seating arrangements have become cramped and cumbersome.
• During joint sessions, the limited seating capacity exacerbates the problem. Moreover, the lack of space for movement poses a significant security risk. It is likely to increase substantially after 2026 as the freeze on total number of seats is only till 2026.
• Heritage Grade-I comprises buildings and precincts of national or historic importance, embodying excellence in architectural style, design, technology and material usage and/or aesthetics.
• They may be associated with a great historic event, personality, movement or institution . They have been and are the prime landmarks of the region. All natural sites shall fall within Grade-I.
• Ad hoc constructions and modifications have strained the building's infrastructure. The addition of essential services like water supply, air conditioning, and CCTV cameras has led to seepage issues, impacting the building's aesthetics.
• Moreover, outdated communication structures and inadequate fire safety measures raise concerns about the safety of occupants.
• Old parliament was built when Delhi was in Seismic Zone-II, the current Parliament building now falls within Seismic Zone-IV.
• This shift raises significant structural safety concerns, necessitating the construction of a new building that meets modern seismic standards.
• Over time, the conversion of inner service corridors into offices has resulted in poor-quality workspaces.
• Sub-partitions further reduce the already limited space, adversely affecting the productivity and well-being of employees.

What are the Significant Features of the New Parliament Building?

• The new Parliament building, standing alongside the existing one, encompasses a built-up area of approximately 65,000 sq m. Its triangular shape ensures efficient utilization of space, accommodating the evolving needs of a growing nation.
• The new building includes a larger Lok Sabha Hall with a capacity of up to 888 seats and a larger Rajya Sabha hall with up to 384 seats.
• Joint sessions of Parliament can now accommodate up to 1,272 seats, facilitating inclusive and robust democratic proceedings.
• A state-of-the-art Constitutional Hall serves as the heart of Indian democracy, placing citizens at the center of governance.
• The building also offers ultra-modern office spaces equipped with cutting-edge communication technology, promoting efficiency and security.
• The new Sansad Bhavan stands as a " Platinum-rated Green Building," reflecting India's dedication to environmental sustainability.
• The new Parliament building seamlessly integrates the vibrance and diversity of modern India, incorporating regional arts, crafts, and cultural elements.
• Recognizing the importance of accessibility, the new Parliament building prioritizes divyang (differently-abled) individuals.
• It ensures that people with disabilities can move freely within the premises , fostering inclusivity and equal participation.
• The public entrances lead to three galleries - the Sangeet Gallery which exhibits dance, song, and musical traditions of India; the Sthapthya Gallery depicts the architectural heritage of the country, and the Shilp Gallery showcases distinct handicraft traditions of different states.
• The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha chambers boast a digitised voting system, well-engineered acoustics, and state-of-the-art audiovisual systems to ensure effective legislative proceedings.
• The Ministers’ chambers can be accessed through corridors running parallel to the triangular boundary of the building.
• The Lok Sabha hall’s interior, inspired by India's national bird, the peacock, and the Rajya Sabha hall, representing the lotus, India's national flower, embody the rich symbolism of the nation.
• Installation of Sengol, the symbol of power transfer, is symbolic tribute to power transfer to India.

What is its Overarching Central Vista Redevelopment Project?

• The Central Vista Redevelopment Project is a project that aims to revamp the Central Vista, India’s central administrative area located near Raisina Hill, New Delhi.
• The area was originally designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker during British colonial rule and was retained by Government of India after independence. The redevelopment of the project is being overseen by Ar. Bimal Patel.
• Central Vista of New Delhi houses Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, North and South Block, India Gate, National Archives among others.
• In December 1911, King George V made an announcement in Delhi Durbar (a grand assembly) to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi.
• Constructing a triangular Parliament building next to the existing one.
• Constructing Common Central Secretariat.
• North and South Block to be repurposed as museums.

What is the Historical Significance of Sengol?

• The Sengol is derived from the Tamil word "Semmai" which means "Righteousness".
• The Cholas ruled over parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, and Sri Lanka from the 9th to 13th century CE.
• The ceremony was usually performed by a high priest or a guru who blessed the new king and conferred him with the Sengol.
• Before Independence there was a question that, ‘What is the ceremony that should be followed to symbolise transfer of power from British?’
• C. Rajagopalachari suggested Chola ritual of handing over ‘Sengol’ as suitable ceremony for power transfer as it would reflect India’s ancient civilisation and culture, as well as its unity in diversity.
• The Sengol was presented to PM Nehru by Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam (a 500-year-old Saivaite monastery) on August 14, 1947.
• A golden sceptre was crafted by Vummidi Bangaru Chetty , a famous jeweller in Madras (now Chennai).
• The Nandi, with its unyielding gaze as the beholder of “Nyaya”, is hand-carved at the top.
• It remained at Anand Bhavan Museum for over seven decades.
• It has been placed near the Speaker’s seat in the new Parliament building, accompanied by a plaque that will explain its history and meaning.
• It signifies that India’s democracy is rooted in its ancient traditions and values and that it is inclusive and respectful of its diversity and plurality.

How did the Old Parliament Building Come into Being?

• The old parliament building's construction began in 1921 and was completed in 1927 and was designed by the architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker.
• The building was originally called the Council House and housed the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India.
• The parliament building's circular shape was inspired by the Colosseum , the Roman historical monument.
• A few Indian elements, such as jaalis and chhatris, were added to the design.

India's new Parliament building is a state-of-the-art facility that showcases India's rich cultural heritage while providing modern amenities for effective legislative proceedings. The government plans to use both the buildings in conjunction for smooth functioning of parliamentary affairs.

It not only reflects India's cultural diversity but also paves the way for an inclusive and efficient democratic process. As the nation embarks on this new chapter, the new Parliament building becomes a beacon of hope and unity, inspiring generations to come.

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How new Parliament building is different from the existing one

The new parliament building is scheduled to be inaugurated by prime minister narendra modi on sunday..

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will unveil the new Parliament complex on Sunday. As we eagerly await the inauguration , let us delve into the distinctive features that define the new Parliament building from the existing one which has stood for generations.

What makes it ‘new’ from the present Parliament building

The existing Parliament building, erected in 1927, was never designed to accommodate a bicameral legislature for a fully-fledged democracy, according to the government data. With the number of Lok Sabha seats fixed at 545 since the 1971 Census-based delimitation, the building's seating arrangements have become cramped and cumbersome.

Also Read | Will new Parliament building stand the ‘test of democracy’?

During joint sessions, the limited seating capacity exacerbates the problem. Moreover, the lack of space for movement poses a significant security risk. It is likely to increase substantially after 2026 as the freeze on total number of seats is only till 2026.

With a focus on addressing the space limitations within the legislative chambers, the government has devised a plan to expand the Lok Sabha seats to 888 and the Rajya Sabha seats to 348 in the new Parliament building. The old building can accomodate 543 seats in Lok Sabha and 250 seats in Rajya Sabha.

In addition to the two legislative chambers, the new complex will also feature a remarkable addition in the form of a centrally located ‘Constitutional Hall’.

Unlike the old Parliament House, the new one will not feature a Central Hall . Instead, the Lok Sabha Hall in the new Parliament House is being designed to easily accommodate joint sessions. It will be able to seat 1,272 people, eliminating the need to install additional chairs during joint sessions.

Also Read | ‘No sense’: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar on new Parliament building

The new building will also house six committee rooms equipped with state-of-the-art audio-visual systems. This is a significant improvement compared to the present structure, which has only three such rooms.

Unlike the circular shape of the old Parliament building, the new building takes on a triangular shape to optimize space utilization, covering an area of approximately 65,000 square meters.

Watch | 'Pretty Damn Impressive': Modi Govt gets praise from Kashmir; New parliament wows Omar

A significant highlight of the new Parliament building is the inclusion of the symbolic “Sengol”, which will be placed next to the Speaker's seat in the Lok Sabha. The central government said that the Sengol represents the historic “transfer of power” that occurred in 1947, when the British relinquished authority and handed over the reins of the nation to India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

Despite the construction of the new Parliament building, the government has decided that both the old and new structures will work in conjunction to ensure smooth and efficient functioning of parliamentary operations.

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New Parliament Building Name, Location, Design, Architect, History

New Parliament Building: Parliament House in New Delhi, also known as Sansad Bhavan, serves as official venue for the Parliament of India. Know about New Parliament Building.

New Parliament Building Name

The Parliament House in New Delhi, also known as Sansad Bhavan , serves as the official venue for the Parliament of India . It accommodates the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , which represent the lower and upper houses, respectively, in India’s two-chambered parliament.

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New Parliament Building Location

As part of the Central Vista Redevelopment Project in India, a new parliament building was constructed in New Delhi. On 28th May 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated this new building.

The parliament building is situated on Sansad Marg , which intersects the Central Vista area. It is surrounded by various prominent landmarks, including the Old Parliament House, Vijay Chowk, India Gate, National War Memorial, Vice President’s House, Hyderabad House, Secretariat Building, Prime Minister’s Office and residence, ministerial buildings, and other administrative units of the Indian government.

New Parliament Building History

In the early 2010s, concerns about the stability of the current parliament building led to proposals for a new one. Speaker Meira Kumar established a committee in 2012 to explore alternative options to replace the existing complex. The old building, which is 93 years old, faced issues such as insufficient space for parliament members and their staff, and modifications that compromised its structural integrity as it was not earthquake-resistant. However, due to its significance to India’s national heritage, measures are being taken to preserve the building.

New Parliament Building Architect

The previous parliament building constructed in 1927 was heavily influenced by the Hindu Yogini Temple at Mitaoli. It was designed by British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker between 1912 and 1913, and completed in 1927.

According to Bimal Patel, the architect overseeing the redesign of Central Vista, the new complex will have a hexagonal shape and will be located adjacent to the current complex. It will be nearly identical in size to the previous one.

New Parliament Building Design

• The new building is planned to have a lifespan of over 150 years.
• It is designed to withstand earthquakes and will incorporate architectural styles from various regions of India.
• The Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha chambers will have larger seating capacities to accommodate potential future increases in the number of Members of Parliament due to population growth and future delimitation.
• The new complex will feature 888 seats in the Lok Sabha chamber and 384 seats in the Rajya Sabha chamber.
• Unlike the old parliament building, it will not have a central hall.
• The Lok Sabha chamber will be capable of accommodating 1,272 members in the event of a joint session.
• The rest of the building will consist of four floors with offices for ministers and committee rooms.
• The new building will have a total built area of 20,866 square metres (224,600 sq ft), including a 2,000 square metre (22,000 sq ft) open-sky area for a banyan tree.

This makes it approximately 10% smaller in size compared to the existing circular building, which spans 22,900 square metres (246,000 sq ft) with a diameter of 170.7 metres (560 ft) and includes a 6,060 square metre (65,200 sq ft) open-sky area divided into three sectors.

The Parliament House will have three entrances: Gyan Dwar (knowledge gate), Shakti Dwar (power gate), and Karma Dwar (karma gate).

New Parliament Building Inauguration

Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally opened India’s new parliament building on May 28, 2023, amidst widespread protests and boycotts. The day started with Mr. Modi revealing a plaque that symbolized the dedication of the building to the nation. He also delivered a speech to a gathering of legislators.

A historically significant gold sceptre known as the sengol was placed in the new parliament building as part of the inauguration. The opposition parties chose to largely refrain from attending the event, stating their preference for the president to perform the opening ceremony instead of Mr. Modi.

New Parliament Building Timeline of Construction

• In September 2019, the Indian government conceived the master plan for the redevelopment of Central Vista Avenue.
• In September 2020, Tata Projects Ltd was awarded the contract worth ₹862 crores by the CPWD to construct the new parliament building.
• In October 2020, HCP Design Planning and Management Pvt Ltd , based in Ahmedabad, won the architectural consultancy work.
• On December 10, 2020, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of the new parliament building.
• On July 11, 2022, Prime Minister Modi unveiled the statue of the national emblem on top of the new Parliament building.
• By August 28, 2022, the main structure of the new Parliament was completed. Construction was fully completed on May 20, 2023.
• Finally, on May 28, 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the new Parliament Building.

Also Read:  Revised Guidelines for SPG: Special Force Safeguarding PM to be Led by ADG

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Essay on Parliament of India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Parliament of India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Parliament of India

Introduction.

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body in the country. It consists of two houses: the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

The Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house. Its members are elected by the members of State Legislatures.

The Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha, or House of the People, is the lower house. Members are directly elected by citizens of India.

Functioning of the Parliament

The Parliament’s primary function is to make laws. Both houses work together to discuss, debate, and pass legislation.

Importance of Parliament

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250 Words Essay on Parliament of India

The Parliament of India, the supreme legislative body in the country, is an emblem of democratic governance. It is a bicameral establishment, composed of the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

Composition and Structure

The Rajya Sabha, the upper house, is a permanent body with 245 members serving six-year terms. Its members are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies. The Lok Sabha, the lower house, consists of up to 552 members, serving five-year terms, directly elected by the people of India.

Legislative Functions

The Parliament is vested with the power to make laws on any subject listed in the Union List, and concurrent list in consultation with state legislatures. It also has exclusive power to make laws on matters not enumerated in the Concurrent or State lists.

Financial Functions

The Parliament of India holds the purse strings of the nation. All financial bills originate in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can suggest changes, but cannot reject or amend them.

Control over Executive

Amendment of the constitution.

The Parliament can amend the Constitution, ensuring it remains a dynamic and living document. However, it cannot alter the federal structure of the Constitution.

To conclude, the Parliament of India is a robust institution, reflecting the democratic ethos of the nation, while also being a watchdog of the executive branch, ensuring accountability and transparency.

500 Words Essay on Parliament of India

Structure of the parliament.

The President of India is the head of the Parliament. The Rajya Sabha, or the upper house, comprises 245 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the President for their exceptional contributions in various fields, and the rest are elected by the members of State Legislative Assemblies. The Lok Sabha, or the lower house, consists of up to 552 members, with 530 representing states, 20 representing union territories, and 2 representing the Anglo-Indian community, if the President deems it necessary.

The primary function of the Parliament is legislation. Bills can be introduced in either house (except Money Bills, which can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha). Once a bill is passed by both houses and receives Presidential assent, it becomes law. The Parliament is also responsible for the creation of new states, alteration of boundaries, and changing names of existing states.

Parliamentary Committees

Parliamentary committees play a crucial role in the functioning of the Parliament. They allow for detailed scrutiny and discussion on various issues, which is not possible in the full house due to time constraints. There are two types of committees: standing committees, which are permanent, and ad hoc committees, which are temporary and set up for a specific purpose.

Parliamentary Privileges

Members of the Parliament enjoy certain privileges to ensure they can effectively carry out their duties. These include freedom of speech in the Parliament, immunity from any proceedings in any court for anything said or vote given in the Parliament, and exemption from jury service and arrest under civil cases during sessions.

The Parliament of India, as the embodiment of the people’s will, plays a vital role in the democratic governance of the country. It is the platform where laws are made, policies are debated, and the actions of the government are scrutinized. As such, it is a pillar of the world’s largest democracy, reflecting the diversity and plurality of India. The functioning of the Parliament, its structure, and the privileges enjoyed by its members all serve to ensure that it can effectively represent the interests of the Indian people.

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How Did British Politicians React to America’s Attempts at Independence? Rather Poorly!

When the Colonies got too brassy, the English Parliament went ballistic—despite some wise voices of reason

Sonja Anderson

Daily Correspondent

As Alexis Coe writes in her history of the First Continental Congress, today, George III is “remembered as the man who lost America. Really, Parliament deserves that honor.” Below, read how four members of Parliament responded to the colonies’ early steps toward revolution.

William Murray served as lord chief justice—head of the judiciary of England and Wales—from 1756 to 1788, becoming one of Britain’s most influential lawmen. He advocated heavily for England’s control over the American Colonies, often in uncompromising terms: “If you do not kill them, they will kill you.” John Quincy Adams would later deem Murray “more responsible for the Revolution than any other man,” and Thomas Jefferson called the judge’s decisions full of “sly poison.” Still, Murray’s philosophy of jurisprudence inspired many fundamental principles of U.S. commercial law: He’s been cited in over 300 U.S. Supreme Court opinions.

The Conciliator 

William Legge , the Second Earl of Dartmouth, twice led the House of Lords’ Board of Trade and Foreign Plantations before becoming Britain’s secretary of state for the Colonies. Early on, he opposed the Stamp Act in favor of negotiation and was sufficiently popular that when he arrived in the Colonies in 1773, Phillis Wheatley composed a poem in his honor. But after the Boston Tea Party, Legge changed his tune, calling for the Colonies’ suppression by whatever forceful means necessary. Still, Legge was unwilling to wage war against the Americans and resigned in 1775. Today, he remains a figure of honor in the U.S., perhaps nowhere more than at the college that bears his name: Dartmouth.  

The Honorable Patriot

Isaac Barré , elected to Parliament in 1761, is proof that not all Englanders were anti-American. Barré passionately argued against the “odious” Stamp Act, telling his fellow parliamentarians, “We are the mother country, let us be cautious not to get the name of stepmother.” In the same speech, Barré coined a now-familiar moniker for the colonists, saying that British misrule had “caused the blood of those Sons of Liberty to recoil within them.”

The Troublemaker

John Wilkes had a tumultuous career in Parliament, often irking the establishment. In his newspaper, the satirical journalist wrote and printed attacks on legislators, royal advisers and even the king himself, after which Wilkes was arrested—and became a symbol of resistance to tyranny. Expelled from Parliament, and convicted of libel in 1764, Wilkes fled to France, returned to England and was re-elected twice—once from a jail cell. In 1768, Wilkes stood in opposition to the Townshend Acts, which imposed taxes on imports to the Thirteen Colonies—including tea—and became an inspiration in the eyes of American patriots.

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Sonja Anderson is a writer and reporter based in New York City.

10 Lines Essay on Indian Parliament in English for Students

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After Starmer's 'gloom', Labour MPs want some cheer

Sir Keir Starmer’s honeymoon is over.

The prime minister has spent the summer preparing the ground for unpopular and controversial spending and taxation decisions. He wants to persuade voters not to blame him, but the governments who came before. The Conservatives, he argues, left the country’s finances in such a mess that there’s going to be some pain in fixing them.

The message has been bleak – deliberately so. Ministers want to let the public know the next few months are not going to be a walk in the park. The government hasn’t ruled out increasing capital gains tax, inheritance tax and fuel duty in October’s Budget, arguing that difficult decisions are needed to "fix the foundations" of the British economy.

But might No 10 be going too far?

Privately, some Labour MPs think so.

“It’s a bit too doom and gloom,” said one, calling for more of a focus on the positive message the government has to sell.

Another agreed, contrasting the enthusiasm and energy of the Democratic National Convention in Chicago (attended by several senior Labour figures) and the hard truths message from Sir Keir in the Downing Street garden a few days later. The razzmatazz versus the gloom.

Don't expect Starmer's Tory attacks to fade away

Autumn budget will be painful, warns starmer.

There are some signs ministers might be thinking the same. In the next fortnight, the chancellor will focus more on Labour’s promises to grow the economy. Ministers are promising “the most packed legislative agenda in decades” to deliver changes to the housing market, energy market, railways and more.

There will also be a bill on "budget responsibility" – which will mean the government’s forecasters have to assess every major financial announcement in future.

But one decision in particular is proving controversial already: removing Winter Fuel Payments for millions of pensioners not on pension credit.

It’s a warning sign for the government that they can blame others for the need to make tough decisions – but they will ultimately have to deal with any opposition to the decisions they make.

The backlash has grown over the summer break, with charities and opposition parties leading the charge. The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats want a vote on the change and a growing number of Labour MPs are privately worried about the decision and its political impact.

Rachael Maskell, the Labour MP who chairs the All Party Parliamentary Group for Ageing and Older People, told me: "This is not going to go away – the government cannot run away from it."

There is an acceptance that a universal payment for all pensioners – including wealthy people – is hard to justify. The government is planning another campaign to encourage people who are eligible to sign up for pension credit as soon as possible.

But several Labour MPs I spoke to this week expected some mitigations to be announced in the coming weeks for those who are just above the pension credit threshold but still struggling.

Ideas being floated include support to people on certain council tax bands, as suggested by the personal finance expert Martin Lewis.

At the moment the Treasury isn’t budging. The chancellor writes today: “I know these are tough choices, especially on winter fuel. They were not the choices I wanted to make or expected to make, but they were the right choices to put our country on a firmer footing. Because by taking the tough decisions now to protect the public finances, we can begin the process of change.”

Some Labour MPs have been frustrated by a perceived lack of engagement from the department on the backlash they are seeing in their email inbox. The only hint at the moment is that councils in England will get cash to help people with the cost of living this winter – when the Household Support Fund is likely extended.

Hospitality and health leaders clash on outdoor smoking plan

What taxes might be raised in the budget.

Let’s be really clear: these nerves in the Labour ranks are far less significant than the regicidal rebellions we’ve seen over the past few years among Conservative MPs.

Sir Keir has a thumping majority and can largely do what he wants in Parliament. The decision to remove the whip from seven MPs after the first rebellion – on the two-child cap for some benefits – has reduced the likelihood of another one over this issue.

The government also wants to announce the hard stuff now so that it feels like a distant memory by the time of the election. But that strategy isn’t without risks.

The Conservatives, despite being a massively depleted force in Parliament, have landed some blows over the summer. They’ve accused the government of prioritising pay deals over benefits for pensioners. There have also been several accusations of cronyism after people with links to the Labour party were given civil service jobs.

The risk for Sir Keir isn’t that his party turns against him but that some of these accusations start to stick.

Labour is doing everything it can to shape the political narrative for the coming months by arguing it has a big mess to clear up. But plenty of others will be trying to do the same, arguing that Labour is going too far or is exaggerating the problems with its economic inheritance.

Remember, there are choices involved in everything the government is doing. It is a choice to rule out putting up major taxes that would raise more money. It is a choice to rule out more borrowing. And it is a choice to focus spending on pay deals rather than winter fuel payments. It is up to ministers to persuade you they are making the right choices.

There are plenty of other challenges around the corner for the government too. How to stop small boats crossing the channel. How to reduce NHS waiting lists. How to balance the needs of businesses and unions when new workers' rights legislation is passed. Fixing problems in the court and prison systems. I’m sure most people reading this would have something else to add to the list.

It won’t be an easy few months for the new government. But some in Labour ranks are hoping they can do more to balance the gloom – with some optimism.

Cronyism probe launched after donor allegations

Are the uk's finances really worse than labour expected.

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Indian parliament: essay on indian parliament.

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Indian Parliament: Essay on Indian Parliament!

The Parliament of the Indian Union consists of two Houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

These two houses and the President together constitute the Parliament of India. The object behind the creation of the Rajya Sabha is to provide for a second chamber so that legislation passed by one House can be reviewed and altered if needed by the other.

Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber as it is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One-third of its members retire at the end of every two years and elections are held for the vacant positions. A member of Rajya Sabha has a six year term, unless he resigns or is disqualified.

Lok Sabha is the lower or the popular chamber of the Indian Parliament. Under the Constitution not more than 525 members are to be chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States and not more than 20 members to represent the Union Territories. In addition, two members of the Anglo-Indian community may be nominated by the President if he is of the opinion that the community is not adequately represented in the Lok Sabha.

The President has the right to summon, prorogue and dissolve the Parliament. The power to dissolve and to prorogue is exercised by the President on the advice of his Council of Ministers. The dissolution brings the life of Lok Sabha to an end while prorogation merely terminates a session. Adjournment does not put an end to the existence of a session but merely postpones further transaction of business for a specified time, whereas prorogation puts an end to all business except Pending Bills.

Each house of Parliament has its own presiding officers. Lok Sabha has a Speaker as its principal presiding officer and a Deputy Speaker to assist him and officiate as presiding officer in his absence. The Rajya Sabha is presided over by the Chairperson, assisted by a Deputy Chairperson. The latter performs all the duties and functions of the former in case of his/her absence.

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha enjoys very wide and extensive powers. The Speaker presides over the sitting of the Lok Sabha and conducts the proceedings, maintains order and decorum in the House and decides points of order, interprets and applies rules of the House.

The Speaker represents the whole House and it is on his impartiality that the success of parliamentary polity depends. Whenever the Speaker is absent, the Deputy Speaker presides over the deliberations of the House and exercise all the powers of the Speaker under the Rules of Procedure.

The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Council of States; but during any period when the Vice-President acts as President or discharges the functions of the President, he does not perform the duties of the office of the Chieftain of the Council of States. The Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha is assisted by a Deputy Chairperson chosen from the Council of States from amongst its members.

Powers and Functions of the Parliament:

Under the cabinet system of government, the first function of Parliament is to select the group which will form the government, support, and sustain it in power as long as it enjoys its confidence. The second function of the Parliament is to make laws for the country. The third function of Parliament is to control the purse of the nation. The fourth function of Parliament is the scrutiny and control of administration.

The fifth function of Parliament is to serve as a kind of Constituent Assembly when necessary to amend the Constitution through the procedure laid down for the purpose. The sixth function of Parliament is to serve as an electoral college to elect the President and the Vice-President.

Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and Its Members:

Both the Houses of Parliament as well as of a State Legislature have similar privileges under the Constitution. The privileges of each House may be divided into two groups: (i) those enjoyed by the members individually and (ii) those which belong to each House of Parliament as a collective body.

Privileges of Individual Members:

(i) freedom from arrest:.

Section 135A of the C.P. code, as amended by Act 104 of 1976 exempts a member from arrest during the continuance of a meeting of the Chamber or Committee of which he is a member or of a joint sitting of the Chambers or Committee, and during a period of 40 days before and after such meeting or sitting, in civil or original cases.

This privilege also means that no member can be arrested within the precincts of the Parliament without the permission of the House to which he belongs. A member can be arrested outside the walls of the House on cases under Preventive Detention or Maintenance of Internal Security or any other such Act.

It is, how­ever, the duty of the arresting officer that he should immediately inform the presiding officer of the House to with the member belongs about arrest, bail or release of the member concerned. The main idea behind this privilege is that the members of the House should not be unnecessarily detained by the executive government and the constituents are not denied proper representation.

(ii) Freedom of Attendance as Witnesses:

According the English practice, a member cannot be summoned, without the leave of the House, to give evidence as a witness while Parliament is in session.

(iii) Freedom of Speech:

While an ordinary citizen’s right of speech is subject to the restrictions specified in Art. 19 (2) such as the law relating to defamation, a member of Parliament cannot be made liable in any court of law in respect of anything said in Parliament or any Committee thereof.

The freedom of speech is, however, subject to the rules framed by the House under its powers to regulate its internal procedure. The dignity of the House must be preserved. The Constitution itself imposes another limitation upon the freedom of speech in Parliament, namely, that no discussion shall take place in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court in the discharge of his duties except upon a motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the removal of the judge.

Collective Privileges :

Previleges are certain rights belonging to each House of Parliament. Both the House of Parliament as well as of a state legislature have similar previleges under the Constitution of India. Clauses (1) (2) of Article 105 deal with two matters, viz., freedom of speech and right of publicaiton.

(i) The right to publish debates and proceedings and the right to restrain publication by others.

(ii) The right to exclude others.

(iii) The right to regulate the internal affairs of the House, and to decide matters arising within its walls.

(iv) The right to punish Parliamentary misbehavior.

(v) The right to punish members and outsiders for breach of its privileges.

Parliamentary Committees :

As a deliberative body, Parliament cannot cope with detailed serious work amidst a large number of members in a dispassionate manner. Specially in modern times, there is too much of a burden on the Parliament. Thus the committee system comes in useful for it enables detailed discussion of various matters in small groups something that is cumbersome and non-productive in a large group.

The committees make parliamentary work smooth, efficient and expeditious. They also provide a certain expertise to the deliberations of Parliament. It must, however, be noted that committees are subordinate bodies created by Parliament to assist in its legislative work.

Nature of Parliamentary Committees :

A parliamentary committee is a committee which is appointed or elected by the House or nomi­nated by the Speaker and which works under the direction of the Speaker and presents its report to the House or to the Speaker.

Parliamentary committees are of different types. Broadly speaking there are (1) Ad Hoc Committees, and (2) Standing or Non-Ad Hoc Committees. Ad Hoc Committees may be constituted from time to time, by either House, to inquire into and report on specific subjects, or they may be committees set up to advise the House, such as those appointed to consider and report on a specific Bill. The Standing Committees may be classified according to their functions. The Committees may also be classified in the following manner.

1. There are consultative committees for different ministries which provide a forum for discussion on the policies and working of the ministries.

2. There are the select committees or joint select committees on individual bills for investigation or inquiry.

3. Sometimes, the Parliament may appoint a committee for a specific purpose or to study a particular question like the Committee for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

4. There are committees to enquire into various matters like the Committee of Petitions and Committee of Privileges. The committees to scrutinise are the Committee of Government Assurances and Committee on Subordinate Legislation.

5. Some committees are of administrative character relating to business of the House like (a) Committee on Absence of Members from the sittings of the House, (b) Business Advisory Committee, and (c) Rules Committee.

6. A few committees are concerned with the facilities of members of Parliament like the House Committee and Library Committee.

7. Finally, the most important committees are the three financial committees (a) the Estimates Committee, (b) the Public Accounts Committee, and (c) the Committee on Public Undertak­ings.

The Ad Hoc Committees:

The usual ad hoc committees are Select/Joint Committees on Bills and the Railway Convention Committee. The Committee on the Draft Five Year Plans, Committee on the Conduct of a member, Study Committee on Sports etc,. are some of the ad hoc committees constituted in the past.

Select Committees:

Select Committees are appointed on individual Bills and for making some investigation, inquiry or compilation. Members of a Select Committee are appointed or elected by the House itself or nominated by the Speaker. The willingness of the members desired to serve on the committee is ascertained before a proposal for appointment or nomination is made.

The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker from among its members, but if the Deputy Speaker happens to be a member of the committee, he shall be appointed Chairman. One-third of the total membership consti­tutes the quorum and a majority vote determines the decision of a committee. The chairman is entitled to a casting vote in case of a tie.

Joint Committee:

In order to avoid duplication of proceedings a Bill may be referred to a Joint Committee composed of members of both Houses. A Joint Committee also saves time and helps to bring about and develop good understanding, an appreciative spirit and co-operation between the representatives of both the Houses.

A motion for the appointment of a joint commit and reference of a Bill to such a committee after being carried out in the originating House is transmitted to the other House for its concurrence. The member-in-charge of a Bill indicates the number and names of the members constituting the committee from the House to which he belongs as also the number of the members from the other House. The proportion of members from the House of the People and the Council of States is two to one.

The Standing Committees:

Lok Sabha has the following 18 Standing Parliamentary Committees with membership indicated against each. Business Advisory Committee (15); Committee of Privileges (15); committee on absence of Members from the Sitting of the House (15); Committee on Estimates (30); Committee on Government Assurances (15); Committee on Paper Laid on the Table (15); Committee on Petitions (15); Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions (15); Committee on Public Account (22); Committee on Public Undertakings (22); Committee on Subordinate Legislation (15); Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (30); General Purpose Committee (29); House Committee (12); Joint Committee on Offices of Profit (15); Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament (15); Library Committee (9); Rules Committee (15).

No member is to be appointed or nominated or elected to a Committee unless he is willing to serve on it.

The Speaker, Lok Sabha, nominates members to Business Advisory Committee, Committee of Privileges, Committee on Absence of Members from the Sitting of the House, Committee on Govern­ment Assurances, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table, Committee on Petitions, Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions, Committee on Subordinate Legislation, General Purpose Committee, House Committee and Rules Committee in pursuance of the provisions of rules govern­ing these Committees.

Ten members of Lok Sabha and five members of Rajya Sabha are nominated by the Speaker, Lok Sabha, and the Chairman, Rajya Sabha, respectively, to the Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament.

As far as possible, different Parties and Groups are represented on a committee in proportion of their respective strength in the House. As such a Committee is a microcosm of the whole House.

Members of Rajya Sabha are also associated with the Committee on Public Accounts, Committee on Public Undertakings and Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, for which necessary Motions are moved in and adopted by both the Houses. The Joint Committee on Offices of Profit consists of 15 members-10 elected from Lok Sabha and five elected from Rajya Sabha. It is constituted in pursuance of a motion moved in and adopted by both the Houses. It continues in office for the duration of a Lok Sabha.

Casual vacancies in a Parliament Committee are filled by appointment or election by the House on a motion made, or nomination by the Speaker, as the case may be and any member appointed, elected or nominated to fill such vacancy shall hold office for the unexpired portion of the term for which the member in whose place he is appointed, elected or nominated would have held office.

A member may resign from the Committee by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker.

If a member remains absent from two or more consecutive sittings of the Committee without the permission of the Chairman of the Committee, he may be discharged from the Committee by the House Speaker.

The Chairmen of all the Parliamentary Committees are appointed by the Speaker, from amongst the members of the Committee. In case, the Speaker is a member of the Committee, he is ex officio Chairman of that Committee. In Gase the Speaker is not a member of the Committee, but the Deputy Speaker is, he is appointed as Chairman of that Committee.

The Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament elects its own Chairman. In case of the Committee on Public Accounts, as per established convention a member belonging to major Opposition Parties/Groups is appointed Chairman of the Committee by rotation.

Parliamentary Committees hold office for a period of one year or for a period specified by the Speaker/by the motion or until a new Committee is nominated. The members nominated to the Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament, hold office for a period of one year from the date of their nominations.

One-third of the total number of members of the Committee is required for the quorum to consti­tute a sitting of the Committee. In the absence of the required quorum, the Chairman either suspends the sitting until there is quorum or adjourns the sitting to some future day. In the event of a Committee being adjourned for-two successive sittings on account of lack of quorum, the Chairman has to report the fact to the Speaker when the Committee has been appointed by him or else to the House.

Estimates Committee:

The Estimates Committee consists of 30 members—all from Lok Sabha— who are elected by Lok Sabha every year from among its members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. This system of election ensures that each Party/Group is represented on the Committee in proportion to its strength in Lok Sabha.

The Chairman of the Committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst the member of Lok Sabha elected to the Committee.

The functions of the Committee are—(a) to report what economies, improvements in organisation, efficiency or administrative reform, consistent with the policy underlying the estimates, may be effected; (b) to suggest alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration; (c) to examine whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates; and (d) to suggest the form in which estimates shall be presented to Parliament.

The Committee may examine such of the estimates as may deem fit to the Committee or are specifically referred to it by the House or the Speaker. Public Undertakings allotted to the Committee on Public Undertakings either under the Rules of Procedure of Lok Sabha or by the Speaker are outside the purview of the Estimates Committee.

The Committee does not go against the policy approved by Parliament; but where it is established on evidence that a particular policy is not leading to the expected or desired results or is leading to waste, it is the duty of the Committee to bring to the notice of the House that a change in policy is called for.

The examination by the Committee of the estimates for the Ministries/Departments of Government is a continuing exercise throughout the financial year and the Committee reports to the House as its examination proceeds. It is not incumbent on the Committee to examine the entire estimates in any one year. The Demands for Grants may be finally voted even though the Committee has made no report.

Public Accounts Committee:

The Public Accounts Committee consists of 15 Members elected by Lok Sabha every year from amongst its members according to the principle of proportional repre­sentation by means of single transferable vote. Seven members of Rajya Sabha elected by the House in like manner are associated with the Committee. This system of election ensures that each Party/ Group is represented on the Committee in proportion to its respective strength in the two Houses.

The chairman of the committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha elected to the Committee.

The term of office of the members of the Committee is one year.

The Public Accounts Committee examines the accounts showing the appropriation of the sums granted by Parliament to meet the expenditure of the Government of India, the annual Finance Accounts of the Government of India and such other accounts laid before the House as the Commit­tee may think fit.

Apart from the Reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India on Appro­priation Accounts of the Union Government, the Committee examines two Reports of the Comptrol­ler and Auditor-General on Revenue Receipts—one relating to Direct Taxes and the other relating to Indirect Taxes.

The Committee, however, does not examine the accounts relating to such public undertakings as are allotted to the Committee on Public Undertakings.

While scrutinising the Appropriation accounts of the Government of India and the Reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General thereon, it is the duty of the Committee to satisfy itself that the moneys shown in the accounts as having been disbursed were legally available for, and applicable to, the service or purpose to which they have been applied or charged; that the expenditure conforms to the authority which governs it; and that every re-appropriation has been made in accordance with the provisions made in this behalf under rules framed by competent authority.

An important function of the Committee is to ascertain that money granted by the Parliament has been spent by Government “within the scope of the demand”. The function of the Committee extends “beyond the formality of expenditure to its wisdom, faithfulness and economy”. The Committee thus examines cases involving losses, nugatory expenditure and financial irregularities.

While scrutinising the Reports of Comptroller and Auditor-General on Revenue Reports, the Committee examines various aspects of Government’s tax administration. The Committee, thus, examines cases involving under-assessments, tax-evasion, non-levy of duties, misclassifications etc., identifies loopholes in the taxation laws and procedures and makes recommendations in order to check leakage of revenue.

If any money has been spent on a service in excess of the amount granted by the House for the purpose, the Committee examines the same with reference to the Facts of each case, the circum­stances leading to such an excess, and makes such recommendations as it may deem fit.

Such excesses are thereafter required to be brought up before the House by Government for regularisation in the manner envisaged in Article 115 of the Constitution. In order to facilitate speedy regularisation of such expenditure by Parliament, the Committee presents a consolidated report relating to all Ministries/Departments expeditiously in advance of other reports.

Committee on Public Undertakings:

The Committee on Public Undertakings consists of 15 members elected by Lok Sabha every year from amongst its members according to the principles of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. Seven members of Rajya Sahba elected by that House in like manner are associated with the Committee. This system of election ensures that each party/group is represented on the Committee in proportion with respective strength of the Houses.

The Chairman of the Committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst members of Lok Sabha elected to the Committee. The term of office of the members of the Committee is one year.

The functions of the Committee are to examine the Reports and Accounts of the Public Under­takings specified in the Fourth Schedule of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General thereon, if any, and to examine, in the context of the autonomy and efficiency of the public undertakings, whether the affairs of the Public undertakings are being managed in accordance with the sound business principles and prudent commercial practices.

The Committee may also examine such subjects or matters which may be specifically referred to it by the House or by the Speaker. The Committee is, however, barred from examining and investigating matters of major Government policy as distinct from business or com­mercial functions of public undertakings or matters for the consideration of which machinery is established by any special statute under which a particular undertaking is established.

Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes:

The Committee consists of 20 members elected by Lok Sabha every year from amongst its members according to the principle of Proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. Ten members of Rajya Sabha elected by that House in like manner are associated with the Committee.

This system of election ensures that each Party/Group is represented on the Committee in proportion to its respective strength in the two Houses.

The Chairman of the Committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha elected to the Committee.

The important functions of the Committee inter alia are to consider the reports submitted by the Commissioner of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, to examine the representation of Sched­uled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in services of Central Government Departments, Central Public Undertakings, Nationalised Banks etc., and to review the working of welfare programmes for Sched­uled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Union Territories.

The Committee also examines such other matters as may deem fit to the Committee or are specifically referred to it by the House or the Speaker. The Committee can also examine the implementation of various programmes for the wel­fare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by State Governments provided funds are made available partly or wholly by the Central Government.

Business Advisory Committee:

As the membership of the Committee is limited and there are quite a large number of Opposition groups, it is not possible for the Speaker to nominate members from each and every group. Normally this committee meets three or four times in a session and makes recommendations regarding the plan of House’s work, which are generally accepted by the House.

However, in order to make the Committee as broad-based as possible certain prominent unattached members and members of some of the Opposition groups, who do not find representation in the Committee, are invited by the Speaker to attend its sitting. The invited members have neither the right to vote nor are they counted for the purpose of a quorum.

The function of the Business Advisory Committee is to recommend the time that should be allocated for discussion of the stage or stages of such Government Bills or other business which the Speaker in consultation with the Leader of the House may direct to be referred to the Committee. The Committee can indicate in the proposed timetable the different hours at which the various stages of Bill or other business should be completed.

Committee on Private Members’ Bills:

The Deputy Speaker is invariably its member and as far as possible every section of opinion of the House is represented therein. The functions of the Committee are ; to examine and classify all Private Members’ Bills according to their nature, urgency and importance; to allot time to Private Members’ Bill and resolution; to examine Private Members’ Bill seeking to amend the Constitution before their introduction in the House; to examine a Private Members’ Bill which is opposed in the House on the ground that the Bill initiates legislation outside the legislative competence of the House and to perform such other functions as may be assigned to it by the Speaker from time to time.

Committee on Petitions:

Article 350 entitles a citizen to submit representation for the r dress of grievance to any officer or authority in the Union or a State. It is also considered an inherit right of a citizen to present a petition to Parliament ventilating public grievances and offering suggestions on matters of public importance. Rules of the Lok Sabha (160-67) provide for such petition to be presented.

The Committee on Petitions examines the merits of the petitions and makes recommendations to the House after taking such evidence as it may deem necessary. No minutes of dissent can be appended to the Report of the Committee.

Committee on Government Assurances:

It is meant to scrutinize the assurances, promises, undertakings etc. given by Ministers from time to time and to report on the extent to which such assurances etc. have been implemented and to see whether such implementation has taken place within the minimum time necessary for the purpose. The Council of States has no such Committee.

Committee on Privileges:

The Committee is set up to examine every question involving breach of privilege of the House or of the member of any Committee thereof, referred to it by the House or by the Speaker. Also to determine with reference to the facts of each case whether a breach of privilege is involved and make suitable recommendations in its report.

In this committee the deputy speaker is the chairman who presides over its meetings.

Committee on Subordinate Legislation:

This Committee is set up to scrutinize and report to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by Parliament are being properly exercised by the executive within the scope of such delegation.

Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House:

This Committee is set up to consider application from members for leave of-absence from the sittings of the House and examine every case where a member has been absent for a period of 60 days or more, without permissions, from the sittings of the House.

Rules Committee:

This Committee is set up to consider matters of procedure and conduct of business in the House and recommend any amendments or additions to the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha that are considered necessary.

Committee Dealing with Facilities:

There are three committees dealing with provisions of facilities to members-the General Purposes Committee, the House Committee and the Library Com­mittee. The function of the General Purposes Committee is to consider and advice on such matters concerning the affairs of the House as may be referred to it by the Speaker. The House Committee deals with matters of accommodation, food and medical aid for members.

The functions of the Library Committee are: to consider and advise on such matters concerning the Library as may be referred to it by the Speaker, to consider suggestions for the improvement of the Library, and to assist members in fully utilising the services provided by the Committee.

Committee on Papers Laid on the Table:

This Committee is set up to examine all papers laid on the Table of the House by Ministers (other than those which fall within the purview of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation or any other Parliamentary Committee) and to report to the House— (a) whether there has been compliance of the provisions of the Constitution, Act, rule or regulation under which the paper has been laid; (b) whether there has been any unreasonable delay in laying the paper; (c) if there has been such delay, whether a statement explaining the reasons for delay has been laid on the Table of the House and whether those reasons are satisfactory; (d) whether both the Hindi and English versions of the paper have been laid on the Table; (e) whether statement explaining the reasons for not laying the Hindi version has been given and whether such reasons are satisfactory; and (f) such other functions in respect of the papers laid on the Table as may be assigned to it by the Speaker from time to time.

Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament:

This Committee is set up to make rules, after consultation with the Central Government to provide for travelling and daily allowances, medical, housing, telephone, postal, water, electricity, constituency and secretarial facilities etc. to members of both Houses. This committee has 15 members nominated by the speaker to look into the cases regarding the violation of privileges of members of Parliament and recommend suitable action.

Joint Committee on Offices of Profit:

The function of this Committee is to examine the composition and character of the Committees appointed by the Central and State Governments and to recommend what offices should disqualify and what offices should not disqualify a person for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of the Parliament under Article 102 of the Constitution. It is also to scrutinise from time to time the Schedule to the Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 1959 and to recommend any amendments in the said Schedule, whether by way of addition, omission or otherwise.

Consultative Committees:

In 1954, the Government decided to establish Informal Consultative Committees for the various Ministries. But the Opposition parties and groups did not take kindly to the Consultative Committees. As a result of discussion between the Government and the opposition at different levels in 1969, it was decided to delete the word ‘Informal’ from their nomenclature.

Mutually agreed “guidelines” were also formulated to regulate their functioning. The Government, however, did not accept the suggestion of the Opposition for the formation of the Parliamentary Committees in place of Consultative Committees.

Members of both Houses of Parliament are nominated on the Consultative Committees for various Ministers by the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs on the basis of preference indicated by the members themselves or by the party leaders. Members of the Opposition parties are nominated in proportion to their numerical strength in Parliament.

Every Opposition party or group has, thus, its fixed quota of representation on the Consultative Committees and these parties and groups are free to nominate their members on more than one Committee within the quota allotted to them. The Minister concerned presides over the meetings of the Consultative Committee attached to his Ministry.

The Committee provide a forum of informed discussions between the members, Ministers and-senior officials of the Government on the problems and policies of the Government relating to administration in a manner which is not practicable on the floor of the House. The deliberations of these Committees are informal and no reference to the discussions held in the meetings is made on the floor of the House and it is binding on the Government as well as the members of the Committees.

Members of these Committees are free to discuss any matter which can appropriately be discussed in Parliament. The practice is to invite suggestions and items for discussion from members and thereupon agenda with notes is prepared and circulated among members. The Committees cannot summon witnesses, send for or demand the production of any files, or examine any official records.

The Chairman of the Committee may, however, furnish any additional information required by members. But the Consultative Committees, it is widely felt, do not function as committees, and still less discharge the functions of consultation except in a purely formal sense. The committee, attached to a Ministry, does not meet by itself without the Minister to discuss or deliberate. It is convened by the Minister. Polemics and partisanship are as present in the committees’ deliberations as they are in Parliament itself.

Working of the Parliament :

Article 118 empowers each House of Parliament to make rules for regulating its procedure and conduct of its business. This rule-making power of the Houses is, however, subject to the Provisions of this Constitution. Parliament may for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure and conduct of business, in each Houses of Parliament in relation to any financial matter or to any Money Bill (Article 119).

The business of Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or in English. However, the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in Hindi or in English to address the House in his mother-tongue.

The New Parliament after Election:

At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement of first session in each year, the President addresses both the houses of Parliament in a joint session. The President’s address at the com­mencement of the first session of the year is a regular feature. The Parliament takes up the regular business after the address of the President.

Conduct of Business:

Oath or affirmation by members:.

Every member of either House of Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule (Article 99).

Voting in Houses, Power of Houses to Act Notwithstanding Vacancies and Quorum:

Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of the Houses shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, other than the Speaker or person acting as Chairman or Speaker [Article 100(1)].

The Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, shall not vote in the first instance, but shall have and exercise a casting vote in the case of an equality of votes.

Either House of Parliament shall have power to act notwithstanding any vacancy in the member­ship thereof, and any proceedings in Parliament shall be valid notwithstanding that it is discovered subsequently that some person who was not entitled so to do sat or voted or otherwise took part in the proceedings [Article 100(2)].

Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the House [Article 100(3)].

If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, it shall be the duty of the Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum [Article 100(4)].

Delegated Legislation :

An inevitable consequence of extension in the activities of the State, particularly when it aims to establish a socialistic society, is the sizable increase in legislation. Since it is not possible for the legislature to enact measures so numerous and so comprehensive, delegation of authority to the Executive becomes not only necessary but quite inescapable. In fact, it would not be incorrect to say that today; the volume of delegated legislation greatly exceeds the Acts of Parliament.

Delegated legislation is usually concerned with minor matters to give effect to the provisions of the Statutes. But it is not always so. There are instances both in India and other countries, where important powers, such as the power to determine matters of principle, to impose taxation, to amend Acts of Parliament, to create new offences and prescribe penalties have been delegated.

These are, no doubt, abnormal instances of legislative delegation of authority, but they are by no means rare. The rules and regulations thus made have the force of law and they cannot be challenged in courts unless they are ultra virus of the parent Acts.

The rules framed there under are very often vexatious to the citizens as the administrative officers concerned with the framing of the rules exalt administrative convenience and the national advantage at the expense of the individual and his freedom. To safeguard against the abuse of power it is, therefore, for Parliament to keep a watchful and even jealous eye on delegated legislation at all its stages.

The usual safeguards are: defining the limits of delegation, laying down a special procedure for rule making, giving adequate publicity to the proposed rules, requiring the rules made to be laid on the table of the House and the process of scrutiny.

Two Rules of the Procedure of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) set down important provisions. Rule No. 70 states that “a Bill involving proposals for the delegation of legislative power shall further be accompanied by a memorandum explaining such proposals and drawing attention to their scope and stating also whether they are of normal or exceptional character.”

Rule No. 222 prescribes “Each regulation, ‘rule’, ‘sub-rule’, ‘bye-law’, etc, framed in pursuance of the legislative function delegated by Parliament to a subordinate authority and which is required to be laid before the House shall subject to such rules as the Speaker may in consultation with the Leader of the House prescribe, be numbered centrally and published in the Gazette of India immediately after they are promulgated.

The scrutiny of delegated legislation by Parliament itself is of recent origin. In some respects India has established certain advantageous precedents with regard to subordinate legislation. The Speaker has invariably appointed a member of the Opposition as chairman of the committee on Subordinate Legislation. Since the membership of this Committee is not open to Ministers, it has functioned as a well-knit business committee free from official influence, party spirit and party whip.

Government Bills:

Government bills are piloted by members of the Council of Ministers. The decision on government bills is taken by the Cabinet and its Parliamentary Affairs Committee. The order of government business in the house is decided by consultations between the leaders of the House and the Speaker, or the Chairman, as the case may be.

Method of Passing Laws:

A bill other than money bills may be introduced in either house of Parliament. It has to be passed in identical form and consented by both houses before it can be presented for the President’s assent. Money bills can be introduced only in the lower house. All legislative proposals must be brought in the form of Dills before Parliament.

First Reading:

The legislative process starts with the introduction of the bill in either house of Parliament. After a bill has been introduced, it is published in the official Gazette. But, even before introduction, a bill might, with the permission of the Speaker, be published in the Gazette.

Second Reading:

The Second Reading consists of consideration of the bill in two stages. The first stage consists of a general discussion on the bill as a whole.

The second stage of the second reading consists of clause by clause consideration of the bill as introduced or as reported by the Select Committee or Joint Select Committee.

Third Reading:

After the various stages of the second reading are completed, the member-in- charge can move that the bill be passed. This stage is called the third or the final reading of the bill. At this stage, debate is confined to arguments either in support of the bill or in rejection, without referring to the details thereof further than is absolutely necessary.

After the bill is passed by one house, it is sent to the other house for concurrence with a mes­sage to that effect. In the other house also it goes through the three stages. In regard to money bills, the Lok Sabha has got the exclusive power to legislate and the Rajya Sabha can only recommend amendments therein and must return such a bill to the Lok Sabha within fourteen days from the date of its receipt.

Assent of the President:

When a bill is passed by both houses, the Secretariat of the house obtains the assent of the President and the bill becomes an Act.

The President can give his assent or withhold his assent to a bill. The President can also return the bill-except, of course, a money bill—with his recommendations to the house for reconsideration, and if the houses pass the bill again with or without amendments, the bill has to be assented to by the President.

Financial Powers :

The power to authorise the raising and spending of money rests with the Lok Sabha. The initiative must, of course, come from the Executive in the form of the Budget. In the words of the Constitution, the President shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, referred to as the ‘annual financial statement; A distinction is made between votable expendi­ture and expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, while the former is voted upon, the latter is not subject to voting, although it is included in the statement of expenditure laid before the House and can be discussed.

Vote on Account :

The process of voting of Demands continues for a long time while day to day expenditure of the government departments cannot wait till the Budget is finally passed. To meet this difficulty, a new device was introduced in 1950 known as the ‘Vote on Account’.

The passing of the Vote on Account followed by the appropriation (Vote on Account Act) authorizes the Government to draw on the Consolidated Fund of India, generally for a period of two months. The Vote on Account which is usually passed without debate enables the house to consider the budget at leisure.

Parliamentary Methods to Control the Executive :

The rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament provide that unless the presiding officer otherwise directs, the first hour of every sitting shall be available for the asking and answering of questions. This first hour is known as the Question Hour.

The primary object of an ‘adjournment motion’ is to draw the attention of the house to a recent matter of urgent public importance having serious consequences.

A member may with the previous permission of the Speaker call the attention of a minister to any matter of public importance and request the Minister to make a statement on the subject. The minis­ter may either make a brief statement immediately or he may ask for time to the statement at the later hour or date. The main purpose of a ‘calling attention’ is to seek an authoritative statement from the concerned Minister on a matter of urgent public importance.

Committee System to Control Government :

Parliament has established a series of committees with necessary powers to scrutinise the working of the different departments of the government.

The Parliamentary Committees ensure an effective and comprehensive examination of all the proposed policies. Very often, the Committees provide an ideal context for discussing controversial and sensitive matters in a non-partisan manner, away from the glare of publicity.

Related Articles:

• Functions of the Parliament and Parliamentary Committees of India
• How the Union Parliament makes Laws? (8 Feature of Law Making)

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Kamala Harris has put the Democrats back in the race

Trump and Allies Forge Plans to Increase Presidential Power in 2025

The former president and his backers aim to strengthen the power of the White House and limit the independence of federal agencies.

Donald J. Trump intends to bring independent regulatory agencies under direct presidential control. Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times

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By Jonathan Swan Charlie Savage and Maggie Haberman

• Published July 17, 2023 Updated July 18, 2023

Donald J. Trump and his allies are planning a sweeping expansion of presidential power over the machinery of government if voters return him to the White House in 2025, reshaping the structure of the executive branch to concentrate far greater authority directly in his hands.

Their plans to centralize more power in the Oval Office stretch far beyond the former president’s recent remarks that he would order a criminal investigation into his political rival, President Biden, signaling his intent to end the post-Watergate norm of Justice Department independence from White House political control.

Mr. Trump and his associates have a broader goal: to alter the balance of power by increasing the president’s authority over every part of the federal government that now operates, by either law or tradition, with any measure of independence from political interference by the White House, according to a review of his campaign policy proposals and interviews with people close to him.

Mr. Trump intends to bring independent agencies — like the Federal Communications Commission, which makes and enforces rules for television and internet companies, and the Federal Trade Commission, which enforces various antitrust and other consumer protection rules against businesses — under direct presidential control.

He wants to revive the practice of “impounding” funds, refusing to spend money Congress has appropriated for programs a president doesn’t like — a tactic that lawmakers banned under President Richard Nixon.

He intends to strip employment protections from tens of thousands of career civil servants, making it easier to replace them if they are deemed obstacles to his agenda. And he plans to scour the intelligence agencies, the State Department and the defense bureaucracies to remove officials he has vilified as “the sick political class that hates our country.”

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भारत के नए संसद भवन के बारे में संपूर्ण जानकारी | New Parliament Building

संसद भवन क्या है | what is parliament house.

नए संसद भवन में क्या-क्या खासियत है? | What Is The Specialty Of The New Parliament House?

• नए संसद भवन का निर्माण लगभग 65,000 वर्ग मीटर में किया गया है।
• संसद भवन को त्रिकोणीय आकार में बनाया जा रहा है।
• नए संसद भवन में बड़े लेजिस्लेटिव कक्ष हैं।
• एक बड़ा लोकसभा हॉल 888 सीटों तक की अधिकतम क्षमता होगी, जबकि राज्यसभा हॉल में 384 सीटों तक की अधिकतम क्षमता होगी।
• संयुक्त सत्रों के लिए, सरकार के अनुसार लोकसभा हॉल में 1,272 सीटें हो सकती हैं।
• नई संसद भी दिव्यांगों के अनुकूल होगी, जिसमें दिव्यांग स्वतंत्र रूप से भवन में घूम सकेंगे।
• टाटा प्रोजेक्ट्स लिमिटेड इस प्रोजेक्ट को बना रहा है।
• इसमें बनाए जा रहे नए भवन में सांसदों के लिए एक लाउंज, एक लाइब्रेरी, कैंटीन और पार्किंग का भी निर्माण होगा।
• नए नवनिर्मित संसद भवन में सेंट्रल हॉल की जगह कमेटी हॉल बनाया गया है।

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