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Apsc mains 2023-24 general studies (gs-4) paper 5 question analysis, apsc mains 2023-24- general studies gs 4 question paper 4 analysis.

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• “Human behaviour builds on beliefs and values.” Do you agree? Elaborate with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• Explain the following components of Emotional Intelligence briefly.  (Answer in 150 words) 10
• Self-awarness
• Self- regulation
• Internal motivation
• Social awareness
• Comment on the necessity of Old Age Home in a modern society. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• In quest of scientific and technological development, ethical values should not be neglected. Discuss it in the current context.  (Answer in 150 words) 10
• What do you understand by Social Intelligence? Discuss its relation with Emotional Intelligence of an individual. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• If you were a District Commissioner of a district, what steps would you take to arrest the menace of drug addictions and alcoholism in the state. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• Critically analyse the provisions of the Public Service Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 in tackling unfair means in Public examinations (Answer in 150 words) 10
• “Social media has not only endangered our social fabric, it has also led to an erosion of values.”Examine the statement. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• You are the District Commissioner of a district. The Chief Medical and Health Officer of the district hospital was constantly monitoring the treatment of a self-immolated girl during some agitation. At about 11 a.m., he informed you confidentially that the girl died. One lakh people has gathered outside the hospital as the girl was very meritorious, fought for their cause and expecting her recovery. Situation is tense. You are in the hospital with the Superintendent of Police and some police force. What will you do? Describe with reasons. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• You are the Commissioner of a Municipal Corporation in Assam. You have noticed that officers and staff of the Corporation do not follow a first-come, first-serve basis, instead they pick and choose their favourites and therefore citizens suffer in getting building permission, occupancy certificate, etc. The inspecting officer even raises unnecessary objections if their palm is not greased. What steps would you initiate to eradicate the menace? (Answer in 150 words) 10
• “The most important thing that you will ever wear is your attitude.” (Jeff Moore) Comment on this. Can attitude be acquired or changed? (Answer in 150 words) 10
• “Certainty of punishment is more effective than quantum of punishment.” (a) Discuss the above statement in the context of preventing corruption. (b) Suggest some innovative reforms that can be brought in to make governance more transparent and people-centric. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• Discuss the ethical issues of the circumstances when big industrial houses try to influence the government policies. In this regard, suggest measures to enhance transparency and accountability in delivery of services. (Answer in 150 words) 10
• Mr. X is posted as the District Commissioner of Y district. Mr. X is widely known for his passion and skill in executing the government development schemes. The government has decided to construct a big irrigation project in Y district to combat the drought situation which has been prevailing for years. The proposed works include diversion of rivulet, construction of RCC canals, culverts, small bridges, etc. This requires large-scale acquisition of residential and agricultural land. The landholders are opposing the land acquisition process. Mr. X has found that most of the people who will be affected by land acquisition process belong to marginal farmer category. In this scenario, as a civil servant, Mr. X must have to stick to the values of civil service. In this context- 

(a) explain which will be the end-oriented values; 

(b) explain which will be the means-oriented values.        (Answer in 250 words) 20

• You are posted as the Superintendent of Police in an Upper Assam district. Around 100 big and small tea gardens in the district signify the socio-economic system of the district. Recently a ‘witch-hunting’ incident took place in a very remote tea garden leading to death of an old woman followedby group clashes. From preliminary enquiry, you found that illiteracy and unemployment had been prominently visible. The inhabitants were not much benefitted from the government schemes and tea garden authority was not showing much interest for welfare of the labourers. In this context- 

(a) how will you lead the investigation considering customs and values of the society? 

(b) how will you collaborate with civil administration and tea garden authority for education and awareness of the people? 

(c) what may be your ethical dilemma in nabbing the culprits? 

(d) what may be your suggestions to eradicate the social evils like ‘witch hunting’?           (Answer in 250 words) 20

• ‘Tumakbasti’ is a village on the extreme north-eastern side of India-Bangladesh border, where local residents cross the border to reach a town ‘Moinabari’ (just a IS-minute walk away) in Bangladesh to get even the basic necessities of a day-to-day living. The village lacks basic facilities like hospital, concrete road, drinking water, school, police station and so on; the nearest Indian town falls about 100 km away from the village. The people of the village have no other option than to cross the border to get their health check-ups and necessary medicines. Often in an emergency, the people carry the patients on their shoulders across the border where Border Guards of Bangladesh stop them for security reasons which delay patients’ treatment. Consider the following statements and answer the questions : 

(a) The area falls under your jurisdiction of being a District Commissioner. What actions would you take in the above-described situation? 

(b) A District Commissioner has authority to do many things and if she/he wants she/he can transform the village into a modern one. How will you act in this situation and what contribution will you make for the village? 

(c) Bordering areas are too sensitive and cause security problems. Open border with Bangladesh has many of such implications including robbery, killing, smuggling, etc. How will you manage such security scenario? (Answer in 250 words) 20

• “According to Buddhism, for a man to be perfect there are two qualities that should develop equally-Compassion (Karuna) on one side and Wisdom (Panna) on the other side.” Analyze. (Answer in 250 words) 20  
• Nagen, who is a BPL category person, needs information about the budget of different development schemes in his village. He approached to the SPIO of the District Commissioner Office and submitted an RTI application. He forgot to enclose the required fee and being partially literate, his application was full of grammatical mistakes. In total, it was not in any format but the content can be understood. The SPIO has seen the application but did not point anything to Nagen. On completion of 30 days, the information was denied stating that his application was not in format and required fee. 

(a) How far is the reason of rejection of the application justified?

 (b) What is the remedy available to Nagen to get these information? 

(c) Whether the SPIO failed to discharge his duties as enshrined in the RTI Act? If so, explain in detail.             (Answer in 250 words) 20

• Moloypur, a remote district inhabited by a tribal population, is marked by extreme backwardness and economically underdeveloped. Agriculture is the . mainstay of the local population, though it is primarily subsistence level due to the very smalllandholdings. There is an insignificant industrial or mining activity. Even the targeted welfare programmes have inadequately benefitted the tribal population. In this scenario, the youths have begun to migrate to other States to supplement their family income. The plight of minor girls is that their parents are persuaded by labour contractors to send them to work in the construction sites in a nearby State. The unhygienic living and working conditions in these sites have caused serious health issues for the minor girls. NGOs in the districts of domicile and construction firms appear to be compromised and have not effectively espoused the twin issues of child labour and development of the area. 

You are appointed as the District Commissioner of Moloypur. Identify the ethical issues involved. Which specific steps will you initiate to ameliorate the conditions of minor girls of your district and to improve the overall economic scenario of the district?                                                                             (Answer in 250 words) 20

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Previous Year Question Papers

UPSC Essay Topic wise Question Papers of last 31 years (1993-2023) for Civil Services IAS/IPS Exam Free Download

In the UPSC mains examination, essay paper is worth 250 marks and three hours. Here is the topic wise questions from the earlier years for the benefit of civil service IAS IPS aspirants.

1.1 India Since Independence

1.2 federalism, decentralization, 1.3 administration, 1.4 judiciary, 1.5 poverty, social justice, 1.6 indian society, culture and values, 1.7 media, tv & cinema, literature, 2.1 growth vs development, 2.2 environment vs development, 2.4 sectors of economy, 3.1 values in education, 3.2 scheme implementation, 3.3 higher education, 4.1 character, honesty, ethics, 4.2 knowledge, 4.3 compassion, 4.4 truth and reality, 4.5 youth, discipline, 4.6 towards excellence, 5.1 @national politics, 5.2 @world / quote type, 5.3 empowerment overall, 5.4 compared to men, 6.1 globalization, 6.2 international org./ bilateral, 6.3 security, 6.4 history, 7.1 science and religion, 7.2 science and education, 7.3 computer and internet, 7.4 sci-tech: others, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2023, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2022, appendix: model answer pe free lecture & powerpoint, appendix: syllabus of essay paper in upsc, 1 india: democracy, administration, society, culture.

• Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? -2013
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy -2012
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. -2015
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? -2000
• Whither Indian democracy? -1995
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? -2003
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. -1997
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? -2001
• My vision of India in 2001 a.d. -1993
• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. -2017
• Water disputes between States in federal India. -2016
• Cooperative federalism : Myth or reality. -2016
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication -2011
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. -2007
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. -2004
• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. -1998
• There are better practices to “best practices”. -2021
• How should a civil servant conduct himself? -2003
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. -1995
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy -1996
• Need for transparency in public administration -1996
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. -2000
• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. -1994
• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. -2017
• Justice must reach the poor -2005
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. -2004
• Judicial activism. -1997
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।) – 2023
• There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless (बिना आर्थिक समृद्धि के सामाजिक न्याय नहीं हो सकता, किन्तु बिना सामाजिक न्याय के आर्थिक समृद्धि निरर्थक है ) -2020
• Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness. -2019
• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. -2009
• Food security for sustainable national development -2005
• Reservation, politics and empowerment. -1999
• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have (जो हम है, वह संस्कार; जो हमारे पास है, वह सभ्यता ) -2020
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
• The composite culture of India. -1998
• The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? -2010
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996
• Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy. -2019
• Responsibility of media in a democracy. -2002
• Role of media in good governance -2008
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? -2011
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? -2007
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? -2014
• Mass media and cultural invasion. -1999
• The misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. -1998
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world (कवि संसार के अनधिकृत रूप से विधायक होते हैं) – 2022

2 Economy, Development

• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. -2018
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? -2014
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
• Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
• Resource management in the Indian context. -1999
• Economic growth without distributive justice is bound to breed violence. -1993
• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence (आर्थिक समृद्धि हासिल करने के मामले में वन सर्वोत्तम प्रतिमान होते हैं।) – 2022
• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. -2018
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? -2010
• Urbanisation and its hazards -2008
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. -2006
• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. -1997
• Ecological considerations need not hamper development. -1993
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006
• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
• Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
• Is the criticism that the ‘Public-Private-Partnership’ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012
• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India. -2017
• BPO boom in India. -2007
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? -2014
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? -2009

3 Education

• Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in – school. (- शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में विधालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।)
• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
• Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008
• What is real education? -2005
• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. -2006
• Restructuring of Indian education system. -1995
• Privatization of higher education in India. -2002
• Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges -2011

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities (हर असमंजस के लिए मुस्कराहट ही चुनिन्दा साधन है) – 2022
• Philosophy of wantlessness is a Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. -2021
• Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. -2021
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication (सरलता चरम परिष्करण है ) -2020
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them ships sink because of water that gets into them (जहाज अपने चारों तरफ के पानी के वजह से नहीं डूबा करते, जहाज पानी के अंदर समां जाने की वजह से डूबता हैं ) -2020
• Life is a long journey between being human and being humane.  (मनुष्य होने और मानव बनने के बीच का लम्बा सफर ही जीवन है)-2020
• Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be -2019
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society -2019
• Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success -2019
• Wisdom finds truth -2019
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. -2018
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. -2018
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. -2016
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. -2015
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. -2014
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. -2014
• Attitude makes, habit makes character and character makes a man. -2007
• He would reigns within himself and folds his passions and desires and fears is more than a king. -1993
• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।) – 2023
• Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।) – 2023
• The real is rational and the rational is real. -2021
• Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self (विचारपरक संकल्प स्वयं के शांतचित्त रहने का उत्प्रेरक है )-2020
• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. -2018
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. -2018
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. -2003
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. -1995
• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. -2017
• Compassion is the basic of all morality of the world -1993
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. -2015
• Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi)-2013
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. -2018
• Truth is lived, not taught -1996
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. -1995
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. -2002
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining (छप्पर मरम्मत करने का समय तभी होता है, जब धूप खिली हुई हो) – 2022
• You cannot step twice in the same river (आप उसी नदी में दोबारा नहीं उतर सकते) – 2022
• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin -2008
• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret -1994
• If youth knew, if age could. -2002
• Youth culture today. -1999
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? -2014
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।) – 2023
• Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।) – 2023
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है) – 2023
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) – 2022
• Quick but steady wins the race. -2015
• Useless life is an early death. -1994
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. -1995
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. -2002
• The pursuit of excellence. -2001

5 Women empowerment

• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. -1997
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. -2006
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. -1995
• Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. -2021
• If women ruled the world -2005
• The hand that rocks the cradle -2005
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality (पितृ-सत्ता की व्यवस्था नजर मैं बहुत काम आने के बावजूद सामाजिक विषमता की सबसे प्रभावी संरचना है) -2020
• Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. -2017
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. -2016
• Whither women’s emancipation? -2004
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. -2001
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. -1999
• Woman is god’s best creation. -1998
• Men have failed: let women take over. -1993
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal ?-2012

6 International issues, Internal Security, History

• South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural identities. -2019
• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. -1994
• ‘globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’ -2009
• National identity and patriotism -2008
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. -2004
• The masks of new imperialism. -2003
• As civilization advances culture declines. -2003
• The implications of globalization for India. -2000
• My vision of an ideal world order. -2001
• India’s contribution to world wisdom. -1998
• The world of the twenty-first century. -1998
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. -2010
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों मैं मौन करक के रूप मैं प्रौद्योगिकी) -2020
• Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
• The global order: political and economic -1993
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006
• Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. -2018
• In the Indian context , both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism -2011
• Are we a ‘soft’ state ? -2009
• Good fences make good neighbours -2009
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? -2007
• Terrorism and world peace -2005
• True religion cannot be misused. -1997
• History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. -2021
• Geography may remain the same ; history need not. -2010

7 Science-Technology

• Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
• Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012
• What is research, but a blind date with knowledge! -2021
• Modern technological education and human values. -2002
• Value-based science and education. -1999
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001
• The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. -2021
• Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling. -2019
• ‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
• Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
• Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993
• Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
• The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
• The lure of space. -2004

Section-A (write any one)

• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।)
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।)
• Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।)
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है)

Section-B (write any one)

• Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines. (-लड़कियां बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएं हैं।)
• Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।)
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।)

Answer one-one essay from each section in 1000-1200 words

• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man (इतिहास वैज्ञानिक मनुष्य के रूमानी मनुष्य पर विजय हासिल करने का एक सिलसिला है।) – 2022
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) & 2022
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022

Essay: Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

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ESSAY QUESTION PAPER : UPSC Civil Services IAS Exam MAINS 2021

Essay question  paper – upsc civil services  ias mains – 2021.

1. The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.

2. Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.

3. Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.

4. The real is rational and the rational is real.

5. Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

6. What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!

7. History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

8. There are better practices to “best practices”.

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Download APSC Mains Question Papers 2023 | APSC Mains Previous Year Question Papers

APSC CCE Mains Question Papers 2023 PDF Download Link

Hello, aspirants are you preparing for APSC? If you are preparing for the Assam Public Service Commission Combined Competitive Examination (APSC CCE) and want to know how to score well in the exam? One effective way to prepare for this APSC exam is to practice with the APSC CCE Previous Year Question Papers. As you all know that Assam Public Service Commission has successfully conducted the APSC CCE Main examination from 26th July to 28th July, 2024 for the recruitment of 235 vacancy.

APSC CCE MAIN QUESTION PAPERS

To facilitate the preparation for the APSC CCE Main Exam,  World_Polity  have provided comprehensive information on the APSC previous year question paper pdf. Aspirants can easily download the APSC Mains question papers 2023 and practice solving each question papers.

APSC Main Examination

The Mains Examination conducted by APSC consists of both written and oral interview components. The written test includes six papers on the topic of general studies. The final ranking of candidates is determined based on the marks obtained in both the written portion and the interview.

APSC CCE Mains Question Papers 2023 PDF

It is highly recommended that candidates attempt the APSC CCE Main Previous year question papers to gain a better understanding of the exam’s requirements. This practice will assist candidates in overcoming their exam anxiety and stress, which can have a negative impact on their exam performance.

Download APSC Mains Question Papers 2023

Well for all the aspirants, here are the direct download links of  APSC Combined Competitive (Main) Examination 2023 Question Paper Download link ::

APSC Question Paper 2023 PDF

Paper – 1 (Essay) CLICK HERE   

Paper – 2 (GS – I)          CLICK HERE

Paper – 3  (GS – II) CLICK HERE

Paper – 4  (GS – III) CLICK HERE

Paper – 5  (GS – IV) CLICK HERE

Paper – 6  (GS – V) CLICK HERE

•  Download APSC CCE Previous Year Question Papers PDF : CLICK HERE

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Your preparation for the APSC Mains Examination by understanding APSC CCE Main question papers plays a vital role in determining your success. Make the most of the resources available and practice diligently with the APSC Mains Previous Year Question Papers. Develop a comprehensive study plan, analyze your performance regularly, and focus on continuous improvement.

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Home » Exam Syllabus » APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024 PDF Download & Exam Pattern

APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024 PDF Download & Exam Pattern

APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024 PDF Download & Exam Pattern: The APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024 is now available for candidates preparing for the exam. This syllabus is very important for the candidates who are applying for the Enforcement Inspector position. The selection process involves based on Screening examinations or Written Examination, Document Verification.

★★  Practice Aptitude Questions & Answers  ★★

★★  Practice English Questions & Answers  ★★

★★  Practice GK Questions & Answers  ★★

Table of Contents

APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024

The APSC Enforcement Inspector Exam Syllabus 2024 has been designed to evaluate the candidate’s knowledge of various subjects like General Studies, GK and Current Affairs and other relevant subjects. More clear details on APSC Enforcement Inspector Exam Pattern 2024 can be obtained from the following sections.

APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024  – Overview

APSC Enforcement Inspector Exam Pattern 2024

It is strongly recommended that all candidates obtain precise and pertinent details concerning the APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024 Download Link , as this pattern holds significant importance for applicants in preparing for the upcoming examination.

APSC Enforcement Inspector Exam Syllabus 2024

Basic Electrical Concepts :

• Primary and secondary cells
• Dry accumulators
• Solar cells

Network Theory :

• Steady-state analysis of DC and AC networks
• Network theorems and functions
• Laplace techniques
• Transient response
• Frequency response
• Three-phase networks

Circuit Analysis :

• Inductively coupled circuits
• Mathematical modeling of dynamic linear systems
• Transfer functions and block diagrams
• Stability of control systems

Electromagnetic Theory :

• Electrostatic and magnetostatic field analysis
• Maxwell’s equations
• Wave equations and electromagnetic waves

Measurement and Instrumentation :

• Basic methods of measurement and standard error analysis
• Indicating instruments
• Cathode ray oscilloscope
• Measurement of voltage, current, power, resistance, inductance, capacitance, frequency, time, and flux

Electronic Devices and Circuits :

• Vacuum-based and semiconductor devices
• Analysis of electronic circuits
• Single and multistage audio and radio amplifiers
• Small signal and large signal amplifiers
• Oscillators and feedback amplifiers
• Wave-shaping circuits and time-based generators
• Multi-vibrators and digital circuits
• Modulation and demodulation circuits

Communication Systems :

• Transmission lines at audio, radio, and UHF frequencies
• Wire and radio communication

Electrical Machines :

• Generation of EMF and torque in rotating machines
• Motor and generator characteristics
• Synchronous and induction machines
• Equivalent circuits
• Communication starters, phasor diagrams, losses, and regulation
• Power transformers

Power Systems :

• Modeling of transmission lines
• Steady-state and transient stability
• Surge phenomena and insulation coordination
• Protective devices and schemes for power system equipment

Control Systems :

• Conversion of AC to DC and DC to AC
• Controlled and uncontrolled power
• Speed control techniques for drives

APSC Enforcement Inspector Syllabus 2024 Download Link

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Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence

Title: the ai scientist: towards fully automated open-ended scientific discovery.

Abstract: One of the grand challenges of artificial general intelligence is developing agents capable of conducting scientific research and discovering new knowledge. While frontier models have already been used as aids to human scientists, e.g. for brainstorming ideas, writing code, or prediction tasks, they still conduct only a small part of the scientific process. This paper presents the first comprehensive framework for fully automatic scientific discovery, enabling frontier large language models to perform research independently and communicate their findings. We introduce The AI Scientist, which generates novel research ideas, writes code, executes experiments, visualizes results, describes its findings by writing a full scientific paper, and then runs a simulated review process for evaluation. In principle, this process can be repeated to iteratively develop ideas in an open-ended fashion, acting like the human scientific community. We demonstrate its versatility by applying it to three distinct subfields of machine learning: diffusion modeling, transformer-based language modeling, and learning dynamics. Each idea is implemented and developed into a full paper at a cost of less than $15 per paper. To evaluate the generated papers, we design and validate an automated reviewer, which we show achieves near-human performance in evaluating paper scores. The AI Scientist can produce papers that exceed the acceptance threshold at a top machine learning conference as judged by our automated reviewer. This approach signifies the beginning of a new era in scientific discovery in machine learning: bringing the transformative benefits of AI agents to the entire research process of AI itself, and taking us closer to a world where endless affordable creativity and innovation can be unleashed on the world's most challenging problems. Our code is open-sourced at this https URL

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Deserted: The U.S. Military's Sexual Assault Crisis as a Cost of War

Over the past decade, the U.S. military has implemented policies to promote gender equality, notably lifting the ban on women in combat roles in 2013 and opening all military jobs to women by 2016. Yet, even as U.S. military policy reforms during the “War on Terror” appear to reflect greater equality, violent patterns of abuse and misogyny continued within military workplaces.

This author of this report found that sexual assault prevalence in the military is likely two to four times higher than official government estimations. Based on a comparison of available data collected by the U.S. Department of Defense to independent data, the research estimates there were 75,569 cases of sexual assault in 2021 and 73,695 cases in 2023. On average, over the course of the war in Afghanistan, 24 percent of active-duty women and 1.9 percent of active-duty men experienced sexual assault. The report highlights how experiences of gender inequality are most pronounced for women of color, who experience intersecting forms of racism and sexism and are one of the fastest-growing populations within the military. Independent data also confirm queer and trans service members’ disproportionately greater risk for sexual assault.

The report notes that during the post-9/11 wars, the prioritization of force readiness above all else allowed the problem of sexual assault to fester, papering over internal violence and gender inequalities within military institutions.

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Monthly Archives: July 2024

Rajasthan Judiciary Result 2024 Out at hcraj.nic.in, Download PDF

Rajasthan High Court has announced the RJS Prelims Result 2024 on its official website. Candidates can access the Prelims Merit list from the official website, or this article has provided a direct link. Qualified Candidates are eligible for the RJS Main exam. Rajasthan Judicial Result 2024 The High Court of Rajasthan is responsible for recruiting …

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CDS Previous Year Question Papers, Download 2014 to 2023 PYQs

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts the CDS Exam twice a year. The CDS 1 and 2 exams encompass admission to the Air Force Academy (AFA), Indian Military Academy (IMA), and Indian Navy (INA). It is essential to note that the exam carries a weightage of 300 marks for INA, IMA, and AFA, while …

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World Youth Skills Day 2024, Theme, History, Significance and Celebrations

World Youth Skills Day, observed annually on July 15th, is dedicated to promoting youth skills development globally to combat unemployment and underemployment. Established by the United Nations General Assembly in November 2014, this day underscores the importance of equipping young people with essential skills necessary for their integration into the workforce. World Youth Skills Day …

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WBCS Previous Year Question Paper, Download WBPSC PYQs PDF

WBCS Previous Year Papers are one of the most valuable info for studying for the Prelim and Mains exam conducted by the West Bengal Public Service Commission. WBPSC Previous Year Question Papers with solutions have been beneficial for a large number of students in passing the WBPSC exam. Candidates preparing for the exam and who …

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RPSC RAS Main Admit Card 2024 Out at rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in.

The Rajasthan Public Service Commission (RPSC) has released the RAS (Rajasthan Administrative Services) Mains Exam 2023 admit cards. The exam is scheduled for July 20 and 21, 2024. You can download your admit card from the official RPSC website using your registration ID and password. RPSC RAS Mains Exam 2024 City Out The Rajasthan Public …

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APSC Previous Year Question Papers, Download PYQs from 1998 to 2022

The Candidate can now access this article’s APSC Previous Year Question Paper PDF. APSC Previous Year Question Paper gives the idea about the Question paper and question Level. Assam Public Service Commission (APSC) conducts the Combined Competitive Examination (CCE) 2024, a prestigious avenue for individuals aspiring to serve in various government departments. This examination allows …

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IIT-M Team Made Mineral Nanoparticles with Water Droplets

Context: Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT-M) have unveiled a method to break down common minerals into nanoparticles using water microdroplets. Microdroplets and Its Significance Microdroplets are tiny water droplets, a thousandth the size of a raindrop. Unlike bulk water, microdroplets facilitate faster and more exotic chemical reactions due to their confined …

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ISRO’s plans to venture into Planetary Defence System

Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has shown interest in exploring the asteroid Apophis during its close approach to Earth at a distance of 32,000 km in 2029. About Apophis Discovery and Initial Threat: Apophis was discovered in 2004 and initially posed a 2.7% chance of colliding with Earth, the highest probability for a …

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TNPSC Group 1 Question Paper 2024, Download All Sets Paper PDF

Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission is conducting the Group 1 exam on 13 July in a single shift from 9.30 am to 12.30 pm. Candidates who appear for the exam can download the TNPSC Group 1 Prelims Paper 2024 PDF. We have also provided the Group 1 Exam Analysis along with the good attempts in …

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SSC MTS Salary 2024, Check Highest Salary, Perks and Allowances

Staff Selection Commission conducts the Multi Tasking Staff recruitment on an annual basis for various positions. Candidates can get the basic pay for SSC MTS, which is Rs. 18000 per month after the selection in the exam. SSC MTSs gross salary is around Rs. 18000 to Rs. 22000 per month, depending on the city where …

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How To Tackle The Weirdest Supplemental Essay Prompts For This Application Cycle

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Writing the college essay

How do you write a letter to a friend that shows you’re a good candidate for the University of Pennsylvania? What reading list will help the Columbia University admissions committee understand your interdisciplinary interests? How can you convey your desire to attend Yale by inventing a course description for a topic you’re interested in studying?

These are the challenges students must overcome when writing their supplemental essays . Supplemental essays are a critical component of college applications—like the personal statement, they provide students with the opportunity to showcase their authentic voice and perspective beyond the quantitative elements of their applications. However, unlike the personal essay, supplemental essays allow colleges to read students’ responses to targeted prompts and evaluate their candidacy for their specific institution. For this reason, supplemental essay prompts are often abstract, requiring students to get creative, read between the lines, and ditch the traditional essay-writing format when crafting their responses.

While many schools simply want to know “why do you want to attend our school?” others break the mold, inviting students to think outside of the box and answer prompts that are original, head-scratching, or downright weird. This year, the following five colleges pushed students to get creative—if you’re struggling to rise to the challenge, here are some tips for tackling their unique prompts:

University of Chicago

Prompt: We’re all familiar with green-eyed envy or feeling blue, but what about being “caught purple-handed”? Or “tickled orange”? Give an old color-infused expression a new hue and tell us what it represents. – Inspired by Ramsey Bottorff, Class of 2026

What Makes it Unique: No discussion of unique supplemental essay prompts would be complete without mentioning the University of Chicago, a school notorious for its puzzling and original prompts (perhaps the most well-known of these has been the recurring prompt “Find x”). This prompt challenges you to invent a new color-based expression, encouraging both linguistic creativity and a deep dive into the emotional or cultural connotations of color. It’s a prompt that allows you to play with language, think abstractly, and show off your ability to forge connections between concepts that aren’t typically linked—all qualities that likewise demonstrate your preparedness for UChicago’s unique academic environment.

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How to Answer it: While it may be easy to get distracted by the open-ended nature of the prompt, remember that both the substance and structure of your response should give some insight into your personality, perspective, and characteristics. With this in mind, begin by considering the emotions, experiences, or ideas that most resonate with you. Then, use your imagination to consider how a specific color could represent that feeling or concept. Remember that the prompt is ultimately an opportunity to showcase your creativity and original way of looking at the world, so your explanation does not need to be unnecessarily deep or complex—if you have a playful personality, convey your playfulness in your response; if you are known for your sarcasm, consider how you can weave in your biting wit; if you are an amateur poet, consider how you might take inspiration from poetry as you write, or offer a response in the form of a poem.

The goal is to take a familiar concept and turn it into something new and meaningful through a creative lens. Use this essay to showcase your ability to think inventively and to draw surprising connections between language and life.

Harvard University

Prompt: Top 3 things your roommates might like to know about you.

What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in both form and substance—first, you only have 150 words to write about all 3 things. Consider using a form other than a traditional essay or short answer response, such as a bullet list or short letter. Additionally, note that the things your roommate might like to learn about you do not necessarily overlap with the things you would traditionally share with an admissions committee. The aim of the prompt is to get to know your quirks and foibles—who are you as a person and a friend? What distinguishes you outside of academics and accolades?

How to Answer it: First and foremost, feel free to get creative with your response to this prompt. While you are producing a supplemental essay and thus a professional piece of writing, the prompt invites you to share more personal qualities, and you should aim to demonstrate your unique characteristics in your own voice. Consider things such as: How would your friends describe you? What funny stories do your parents and siblings share that encapsulate your personality? Or, consider what someone might want to know about living with you: do you snore? Do you have a collection of vintage posters? Are you particularly fastidious? While these may seem like trivial things to mention, the true creativity is in how you connect these qualities to deeper truths about yourself—perhaps your sleepwalking is consistent with your reputation for being the first to raise your hand in class or speak up about a cause you’re passionate about. Perhaps your living conditions are a metaphor for how your brain works—though it looks like a mess to everyone else, you have a place for everything and know exactly where to find it. Whatever qualities you choose, embrace the opportunity to think outside of the box and showcase something that admissions officers won’t learn about anywhere else on your application.

University of Pennsylvania

Prompt: Write a short thank-you note to someone you have not yet thanked and would like to acknowledge.

What Makes it Unique: Breaking from the traditional essay format, this supplement invites you to write directly to a third party in the form of a 150-200 word long letter. The challenge in answering this distinct prompt is to remember that your letter should say as much about you, your unique qualities and what you value as it does about the recipient—all while not seeming overly boastful or contrived.

How to Answer it: As you select a recipient, consider the relationships that have been most formative in your high school experience—writing to someone who has played a large part in your story will allow the admissions committee some insight into your development and the meaningful relationships that guided you on your journey. Once you’ve identified the person, craft a thank-you note that is specific and heartfelt—unlike other essays, this prompt invites you to be sentimental and emotional, as long as doing so would authentically convey your feelings of gratitude. Describe the impact they’ve had on you, what you’ve learned from them, and how their influence has shaped your path. For example, if you’re thanking a teacher, don’t just say they helped you become a better student—explain how their encouragement gave you the confidence to pursue your passions. Keep the tone sincere and personal, avoid clichés and focus on the unique role this person has played in your life.

University of Notre Dame

Prompt: What compliment are you most proud of receiving, and why does it mean so much to you?

What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in that it invites students to share something about themselves by reflecting on someone else’s words in 50-100 words.

How to Answer it: The key to answering this prompt is to avoid focusing too much on the complement itself and instead focus on your response to receiving it and why it was so important to you. Note that this prompt is not an opportunity to brag about your achievements, but instead to showcase what truly matters to you. Select a compliment that truly speaks to who you are and what you value. It could be related to your character, work ethic, kindness, creativity, or any other quality that you hold in high regard. The compliment doesn’t have to be grand or come from someone with authority—it could be something small but significant that left a lasting impression on you, or it could have particular meaning for you because it came from someone you didn’t expect it to come from. Be brief in setting the stage and explaining the context of the compliment—what is most important is your reflection on its significance and how it shaped your understanding of yourself.

Stanford University

Prompt: List five things that are important to you.

What Makes it Unique: This prompt’s simplicity is what makes it so challenging. Stanford asks for a list, not an essay, which means you have very limited space (50 words) to convey something meaningful about yourself. Additionally, the prompt does not specify what these “things” must be—they could be a physical item, an idea, a concept, or even a pastime. Whatever you choose, these five items should add depth to your identity, values, and priorities.

How to Answer it: Start by brainstorming what matters most to you—these could be values, activities, people, places, or even abstract concepts. The key is to choose items or concepts that, when considered together, provide a comprehensive snapshot of who you are. For example, you might select something tangible and specific such as “an antique telescope gifted by my grandfather” alongside something conceptual such as “the willingness to admit when you’re wrong.” The beauty of this prompt is that it doesn’t require complex sentences or elaborate explanations—just a clear and honest reflection of what you hold dear. Be thoughtful in your selections, and use this prompt to showcase your creativity and core values.

While the supplemental essays should convey something meaningful about you, your values, and your unique qualifications for the university to which you are applying, the best essays are those that are playful, original, and unexpected. By starting early and taking the time to draft and revise their ideas, students can showcase their authentic personalities and distinguish themselves from other applicants through their supplemental essays.

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UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024: Check Paper 1 and 2 Review, Difficulty Level, Good Attempts and Questions Asked

Upsc capf exam analysis 2024:  the union public service commission (upsc conducts the upsc capf prelims 2024 exam on august 4, 2024, in two shifts for paper 1 and paper 2. paper 1 will contain questions form subjects such as polity, economics, geography, history, current affairs, physics, chemistry, biology, aptitude, and reasoning whole paper 2 will have questions from essays, report writing, reading comprehension, and grammar. read on to learn about the difficulty level, questions asked, answer key, and expected cut-off..

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts the UPSC CAPF Prelims 2024 exam today, August 4, 2024, in two shifts. Paper 1 was conducted from 10:00 am to 12:00 pm and Paper 2 will be conducted from 2:00 pm to 05:00 pm. Here, we have discussed the UPSC CAPF prelims exam analysis based on the feedback received by the exam-takers. 

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 4th August 2024

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024: Difficulty Level

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024: Number of Good Attempts

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024: Topic-Wise Questions

The UPSC CAPF prelim exam is divided into two papers i.e. General Studies (Paper 1) and General Aptitude Test (Paper 2). Paper 1 comprises 150 objective-type questions for 150 marks whereas Paper 2 comprises 100 objective-type questions for 150 marks. Here, the experts have discussed the question weightage and topics for both the papers asked in the preliminary exam. Let’s discuss the topic-wise UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis for Paper 1 and Paper 2 below.

UPSC CAPF Question Paper 2024

UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024 Overview

UPSC CAPF Exam Pattern 2024

UPSC CAPF Expected Cut Off 2024

• Number of Exam-Takers
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• Candidate’s performance

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• How to check UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024? + Here, we have discussed the topic-wise UPSC CAPF exam analysis 2024 based on the feedback of exam-takers who participated in the prelims exam.
• . What is the UPSC CAPF Exam Analysis 2024? + Candidates can check their performance level, overall difficulty level, and questions frequently tested through the UPSC CAPF exam review.

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Announcing the NeurIPS 2023 Paper Awards 

Communications Chairs 2023 2023 Conference awards , neurips2023

By Amir Globerson, Kate Saenko, Moritz Hardt, Sergey Levine and Comms Chair, Sahra Ghalebikesabi 

We are honored to announce the award-winning papers for NeurIPS 2023! This year’s prestigious awards consist of the Test of Time Award plus two Outstanding Paper Awards in each of these three categories: 

• Two Outstanding Main Track Papers 
• Two Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups 
• Two Outstanding Datasets and Benchmark Track Papers  

This year’s organizers received a record number of paper submissions. Of the 13,300 submitted papers that were reviewed by 968 Area Chairs, 98 senior area chairs, and 396 Ethics reviewers 3,540  were accepted after 502 papers were flagged for ethics reviews . 

We thank the awards committee for the main track: Yoav Artzi, Chelsea Finn, Ludwig Schmidt, Ricardo Silva, Isabel Valera, and Mengdi Wang. For the Datasets and Benchmarks track, we thank Sergio Escalera, Isabelle Guyon, Neil Lawrence, Dina Machuve, Olga Russakovsky, Hugo Jair Escalante, Deepti Ghadiyaram, and Serena Yeung. Conflicts of interest were taken into account in the decision process.

Congratulations to all the authors! See Posters Sessions Tue-Thur in Great Hall & B1-B2 (level 1).

Outstanding Main Track Papers

Privacy Auditing with One (1) Training Run Authors: Thomas Steinke · Milad Nasr · Matthew Jagielski

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #1523

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Room R06-R09 (level 2)

Abstract: We propose a scheme for auditing differentially private machine learning systems with a single training run. This exploits the parallelism of being able to add or remove multiple training examples independently. We analyze this using the connection between differential privacy and statistical generalization, which avoids the cost of group privacy. Our auditing scheme requires minimal assumptions about the algorithm and can be applied in the black-box or white-box setting. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by applying it to DP-SGD, where we can achieve meaningful empirical privacy lower bounds by training only one model. In contrast, standard methods would require training hundreds of models.

Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage? Authors: Rylan Schaeffer · Brando Miranda · Sanmi Koyejo

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #1108

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:20 p.m. — 3:35 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1) 

Abstract: Recent work claims that large language models display emergent abilities, abilities not present in smaller-scale models that are present in larger-scale models. What makes emergent abilities intriguing is two-fold: their sharpness, transitioning seemingly instantaneously from not present to present, and their unpredictability , appearing at seemingly unforeseeable model scales. Here, we present an alternative explanation for emergent abilities: that for a particular task and model family, when analyzing fixed model outputs, emergent abilities appear due to the researcher’s choice of metric rather than due to fundamental changes in model behavior with scale. Specifically, nonlinear or discontinuous metrics produce apparent emergent abilities, whereas linear or continuous metrics produce smooth, continuous, predictable changes in model performance. We present our alternative explanation in a simple mathematical model, then test it in three complementary ways: we (1) make, test and confirm three predictions on the effect of metric choice using the InstructGPT/GPT-3 family on tasks with claimed emergent abilities, (2) make, test and confirm two predictions about metric choices in a meta-analysis of emergent abilities on BIG-Bench; and (3) show how to choose metrics to produce never-before-seen seemingly emergent abilities in multiple vision tasks across diverse deep networks. Via all three analyses, we provide evidence that alleged emergent abilities evaporate with different metrics or with better statistics, and may not be a fundamental property of scaling AI models.

Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups

Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models Authors : Niklas Muennighoff · Alexander Rush · Boaz Barak · Teven Le Scao · Nouamane Tazi · Aleksandra Piktus · Sampo Pyysalo · Thomas Wolf · Colin Raffel

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #813

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1)  

Abstract : The current trend of scaling language models involves increasing both parameter count and training dataset size. Extrapolating this trend suggests that training dataset size may soon be limited by the amount of text data available on the internet. Motivated by this limit, we investigate scaling language models in data-constrained regimes. Specifically, we run a large set of experiments varying the extent of data repetition and compute budget, ranging up to 900 billion training tokens and 9 billion parameter models. We find that with constrained data for a fixed compute budget, training with up to 4 epochs of repeated data yields negligible changes to loss compared to having unique data. However, with more repetition, the value of adding compute eventually decays to zero. We propose and empirically validate a scaling law for compute optimality that accounts for the decreasing value of repeated tokens and excess parameters. Finally, we experiment with approaches mitigating data scarcity, including augmenting the training dataset with code data or removing commonly used filters. Models and datasets from our 400 training runs are freely available at https://github.com/huggingface/datablations .

Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model Authors: Rafael Rafailov · Archit Sharma · Eric Mitchell · Christopher D Manning · Stefano Ermon · Chelsea Finn

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #625

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:50 p.m. — 4:05 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)  

Abstract: While large-scale unsupervised language models (LMs) learn broad world knowledge and some reasoning skills, achieving precise control of their behavior is difficult due to the completely unsupervised nature of their training. Existing methods for gaining such steerability collect human labels of the relative quality of model generations and fine-tune the unsupervised LM to align with these preferences, often with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). However, RLHF is a complex and often unstable procedure, first fitting a reward model that reflects the human preferences, and then fine-tuning the large unsupervised LM using reinforcement learning to maximize this estimated reward without drifting too far from the original model. In this paper, we leverage a mapping between reward functions and optimal policies to show that this constrained reward maximization problem can be optimized exactly with a single stage of policy training, essentially solving a classification problem on the human preference data. The resulting algorithm, which we call Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), is stable, performant, and computationally lightweight, eliminating the need for fitting a reward model, sampling from the LM during fine-tuning, or performing significant hyperparameter tuning. Our experiments show that DPO can fine-tune LMs to align with human preferences as well as or better than existing methods. Notably, fine-tuning with DPO exceeds RLHF’s ability to control sentiment of generations and improves response quality in summarization and single-turn dialogue while being substantially simpler to implement and train.

Outstanding Datasets and Benchmarks Papers

In the dataset category : 

ClimSim: A large multi-scale dataset for hybrid physics-ML climate emulation

Authors:  Sungduk Yu · Walter Hannah · Liran Peng · Jerry Lin · Mohamed Aziz Bhouri · Ritwik Gupta · Björn Lütjens · Justus C. Will · Gunnar Behrens · Julius Busecke · Nora Loose · Charles Stern · Tom Beucler · Bryce Harrop · Benjamin Hillman · Andrea Jenney · Savannah L. Ferretti · Nana Liu · Animashree Anandkumar · Noah Brenowitz · Veronika Eyring · Nicholas Geneva · Pierre Gentine · Stephan Mandt · Jaideep Pathak · Akshay Subramaniam · Carl Vondrick · Rose Yu · Laure Zanna · Tian Zheng · Ryan Abernathey · Fiaz Ahmed · David Bader · Pierre Baldi · Elizabeth Barnes · Christopher Bretherton · Peter Caldwell · Wayne Chuang · Yilun Han · YU HUANG · Fernando Iglesias-Suarez · Sanket Jantre · Karthik Kashinath · Marat Khairoutdinov · Thorsten Kurth · Nicholas Lutsko · Po-Lun Ma · Griffin Mooers · J. David Neelin · David Randall · Sara Shamekh · Mark Taylor · Nathan Urban · Janni Yuval · Guang Zhang · Mike Pritchard

Poster session 4: Wed 13 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #105 

Oral: Wed 13 Dec 3:45 p.m. — 4:00 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)

Abstract: Modern climate projections lack adequate spatial and temporal resolution due to computational constraints. A consequence is inaccurate and imprecise predictions of critical processes such as storms. Hybrid methods that combine physics with machine learning (ML) have introduced a new generation of higher fidelity climate simulators that can sidestep Moore’s Law by outsourcing compute-hungry, short, high-resolution simulations to ML emulators. However, this hybrid ML-physics simulation approach requires domain-specific treatment and has been inaccessible to ML experts because of lack of training data and relevant, easy-to-use workflows. We present ClimSim, the largest-ever dataset designed for hybrid ML-physics research. It comprises multi-scale climate simulations, developed by a consortium of climate scientists and ML researchers. It consists of 5.7 billion pairs of multivariate input and output vectors that isolate the influence of locally-nested, high-resolution, high-fidelity physics on a host climate simulator’s macro-scale physical state. The dataset is global in coverage, spans multiple years at high sampling frequency, and is designed such that resulting emulators are compatible with downstream coupling into operational climate simulators. We implement a range of deterministic and stochastic regression baselines to highlight the ML challenges and their scoring. The data (https://huggingface.co/datasets/LEAP/ClimSim_high-res) and code (https://leap-stc.github.io/ClimSim) are released openly to support the development of hybrid ML-physics and high-fidelity climate simulations for the benefit of science and society.   

In the benchmark category :

DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models

Authors: Boxin Wang · Weixin Chen · Hengzhi Pei · Chulin Xie · Mintong Kang · Chenhui Zhang · Chejian Xu · Zidi Xiong · Ritik Dutta · Rylan Schaeffer · Sang Truong · Simran Arora · Mantas Mazeika · Dan Hendrycks · Zinan Lin · Yu Cheng · Sanmi Koyejo · Dawn Song · Bo Li

Poster session 1: Tue 12 Dec 10:45 a.m. — 12:45 p.m. CST, #1618  

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 10:30 a.m. — 10:45 a.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (Level 2)

Abstract: Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models have exhibited exciting progress in capabilities, capturing the interest of practitioners and the public alike. Yet, while the literature on the trustworthiness of GPT models remains limited, practitioners have proposed employing capable GPT models for sensitive applications to healthcare and finance – where mistakes can be costly. To this end, this work proposes a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation for large language models with a focus on GPT-4 and GPT-3.5, considering diverse perspectives – including toxicity, stereotype bias, adversarial robustness, out-of-distribution robustness, robustness on adversarial demonstrations, privacy, machine ethics, and fairness. Based on our evaluations, we discover previously unpublished vulnerabilities to trustworthiness threats. For instance, we find that GPT models can be easily misled to generate toxic and biased outputs and leak private information in both training data and conversation history. We also find that although GPT-4 is usually more trustworthy than GPT-3.5 on standard benchmarks, GPT-4 is more vulnerable given jailbreaking system or user prompts, potentially due to the reason that GPT-4 follows the (misleading) instructions more precisely. Our work illustrates a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation of GPT models and sheds light on the trustworthiness gaps. Our benchmark is publicly available at https://decodingtrust.github.io/.

Test of Time

This year, following the usual practice, we chose a NeurIPS paper from 10 years ago to receive the Test of Time Award, and “ Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality ” by Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean, won. 

Published at NeurIPS 2013 and cited over 40,000 times, the work introduced the seminal word embedding technique word2vec. Demonstrating the power of learning from large amounts of unstructured text, the work catalyzed progress that marked the beginning of a new era in natural language processing.

Greg Corrado and Jeffrey Dean will be giving a talk about this work and related research on Tuesday, 12 Dec at 3:05 – 3:25 pm CST in Hall F.  

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Semiconductor PFAS Consortium

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The Semiconductor PFAS Consortium is an international group of semiconductor industry stakeholders organized under the auspices of the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) to collect the technical data needed to formulate an industry approach to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) based on science. The scope includes:

• Gathering and vetting of technical PFAS-use information relevant to the semiconductor industry
• Developing socioeconomic impact analyses
• Providing tools needed to support industry commitments to track and reduce PFAS
• Identifying research needs and drafting plans to address them appropriately
• Developing technical reports, presentations, and position papers

The Consortium is not focused on advocacy.

The consortium membership is comprised of semiconductor manufacturers and members of the supply chain including chemical, material, and equipment suppliers. For more information, contact the PFAS Consortium at [email protected] .

Click the button below to access a peer reviewed journal article on the essential use of PFAS in the semiconductor photolithography process:

The essential use of fluorochemicals in lithographic patterning and semiconductor processing >

Technical Papers

These publications were developed by the Semiconductor PFAS Consortium technical working groups to document the role of PFAS in semiconductor manufacturing. This includes topic such as PFAS uses, functionality, the availability of alternatives, and the mapping of release pathways. The contents do not necessarily reflect the uses, views or stated policies of individual consortium members. The consortium prepared these papers to serve as the basis for a science-based industry approach to PFAS.

Click the image below to download your copy.

PFAS in Semiconductor Manufacturing Series

The Semiconductor PFAS Consortium released a series of technical papers summarizing semiconductor industry uses of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and the significant technical challenges to implementing alternatives if PFAS uses were restricted. Download all 10 papers by clicking the link below, or an individual paper by clicking its respective image.

download all 10 PFAS technical white papers>

Socioeconomic Papers

The Semiconductor PFAS Consortium commissioned the development of the papers below in order to provide insight into the socioeconomic consequences of a PFAS restriction in semiconductor manufacturing.

download both papers>

PFAS Release Mapping Series

The Semiconductor PFAS Consortium released a series of technical papers identifying the principal PFAS environmental release pathways in semiconductor manufacturing and provide a generalized template for the development of specific semiconductor PFAS release quantification models. Download all 7 papers by clicking the link below, or an individual paper by clicking its respective image.

download all 7 PFAS release mapping papers>

Consortium Project and One-off Papers

The Semiconductor PFAS Consortium annually funds a group of one-year long projects proposed and voted on by its members. The deliverables from completed projects are presented below.

Join the Semiconductor PFAS Consortium

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Essay Syllabus – Civil Services Mains Exam UPSC

Last updated on April 3, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

Table of Contents

Tips for UPSC Essay Paper from ClearIAS.com

Do keep in mind the below-mentioned tips. Following these strategies can make a huge boost in your Essay Paper marks .

• Try to write a few essays in full during your preparation, simulating the environment in the examination hall.
• Familiarize yourself with previous essays asked by UPSC so that you will have a clear picture of the type and standard of questions to be expected.
• UPSC/the examiner normally gives credit to new perspectives and fresh analysis.
• Avoid verbosity and flowery language. Use a simple style instead.
• You may use relevant quotes to reinforce your arguments. But never try to alter the quotes of great personalities.
• Good handwriting is always an asset. If your handwriting is not legible, put some effort into that area.
• Make your statements precise. Avoid guesses.
• The introductory paragraph should have clear indications about what you are going to write in the essay.
• You may show your inferences in the concluding paragraph.

Also read:   ClearIAS launches Essay Writing Course for UPSC

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About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

A trusted mentor and pioneer in online training , Alex's guidance, strategies, study-materials, and mock-exams have helped many aspirants to become IAS, IPS, and IFS officers.

Reader Interactions

October 16, 2015 at 12:03 am

Hello sir…. May I know what is the language to write an essay…. I mean English or hindi…thanks

August 8, 2016 at 7:44 pm

Your exam medium is essay langauge

July 7, 2022 at 1:37 am

What types of eassy come in upsc?

May 12, 2016 at 12:59 am

Hello sir…… May I know that what is trade under in IAS. & which is the best course after 12th & which is the best subjects for IAS preparation.

August 28, 2020 at 7:20 am

Make any one of the optional subject as your UG stream .it will help you in the preparation

May 23, 2016 at 7:03 am

plz suggest me books for essay in hindi and english language

October 5, 2016 at 12:25 pm

pls tell me good essay book of bengali version.

December 2, 2016 at 9:15 pm

January 7, 2017 at 4:53 pm

Wt is the medium of essay writing Any language…? We can choose

February 18, 2017 at 9:25 pm

suggest some topics for essay writing

October 13, 2017 at 3:24 pm

Which syllabus for essay writing

October 13, 2017 at 3:26 pm

which topics for essay writing tell me please

April 7, 2017 at 4:45 pm

One of the most discriptive and very helpful website for civil services aapirants..

November 8, 2018 at 1:36 pm

Sir IAS yaa IPS Ke liye physical yaa medical exam bhi dena hota h kya

November 22, 2018 at 11:45 am

PLEASE CLEAR CIVIL SERVICE MAINS PAPER A & B

August 5, 2019 at 9:49 am

my mother tongue is Bengali .can I give the mains exam in Bengali??

August 10, 2019 at 1:15 pm

Hello sir!! Can I know from which topic these essays will be given. Like, generally or from optional subjects we choose?!

September 14, 2019 at 12:39 pm

Go through the previous years question papers to find out what type of essay do UPSC ask

October 13, 2019 at 10:52 am

Sir , What are those tips & advices you are gonna give for school students who’s aim is to become an IAS officer ?

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