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• Volume 2024, Issue 8, August 2024 (In Progress)
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Article Contents

Note to readers, funding statement, review of particle physics.

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Particle Data Group, R L Workman, V D Burkert, V Crede, E Klempt, U Thoma, L Tiator, K Agashe, G Aielli, B C Allanach, C Amsler, M Antonelli, E C Aschenauer, D M Asner, H Baer, Sw Banerjee, R M Barnett, L Baudis, C W Bauer, J J Beatty, V I Belousov, J Beringer, A Bettini, O Biebel, K M Black, E Blucher, R Bonventre, V V Bryzgalov, O Buchmuller, M A Bychkov, R N Cahn, M Carena, A Ceccucci, A Cerri, R Sekhar Chivukula, G Cowan, K Cranmer, O Cremonesi, G D'Ambrosio, T Damour, D de Florian, A de Gouvêa, T DeGrand, P de Jong, S Demers, B A Dobrescu, M D'Onofrio, M Doser, H K Dreiner, P Eerola, U Egede, S Eidelman, A X El-Khadra, J Ellis, S C Eno, J Erler, V V Ezhela, W Fetscher, B D Fields, A Freitas, H Gallagher, Y Gershtein, T Gherghetta, M C Gonzalez-Garcia, M Goodman, C Grab, A V Gritsan, C Grojean, D E Groom, M Grünewald, A Gurtu, T Gutsche, H E Haber, Matthieu Hamel, C Hanhart, S Hashimoto, Y Hayato, A Hebecker, S Heinemeyer, J J Hernández-Rey, K Hikasa, J Hisano, A Höcker, J Holder, L Hsu, J Huston, T Hyodo, Al Ianni, M Kado, M Karliner, U F Katz, M Kenzie, V A Khoze, S R Klein, F Krauss, M Kreps, P Križan, B Krusche, Y Kwon, O Lahav, J Laiho, L P Lellouch, J Lesgourgues, A R Liddle, Z Ligeti, C-J Lin, C Lippmann, T M Liss, L Littenberg, C Lourenço, K S Lugovsky, S B Lugovsky, A Lusiani, Y Makida, F Maltoni, T Mannel, A V Manohar, W J Marciano, A Masoni, J Matthews, U-G Meißner, I-A Melzer-Pellmann, M Mikhasenko, D J Miller, D Milstead, R E Mitchell, K Mönig, P Molaro, F Moortgat, M Moskovic, K Nakamura, M Narain, P Nason, S Navas, A Nelles, M Neubert, P Nevski, Y Nir, K A Olive, C Patrignani, J A Peacock, V A Petrov, E Pianori, A Pich, A Piepke, F Pietropaolo, A Pomarol, S Pordes, S Profumo, A Quadt, K Rabbertz, J Rademacker, G Raffelt, M Ramsey-Musolf, B N Ratcliff, P Richardson, A Ringwald, D J Robinson, S Roesler, S Rolli, A Romaniouk, L J Rosenberg, J L Rosner, G Rybka, M G Ryskin, R A Ryutin, Y Sakai, S Sarkar, F Sauli, O Schneider, S Schönert, K Scholberg, A J Schwartz, J Schwiening, D Scott, F Sefkow, U Seljak, V Sharma, S R Sharpe, V Shiltsev, G Signorelli, M Silari, F Simon, T Sjöstrand, P Skands, T Skwarnicki, G F Smoot, A Soffer, M S Sozzi, S Spanier, C Spiering, A Stahl, S L Stone, Y Sumino, M J Syphers, F Takahashi, M Tanabashi, J Tanaka, M Taševský, K Terao, K Terashi, J Terning, R S Thorne, M Titov, N P Tkachenko, D R Tovey, K Trabelsi, P Urquijo, G Valencia, R Van de Water, N Varelas, G Venanzoni, L Verde, I Vivarelli, P Vogel, W Vogelsang, V Vorobyev, S P Wakely, W Walkowiak, C W Walter, D Wands, D H Weinberg, E J Weinberg, N Wermes, M White, L R Wiencke, S Willocq, C G Wohl, C L Woody, W-M Yao, M Yokoyama, R Yoshida, G Zanderighi, G P Zeller, O V Zenin, R-Y Zhu, Shi-Lin Zhu, F Zimmermann, P A Zyla, Review of Particle Physics, Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics , Volume 2022, Issue 8, August 2022, 083C01, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptep/ptac097

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The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances.

The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings.

The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group ( pdg.lbl.gov ) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book . A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.

In the Supplementary Data section below, links for downloading individual sections of the Review have been provided for readers’ convenience.

The 2022 edition of the Review of Particle Physics should be cited as:

R.L. Workman et al. (Particle Data Group), Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2022 , 083C01 (2022)

DOI: 10.1093/ptep/ptac097

For the online version see: https://pdg.lbl.gov/

The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE–AC02–05CH11231; by an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan (MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States (DOE) on cooperative research and development; by the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN); by the Physical Society of Japan (JPS); and by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN). Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies.

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Theoretical particle physics articles from across Nature Portfolio

Theoretical particle physics is the development of models for describing fundamental particles and their interactions. This includes testing and refining the prevailing theory: the standard model. Theoretical particle physics can also include developing the computation tools required to analyse vast quantities of data produced from particle-collider experiments.

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The microscopic structure of quantum space-time and matter from a renormalization group perspective

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Quantum physics and Einstein’s theory of general relativity are the two solid pillars that underlie much of modern physics. Understanding how these two well-established theories are related remains a central open question in theoretical physics.  Over the last several decades, efforts in this direction have led to a broad range of new physical ideas and mathematical tools.  In recent years, string theory and quantum field theory have converged in the context of holography, which connects quantum gravity in certain space-times with corresponding (conformal) field theories on a lower-dimensional space-time. These developments and connections have deepened our understanding not only of quantum gravity, cosmology, and particle physics, but also of intermediate scale physics, such as condensed matter systems, the quark-gluon plasma, and disordered systems.  String theory has also led to new insights to problems in many areas of mathematics.

The interface of quantum physics and gravity is currently leading to exciting new areas of progress, and is expected to remain vibrant in the coming decade.  Researchers in the Center for Theoretical Physics (CTP) have been at the forefront of many of the developments in these directions.  CTP faculty members work on string theory foundations, the range of solutions of the theory, general relativity and quantum cosmology, problems relating quantum physics to black holes, and the application of holographic methods to strongly coupled field theories.  The group in the CTP has close connections to condensed matter physicists, astrophysicists, and mathematicians both at MIT and elsewhere.

In recent years a set of new developments has begun to draw unexpected connections between a number of problems relating aspects of gravity, black holes, quantum information, and condensed matter systems. It is becoming clear that quantum entanglement, quantum error correction, and computational complexity play a fundamental role in the emergence of spacetime geometry through holographic duality.  Moreover these tools have led to substantial progress on the famous black hole information problem, giving new avenues for searching for a resolution of the tension between the physics of black holes and quantum mechanics.  CTP faculty members Netta Engelhardt and Daniel Harlow have been at the vanguard of these developments, which also tie into the research activity of several other CTP faculty members, including Aram Harrow , whose primary research focus is on quantum information, and Hong Liu , whose research connects black holes and quantum many-body dynamics.

Holographic dualities give both a new perspective into quantum gravitational phenomena as encoded in quantum field theory, and a way to explore aspects of strongly coupled field theories using the gravitational dual. CTP faculty have played a pioneering role in several applications of holographic duality. Hong Liu and Krishna Rajagopal are at the forefront of efforts that use holography to find new insights into the physics of the quark-gluon plasma. Liu was among the first to point out possible connections between black hole physics and the strange metal phase of high temperature superconductors, and in recent years has been combining insights from effective field theories, holography, and condensed matter physics to address various issues concerning far-from-equilibrium systems including superfluid turbulence, entanglement growth, quantum chaos, thermalization, and a complete formulation of fluctuating hydrodynamics. Gravitational effective field theories play a key role in the interpretation of gravitational wave observations. Mikhail Ivanov works at the intersection of these fields with the aim of testing strong field gravity at a new precision frontier.

Even though we understand string theory better than we did in decades past, there is still no clear fundamental description of the theory that works in all situations, and the set of four-dimensional solutions, or string vacua, is still poorly understood.  The work of Washington Taylor and Barton Zwiebach combines physical understanding with modern mathematical methods to address these questions, and has led to new insights into how observed physics fits into the framework of string theory as well as the development of new mathematical results and ideas. Alan Guth ‘s foundational work on inflationary cosmology has led him to focus on basic questions about the physics of the multiverse that arises naturally in the context of the many string theory vacua, and which provides the only current natural explanation for the observed small but positive cosmological constant.

Symmetry has long been a guiding principle in the study of quantum field theory and gravity. Shu-Heng Shao ’s research focuses on generalizations of global symmetries in field theory and lattice systems. These new symmetries and their anomalies lead to various new dynamical constraints on (de)confinement, scattering amplitudes, renormalization group flows, and more. They also unify different conjectures in quantum gravity and holography. The microscopic lattice realizations of these new symmetries are naturally expressed through tensor networks, indicating an intriguing link to quantum information theory. 

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Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

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Author guidelines

Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical is a major journal of theoretical physics reporting research on the mathematical structures that describe fundamental processes of the physical world and on the analytical, computational and numerical methods for exploring these structures.

What we look for in your article

If you are an early career researcher you may find our  PDF guides  (available in both English and Chinese) helpful.

You can also watch our guide on How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper

IOP Publishing (IOP) considers for publication in our journals articles that:

Report original science and add significantly to research already published

Are of interest to the community

Are scientifically rigorous

Have sound motivation and purpose

Have not been published previously in the peer reviewed literature

Are not under consideration for publication in any other peer reviewed journal or book available through a library or by purchase

Comply with our preprint pre-publication policy (see below), and

Comply with our ethical policy.

It is particularly important for you to consider whether you have enough new results before starting to plan and write a paper for submission to an IOP journal. Reporting incremental steps forward from previous work is usually not sufficient.

Articles based on theses for higher degrees may be submitted. You should take care to ensure that such articles are prepared in the format of a research paper, which is more concise than is appropriate for a thesis.

Articles reporting work that was originally presented at a conference may be submitted, provided these articles do not appear in substantially the same form in a conference proceeding and provided that the journal paper would add some new contribution. Again, you should ensure the format of a research paper is used. The article length should also be appropriate to the content. In case of doubt, please enquire with the relevant journal.

Reports that are not available to the general public are not regarded by IOP as prior publications. Many journals published by IOP consider a range of different article types in addition to regular research papers, including special issue articles, topical reviews, comments and replies. However, please check via the journal homepage that your article is of an acceptable article type and suitable scope before submission.

All articles are judged solely on their scientific merits. Unbiased consideration is given to all manuscripts offered for publication, regardless of whether or not the authors request publication on a gold open access basis and regardless of the race, gender, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, political philosophy, sexual orientation, age or reputation of the authors.

IOP Publishing reserves the right to refuse to publish any content that, in its opinion, could be deemed distasteful or illegal including, but not limited to, libellous, defamatory, offensive or hate speech.

We treat all submitted articles as confidential until they are published and they will only be shared with those reviewers, board members, editors and IOP staff who are directly involved in the peer review of the article. (An exception to this would be if it is felt necessary to share the article with additional external parties in order to investigate a possible breach of the ethical policy .)

Can I submit an article that has been posted as a Preprint?

IOP’s Preprint pre-publication policy allows authors to share a Preprint of their article anywhere at any time, subject to two restrictions.

This means that IOP will consider articles which have already been posted as a Preprint anywhere online, provided that (i) you did not and do not transfer (assign) ownership of its copyright, and (ii) you did not and do not grant an exclusive licence to it.

Additionally, IOP will also consider articles that have been included as a preprint in a thesis or dissertation, provided (i) you did not and do not transfer (assign) ownership of its copyright, and (ii) you did not and do not grant an exclusive licence to it.

All papers should be written in English.

Articles should be clearly and concisely written, and be accessible to an international audience. It is important to avoid colloquial terms and sayings that may not be widely understood. Short sentences and paragraphs make for easier reading. You should aim for consistency within your article in matters such as hyphenation and spelling. All acronyms and abbreviations should be clearly explained when they first appear in the text. Introduce any ideas that may be unfamiliar to readers early in the paper so that your results can be easily understood. IOP Publishing follows  Guidelines on Inclusive Language and Images in Scholarly Communication  to ensure that journal articles use bias-free and culturally sensitive communication. We ask authors to please follow these guidelines in their manuscript submissions.

On completion of the first draft, carefully re-read your paper and make any amendments that will improve the content. When complete, send the paper to colleagues and co-authors, and use their feedback to improve the clarity of the text. When all co-authors are satisfied that the draft is ready to be submitted to a journal, carry out one final spelling and grammar check before submission.

IOP Editing Services , in partnership with Editage, provides editorial support if you need it. We also have support for authors based in China with our China IOP Editing Services .

You can choose from a range of options, including:

• English-language editing
• Translation services
• Plagiarism checking
• Technical review.

Visit our language editing service to find out more.

Article format and templates

You can format your paper in the way that you choose! It is not necessary to try to produce pages that look like published journal pages, as the detailed design (typesetting) work will be undertaken by IOP as part of the production process.

If you would prefer to work from a template, we do provide this for both LaTeX and Word.

LaTeX template Word template

When submitting a new article, we only require you to upload a single PDF file (and any relevant supplementary data). Check the peer review model for the journal you are submitting to. If the peer review model is single-anonymous then your PDF will need to contain the names and institutes of authors at the start of the text. Figures and tables also need to be included within the text.  If double-anonymous then you will need to anonymise your manuscript .

We do ask that you consider the readability for reviewers when formatting your manuscript. For example, please use a reasonable font size (at least 12 point) and line spacing. There is no need for you to include line numbers in your manuscript as these will automatically be added on submission. Figures and tables should be embedded at the appropriate point within the text, rather than placed at the end of the manuscript. Papers must be written in English.

When writing your article, please only use Roman characters and do not include Chinese, Japanese or Korean characters in the body of the manuscript, including the reference list. Chinese, Japanese or Korean characters are only permitted in the author list.

Need help formatting your paper?

IOP Editing Services , in partnership with Editage, also provides formatting and artwork services if you would like help preparing your paper for submission.

Article length

Some of our journals have guidelines for the maximum recommended length for each different type of article (see the ‘About the journal’ section of the Journal you are submitting to on IOPscience).

If there is a maximum article length then it is important that you follow this guidance when preparing your submission. Articles that are longer than the length limit may still be considered for publication, provided the length is clearly justified by the scientific content.

Article structure

You should consider the best way to structure your article before you begin writing. If you wish to use a LaTeX template to format your manuscript (this is optional, you are not obliged to do so) then the files are available in zipped format and Unix tar gzipped format here . Your article should follow the Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion system, and usually consist of the following sections:

The title should be concise, informative and meaningful to the whole readership of the journal. It should include key terms, to help make it more discoverable when people search online. Please avoid the use of long systemic names and non-standard or obscure abbreviations, acronyms or symbols.

Check the peer review model for the journal you are submitting to when preparing the PDF version of your manuscript. If double-anonymous  then you will need to anonymise your manuscript . If single-anonymous then you need to list all authors’ full names and institutions. Authors in all IOP journals have the option to include names in Chinese, Japanese or Korean characters in addition to the English name. The names will be displayed in parentheses after the English name. During the submission process, we recommend you supply ORCID identifiers for all authors to avoid ambiguity. If an author’s current address is different from the address where the work was carried out, this should be explained in a footnote or acknowledgement. We encourage authors to make specific attributions of contribution and responsibility in the acknowledgements of the article, otherwise all co-authors will be taken to share full responsibility for all of the paper. Authors may wish to use a taxonomy such as CRediT to describe the contributions of each author. More guidance on authorship, including the responsibilities of the corresponding author, can be found here .

When you submit an article, you will be asked to supply some keywords relevant to your work. If your article is accepted for publication, we will display these keywords on the published article, and they will be used to index your article, helping to make it more discoverable. When choosing keywords, think about the kinds of terms you would use when searching online for related articles.

Your abstract should give readers a brief summary of your article. It should concisely describe the contents of your article, and include key terms (especially in the first two sentences, to increase search engine discoverability). It should be informative, accessible and not only indicate the general aims and scope of the article, but also state the methodology used, main results obtained and conclusions drawn. The abstract should be complete in itself; it should not contain undefined acronyms/abbreviations and no table numbers, figure numbers, references or equations should be referred to. Articles relying on clinical trials should quote the trial registration number at the end of the abstract. The abstract should be suitable for direct inclusion in abstracting services and should not normally be more than 300 words. If you submit an article with an abstract longer than 300 words, we may rescind the manuscript and ask you to re-write it. Some journals ask for abstracts to follow a particular structure. Check the instructions for specific journals to see if you need to submit a structured abstract.

Introduction

This should be concise and describe the nature of the problem under investigation and its background. It should also set your work in the context of previous research, citing relevant references. Introductions should expand on highly specialised terms and abbreviations used in the article to make it accessible for readers.

This section should provide sufficient details of the experiment, simulation, statistical test or analysis carried out to generate the results such that the method can be repeated by another researcher and the results reproduced.

The results section should detail the main findings and outcomes of your study. You should use tables only to improve conciseness or where the information cannot be given satisfactorily in other ways such as histograms or graphs. Colour should not be used in tables, if you need to denote different things in a table then you can use bold or italics etc. providing no coloured text or shading is included. Tables should be numbered serially and referred to in the text by number (table 1, etc.). Each table should have an explanatory caption which should be as concise as possible.

This should discuss the significance of the results and compare them with previous work using relevant references.

This section should be used to highlight the novelty and significance of the work, and any plans for future relevant work.

Acknowledgements

Check the peer review model for the journal you are submitting to when preparing the PDF version of your manuscript. If double-anonymous  then do not include any author names or institution information in the Acknowledgements section of your manuscript. Author names and Funding information should be removed and can be re-added later in the peer review process. For single-anonymous please include an acknowledgements section before the References section in your PDF manuscript.

During the submission process all authors and co-authors are required to disclose any potential conflict(s) of interest when submitting an article (e.g. employment, consulting fees, research contracts, stock ownership, patent licences, honoraria, advisory affiliations, etc). This information should be included in an acknowledgements section at the end of the manuscript (before the references section). All sources of financial support for the project must also be disclosed in the acknowledgements section. The name of the funding agency and the grant number should be given, for example: This work was partially funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through a National Cancer Institute grant R21CA141833. When completing the online submission form, we also ask you to select funders and provide grant numbers in order to help you meet your funder requirements. We encourage authors to use the acknowledgements section of the article to make specific attributions of author contribution and responsibility, otherwise all co-authors will be taken to share full responsibility for all of the paper.

Ethical statement

Some articles will require an ethical statement , particularly those that are reporting research involving humans or animals. This should state if the research was approved by any ethical committee, and which national or international standards were complied with.

This section should be used to list all relevant work. More information on referencing . However, check the peer review model for the journal you are submitting to. If double-anonymous then when referring to thesis/unpublished work, please avoid identifying information. You should include non-identifiable information e.g. journal name, year etc. ..

If you need more information or guidance about any of the above then please contact the journal to which you are submitting.

Carefully chosen and well-prepared figures, such as diagrams and photographs, can greatly enhance your article. You are encouraged to prepare figures that are clear, easy to read and of the best possible quality and resolution.

To make your figures accessible to as many readers as possible, try to avoid using colour as the only means of conveying information. For example, in charts and graphs use different line styles and symbols. Where colours are used try to ensure that:

• there is good contrast between adjacent colours;
• colours are distinguishable if the figure is converted to greyscale;
• different line styles, fill styles, symbols or labels are used in addition to different colours.

We accept that it is not always possible to follow these guidelines, for example with figures that use colour gradient scales to convey information, or for photographic images. As with all figures, it is important to use the figure caption to describe the information conveyed by the figure. See below for further details.

Figures are converted and sized to the journal template as part of the production process for accepted articles, but they are not normally edited further. It is your responsibility to ensure that the figures you supply are legible and technically correct. Characters should appear as they would be set in the main body of the article. Aim for text sizes of 8 to 12 pt at the final figure size: typically 8.5cm for a small/single-column figure and 15cm for a large/double-column figure. Micrographs should include a scale bar of appropriate size, e.g. 1 μm. Figures should be numbered in the order in which they are referred to in the text, using sequential numerals (e.g. figure 1, figure 2, etc.).

If there is more than one part to a figure (e.g. figure 1(a), figure 1(b), etc.), the parts should be identified by a lower-case letter in parentheses close to or within the area of the figure.

For articles prepared using LaTeX2e, please make sure that your figures are all supplied as vector Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) and linked to your main TeX files using appropriate figure inclusion commands such as \includegraphics. For articles prepared using Word, where possible please also supply all figures as separate graphics files (in addition to being embedded in the text). Our preferred graphics format is EPS. These files can be used directly to give high-quality results, and file sizes are small in comparison with most bitmap forms. If you are unable to send us images in EPS, we can also accept:

• PDF (and images embedded within PDF files)
• Images/drawings coded using TeX/LaTeX package
• Images/figures embedded in MS Word, Excel or PowerPoint
• Graphics application source files (Photoshop, Illustrator, CorelDraw).

Vector formats

The advantage of vector graphics is that they give the best possible quality at all output resolutions. In order to get the best possible results, please note the following important points:

• Fonts used should be restricted to the standard font families (Times, Helvetica, Courier or Symbol).
• Certain proprietary vector graphics formats such as Origin, Kaleidagraph, Cricket Graph and Gnu Plot should not be sent in their native format. If you use these applications to create your figures, please export them as EPS.

Permissions

Note that it is also your responsibility to obtain written permission from the copyright holder for any figures you have reused from elsewhere. This will also include any figures that you created yourself but have previously been published by another publisher, unless that publisher allows you to reuse them without permission under their author rights policy. Check individual publisher’s policies for details. Many scientific, technical and medical publishers use RightsLink to grant permission. Information on how to request permission can usually be found on the website of each publisher. For further information about permissions and when permission is required, please see the Permissions section .

Inappropriate images

Please carefully consider both the subject matter and provenance of images included in your work before submitting to the journal. If the submitted images could be potentially offensive to the journal’s readership, IOP Publishing reserves the right to request that authors seek alternative images or other means to express the same results before the final version is published.

IOP Publishing will not consider submissions which feature the Lena/Lenna image (a crop of an image of Lena Söderberg from a 1972 issue of Playboy magazine), as the image and its history conflicts with our commitment to inclusivity in science . Alternatives to the Lena image are widely available, see https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09500340.2016.1270881 for examples.

Figure captions

Captions should be included in the text and not in the graphics files. Figure captions should contain relevant key terms and be self-contained (avoiding acronyms) so that a reader can understand the figure without having to refer to the text. To make your figures accessible to as many readers as possible, include the main points that the figure demonstrates in the caption. We provide further information and examples on this page .

Figure captions should also reference the source of the figure if the figure has been reused from elsewhere, including any permission statement required.

Need help with your figures?

IOP Editing Services , in partnership with Editage, can help to check and refine all technical aspects of your artwork to adhere to journal requirements, including resolution, colour and image and file size. Find out more about our figure preparation services .

Article multimedia

IOPscience allows inline presentation of multimedia files within journal articles, with videos, animations or sound files that are supplied by authors as part of the main article treated as figures. Multimedia figures are represented in the PDF by a static image with appropriate caption. In the HTML the same image and caption are displayed, readers can click/tap the image to play the multimedia file inline.

If a figure has more than one multimedia file, there must be a separate image for each file (e.g. parts a and b for a figure with two videos). This is necessary so that the files both display in the HTML.

Please note that multimedia files must not include any music.

To make multimedia files accessible to as many readers as possible, the caption accompanying the file must include a description of the key points demonstrated by the video/audio. If the time duration of a video is long enough, we encourage authors to add a voiceover describing the key points illustrated. If the video already has audio, try to record your description in spaces where the original audio is not crucial to the information in the file.

Technical specifications

We strongly recommend video files be delivered in the MPEG-4 container, encoded with the H264 codec. Other formats may be provided, but using MPEG-4 will provide the most faithful rendering of your video in the HTML journal article.

Video files should be a maximum of 10 MB file size each. Exceptions can be made in cases where larger files are essential for the science being presented.

Recommended settings:

• Frame rate: 15 frames s -1
• Frame size: 480 x 360 pixels
• Data rate: 150 kB s -1

Interactive figures

Authors may prepare interactive models to enhance the communication of their research. These models are treated as figures in the article. Each model is represented in the PDF by a static image with an appropriate caption. The HTML in IOPscience displays the figure and caption with a ‘Start interaction’ button which loads the interactive model within the flow of the article.

To make interactive figures accessible to as many readers as possible, the caption accompanying the figure must include a description of the key points demonstrated by the interactivity.

Example images:

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/115 figures 2 and 3

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/113 figures 1 and 5

Interactive models should use the X3D standard. This is an open-source, XML-based format curated by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). By using the X3DOM javascript/CSS combination, X3D models can be incorporated directly into HTML without the need for browser plug-ins. This can be downloaded at https://www.x3dom.org .

We strongly recommend the use of X3D/X3DOM but stand-alone interactive figures produced using alternative packages (such as Plotly https://plot.ly/ or Bokeh http://bokeh.pydata.org/ ) are also accepted.

Authors interested in using this functionality need to create and supply the interactive model and an HTML file that presents the model, along with all .JS and .CSS files used.

Supplementary material and data in journal articles

IOP Publishing encourages authors to submit supplementary material at submission that will enhance the online version of a published research article and aid its discoverability. Supplementary material typically includes relevant material that does not form part of the main article, which may include additional data such as computer code, large tables, additional figures or appendices. It may also include multimedia files, such as video clips, animations or sound files. Please note that multimedia files must not include any music. Also note the accessibility considerations for multimedia files detailed above. Supplementary material can include primary datasets where they fall within the file size limits outlined below. If the material is integral to the article then it should be submitted as part of the article rather than as supplementary material.

Supplementary material is not included in the PDF of the article or in any print version and does not form part of the Version of Record. As it is not considered integral to the article it is not subject to peer review and cannot be formally cited. Supplementary material is hosted for free with an article on IOPscience, in the format supplied by the author , and is accessible to the whole readership. Supplementary material is not formatted or edited by our production team, and so proofs are not provided to authors.

Files for supplementary material can be up to a maximum of 10 MB each. Authors wishing to associate larger amounts of supplementary material with their article are recommended make use of a data repository.

Authors should ensure the necessary permissions are obtained before including any third party supplementary material with their submission.

It is vitally important that you fully acknowledge all relevant work. You should also consult the IOP ethical policy for journals for general guidance on compiling your reference list. You can find information on how to structure and format your references in the style guide for journal articles . Please note it is not necessary to format your references in the ways shown in the guidelines, however we find some authors like to have a style to work to. We will ensure your references adhere to house style during the production process, whatever format you submit them in.

A reference should give your reader enough information to locate the article concerned, and you should take particular care to ensure that the information is correct so that links to referenced articles can be made successfully.

Please also note the following:

• Material that is really a footnote to the text should not be included in the reference list.
• Copies of cited publications not yet available publicly should be submitted for the benefit of the reviewers.
• Unpublished results and lectures should be cited for exceptional reasons only.
• Please reference and link to the original Version of Record (where it was first published) rather than to other versions of an article and/or a link to a repository or third party database.
• We discourage the referencing of online material hosted at web addresses that have no guarantee of perpetuity. Permanent or persistent web links should be used, as these are intended to remain unchanged for many years into the future, yielding hyperlinks that are less susceptible to ‘link rot’. Examples of acceptable links include: Digital Object Identifier (DOI) , PubMed identifier (PMID) , PubMed Central reference number (PMCID) , SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bibliographic Code , and arXiv e-print number. If you have any questions regarding what constitutes an acceptable web link then please email the journal .
• Before submitting your article, please ensure you have conducted a literature search to check for any relevant references you may have missed.

Be sure to check the ‘About the journal’ page for the journal your submitting to see if you need to list page numbers, article titles or a particular reference style in your submission.

Reference labelling systems

There are two main systems for labelling references.

In the Vancouver numerical system, references are numbered sequentially through the text. The numbers should be given in square brackets, e.g. [1], [4-7] etc., and one number can be used to refer to several instances of the same reference. The reference list at the end of the article then lists the references in numerical order, not alphabetically.

Alternatively, in the Harvard alphabetical system, the name of the author appears in the text together with the year of publication, e.g. (Smith 2001) or Smith (2001) (as appropriate). Where there are only two authors, both names should be given in the text, e.g. (Smith and Jones 2001) or Smith and Jones (2001). However, if there are more than two authors only the first name should appear followed by et al : (Smith et al 2001) or Smith et al (2001). If you refer to different works by one author or group of authors in the same year they should be differentiated by including a, b, etc, after the date (e.g. 2001a). If you refer to different pages of the same article, the page number may be given in the text, e.g. Smith (2001, p 39). The reference list at the end of your article using this system should be in alphabetical order.

Please use a single referencing system consistently throughout your article. You may use either of these two systems for your references (unless you are submitting to Fluid Dynamics Research , Physics in Medicine and Biology or Physiological Measurement , which require all references to be written using the Harvard alphabetical style, or Nuclear Fusion , which requires all references to be written using the Vancouver numerical system).

Preparing your source files for journal articles

The guidelines below provide the essential information you need to prepare your article source files (i.e. the files that you use to create your complete PDF).

Naming your files

Please name all your files according to the following guidelines:.

Use only characters from the set a to z, A to Z, 0 to 9 and underscore (_)

Do not use spaces in file names

Include an extension to indicate the file type (for example, .doc, .txt, .eps, etc)

Do not use any accented characters (for example, à, ê, ñ, ö, ý, etc) because these can cause difficulties when processing your files.

In addition to the above points, please give figure files names indicating the numbers of the figures they contain; for example, figure1.eps, figure2.tif, figure2a.gif, etc. If a figure file contains a figure with multiple parts, for example figure 2(a) to 2(e), give it a name such as figure2a_2e.jpg, and so forth.

Article text files

Tex and latex.

The text of articles may be submitted in any common variant of TeX including LaTeX2e, REVTeX, AmSTeX, AmSLaTeX and plain TeX (including pdfTeX/pdfLaTeX).

A LaTeX2e class file is available to help authors prepare articles for consideration by IOP Journals, should you wish to use it. The files are available in zipped format and Unix tar gzipped format:

ioplatexguidelines

ioplatexguidelines.tar

Note that there is an incompatibility between amsmath.sty and iopart.cls which cannot be completely worked around. If your article relies on commands in amsmath.sty that are not available in iopart.cls, you may wish to consider using a different class file.

Microsoft Word

• Articles can be prepared using Microsoft Word for Windows or Mac
• Fonts used should be restricted to the standard font families (Times, Helvetica, Courier or Symbol)
• If special symbols are needed (e.g. Greek characters, accented characters or mathematical symbols), these should be typed using the appropriate TrueType font. Do not use the Symbol facility on the ‘Insert’ menu as this often results in font conversion problems
• Equations must be prepared using Microsoft Word Equation Editor or the full commercial MathType package.

Figure files

For articles prepared using LaTeX2e, please make sure that your figures are all supplied as vector Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) and linked to your main TeX files using appropriate figure inclusion commands such as \includegraphics. For articles prepared using Word, where possible please also supply all figures as separate graphics files (in addition to being embedded in the text). Our preferred graphics format is EPS. These files can be used directly to give high-quality results, and file sizes are small in comparison with most bitmap forms.

The advantage of vector graphics is that they give the best possible quality at all output resolutions.

In order to get the best possible results, please note the following important points:

• Certain proprietary vector graphics formats such as Origin, Kaleidagraph, Cricket Graph and Gnu Plot should not be sent in their native format. If you do use these applications to create your figures, please export them as EPS.

Archive and compress your files

You may combine all your files (article text, graphics files and, if applicable, the readme.txt file) into a single compressed archive file for ease of handling and to save you time and space. Please archive your files into a zip file. To upload this file type, choose the ‘source files’ designation when you submit. If you have any difficulty archiving or submitting files, please contact us for assistance.

Copyright and Permissions

The following information is available to help you with our copyright and permissions policies.

• Reusing IOP Published content
• Reusing third party material in new IOP content
• Creative Commons Licences
• CCC Republication service
• STM Permissions guidelines
• Permissions FAQs

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Unveiling the physics of acoustic insulation: multilayer flow resistivity estimation

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• Published: 27 August 2024

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• M. Sadouki   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8234-4768 1  

This paper presents a computational methodology aimed at precisely estimating the physical law governing equivalent flow resistivity in multilayer rigid porous materials, with a specific focus on applications in acoustic insulation systems. While existing models are capable of predicting sound transmission through individual layers, they lack a direct theoretical analytical link between the flow resistivity of multilayer materials and the properties of their constituent layers. To address this gap, the study harnesses equivalent fluid theory, which integrates visco-inertial interactions between the material structure and the interstitial fluid. By establishing simplified expressions for the transmission coefficient of a bilayer medium under low-frequency Darcy conditions, the paper introduces a novel approach to estimation. Furthermore, it formulates a concise relationship between the resistivity of the bilayer medium and the resistivity and thickness of each layer, which extends to multilayer configurations. Experimental validation with bilayer samples demonstrates significant agreement between the directly obtained equivalent flux resistivity and the theoretically predicted values, with relative errors ranging from 3 to 18%. The significance of this paper lies in its practical implications for acoustic insulation systems, where accurate predictions of acoustic performance are crucial. The research introduces a reliable physical relationship for estimating the equivalent flow resistivity of a multilayer as a function of the flow resistivity of each constituent layer and its thickness, offering theoretical correlation with empirical data and providing an alternative to labor-intensive experimental methods and software. This contribution to acoustics facilitates accurate prediction and characterization of the acoustic properties of multilayer materials, thereby aiding in the design of effective noise control systems.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed in the current study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

Direct measurements of the flow resistivity and transmission coefficients of the monolayer and bilayer samples were conducted at the Mecanum laboratory in Sherbrooke, Canada.

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M. Sadouki: investigation; methodology; writing—original draft; supervision; writing—review.

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Supplementary file1 (PDF 514 KB)

Supplementary file2 (pdf 499 kb), supplementary file3 (pdf 504 kb), supplementary file4 (pdf 153 kb), supplementary file5 (pdf 511 kb), supplementary file6 (pdf 498 kb), supplementary file7 (pdf 113 kb), supplementary file8 (pdf 504 kb), supplementary file9 (pdf 115 kb), supplementary file10 (pdf 113 kb), 1.1 transmission coefficient of a bilayer porous medium in very low frequencies.

Let us consider a bilayer rigid porous medium comprising two homogeneous slabs with distinct acoustic parameters. The problem's geometry is illustrated in Fig. 

Geometry problem of the porous bilayer medium

9 . The first porous slab, with a thickness of L 1 and resistivity σ1, occupies the region 0 ≤ x ≤ L 1 , while the second slab, with a thickness of L 2 and resistivity σ 2 , occupies the region L 1  ≤ x ≤ L (where L = L 1  + L 2 ).

A short sound pulse is incident normally on the medium from the left (free fluid—region (1)). This pulse generates an acoustic pressure field \(p(x,\omega )\) and an acoustic velocity field \(v(x,\omega )\) within each layer. The expressions for the acoustic fields in each medium (1, …, 4) are given by (in the unit of \({e}^{j\omega t}\) ):

Medium (2) and (3)

where, \(\widetilde{R}\) , \(\widetilde{T}\) are the reflected and transmitted coefficients, respectively. \(\widetilde{{A}_{i}}\) and \(\widetilde{{B}_{i}}\) are a function of pulsation to be determined, \(k=\omega \sqrt{{\rho }_{0}/K}\) represents the wave number in free fluid, \({Z}_{i}=\sqrt{{\rho }_{0}K{\alpha }_{i}\left(\omega \right)/{\beta }_{i}\left(\omega \right)}\) and \(\widetilde{{k}_{i}}=\omega \sqrt{{\rho }_{0}{\alpha }_{i}\left(\omega \right){\beta }_{i}\left(\omega \right)/K}\) denote the characteristic impedance and the wave number, respectively, of the acoustic wave in each layer of the medium ( i  = 2,3). To derive the transmission coefficient in the frequency domain, it is assumed that the pressure field and velocity are continuous at the boundaries of each layer ( \(x = 0, x = {L}_{1} and x = L\) ):

(where ± superscript denotes the limit from the left and right, respectively), and \({\phi }_{i}\) , \(i\) = 1, …, 4 represents the porosity of each region. By utilizing these expressions ( 23 – 28 ) and Eqs. ( 29 and 30 ), the transmission coefficient can be expressed as [ 37 ]:

By substituting the expressions of dynamic tortuosity and dynamic compressibility from Eqs. ( 1 ) into the equations for very low frequencies, Eqs. ( 33 ) can be rewritten as follows:

Replacing the expressions for \({Y}_{i}\) and \({k}_{i}\) in the bilayer transmission coefficients and expanding the transmission coefficient (Eq.  31 ) in a Taylor series, a first approximation can be obtained as the frequency approaches zero (ω → 0):

1.2 Generality in the case of multi-layer porous material

For a multi-layer porous medium with N homogeneous slabs, each with distinct acoustic parameters, the transmission coefficient can be derived similarly. Let each layer i (where i  = 1, 2, …, N ) have a thickness \({L}_{i}\) and resistivity \({\sigma }_{i}\) . The total thickness L of the medium is the sum of the individual layer thicknesses: \(L={\sum }_{i=1}^{N}{L}_{i}\) .

At very low frequencies ( \(\omega \to 0\) ), the expressions for dynamic tortuosity and compressibility can be simplified further:

The transmission coefficient for a multi-layer porous material at very low frequencies is then given by:

This expression indicates that the transmission coefficient primarily depends on the flow resistivity and thickness of each layer.

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Sadouki, M. Unveiling the physics of acoustic insulation: multilayer flow resistivity estimation. Indian J Phys (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-024-03391-1

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Received : 13 April 2024

Accepted : 12 August 2024

Published : 27 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-024-03391-1

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• Static airflow resistivity
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