essay about lab rules

Lab Safety Rules and Guidelines Icons. Includes a spray bottle and bubbles to show proper cleaning practices, a lab coat and safety glasses to illustrate proper PPR, as well as icons in yellow triangles showing a hand having a test tube of liquid spilled on it and a hand with a bolt of electricity to show chemical and electrical hazards. A third yellow triangle has laser beams spreading in all directions to show laser hazards.

A set of icons meant to illustrate safety rules in the lab.

Lab Manager

Lab Safety Rules and Guidelines

A comprehensive round-up of common lab safety rules as well as frquently asked questions about lab safety to help you develop or update a set of policies for your own lab.

Jonathan Klane, M.S.Ed., CIH, CSP, CHMM, CIT, is senior safety editor for Lab Manager . His EHS and risk career spans more than three decades in various roles as a consultant, trainer, professor, embedded safety director for two colleges of engineering, and now writing for Lab Manager . He is a PhD candidate in human and social dimensions of science and technology at Arizona State University where he studies our risk perceptions and the effects of storytelling. He can be reached at: [email protected].

View Full Profile .

Learn about our Editorial Policies .

Rules, rules, rules. Labs need rules to operate well. Below, we focus on the rules specific to safety, hazards, and risks in labs. There are so many that you need to sort them by hazard types (like chemical hygiene, laser safety, or dress codes, for example).

Guidelines are also in plentiful supply when it comes to lab safety. But what’s the difference between a rule and a guideline? A rule is a mandatory must and a guideline is a voluntary should. Rules are often based on external regulatory requirements or internal policies. Guidelines are often in addition to the requirements and promote best practices . When it comes to lab risks, survival is usually based on those best practices.

Get training in Physical Hazards and earn CEUs .

One of over 25 IACET-accredited courses in the Academy.

Physical Hazards course

This comprehensive list can be used as an informative resource for your lab teams. So, review these lab safety rules and guidelines and share them with your lab folks. They just might save a life.

General lab safety rules

The following are rules that relate to almost every laboratory and should be included in most safety policies. They cover what you should know in the event of an emergency, proper signage , lab safety equipment, safely using laboratory equipment, and basic common-sense rules.

Be sure to read all fire alarm and lab safety symbols and signs and follow the instructions in the event of an accident or emergency.
Ensure you are fully aware of your facility's/building's evacuation procedures.
Make sure you know where your lab's safety equipment—including first aid kit(s), fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, and safety showers—is located and how to properly use it.
Know emergency phone numbers to use to call for help in case of an emergency.
Lab areas containing carcinogens, radioisotopes, biohazards, and lasers should be properly marked with the appropriate warning signs.
Open flames should never be used in the laboratory unless you have permission from a qualified supervisor.
Make sure you are aware of where your lab's exits and fire alarms are located.
An area of 36" diameter must be kept clear at all times around all fire sprinkler heads.
If there is a fire drill, be sure to turn off all electrical equipment and close all containers.
Always work in properly-ventilated areas.
Do not chew gum, drink, eat, or apply lip balm or cosmetics while working in the lab.
Laboratory glassware should never be used as food or beverage containers.
Each time you use glassware, be sure to check it for chips and cracks. Notify your lab supervisor of any damaged glassware so it can be properly disposed of or recycled.
Never use lab equipment that you are not approved or trained by your supervisor to operate.
If an instrument or piece of equipment fails during use, or isn't operating properly, report the issue to a technician right away. Never try to repair an equipment problem on your own.
If you are the last person to leave the lab, make sure to lock all the doors and turn off all ignition sources.
Do not work alone in the lab.
Never leave an ongoing experiment unattended.
Never lift any glassware, solutions, or other types of apparatus above eye level.
Never purposefully smell or taste chemicals.
Do not pipette by mouth.
Make sure you always follow the proper lab safety procedures for disposing of lab waste.
Report all injuries, accidents, and broken equipment or glass right away, even if the incident seems small or unimportant.
If you have been injured, yell out immediately and as loud as you can to ensure you get help.
In the event of a chemical splashing into your eye(s) or on your skin, immediately flush the affected area(s) with running water for at least 20 minutes.
If you notice any unsafe lab conditions , let your supervisor know as soon as possible.

Housekeeping safety rules

Laboratory housekeeping rules also apply to most facilities and deal with the basic upkeep, tidiness, and maintenance of a safe laboratory.

Always keep your work area(s) tidy and clean.
Make sure that all lab safety equipment , like eyewash stations, emergency showers, fire extinguishers, and exits are always unobstructed and accessible.
Only materials you require for your work should be kept in your work area. Everything else should be stored safely out of the way.
Only lightweight items should be stored on top of cabinets; heavier items should always be kept at waist height to avoid bending and lifting.
Solids should always be kept out of the laboratory sink.
Any equipment that requires air flow or ventilation to prevent overheating should always be kept clear.

Dress code safety rules

As you’d expect, laboratory dress codes set a clear policy for the clothing employees should avoid wearing to prevent accidents or injuries in the lab. For example, skirts and shorts might be nice for enjoying the warm weather outside, but quickly become a liability in the lab where skin can be exposed to heat or dangerous chemicals.

Always tie back hair that is chin-length or longer and as needed.
Make sure that loose clothing or dangling jewelry is removed, or avoid wearing it in the first place.
Never wear sandals or other open-toed shoes in the lab. Footwear must always cover the foot completely.
Never wear shorts or skirts in the lab.
When working with Bunsen burners, lighted splints, matches, etc., acrylic nails are not allowed.

Personal protection safety rules

Unlike laboratory dress code policies, rules for personal protection cover what employees must be wearing in the lab to protect themselves from various lab hazards, as well as basic hygiene rules to follow to avoid any sort of contamination.

Interested in Lab Leadership?

By subscribing, you agree to receive email related to Lab Manager content and products. You may unsubscribe at any time.

When working with equipment, hazardous materials, glassware, heat, and/or chemicals, always wear safety glasses or goggles, and additionally use a face shield as needed.
When handling any toxic or hazardous agent, always wear the appropriate gloves that resist the specific chemicals you’re working with.
When performing laboratory experiments, you must always wear a lab coat.
Before leaving the lab or eating, always wash your hands.
After performing an experiment, you should always wash your hands with soap and water.
When using lab equipment and chemicals, be sure to keep your hands away from your body, mouth, eyes, face, and items you’ll handle after removing your gloves (e.g., your phone, laptop).

Chemical safety rules

Since almost every lab uses chemicals of some sort, chemical lab safety rules are a must. Following these policies helps employees avoid spills and other accidents, as well as damage to the environment outside of the lab. These rules also set a clear procedure for employees to follow in the event that a spill does occur to ensure it is cleaned up properly and injuries are avoided.

Every chemical should be treated as though it were dangerous.
Do not allow any solvent to come into contact with your skin.
All chemicals should always be clearly labeled with the name of the substance, its concentration, the date it was received, and the name of the person responsible for it.
Before removing any of the contents from a chemical bottle, read the label twice.
Never take more chemicals from a bottle than you need for your work.
Do not put unused chemicals back into their original container.
Chemicals or other materials should never be taken out of the laboratory.
Chemicals should never be mixed in sink drains.
Flammable and volatile chemicals should only be used in a fume hood.
If a chemical spill occurs, clean it up right away.
Ensure that all chemical waste is disposed of properly.

Chemistry lab safety rules

As chemistry labs are one of the most common types, these basic chemistry lab safety rules are relevant to many scientists, dealing with the safe performance of common activities and tasks in the average chemistry lab:

Before you start an experiment, make sure you are fully aware of the hazards of the materials you'll be using.
When refluxing, distilling, or transferring volatile liquids, always exercise extreme caution.
Use smaller amounts and containers as able. When transferring a solvent, ensure proper bonding and grounding. Make sure that containers are always labeled appropriately.
Never pour chemicals that have been used back into the stock container.
Never tap flasks that are under vacuum.
Chemicals should never be mixed, measured, or heated in front of your face.
Water should not be poured into concentrated acid. Instead, pour acid slowly into water while stirring constantly. In many cases, mixing acid with water is exothermic. Remember the saying, “Add acid to water, just like you oughta.”

Electrical safety rules

Like almost every other workplace, laboratories contain electronic equipment. Electrical lab safety rules help prevent the misuse of electronic instruments, electric shocks, and other injuries, and ensure that any damaged equipment, cords, or plugs are reported to the appropriate authorities so they can be repaired or replaced.

Before using any high voltage equipment (voltages above 50Vrms ac and 50V dc) or high amperage current, make sure you get permission from your lab supervisor.
High voltage equipment should never be changed or modified in any way.
Always turn off a high voltage power supply when you are attaching it.
Use only one hand if you need to adjust any high voltage equipment. It's safest to place your other hand either behind your back or in a pocket.
Make sure all electrical panels are unobstructed and easily accessible.
Whenever you can, avoid using extension cords.

Laser safety rules

Perhaps not as common as some of the other lab safety rules listed here, many laboratories do use lasers and it’s important to follow some key rules of thumb to prevent injuries. In particular, lab safety accidents due to reflection are something that many employees may not think about. A clear set of lab safety rules for the use of lasers is essential to ensure that everyone is aware of all hazards and that the appropriate personal protective equipment is worn at all times.

Even if you are certain that a laser beam is "eye" safe or low power, you should never look into it.
Always wear the appropriate goggles in areas of the lab where lasers are present. The most common laser injuries are those caused by scattered laser light reflecting either off the shiny surface of optical tables, the sides of mirrors, or off of mountings. Use laser curtains and signs. Goggles rated for that laser and frequency will help you avoid damage from such scattered light.
You should never keep your head at the same level as the laser beam.
Always keep the laser beam at or below chest level.
Laser beams should never be allowed to spread into the lab. Beam stops should always be used to intercept laser beams.
Do not walk through laser beams.

Lab safety: Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the most important lab safety rule?

A: The most important lab safety rule is “Always perform a risk assessment”—it trumps all other science safety rules. Risk assessing is the key to all aspects of lab rules and safety. If you always assess risk, you should be successful in minimizing or even eliminating any bad or unexpected outcomes.

Q: What PPE is needed in the laboratory?

A: PPE in science labs should always include safety glasses or goggles, chemical-resistant gloves, and a lab coat. Other PPE may be needed depending on the hazards and risks in the lab. With PPE, you also need proper lab safety attire—covered from the neck down—no bare arms, legs, or toes.

Q: What is the first step in lab safety?

A: The first step in lab safety is to recognize and respect the hazards and risks. Once you accept the realities of the safety issues, the rest should come naturally. You start to look at the chemicals, equipment, processes, experiments, and controls in a new and more productive way. Open your eyes, then open your mind.

Q: Who is responsible for lab safety?

A: You are, the PI or teacher is, your classmates or other researchers are, EHS is, risk management is, institutional or organizational leadership is, and I am. We all are. It must be a group ethos, part of a true culture of lab safety, where we all care about each other’s safety and openly discuss risk. Without positive group norms and behaviors, we are lost, and risk is ever-present.

Q: What are the legal aspects for consideration when it comes to lab safety?

A: In the US, the standard is “do what a reasonable and prudent person would do to not cause harm.” That is the standard language for negligence, and no one wants to be negligent and cause harm. It’s purposefully an open-ended, performance-based standard of care. As part of this, we have a “duty to warn”—thus the need for signs, labels, training, and effective risk communication.

About the Author

Jonathan Klane, M.S.Ed., CIH, CSP, CHMM, CIT

The Power of Soft Skills

Transforming lab culture through effective communication and leadership

Cannabis Testing

Solutions for Cold Storage Sustainability

Transformations in Cannabis: Automation and Beyond

Implementing Advanced Cold Storage Solutions

Stay Connected with Environmental News

Click below to subscribe to Environmental Tools & Techniques eNewsletter!

Skip to main content
Skip to secondary menu
Skip to primary sidebar
Skip to footer

A Plus Topper

Improve your Grades

Lab Safety Essay | Safety in The Lab, Importance of Lab Safety Essay in English

December 27, 2021 by Prasanna

Lab Safety Essay: If you’re an aspiring chemist or lab technician, then this essay is for you! There are many dangers that surround the lab, and you must be aware of them if you want to prevent injury or even death. This essay explores the safest and most effective methods of keeping yourself and your coworkers safe while in a lab.

You can also find more Essay Writing articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Safety In The Lab

Laboratory safety is a broad term that refers to the safe use of a lab and its associated equipment. There are many different aspects to laboratory safety, including chemical hygiene, hazard identification and risk assessment, as well as work-place injury prevention. Laboratory accidents can occur at any time and could result in serious injury or even death. One of the most common accidents in the lab are chemical fires. Chemical fires can occur when flammable materials are exposed to an open flame or spark. They result in burns, blindness, and death if left untreated.

The majority of chemical fires are caused due to careless handling and human errors – such as the storage of combustible materials near the ceiling or in inaccessible areas. If a fire occurs, it can spread rapidly and cause large amounts of damage to the lab and other areas in the building. Some examples of flammable materials include: alcohol, butane, gasoline, gasoline vapors, acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, kerosene, lacquer thinner, propane, methane, etc. Following are a few important rules to be followed when working in a lab

Use gloves when handling chemicals. Whenever you are handling chemicals, it is important to use gloves. Since the skin has the potential to absorb chemicals into the body, gloves should be worn to avoid contact with harmful substances.
Open chemicals in a well-ventilated area. Prior to beginning an experiment, make sure the laboratory is well-ventilated and all chemicals and equipment are in good working order.
Use the appropriate sized container for the chemical being handled. Chemical containers are marked with various sizes to show the volume of liquid that the container is capable of holding. These markings are in liters or milliliters and help identify the best container for the chemical being handled.
Clean up spills immediately, using the appropriate solvent or solids. It’s important to use the appropriate solvent to avoid damage, and to do it as soon as possible.
Do not eat or drink in the lab. Eating or drinking in the lab is not allowed because it can lead to contamination.
Before starting any experiment, it is important to have the appropriate safety equipment. The most important safety equipment is a lab coat. Protective goggles are also recommended.

What To Do If You Come Into Contact With Hazardous Substances?

The most important thing you can do is be aware of your surroundings. If you see something, say something immediately to someone else in the lab or a supervisor. If you need to work with hazardous substances, remember to put on protective gear. If you come into contact with a hazardous substance, then follow these steps:

Evacuate the lab if it is safe to do so. Sometimes, it is necessary to evacuate the lab for safety reasons. If there is a fire, chemical spill or other emergency that requires evacuation, all employees should evacuate the building immediately.
Get medical attention if needed. Injuries sustained in the lab must be treated. Rinse the wound with saline or clean water and cover it with a sterile dressing if available. If exposed to dangerous substances, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. The risk of infection increases dramatically after the first few hours. If left untreated, an infection can lead to life-threatening problems such as sepsis or gangrene.
Report the spill to your supervisor. When a spill occurs, it is important to report it to your supervisor. The spill should be cleaned up quickly and everyone in the area must be notified.
Wash your hands, face, and other parts of the body. Chemical exposure can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and other health problems. Washing exposed areas after handling chemicals is the best way to protect yourself and avoid potential hazards.
Change or dispose of your clothes if exposed to ionizing radiation. The most important thing to do in case of nuclear radiation exposure is to change or dispose of your clothes and shoes. Even if you haven’t been exposed to any radiation, it’s important to take precautions and securely dispose of your clothes as soon as possible.

Prudent Practices in Educational Institutions

Chemical safety is an important issue for labs, and many chemistry labs will have a designated chemical safety officer. When working with chemicals, it’s important to know how to handle them safely and how to store them safely as well. It is also important to understand how to properly dispose of hazardous chemicals, and to know who is responsible for their disposal. The lab management team should make sure that all members are on board with the lab’s policies and procedures. Safety glasses, dust masks, and gloves should be worn when handling potentially dangerous chemicals.

All chemical containers should have labels with the name and appropriate chemical hazards noted. For example, if a lab uses solutions or solutions containing acids, then the labels should have a warning statement of what to do if the solution gets in the eyes, and how to wash off acid spills. Laboratory glassware should be labeled with identification as to what it contains, including name and chemical hazards. Volatile chemicals should not be stored in the same container as other chemicals. If a container is punctured, it should be immediately contained. If a chemical spills, it should be cleaned up immediately by rinsing with appropriate chemicals. Also, never eat, drink or smoke in a lab setting.

Key Takeaways of Lab Safety

Laboratory safety is a significant concern. In order to keep your laboratory as safe as possible, it’s important to follow some general lab safety rules. Every lab should have a fire alarm and evacuation plan. Some labs even have smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors. Also, ask your facility manager or staff if they have a safety committee that oversees the safety practices for your lab. The following are rules that relate to almost every laboratory, which is the focus of this essay.

Pipettes, thermometers and other lab tools should be cleaned after use.
Glassware and other materials may need to be well rinsed with relevant solutions or other disinfectants before reuse.
Properly sterilize all equipment to minimize cross contamination. For example, all pipettes should be thoroughly cleaned in an autoclave before use. Disposable glassware should be cleaned with a hot, soapy water solution. The dishwasher is not suitable for glassware, because the heating elements can break bits off the dishes as they are being washed.
Laboratory waste should be handled and disposed of in a proper manner. It should never be thrown away with the regular weekly garbage. The waste should be carefully removed from the laboratory and deposited in a designated place. Most labs will set aside a small waste container for different types of wastes.
Be sure to read all safety signs on your lab’s bulletin boards.
Also, beware of any safety violations your lab may have.
Safety rules and protocols are designed to keep you safe, hence follow them strictly.
If chemicals must be disposed of, try to dispose of them correctly. For instance, some chemicals should never be poured down the drain or thrown away in the trash. Chemicals that are dangerous should be taken to the hazardous waste site.
Proper disposal of chemicals will help prevent accidents and unnecessary exposures to people and the environment.
Moreover, be aware of how hazardous chemicals can affect your body. For instance, acetone is very flammable. Acetone will burn your eyes and skin if you breathe it in, but once it comes into contact with the air or skin, it will burn. The fumes are also irritating, and chronic exposure can cause respiratory problems. Rubber gloves will protect your skin from chemical burns. Acidic liquids are corrosive and can damage metals, wood, and synthetic materials. Acids can also react with bases to produce dangerous fumes. Some acid spills are not easily cleaned up and tend to leave behind corrosive residue. Acid spills can also cause damage to sensitive electronic or metal equipment. Also, try to use bunds, spill kits, and spill pallets to contain acid spills.

Conclusion on Lab Safety Essay

There are many factors to consider when making laboratory safety plans. The most important factor is having a plan for all of the chemicals in your lab. You should also have a plan for emergency situations that involve spills or fires as well as how you will respond to emergency situations.

FAQ’s on Lab Safety Essay

Question 1. How do you stay safe in a lab?

Answer: In a lab, safety is of the utmost importance. There are many types of hazards in a lab, so take the time to learn about the risks and how to protect yourself against them.

Question 2. What is the first rule of lab safety?

Answer: The first rule of lab safety is to never work alone. This rule is especially important when working with hazardous substances.

Question 3. What are some Do and Don’ts in the laboratory?

Answer: Do:

Wear safety glasses and protective clothing
Wipe spills and prevent contamination
Wash hands before working

Don’t:

Eat-in the lab
Touch volatile or dangerous chemicals
Touch lab equipment without washing hands
Picture Dictionary
English Speech
English Slogans
English Letter Writing
English Essay Writing
English Textbook Answers
Types of Certificates
ICSE Solutions
Selina ICSE Solutions
ML Aggarwal Solutions
HSSLive Plus One
HSSLive Plus Two
Kerala SSLC
Distance Education

How to Write a Lab Report: Tips from Academic Researchers

Lab reports bridge the gap between classroom theory and laboratory practice. Writing a solid lab report demonstrates your understanding of the course material to your professor and shows your ability to apply these concepts in a practical setting. Let’s talk about how to write a lab report efficiently!

What is a Lab Report?

A lab report is a detailed playbook that guides you through your experiments in the lab. You don’t just do experiments: you write them up so that readers can see and understand how and why you did it and the results and implications of experimenting. The fundamental goal of lab report writing is to show that you can think critically, apply theories in practice, and effectively communicate your results. Lab reports are essential in Chemistry and Biology and are also required in fields like Sociology, Engineering, Nursing, and Forensic Studies. For example:

Sociology researchers explore behavioural experiments or surveys
Engineering students could be testing materials or new designs
Nursing scholars often delve into clinical studies or simulations
Forensic Studies are about crime scene investigations and analysis

Each field uses the lab report to force students to apply theory to practice, develop skills outside the lab, and engage in learning and professional growth. The UK writing service is a reliable solution if you have any challenges writing a lab report. It provides expert assistance to guide you through writing complexities, ensuring your reports comply with academic standards.

How Long Should a Lab Report Be?

The length of the report on lab work depends on the complexity of the experiment and the course requirements. However, most lab reports, including figures and graphs, are usually 2 to 10 pages long. The required report length is usually specified in the assignment, as there are no strict limits for this type of work.

What are the Rules For Writing a Lab Report?

A lab report must be clear and concise, written logically, using the past tense and third person, and include all the data and findings. A professional lab report writer can help you enhance the quality of your report by providing a lab report template, making it easier for you to communicate your research effectively and meet academic standards.

What is the Writing Style of a Lab Report?

A lab report should be written formally and objectively, avoiding personal pronouns and always aiming to communicate clearly and precisely. For this type of scientific work, it is better to use passive voice to shift the focus from the researcher to the action or the research subject. For example, " The solution was heated " rather than " We heated the solution. "

What Should Not Be Included In a Lab Report?

Do not add irrelevant details, personal opinions, or speculative statements to a lab report. Ensure the report discusses only factual and supported observations and stays focused on the experiment and its results.

How to Write a Lab Report: Structure with Examples

A proper lab report structure is essential to format it neatly and ensure every part communicates a specific aspect of your experiment. A well-organised lab report can enhance the reception of your scientific investigation by clearly presenting your methods and demonstrating rigorous methodology. Let’s look at each lab report section in detail to understand its purpose and importance.

1. Title Page: Your lab report cover page, front, or title page must present the first impression. The lab report title page has the leading information: you should describe the experimental topic accurately and concisely. This page will have all the contributors to the report (e.g., group members and instructors) and the date when the experiment took place.

2. Abstract: A lab report abstract summarises the whole report in an independent synopsis around 150-200 words. It briefly touches on what the experiment aimed to test, the methodology, the most significant findings, and the main conclusion. Abstracts are helpful because other researchers and students can quickly understand the work’s relevant context, determining whether or not the full report requires a thorough reading. Example:

This experiment investigated the effect of sunlight exposure on the growth of basil plants. It measured the changes in the height and number of leaves per basil plant grown under four different lighting conditions for 14 days. The results suggested that plants exposed to sunlight for at least six hours a day had grown 50 per cent larger than those exposed to less light.

3. Introduction: A lab report introduction explains the background information and sets up the experiment. It describes the scientific theory or principle being tested, lists the specific goals or hypotheses to be confirmed, and defines the experiment’s importance and relevance to the field. With professional report writing help , you can learn how to write lab report introductions that effectively communicate the necessary context. Expert guidance enables you to structure your thoughts coherently, refining your scientific narrative and enhancing the overall quality of your lab report.

4. Methods and Materials (Equipment): This section describes all the materials, tools, and procedures used in the experiment. It should include the precise chemical concentrations, brand models of the instruments, and a detailed description of the set-up that should allow the experiment to be done exactly as before by others. It is another pillar of the scientific method. Transparency is essential for the research process. It serves as a control for checks and validation by the broader scientific community so that results can be trusted and used as a basis for future research. Here’s a lab report example of the Methods and Materials section. For example:

We had four basil plants, a ruler, a light meter, and four environments: full sun, partial shade, indoors with artificial light, and complete darkness, in which we measured how each plant grew every two days.

5. Experimental Procedure: Next to it, in the Experimental Procedure section, comes a day-by-day account of what was done, a chronological record of every action and condition that occurred, from the initial measurement to the final result, all in language that is as detailed as possible. This way, if another researcher wants to repeat the experiment, they can do so under identical conditions. The section of a laboratory experiment report is crucial for verifying scientific findings, troubleshooting issues, and refining experiments through peer review.

6. Results: The Results section of a lab report is carefully structured and presented objectively, using the data collected during the experiment. The lab report format of this section usually includes tables, charts, or graphs to visually condense information. It is a crucial element, as everything that follows is an analysis, discussion, and conclusion based on the empirical findings of this section, which substantiates the report and identifies the work as scientific.

7. Discussion: The Discussion section analyses how the results relate to the original hypothesis and the broader field of research. Here, you interpret the data, assessing how the findings align with or challenge existing knowledge. This section should address any unexpected results, their potential implications, and possible reasons for their occurrence. The lab report discussion extends the impact of the findings, considering their practical or theoretical significance, connecting them to broader scientific concepts, and suggesting areas for further research.

8. Conclusion: The lab report conclusion states the experiment's results, repeating how they work with the hypothesis and discussing general implications. It should summarise the research's accomplishments, critical successes, and limitations shortly. It also generally includes discussing what could be studied next and mentioning how future research could build on the present experiment. This part of the report brings a sense of closure to the study, leaving the reader with a clear understanding of what was done and why this matters to the field. Look at the example:

The experiment results show that the hypothesis that plants exposed to more sunlight will grow more than others is supported. The basil plants exposed to full sunlight grew more than those in the other conditions. More research can be done to find out how different light spectrums may affect plant growth.

9. References: The References section is a crucial element of the report, as it lists all sources the experiment was based on and which informed the report's writing. By accurately citing their sources, readers can follow the origin of ideas or findings introduced in the report, assess the basis and limits of the reporting, and access the sources for further study. The appendix lab report section should be placed after the References section and include supplementary material that isn’t essential to the main text of the report.

In Conclusion

Learning how to write a lab report isn’t just an integral part of your studies – it has a lasting impact on how your scientific investigation is received. If you learn how to write a university lab report, you’ll demonstrate that you grasp the rules of scientific research. It also showcases a valuable skill: your ability to communicate effectively. Getting this skill right can impact your grades and future academic and workplace career prospects.

The more you enhance your ability to write concise, clear, and well-organised lab reports, the better you'll be for success in any job, whether in research, industry, or any field requiring precise and clear communication.

How to End a Personal Statement With Impact
6 Tips For Finding The Best Essay Topics
Presentation Ideas for Students: Easy and Unique Topics
Business Research Topics: Selected by Experts

Writers are verified and tested to comply with quality standards.

Work is completed in time and delivered before deadline.

Wide range of subjects and topics of any difficulty covered.

Read testimonials to learn why customers trust us.

See how it works from order placement to delivery.

Client id #: 000359

THANKS! The writer was polite and responded to messages quickly. I'm very grateful for your help!

Client id #: 000349

You are the best writers I’ve ever worked with 💗 How you did my thesis is amazing. The work met the standards and my instructions, for which I thank you!!!!)

Client id #: 000356

Thanks to this service, I forgot how writing an essay on my own feels. I’ve ordered essays from them 8 times, and they have never let me down. The more I order, the bigger the discount - I like that.

studpaper.com

Home / Samples / Business / Essay Sample: Argumentative Essay on Why Lab Rules Are Important

Essay Sample: Argumentative Essay on Why Lab Rules Are Important

Title: The Crucial Role of Lab Rules: Ensuring Safety and Scientific Integrity

Introduction

Laboratories are the epicenters of scientific exploration and discovery. These hallowed spaces are where scientists push the boundaries of human knowledge, conduct groundbreaking experiments, and unravel the mysteries of the natural world. However, the path to scientific progress is not without its challenges and hazards. This is where lab rules step in, playing a pivotal role in safeguarding both the researchers and the integrity of the scientific process. In this argumentative essay, we will explore why lab rules are of paramount importance, delving into their crucial roles in ensuring safety, promoting ethical conduct, and upholding the quality of scientific research.

I. Ensuring Safety

A fundamental purpose of lab rules is to prioritize the safety of individuals working within the laboratory environment. Labs are replete with potentially dangerous substances, volatile reactions, and intricate equipment that can pose serious risks if mishandled. Here are several reasons why lab rules are essential for ensuring safety:

1.1. Preventing Accidents

Laboratory accidents can have devastating consequences, including chemical burns, fires, explosions, and exposure to toxic substances. Lab rules establish guidelines for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials, significantly reducing the risk of accidents.

1.2. Protecting Researchers

Researchers are the lifeblood of scientific progress, and their safety is paramount. Lab rules mandate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats, to shield researchers from potential harm. They also provide protocols for emergency responses in case of accidents.

1.3. Minimizing Environmental Impact

In addition to human safety, lab rules also address environmental concerns. Proper disposal of chemicals and adherence to waste management guidelines ensure that hazardous substances do not harm the environment or contaminate water sources.

II. Promoting Ethical Conduct

Scientific research relies on the principles of honesty, integrity, and transparency. Lab rules play a vital role in promoting ethical conduct within the scientific community. Here are several reasons why lab rules are crucial for upholding ethical standards:

2.1. Preventing Plagiarism and Data Manipulation

Lab rules often include guidelines on authorship, data handling, and reporting. By specifying how data should be collected, analyzed, and presented, these rules discourage plagiarism and data manipulation, safeguarding the credibility of scientific findings.

2.2. Ensuring Proper Attribution

Scientific discoveries are built upon the work of predecessors. Lab rules mandate proper citation and attribution, ensuring that researchers give credit to those who paved the way for their experiments. This fosters a culture of intellectual honesty and respect.

2.3. Upholding Ethical Research Practices

Ethical research involves obtaining informed consent from human subjects, treating animals with care, and adhering to ethical guidelines. Lab rules often incorporate ethical considerations, reinforcing the importance of conducting research with integrity and compassion.

III. Upholding the Quality of Scientific Research

The reliability and quality of scientific research are paramount. Lab rules are instrumental in maintaining these standards by providing a structured framework for conducting experiments and collecting data. Here are several reasons why lab rules are vital for upholding research quality:

3.1. Standardizing Procedures

In a laboratory setting, consistency is key. Lab rules establish standardized procedures for conducting experiments, ensuring that researchers follow a uniform methodology. This consistency is essential for replicability and verification of results.

3.2. Minimizing Bias

Scientific objectivity is crucial to producing unbiased results. Lab rules often include guidelines for minimizing bias in experimental design, data collection, and data analysis. This helps to prevent unintentional skewing of results.

3.3. Enhancing Accountability

Lab rules create a framework for accountability. Researchers are accountable for their actions, and adherence to established rules ensures that their work can be scrutinized by peers and the wider scientific community. This transparency fosters trust in the research process.

Lab rules are the bedrock upon which the edifice of scientific research rests. They serve as guardians of safety, ethics, and quality, ensuring that the pursuit of knowledge remains a noble and responsible endeavor. From preventing accidents and promoting ethical conduct to upholding research quality, lab rules are indispensable in the laboratory. As we continue to explore the frontiers of science, let us not forget that the rules that govern our labs are the silent sentinels that protect us and the integrity of our discoveries.

Related Samples:

Essay Sample: Lab Safety Essay
Essay Sample: Why Is Lab Safety Important Essay
Essay Sample: 14 Leadership Traits USMC Essay
Essay Sample: Theories Relate to Company Culture and Climate: Analytical Essay
Essay Sample: Comparative Analysis of Extracellular Polysaccharide Production by Dairy Milk Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria Grown on De Man, Rogosa, And Sharpe Medium
Essay Sample: The Desire to Become Real Estate Manager Essay

Looking for this or a Similar Assignment? Click below to Place your Order

Request for Studpaper Writing Service Today!

With a team of over 1500 homework writing experts, we are prepared and eager to assist you in enhancing your writing skills

Who We Are Contact Us FAQs

Blog Pricing Samples Expert

Using this writing service is legal and is not prohibited by any university/college policies. MD: Looking for technical writing help? Get professional technical writing help from our academic experts

The papers we provide at Studpaper should serve as model and reference papers for our clients. These research papers should solely be used for reference purposes.

Lab safety Rules and Precautions

A laboratory is a place bound by rules to ensure the safety of everyone. There are precautions to observe and safety measures to follow.

Safety rules in the laboratory are all the more crucial, especially now that we are in the midst of the pandemic.

The following has to be observed when you are in the laboratory:

Safety Precautions in the laboratory in the time of Covid-19

Limit close contact – Distance from one another must be observed at all times. Movement should also be limited to essential trips.
If possible, work remotely or stagger shifts to minimize the number of people in the lab.
Observe proper hand hygiene at all times. There should be a hand washing station and a hand sanitizing area.
Frequently touched surfaces must be kept clean and sanitized using products that meet the criteria set by the Environmental Protection Agency. It includes laboratory equipment and cabinet handles. Make sure to wear personal protective equipment while cleaning and sanitizing the lab.
If someone in the lab is positive of Covid-19, the protocols established by the Center for Disease Control should be followed. Track the areas used by the infected person and clean and decontaminate it using EPA-recommended disinfectant.

General safety rules in the laboratory

Be mindful of the safety signs and fire alarm. In case of an emergency, make sure you strictly follow safety and escape instructions.
Make sure you know your building’s evacuation procedures.
Know your laboratory equipment’s storage area and place of designation, especially those needed in times of emergency like:
First aid kits
Eyewash stations
Safety showers
Fire extinguishers
Memorize emergency phone numbers as it is seemingly beneficial during an emergency.
Appropriate warning signs must be placed and emphasized when working in a laboratory filled with hazardous materials like radioisotopes, lasers, biohazards, and carcinogens.
Avoid using open flames in the laboratory unless permitted by a qualified supervisor.
Familiarize the laboratory’s settings, especially the location of fire alarms and exits.
When doing a fire drill, see to it that electrical equipment is turned off and all containers are closed.
Make sure that the laboratory is well-ventilated, especially if you are working on something.
A big NO when inside the laboratory – eating, drinking, and chewing gums.
Laboratory apparatus such as glassware should be used for laboratory activities alone. Do not use it as a food container.
When using glass lab equipment, you should always check for any signs of chipping or the presence of cracks. Inform your lab supervisor should there be any damage to the equipment.
Use only equipment you are trained to handle. If you don’t know how to use it, then don’t use it to avoid any problems.
Report to the lab technician if any laboratory tools and equipment are not functioning properly. Do not attempt to do a repair on your own.
If you are in-charge to close the lab, do your part in making sure that all ignition sources are closed and doors are locked.
As much as possible, avoid working alone in the lab.
Make sure you complete the experiment. If it needs to be left for some time, see to it that there is someone looking after it. Do not leave your experiment unattended.
When working with solutions or any glassware, make sure that it is within your eye level. Do not lift it above your eye level to avoid the solution from dripping. Do not smell or taste chemicals as they can be extremely hazardous.
Follow proper lab waste disposal procedures.
Any incidents that resulted in broken equipment, tools, and injuries should be reported no matter how minor it is.
If you sustained an injury, ask for help immediately.
If the chemicals you are working with splashes into your eyes or skin, immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Inform your supervisor the soonest time possible if you notice any unsafe conditions.

Also see : Lab safety symbols and their meanings

Housekeeping safety rules

Keep your work area clean at all times.
Make emergency stations accessible and unobstructed, specifically emergency showers, eyewash stations, exit areas, and fire extinguishers.
Work areas are designated for materials and tools used for lab-related works.
When storing items on the cabinet, the heavy materials should be placed at the bottom while the light materials should be stored on top.
Keep solids away from the lab sink.
Equipment that needs ventilation (airflow) must be kept clear to avoid overheating.

Laboratory Dress Code

There are clothing materials that must be worn inside the laboratory and there are those that need not be worn such as shorts and skirts. When going inside the laboratory, make sure that the following is carefully observed:

Hair that is chin-length or longer must be tied back.
Keep loose clothing and dangling jewelry secure. As much as possible, do not wear them in the laboratory.
Use proper footwear. Do not wear sandals or open-toed shoes. The footwear should completely cover the foot.
Wearing the proper clothing is a must. Do not wear shorts or skirts.
Remove acrylic nails when working with fire or things that could ignite fire such as lighted splints, matches, and Bunsen burners.

Personal Protection Safety Measures

It pertains to what lab personnel should wear to protect themselves from lab hazards and to observe proper hygiene, and avoid contamination.

Wear face shields and safety glasses when working with hazardous materials, chemicals, heat, and glassware.
Gloves should be worn when handling toxic or hazardous agents.
A smock or lab coat is worn when performing laboratory experiments.
Wash your hands before entering and after leaving the lab using clean water and soap.
When working with chemicals and performing experiments in general, you should refrain from touching your eyes, mouth, face, and other sensitive areas of the body.

Safety Rules When Handling Chemicals

Chemicals are one of the must-have items in the laboratory. Safety rules in handling chemicals in the laboratory have to be followed to avoid spills and chemical-related accidents.

All chemicals in the lab setting must be treated as dangerous.
Make sure that chemicals will not come in contact with your skin.
Chemicals should be labeled correctly: name, concentration, date received, and the name of the person responsible for it.
Read the label a few times before pouring the content from a chemical bottle.
Take only the chemical you need.
Unused chemicals should not be put back in the original container.
Chemicals and other laboratory solutions and materials should not be taken away from the lab.
Chemicals should not be mixed in the sink drain.
The fume hood is the designated place for chemicals tagged as volatile or flammable.
In the case of chemical spills, it should be cleaned immediately.
Observe proper chemical waste disposal.

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules

Check the materials you are going to use and be aware of the hazards they bring.
Exercise extreme caution when refluxing, distilling, and transferring highly volatile liquids.
Pour chemicals from a large container to a smaller container.
Do not pour chemicals back into the stock container.
Never tap vacuum flask.
Be very mindful when handling chemicals. Do not mix, measure, or heat chemicals in front of your face.
Avoid pouring water into concentrated acid. The best way is to pour the acid slowly into the water while constantly stirring the water.

Electrical Safety Measures

Electrical equipment can be found in a laboratory setting. It prevents errors in using electronic instruments, electric shocks, and other related injuries. The following has to be observed when dealing with electrical equipment in the lab:

Ask permission from your laboratory supervisor before using high-voltage equipment.
Make sure you do not modify or change the setting of high-voltage equipment.
When attaching a high-voltage power supply, make sure you turn it off.
Use one hand when adjusting high-voltage equipment. Your other hand should be placed behind your back or in your pocket.
As much as possible, do not use extension cords.

Safety Rules When Using Laser

Many labs use lasers and lab personnel must strictly follow safety precautions when working with a laser to prevent injuries.

Never look into the laser beam even if it is tagged as low power or safe for your eyes.
Whenever lasers are present, you have to protect your eyes by wearing the right goggles. There are different types of laser-related injuries but the most common ones are caused by scattered laser light that reflects off the shiny surface of the side of the mirror, optical tables, and mountings. If you are wearing goggles, your eyes will be protected from laser’s scattered light.
Make sure your head is not at the same level as the laser beam. The laser beam should be below or at chest level.
Avoid laser beams from spreading into the lab by using beam stops.
Avoid walking through the laser beams.
https://ehs.okstate.edu/general-laboratory-safety-rules.html
https://www.labmanager.com/lab-health-and-safety/science-laboratory-safety-rules-guidelines-5727
https://conductscience.com/laboratory-safety-rules-and-guidelines/
https://www.thoughtco.com/important-lab-safety-rules-608156
https://www.csus.edu/indiv/r/reihmanm/b12safe.htm
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/debeck_pt/science/safety.htm
https://wp.stolaf.edu/chemical-hygiene/general-lab-safety-rules/
https://ehs.stonybrook.edu/programs/laboratory-safety/lab-safety-guide
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHA3404laboratory-safety-guidance.pdf
http://bookbuilder.cast.org/view_print.php?book=52628

The reminders and precautions provided were all considered and acknowledge! Thank you for the heads up!

I acknowledge full comprehension of all precautions and reminders, Thankyou!

All precautionary measures herein discussed and reminded are well taken with full comprehension. Thank you.

All of the safety precautions that are mentioned and emphasized here are fully understood and implemented. Thankyou.

Biology Lab Safety Rules

Follow These Rules to Keep Safe While Experimenting

Troy House/Getty Images

Cell Biology
Weather & Climate
B.A., Biology, Emory University
A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College

Biology lab safety rules are guidelines designed to help keep you safe while you are experimenting. Some equipment and chemicals in a biology laboratory can cause serious harm. It is always wise to follow all lab safety rules . Don't forget, the most helpful safety rule is to use plain old common sense.

The following biology lab safety rules are a sample of the most basic rules that should be followed when in a biology lab. Most labs have the safety rules posted in a visible place and your instructor will most likely go over them with you before you begin working.

1. Be Prepared

Before you enter a biology lab, you should be prepared for and knowledgeable about any lab exercises that are to be performed. That means you should read your lab manual to know exactly what you will be doing.

Review your biology notes and relevant sections in your biology textbook before your lab begins. Make sure you understand all procedures and purposes, as this will help you understand the lab activities you will perform. It will also help you get your thoughts organized for when you have to write your lab report .

When working in a biology lab, make sure you keep your area neat and organized. If you happen to spill something, ask for assistance when cleaning it up. Also, remember to clean your work area and wash your hands when you are finished.

3. Be Careful

An important biology lab safety rule is to be careful. You may be working with glass or sharp objects, so you don't want to handle them carelessly.

4. Wear Proper Clothing

Accidents do happen in a biology lab. Some chemicals have the potential to damage clothing. With that in mind, you want to make sure that the clothing you wear is something you could do without if it becomes damaged. As a precaution, wearing an apron or lab coat is a good idea.

You will also want to wear proper shoes that can protect your feet in case something gets broken. Sandals or any type of open-toed shoes are not recommended.

5. Be Cautious With Chemicals

The best way to remain safe when dealing with chemicals is to assume that any chemical you handle is dangerous. Be sure you understand what type of chemicals you are using and how they should be properly handled. If any chemical comes in contact with your skin, wash immediately with water and inform your lab instructor. Wear protective eyewear when handling chemicals, which brings us to the next rule.

6. Wear Safety Goggles

Safety goggles may not be the most fashion-forward accessory and can fit awkwardly on your face, but they should always be worn when you are working with chemicals or any type of heating apparatus.

7. Locate Safety Equipment

Be sure you know where to find all safety equipment in the biology lab. This includes such items as the fire extinguisher, first aid kit, broken glass receptacles, and chemical waste containers. Also be sure you know where all the emergency exits are located and which exit route to take in case of an emergency.

8. Biology Lab Don'ts

There are several things in a biology lab that you must always avoid—here are a few major laboratory don'ts.

eat or drink in the lab
taste any chemicals or substances you are working with
use your mouth for pipetting substances
handle broken glass with bare hands
pour chemicals down the drain without permission
operate lab equipment without permission
perform your own experiments unless given permission
leave any heated materials unattended
place flammable substances near heat
engage in childish antics such as horseplay or pranks

9. Have a Good Experience

Biology lab is an important aspect of any general biology or AP biology course. In order to have a good lab experience, make sure that you follow these biology lab safety rules and any instructions given to you by your lab instructor.

How To Take Good Biology Notes
10 Great Biology Activities and Lessons
How to Format a Biology Lab Report
Introduction to CRISPR Genome Editing
Basic Tips to Ace Your Biology Class
What Is AP Biology?
What Is Recombinant DNA Technology?
Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy Study Tips
How To Streak a Bacterial Culture
What Is Cell Biology?
Top Biology Programs in U.S. Universities
Biology Prefixes and Suffixes: epi-
Har Gobind Khorana: Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Synthetic Gene Pioneer
What Is Bioprinting?
Biology: The Study of Life

Essay Service Examples Business Safety

Argumentative Essay on Why Lab Rules Are Important

Introduction:

Proper editing and formatting
Free revision, title page, and bibliography
Flexible prices and money-back guarantee

A. Lab activity preparation.
B. Eye safety and PPEs.
C. Chemical hygiene safety.
D. Storage and handling of chemical waste.
E. Responding to emergencies.
F. Lab equipment and symbols.
G. Laboratory rules.
H. Evacuation plan.

A. Lab activities preparations:

B. eye safety and ppes:, c. chemical hygiene safety:, d. storage and handling of laboratory waste:, e. responding to lab emergencies:, f. lab symbols and equipment:, (a). symbols:.

Harmful- these are chemical hazards that can harm or kill a person if not careful when using them.
Explosive- exposure to high temperature, shock,z, and pressure, these chemicals release heat, pressure, and gas.
Corrosive- in case of contact, these chemicals permanently damage the skin and can go as far as damaging the tissues.
Dangerous to the environment- the effects of these chemicals on the environment are caused by contact with the environment and the physical forms of these chemicals which are in the form of dust, liquids, vapors, and gas. They tend to be the most hazardous because they don’t just affect the medical lab practitioner but may also lead to the degradation of nature and its resources.
Flammable- these materials burn or explode easily.
Oxidizing agents- according to (AZ Chemistry, 2022), these chemicals can increase fire induction and be corrosive and poisonous.
Radioactive- chemicals that are dangerous to the skin, and genes and lead to one's lifespan being shorter.
Biohazard- they cause danger to living organisms' health.
Poisonous or toxic- causes allergies and the reaction may show off on the skin or the eyes.
Electric hazard- chemicals that cause body shock by the generation of static electricity by the exposure of chemicals to materials that cause friction with the surface, (Littelfuse,2021).

(b). Equipment:

Fume hoods- protect lab workers by creating a barrier between them and hazardous chemical processes.
Flammable liquid storage cabinets- to keep flammable liquid cabinets.
Fire extinguisher- in case of fire emergencies.
Fire blanket- for workers to extinguish small fires to prevent them from getting bigger.
Safety cans- to store those chemicals that can cause fire, to reduce fire cases in the lab.
Safety showers- in case of contact with a chemical, a shower can help to wash off the chemical.
Eyewash station- when a chemical accidentally contacts the eye, eyewash stations are useful to clean off the chemical from the eye.
Chemical spill kits- to handle any spills of hazardous chemicals.
First aid kits- for treatment of minor injuries and reducing the effects of an injury before a medical consultation.
PPEs- important for body covering and to avoid contact with hazardous lab chemicals, to protect the eyes, and skin, and to cover the mouth and nose to avoid inhaling hazardous chemicals. PPE may even include long trousers and closed shoes.

G. Laboratory rules:

H. evacuation plan:.

UTC, (2022). Aims of laboratory safety. Available at https:enwikipedia.orgwikilaboratory-safety , (Accessed, 07 June 2022).
360 Training, (2022). Types of hazardous chemicals. Available at: www.360training.comblogwhat-are-the-different-types-of-chemical-hazard, (Accessed, 07 June 2022).
Aftermath, (2022). Biohazard waste. Available at: www.aftermath.comcontentbiohazard-safety-levels, (Accessed, 08 June 2022).
Vaal University of Technology, (2022). Poisonous or toxic chemicals effect. Available at: https:vut.blackboard.com, (Accessed, 08 June 2022).
Littelfuse, (2022). Electric hazard effects. Available at: www.hazardexonthenet.net.article , (Accessed, 08 June 2022).
Ball State University, (2022). Disposal methods. Available at: https:www.bsu.edu-mediaWWWDepartmentcontent, (Accessed, 08 June 2022).
Research Laboratory and Safety Services, (2015). Corrosive hazardous chemicals. Available at: research.anzona.edusitesdefaultfilescs-chemical_hazard_ask.sop.for.corrosive. (Accessed, 07 June 2022).
AZ Chemistry, (2022). Dangerous lab chemicals. Available at: arch.com.effects-of-oxidising-chemicals, (Accessed, 08 June 2022).
Hauzan, (2021). Laboratory Safety Equipment. Available at: safels.comlab-safety-equipment, (Accessed, 08 June 2022).
Laboratory Quality Management System, (2021). Ways to dispose samples in a laboratory. Available at: extranet.who.intsitesdefaultfilesattached files, (Accessed, 08 June 2022).

Our writers will provide you with an essay sample written from scratch: any topic, any deadline, any instructions.

Cite this paper

Join our 150k of happy users

Get original paper written according to your instructions
Save time for what matters most

Fair Use Policy

EduBirdie considers academic integrity to be the essential part of the learning process and does not support any violation of the academic standards. Should you have any questions regarding our Fair Use Policy or become aware of any violations, please do not hesitate to contact us via [email protected].

We are here 24/7 to write your paper in as fast as 3 hours.

Provide your email, and we'll send you this sample!

By providing your email, you agree to our Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy .

Say goodbye to copy-pasting!

Get custom-crafted papers for you.

Enter your email, and we'll promptly send you the full essay. No need to copy piece by piece. It's in your inbox!

Skip to main content
Skip to main navigation

Environmental Health & Safety

Manuals & Forms
Food Permits
Research Safety News
Safety Spotlight Newsletter
Technology Tools

Home / Services / Research Safety / Safe Lab Practices

Safe Lab Practices

Good lab practices are an integral part of conducting research safely. Engineering controls can limit exposure to hazards and PPE can protect a researcher's body, but making sure your behavior doesn't expose you or your colleagues to risks is important. These safe lab practices cover many of the common routes of exposure but are by no means a comprehensive list.

No Food or Drink

Consuming food in the lab can pose many hazards.

Eating or drinking in the lab can, first and foremost, increase your risk of exposure to hazardous materials.
Food or drink can leave a mess increasing the risks for contamination of your experiments and potentially attracting pests.
Eating or drinking in the lab can also be a distraction that can lead to a spill or more serious incident.

Wear Your PPE and Proper Lab Attire

Lab coat, gloves, eye protection, and appropriate attire should be worn at all times in the lab.

Long pants and shoes completely covering the top of the foot should be worn at all times when working in the lab.
Lab coats will protect your clothes and your skin from splashes, spills, or other exposures to chemical or biological agents, and flames in some cases.
Safety glasses or goggles will protect your eyes from physical of chemical harm. Skin will heal after minor burns or lacerations but your eyes will not. Eyes are fragile and safety glasses take about three seconds to put on, an eye injury can be permanent.
Gloves protect your skin from hazardous materials your hands may come into contact with. However exposure can occur when removing gloves and disposing of them. Follow the steps in the video below to properly remove any gloves used in the lab.

Good Hygiene

Wash hands after handling any hazardous materials, before and after eating, and before leaving the lab.
Keeping personal items separate from lab work. This will prevent spread of hazardous reagents and cut off a potential exposure route.
Do not apply cosmetics while in the lab. Applying anything to your face, especially around your mouth or eyes, pose a significant risk of exposure.
Dry and cracked skin can provide a route to exposure. Using lotion to keep the skin on your hands healthy can help prevent exposure.

Use Proper Storage Containers

Storing organic solvents in plastic bottles can compromise the container, just like acids in metal containers or HF in glass. Chemicals should be stored in containers made of materials that will not react.
Large volumes of flammable chemicals must be stored in fire rated cabinets. Acids and caustics should ideally be stored in separate cabinets lined with plastic to prevent any vapors from reacting with the metal housing. Chemicals known to react violently when mixed should be stored separately.
As with chemical storage, waste should be stored in non-reactive containers, or containers with non-reactive liners.

Label Your Work Space

All containers should be labeled with their contents. This is crucial so those working near you and anyone visiting the lab will know what hazards may be present. Ideally the hazards present should be included on any label.
Any research process with a particular hazard should also be labeled with that hazard.

Don't Work Alone

During normal operations one should never work alone in a laboratory setting.

Additional eyes in a situation may notice hazards you can not initially see.
Having other researchers around will also provide faster support in the event of an emergency.

Adapting to situations where it is necessary to reduce the number researchers in a space requires modifications to this policy.

Notify your PI or supervisor before entering the lab and upon departure.
Communicate with neighboring labs so everyone knows when someone will be in the general area.

Lone Worker Devices

Lone worker (aka man down) devices may be appropraite for use in higher hazard laboratories. Contact EH&S for additional details.

Stay Focused and Aware of Your Surroundings

A lab can be a very busy environment. Researchers are working side by side on differing projects that can have different hazards. It is important to be aware of your surroundings and the work that is going on around you.
Work with purpose. Labs can also be an environment filled with distractions. When working with hazardous material it is critical that you focus on what you are doing and try to eliminate distractions.
Avoid using headphones. Listening to music while doing repetitive work can be relaxing but it eliminates one of your five senses used in situational awareness. If you can not hear what is going on around you it is possible to miss the sound of a glass container breaking or a warning from a colleague. To better hear what is around you try listening to music at lower volume, or with only one ear covered.

Participate in Safety Exercises

Ensure all lab members are familiar with the lab's safety equipment.
Make sure everyone knows where the nearest fire pull station, extinguisher, spill kit, first aid kit, and AED are.
Know how to get out of your building and where to go after and evacuation.
Organize or attend an annual evacuation drill.

Store and Use Batteries Properly

Batteries provide reliable power for devices used both in the lab and in the field. While they are very useful for research they do pose potential hazards. If stored improperly both lead-acid and lithium ion batteries are potential ignition sources for fire and can cause chemical burns. Lithium ion batteries can pose a more serious fire risk if they are charged or used improperly. Batteries should never be disposed of in the trash, instead they can be recycled at various locations across campus. For more information on the proper use and storage of batteries click on the links below.

Lead Acid Battery Safety

Lithium Ion Battery Safety

UCSC Battery Recycling

Diving and Boating Safety
Environmental Programs
Injury and Illness Prevention
Animal Contact
Chemical Inventory
Controlled Substances
Drone Safety
Chemical Spills and Emergencies
Field Research
Hazard Assessment
Hazardous Materials Shipping
Laboratory Safety Manual
Lab Safety Representative Program
Laser Safety
Liquid Nitrogen
Mercury Thermometer Exchange
Online Tools (RSS)
Personal Protective Equipment
PI Information
Radiation Safety
Research Safety Training Courses
Standard Operating Procedures
Video Resources
Safety and Industrial Hygiene
Waste Management
Fire Safety and Prevention
Report an accessibility barrier
Land Acknowledgment
Accreditation

Last modified: January 4, 2021 109.248.223.228

The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Scientific Reports

What this handout is about.

This handout provides a general guide to writing reports about scientific research you’ve performed. In addition to describing the conventional rules about the format and content of a lab report, we’ll also attempt to convey why these rules exist, so you’ll get a clearer, more dependable idea of how to approach this writing situation. Readers of this handout may also find our handout on writing in the sciences useful.

Background and pre-writing

Why do we write research reports.

You did an experiment or study for your science class, and now you have to write it up for your teacher to review. You feel that you understood the background sufficiently, designed and completed the study effectively, obtained useful data, and can use those data to draw conclusions about a scientific process or principle. But how exactly do you write all that? What is your teacher expecting to see?

To take some of the guesswork out of answering these questions, try to think beyond the classroom setting. In fact, you and your teacher are both part of a scientific community, and the people who participate in this community tend to share the same values. As long as you understand and respect these values, your writing will likely meet the expectations of your audience—including your teacher.

So why are you writing this research report? The practical answer is “Because the teacher assigned it,” but that’s classroom thinking. Generally speaking, people investigating some scientific hypothesis have a responsibility to the rest of the scientific world to report their findings, particularly if these findings add to or contradict previous ideas. The people reading such reports have two primary goals:

They want to gather the information presented.
They want to know that the findings are legitimate.

Your job as a writer, then, is to fulfill these two goals.

How do I do that?

Good question. Here is the basic format scientists have designed for research reports:

Introduction

Methods and Materials

This format, sometimes called “IMRAD,” may take slightly different shapes depending on the discipline or audience; some ask you to include an abstract or separate section for the hypothesis, or call the Discussion section “Conclusions,” or change the order of the sections (some professional and academic journals require the Methods section to appear last). Overall, however, the IMRAD format was devised to represent a textual version of the scientific method.

The scientific method, you’ll probably recall, involves developing a hypothesis, testing it, and deciding whether your findings support the hypothesis. In essence, the format for a research report in the sciences mirrors the scientific method but fleshes out the process a little. Below, you’ll find a table that shows how each written section fits into the scientific method and what additional information it offers the reader.


	states your hypothesis	explains how you derived that hypothesis and how it connects to previous research; gives the purpose of the experiment/study
	details how you tested your hypothesis	clarifies why you performed your study in that particular way
	provides raw (i.e., uninterpreted) data collected	(perhaps) expresses the data in table form, as an easy-to-read figure, or as percentages/ratios
	considers whether the data you obtained support the hypothesis	explores the implications of your finding and judges the potential limitations of your experimental design

Thinking of your research report as based on the scientific method, but elaborated in the ways described above, may help you to meet your audience’s expectations successfully. We’re going to proceed by explicitly connecting each section of the lab report to the scientific method, then explaining why and how you need to elaborate that section.

Although this handout takes each section in the order in which it should be presented in the final report, you may for practical reasons decide to compose sections in another order. For example, many writers find that composing their Methods and Results before the other sections helps to clarify their idea of the experiment or study as a whole. You might consider using each assignment to practice different approaches to drafting the report, to find the order that works best for you.

What should I do before drafting the lab report?

The best way to prepare to write the lab report is to make sure that you fully understand everything you need to about the experiment. Obviously, if you don’t quite know what went on during the lab, you’re going to find it difficult to explain the lab satisfactorily to someone else. To make sure you know enough to write the report, complete the following steps:

What are we going to do in this lab? (That is, what’s the procedure?)
Why are we going to do it that way?
What are we hoping to learn from this experiment?
Why would we benefit from this knowledge?
Consult your lab supervisor as you perform the lab. If you don’t know how to answer one of the questions above, for example, your lab supervisor will probably be able to explain it to you (or, at least, help you figure it out).
Plan the steps of the experiment carefully with your lab partners. The less you rush, the more likely it is that you’ll perform the experiment correctly and record your findings accurately. Also, take some time to think about the best way to organize the data before you have to start putting numbers down. If you can design a table to account for the data, that will tend to work much better than jotting results down hurriedly on a scrap piece of paper.
Record the data carefully so you get them right. You won’t be able to trust your conclusions if you have the wrong data, and your readers will know you messed up if the other three people in your group have “97 degrees” and you have “87.”
Consult with your lab partners about everything you do. Lab groups often make one of two mistakes: two people do all the work while two have a nice chat, or everybody works together until the group finishes gathering the raw data, then scrams outta there. Collaborate with your partners, even when the experiment is “over.” What trends did you observe? Was the hypothesis supported? Did you all get the same results? What kind of figure should you use to represent your findings? The whole group can work together to answer these questions.
Consider your audience. You may believe that audience is a non-issue: it’s your lab TA, right? Well, yes—but again, think beyond the classroom. If you write with only your lab instructor in mind, you may omit material that is crucial to a complete understanding of your experiment, because you assume the instructor knows all that stuff already. As a result, you may receive a lower grade, since your TA won’t be sure that you understand all the principles at work. Try to write towards a student in the same course but a different lab section. That student will have a fair degree of scientific expertise but won’t know much about your experiment particularly. Alternatively, you could envision yourself five years from now, after the reading and lectures for this course have faded a bit. What would you remember, and what would you need explained more clearly (as a refresher)?

Once you’ve completed these steps as you perform the experiment, you’ll be in a good position to draft an effective lab report.

Introductions

How do i write a strong introduction.

For the purposes of this handout, we’ll consider the Introduction to contain four basic elements: the purpose, the scientific literature relevant to the subject, the hypothesis, and the reasons you believed your hypothesis viable. Let’s start by going through each element of the Introduction to clarify what it covers and why it’s important. Then we can formulate a logical organizational strategy for the section.

The inclusion of the purpose (sometimes called the objective) of the experiment often confuses writers. The biggest misconception is that the purpose is the same as the hypothesis. Not quite. We’ll get to hypotheses in a minute, but basically they provide some indication of what you expect the experiment to show. The purpose is broader, and deals more with what you expect to gain through the experiment. In a professional setting, the hypothesis might have something to do with how cells react to a certain kind of genetic manipulation, but the purpose of the experiment is to learn more about potential cancer treatments. Undergraduate reports don’t often have this wide-ranging a goal, but you should still try to maintain the distinction between your hypothesis and your purpose. In a solubility experiment, for example, your hypothesis might talk about the relationship between temperature and the rate of solubility, but the purpose is probably to learn more about some specific scientific principle underlying the process of solubility.

For starters, most people say that you should write out your working hypothesis before you perform the experiment or study. Many beginning science students neglect to do so and find themselves struggling to remember precisely which variables were involved in the process or in what way the researchers felt that they were related. Write your hypothesis down as you develop it—you’ll be glad you did.

As for the form a hypothesis should take, it’s best not to be too fancy or complicated; an inventive style isn’t nearly so important as clarity here. There’s nothing wrong with beginning your hypothesis with the phrase, “It was hypothesized that . . .” Be as specific as you can about the relationship between the different objects of your study. In other words, explain that when term A changes, term B changes in this particular way. Readers of scientific writing are rarely content with the idea that a relationship between two terms exists—they want to know what that relationship entails.

Not a hypothesis:

“It was hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between the temperature of a solvent and the rate at which a solute dissolves.”

Hypothesis:

“It was hypothesized that as the temperature of a solvent increases, the rate at which a solute will dissolve in that solvent increases.”

Put more technically, most hypotheses contain both an independent and a dependent variable. The independent variable is what you manipulate to test the reaction; the dependent variable is what changes as a result of your manipulation. In the example above, the independent variable is the temperature of the solvent, and the dependent variable is the rate of solubility. Be sure that your hypothesis includes both variables.

Justify your hypothesis

You need to do more than tell your readers what your hypothesis is; you also need to assure them that this hypothesis was reasonable, given the circumstances. In other words, use the Introduction to explain that you didn’t just pluck your hypothesis out of thin air. (If you did pluck it out of thin air, your problems with your report will probably extend beyond using the appropriate format.) If you posit that a particular relationship exists between the independent and the dependent variable, what led you to believe your “guess” might be supported by evidence?

Scientists often refer to this type of justification as “motivating” the hypothesis, in the sense that something propelled them to make that prediction. Often, motivation includes what we already know—or rather, what scientists generally accept as true (see “Background/previous research” below). But you can also motivate your hypothesis by relying on logic or on your own observations. If you’re trying to decide which solutes will dissolve more rapidly in a solvent at increased temperatures, you might remember that some solids are meant to dissolve in hot water (e.g., bouillon cubes) and some are used for a function precisely because they withstand higher temperatures (they make saucepans out of something). Or you can think about whether you’ve noticed sugar dissolving more rapidly in your glass of iced tea or in your cup of coffee. Even such basic, outside-the-lab observations can help you justify your hypothesis as reasonable.

Background/previous research

This part of the Introduction demonstrates to the reader your awareness of how you’re building on other scientists’ work. If you think of the scientific community as engaging in a series of conversations about various topics, then you’ll recognize that the relevant background material will alert the reader to which conversation you want to enter.

Generally speaking, authors writing journal articles use the background for slightly different purposes than do students completing assignments. Because readers of academic journals tend to be professionals in the field, authors explain the background in order to permit readers to evaluate the study’s pertinence for their own work. You, on the other hand, write toward a much narrower audience—your peers in the course or your lab instructor—and so you must demonstrate that you understand the context for the (presumably assigned) experiment or study you’ve completed. For example, if your professor has been talking about polarity during lectures, and you’re doing a solubility experiment, you might try to connect the polarity of a solid to its relative solubility in certain solvents. In any event, both professional researchers and undergraduates need to connect the background material overtly to their own work.

Organization of this section

Most of the time, writers begin by stating the purpose or objectives of their own work, which establishes for the reader’s benefit the “nature and scope of the problem investigated” (Day 1994). Once you have expressed your purpose, you should then find it easier to move from the general purpose, to relevant material on the subject, to your hypothesis. In abbreviated form, an Introduction section might look like this:

“The purpose of the experiment was to test conventional ideas about solubility in the laboratory [purpose] . . . According to Whitecoat and Labrat (1999), at higher temperatures the molecules of solvents move more quickly . . . We know from the class lecture that molecules moving at higher rates of speed collide with one another more often and thus break down more easily [background material/motivation] . . . Thus, it was hypothesized that as the temperature of a solvent increases, the rate at which a solute will dissolve in that solvent increases [hypothesis].”

Again—these are guidelines, not commandments. Some writers and readers prefer different structures for the Introduction. The one above merely illustrates a common approach to organizing material.

How do I write a strong Materials and Methods section?

As with any piece of writing, your Methods section will succeed only if it fulfills its readers’ expectations, so you need to be clear in your own mind about the purpose of this section. Let’s review the purpose as we described it above: in this section, you want to describe in detail how you tested the hypothesis you developed and also to clarify the rationale for your procedure. In science, it’s not sufficient merely to design and carry out an experiment. Ultimately, others must be able to verify your findings, so your experiment must be reproducible, to the extent that other researchers can follow the same procedure and obtain the same (or similar) results.

Here’s a real-world example of the importance of reproducibility. In 1989, physicists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischman announced that they had discovered “cold fusion,” a way of producing excess heat and power without the nuclear radiation that accompanies “hot fusion.” Such a discovery could have great ramifications for the industrial production of energy, so these findings created a great deal of interest. When other scientists tried to duplicate the experiment, however, they didn’t achieve the same results, and as a result many wrote off the conclusions as unjustified (or worse, a hoax). To this day, the viability of cold fusion is debated within the scientific community, even though an increasing number of researchers believe it possible. So when you write your Methods section, keep in mind that you need to describe your experiment well enough to allow others to replicate it exactly.

With these goals in mind, let’s consider how to write an effective Methods section in terms of content, structure, and style.

Sometimes the hardest thing about writing this section isn’t what you should talk about, but what you shouldn’t talk about. Writers often want to include the results of their experiment, because they measured and recorded the results during the course of the experiment. But such data should be reserved for the Results section. In the Methods section, you can write that you recorded the results, or how you recorded the results (e.g., in a table), but you shouldn’t write what the results were—not yet. Here, you’re merely stating exactly how you went about testing your hypothesis. As you draft your Methods section, ask yourself the following questions:

How much detail? Be precise in providing details, but stay relevant. Ask yourself, “Would it make any difference if this piece were a different size or made from a different material?” If not, you probably don’t need to get too specific. If so, you should give as many details as necessary to prevent this experiment from going awry if someone else tries to carry it out. Probably the most crucial detail is measurement; you should always quantify anything you can, such as time elapsed, temperature, mass, volume, etc.
Rationale: Be sure that as you’re relating your actions during the experiment, you explain your rationale for the protocol you developed. If you capped a test tube immediately after adding a solute to a solvent, why did you do that? (That’s really two questions: why did you cap it, and why did you cap it immediately?) In a professional setting, writers provide their rationale as a way to explain their thinking to potential critics. On one hand, of course, that’s your motivation for talking about protocol, too. On the other hand, since in practical terms you’re also writing to your teacher (who’s seeking to evaluate how well you comprehend the principles of the experiment), explaining the rationale indicates that you understand the reasons for conducting the experiment in that way, and that you’re not just following orders. Critical thinking is crucial—robots don’t make good scientists.
Control: Most experiments will include a control, which is a means of comparing experimental results. (Sometimes you’ll need to have more than one control, depending on the number of hypotheses you want to test.) The control is exactly the same as the other items you’re testing, except that you don’t manipulate the independent variable-the condition you’re altering to check the effect on the dependent variable. For example, if you’re testing solubility rates at increased temperatures, your control would be a solution that you didn’t heat at all; that way, you’ll see how quickly the solute dissolves “naturally” (i.e., without manipulation), and you’ll have a point of reference against which to compare the solutions you did heat.

Describe the control in the Methods section. Two things are especially important in writing about the control: identify the control as a control, and explain what you’re controlling for. Here is an example:

“As a control for the temperature change, we placed the same amount of solute in the same amount of solvent, and let the solution stand for five minutes without heating it.”

Structure and style

Organization is especially important in the Methods section of a lab report because readers must understand your experimental procedure completely. Many writers are surprised by the difficulty of conveying what they did during the experiment, since after all they’re only reporting an event, but it’s often tricky to present this information in a coherent way. There’s a fairly standard structure you can use to guide you, and following the conventions for style can help clarify your points.

Subsections: Occasionally, researchers use subsections to report their procedure when the following circumstances apply: 1) if they’ve used a great many materials; 2) if the procedure is unusually complicated; 3) if they’ve developed a procedure that won’t be familiar to many of their readers. Because these conditions rarely apply to the experiments you’ll perform in class, most undergraduate lab reports won’t require you to use subsections. In fact, many guides to writing lab reports suggest that you try to limit your Methods section to a single paragraph.
Narrative structure: Think of this section as telling a story about a group of people and the experiment they performed. Describe what you did in the order in which you did it. You may have heard the old joke centered on the line, “Disconnect the red wire, but only after disconnecting the green wire,” where the person reading the directions blows everything to kingdom come because the directions weren’t in order. We’re used to reading about events chronologically, and so your readers will generally understand what you did if you present that information in the same way. Also, since the Methods section does generally appear as a narrative (story), you want to avoid the “recipe” approach: “First, take a clean, dry 100 ml test tube from the rack. Next, add 50 ml of distilled water.” You should be reporting what did happen, not telling the reader how to perform the experiment: “50 ml of distilled water was poured into a clean, dry 100 ml test tube.” Hint: most of the time, the recipe approach comes from copying down the steps of the procedure from your lab manual, so you may want to draft the Methods section initially without consulting your manual. Later, of course, you can go back and fill in any part of the procedure you inadvertently overlooked.
Past tense: Remember that you’re describing what happened, so you should use past tense to refer to everything you did during the experiment. Writers are often tempted to use the imperative (“Add 5 g of the solid to the solution”) because that’s how their lab manuals are worded; less frequently, they use present tense (“5 g of the solid are added to the solution”). Instead, remember that you’re talking about an event which happened at a particular time in the past, and which has already ended by the time you start writing, so simple past tense will be appropriate in this section (“5 g of the solid were added to the solution” or “We added 5 g of the solid to the solution”).
Active: We heated the solution to 80°C. (The subject, “we,” performs the action, heating.)
Passive: The solution was heated to 80°C. (The subject, “solution,” doesn’t do the heating–it is acted upon, not acting.)

Increasingly, especially in the social sciences, using first person and active voice is acceptable in scientific reports. Most readers find that this style of writing conveys information more clearly and concisely. This rhetorical choice thus brings two scientific values into conflict: objectivity versus clarity. Since the scientific community hasn’t reached a consensus about which style it prefers, you may want to ask your lab instructor.

How do I write a strong Results section?

Here’s a paradox for you. The Results section is often both the shortest (yay!) and most important (uh-oh!) part of your report. Your Materials and Methods section shows how you obtained the results, and your Discussion section explores the significance of the results, so clearly the Results section forms the backbone of the lab report. This section provides the most critical information about your experiment: the data that allow you to discuss how your hypothesis was or wasn’t supported. But it doesn’t provide anything else, which explains why this section is generally shorter than the others.

Before you write this section, look at all the data you collected to figure out what relates significantly to your hypothesis. You’ll want to highlight this material in your Results section. Resist the urge to include every bit of data you collected, since perhaps not all are relevant. Also, don’t try to draw conclusions about the results—save them for the Discussion section. In this section, you’re reporting facts. Nothing your readers can dispute should appear in the Results section.

Most Results sections feature three distinct parts: text, tables, and figures. Let’s consider each part one at a time.

This should be a short paragraph, generally just a few lines, that describes the results you obtained from your experiment. In a relatively simple experiment, one that doesn’t produce a lot of data for you to repeat, the text can represent the entire Results section. Don’t feel that you need to include lots of extraneous detail to compensate for a short (but effective) text; your readers appreciate discrimination more than your ability to recite facts. In a more complex experiment, you may want to use tables and/or figures to help guide your readers toward the most important information you gathered. In that event, you’ll need to refer to each table or figure directly, where appropriate:

“Table 1 lists the rates of solubility for each substance”

“Solubility increased as the temperature of the solution increased (see Figure 1).”

If you do use tables or figures, make sure that you don’t present the same material in both the text and the tables/figures, since in essence you’ll just repeat yourself, probably annoying your readers with the redundancy of your statements.

Feel free to describe trends that emerge as you examine the data. Although identifying trends requires some judgment on your part and so may not feel like factual reporting, no one can deny that these trends do exist, and so they properly belong in the Results section. Example:

“Heating the solution increased the rate of solubility of polar solids by 45% but had no effect on the rate of solubility in solutions containing non-polar solids.”

This point isn’t debatable—you’re just pointing out what the data show.

As in the Materials and Methods section, you want to refer to your data in the past tense, because the events you recorded have already occurred and have finished occurring. In the example above, note the use of “increased” and “had,” rather than “increases” and “has.” (You don’t know from your experiment that heating always increases the solubility of polar solids, but it did that time.)

You shouldn’t put information in the table that also appears in the text. You also shouldn’t use a table to present irrelevant data, just to show you did collect these data during the experiment. Tables are good for some purposes and situations, but not others, so whether and how you’ll use tables depends upon what you need them to accomplish.

Tables are useful ways to show variation in data, but not to present a great deal of unchanging measurements. If you’re dealing with a scientific phenomenon that occurs only within a certain range of temperatures, for example, you don’t need to use a table to show that the phenomenon didn’t occur at any of the other temperatures. How useful is this table?

A table labeled Effect of Temperature on Rate of Solubility with temperature of solvent values in 10-degree increments from -20 degrees Celsius to 80 degrees Celsius that does not show a corresponding rate of solubility value until 50 degrees Celsius.

As you can probably see, no solubility was observed until the trial temperature reached 50°C, a fact that the text part of the Results section could easily convey. The table could then be limited to what happened at 50°C and higher, thus better illustrating the differences in solubility rates when solubility did occur.

As a rule, try not to use a table to describe any experimental event you can cover in one sentence of text. Here’s an example of an unnecessary table from How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper , by Robert A. Day:

A table labeled Oxygen requirements of various species of Streptomyces showing the names of organisms and two columns that indicate growth under aerobic conditions and growth under anaerobic conditions with a plus or minus symbol for each organism in the growth columns to indicate value.

As Day notes, all the information in this table can be summarized in one sentence: “S. griseus, S. coelicolor, S. everycolor, and S. rainbowenski grew under aerobic conditions, whereas S. nocolor and S. greenicus required anaerobic conditions.” Most readers won’t find the table clearer than that one sentence.

When you do have reason to tabulate material, pay attention to the clarity and readability of the format you use. Here are a few tips:

Number your table. Then, when you refer to the table in the text, use that number to tell your readers which table they can review to clarify the material.
Give your table a title. This title should be descriptive enough to communicate the contents of the table, but not so long that it becomes difficult to follow. The titles in the sample tables above are acceptable.
Arrange your table so that readers read vertically, not horizontally. For the most part, this rule means that you should construct your table so that like elements read down, not across. Think about what you want your readers to compare, and put that information in the column (up and down) rather than in the row (across). Usually, the point of comparison will be the numerical data you collect, so especially make sure you have columns of numbers, not rows.Here’s an example of how drastically this decision affects the readability of your table (from A Short Guide to Writing about Chemistry , by Herbert Beall and John Trimbur). Look at this table, which presents the relevant data in horizontal rows:

A table labeled Boyle's Law Experiment: Measuring Volume as a Function of Pressure that presents the trial number, length of air sample in millimeters, and height difference in inches of mercury, each of which is presented in rows horizontally.

It’s a little tough to see the trends that the author presumably wants to present in this table. Compare this table, in which the data appear vertically:

The second table shows how putting like elements in a vertical column makes for easier reading. In this case, the like elements are the measurements of length and height, over five trials–not, as in the first table, the length and height measurements for each trial.

Make sure to include units of measurement in the tables. Readers might be able to guess that you measured something in millimeters, but don’t make them try.

1058

432

Don’t use vertical lines as part of the format for your table. This convention exists because journals prefer not to have to reproduce these lines because the tables then become more expensive to print. Even though it’s fairly unlikely that you’ll be sending your Biology 11 lab report to Science for publication, your readers still have this expectation. Consequently, if you use the table-drawing option in your word-processing software, choose the option that doesn’t rely on a “grid” format (which includes vertical lines).

How do I include figures in my report?

Although tables can be useful ways of showing trends in the results you obtained, figures (i.e., illustrations) can do an even better job of emphasizing such trends. Lab report writers often use graphic representations of the data they collected to provide their readers with a literal picture of how the experiment went.

When should you use a figure?

Remember the circumstances under which you don’t need a table: when you don’t have a great deal of data or when the data you have don’t vary a lot. Under the same conditions, you would probably forgo the figure as well, since the figure would be unlikely to provide your readers with an additional perspective. Scientists really don’t like their time wasted, so they tend not to respond favorably to redundancy.

If you’re trying to decide between using a table and creating a figure to present your material, consider the following a rule of thumb. The strength of a table lies in its ability to supply large amounts of exact data, whereas the strength of a figure is its dramatic illustration of important trends within the experiment. If you feel that your readers won’t get the full impact of the results you obtained just by looking at the numbers, then a figure might be appropriate.

Of course, an undergraduate class may expect you to create a figure for your lab experiment, if only to make sure that you can do so effectively. If this is the case, then don’t worry about whether to use figures or not—concentrate instead on how best to accomplish your task.

Figures can include maps, photographs, pen-and-ink drawings, flow charts, bar graphs, and section graphs (“pie charts”). But the most common figure by far, especially for undergraduates, is the line graph, so we’ll focus on that type in this handout.

At the undergraduate level, you can often draw and label your graphs by hand, provided that the result is clear, legible, and drawn to scale. Computer technology has, however, made creating line graphs a lot easier. Most word-processing software has a number of functions for transferring data into graph form; many scientists have found Microsoft Excel, for example, a helpful tool in graphing results. If you plan on pursuing a career in the sciences, it may be well worth your while to learn to use a similar program.

Computers can’t, however, decide for you how your graph really works; you have to know how to design your graph to meet your readers’ expectations. Here are some of these expectations:

Keep it as simple as possible. You may be tempted to signal the complexity of the information you gathered by trying to design a graph that accounts for that complexity. But remember the purpose of your graph: to dramatize your results in a manner that’s easy to see and grasp. Try not to make the reader stare at the graph for a half hour to find the important line among the mass of other lines. For maximum effectiveness, limit yourself to three to five lines per graph; if you have more data to demonstrate, use a set of graphs to account for it, rather than trying to cram it all into a single figure.
Plot the independent variable on the horizontal (x) axis and the dependent variable on the vertical (y) axis. Remember that the independent variable is the condition that you manipulated during the experiment and the dependent variable is the condition that you measured to see if it changed along with the independent variable. Placing the variables along their respective axes is mostly just a convention, but since your readers are accustomed to viewing graphs in this way, you’re better off not challenging the convention in your report.
Label each axis carefully, and be especially careful to include units of measure. You need to make sure that your readers understand perfectly well what your graph indicates.
Number and title your graphs. As with tables, the title of the graph should be informative but concise, and you should refer to your graph by number in the text (e.g., “Figure 1 shows the increase in the solubility rate as a function of temperature”).
Many editors of professional scientific journals prefer that writers distinguish the lines in their graphs by attaching a symbol to them, usually a geometric shape (triangle, square, etc.), and using that symbol throughout the curve of the line. Generally, readers have a hard time distinguishing dotted lines from dot-dash lines from straight lines, so you should consider staying away from this system. Editors don’t usually like different-colored lines within a graph because colors are difficult and expensive to reproduce; colors may, however, be great for your purposes, as long as you’re not planning to submit your paper to Nature. Use your discretion—try to employ whichever technique dramatizes the results most effectively.
Try to gather data at regular intervals, so the plot points on your graph aren’t too far apart. You can’t be sure of the arc you should draw between the plot points if the points are located at the far corners of the graph; over a fifteen-minute interval, perhaps the change occurred in the first or last thirty seconds of that period (in which case your straight-line connection between the points is misleading).
If you’re worried that you didn’t collect data at sufficiently regular intervals during your experiment, go ahead and connect the points with a straight line, but you may want to examine this problem as part of your Discussion section.
Make your graph large enough so that everything is legible and clearly demarcated, but not so large that it either overwhelms the rest of the Results section or provides a far greater range than you need to illustrate your point. If, for example, the seedlings of your plant grew only 15 mm during the trial, you don’t need to construct a graph that accounts for 100 mm of growth. The lines in your graph should more or less fill the space created by the axes; if you see that your data is confined to the lower left portion of the graph, you should probably re-adjust your scale.
If you create a set of graphs, make them the same size and format, including all the verbal and visual codes (captions, symbols, scale, etc.). You want to be as consistent as possible in your illustrations, so that your readers can easily make the comparisons you’re trying to get them to see.

How do I write a strong Discussion section?

The discussion section is probably the least formalized part of the report, in that you can’t really apply the same structure to every type of experiment. In simple terms, here you tell your readers what to make of the Results you obtained. If you have done the Results part well, your readers should already recognize the trends in the data and have a fairly clear idea of whether your hypothesis was supported. Because the Results can seem so self-explanatory, many students find it difficult to know what material to add in this last section.

Basically, the Discussion contains several parts, in no particular order, but roughly moving from specific (i.e., related to your experiment only) to general (how your findings fit in the larger scientific community). In this section, you will, as a rule, need to:

Explain whether the data support your hypothesis

Acknowledge any anomalous data or deviations from what you expected

Derive conclusions, based on your findings, about the process you’re studying

Relate your findings to earlier work in the same area (if you can)

Explore the theoretical and/or practical implications of your findings

Let’s look at some dos and don’ts for each of these objectives.

This statement is usually a good way to begin the Discussion, since you can’t effectively speak about the larger scientific value of your study until you’ve figured out the particulars of this experiment. You might begin this part of the Discussion by explicitly stating the relationships or correlations your data indicate between the independent and dependent variables. Then you can show more clearly why you believe your hypothesis was or was not supported. For example, if you tested solubility at various temperatures, you could start this section by noting that the rates of solubility increased as the temperature increased. If your initial hypothesis surmised that temperature change would not affect solubility, you would then say something like,

“The hypothesis that temperature change would not affect solubility was not supported by the data.”

Note: Students tend to view labs as practical tests of undeniable scientific truths. As a result, you may want to say that the hypothesis was “proved” or “disproved” or that it was “correct” or “incorrect.” These terms, however, reflect a degree of certainty that you as a scientist aren’t supposed to have. Remember, you’re testing a theory with a procedure that lasts only a few hours and relies on only a few trials, which severely compromises your ability to be sure about the “truth” you see. Words like “supported,” “indicated,” and “suggested” are more acceptable ways to evaluate your hypothesis.

Also, recognize that saying whether the data supported your hypothesis or not involves making a claim to be defended. As such, you need to show the readers that this claim is warranted by the evidence. Make sure that you’re very explicit about the relationship between the evidence and the conclusions you draw from it. This process is difficult for many writers because we don’t often justify conclusions in our regular lives. For example, you might nudge your friend at a party and whisper, “That guy’s drunk,” and once your friend lays eyes on the person in question, she might readily agree. In a scientific paper, by contrast, you would need to defend your claim more thoroughly by pointing to data such as slurred words, unsteady gait, and the lampshade-as-hat. In addition to pointing out these details, you would also need to show how (according to previous studies) these signs are consistent with inebriation, especially if they occur in conjunction with one another. To put it another way, tell your readers exactly how you got from point A (was the hypothesis supported?) to point B (yes/no).

Acknowledge any anomalous data, or deviations from what you expected

You need to take these exceptions and divergences into account, so that you qualify your conclusions sufficiently. For obvious reasons, your readers will doubt your authority if you (deliberately or inadvertently) overlook a key piece of data that doesn’t square with your perspective on what occurred. In a more philosophical sense, once you’ve ignored evidence that contradicts your claims, you’ve departed from the scientific method. The urge to “tidy up” the experiment is often strong, but if you give in to it you’re no longer performing good science.

Sometimes after you’ve performed a study or experiment, you realize that some part of the methods you used to test your hypothesis was flawed. In that case, it’s OK to suggest that if you had the chance to conduct your test again, you might change the design in this or that specific way in order to avoid such and such a problem. The key to making this approach work, though, is to be very precise about the weakness in your experiment, why and how you think that weakness might have affected your data, and how you would alter your protocol to eliminate—or limit the effects of—that weakness. Often, inexperienced researchers and writers feel the need to account for “wrong” data (remember, there’s no such animal), and so they speculate wildly about what might have screwed things up. These speculations include such factors as the unusually hot temperature in the room, or the possibility that their lab partners read the meters wrong, or the potentially defective equipment. These explanations are what scientists call “cop-outs,” or “lame”; don’t indicate that the experiment had a weakness unless you’re fairly certain that a) it really occurred and b) you can explain reasonably well how that weakness affected your results.

If, for example, your hypothesis dealt with the changes in solubility at different temperatures, then try to figure out what you can rationally say about the process of solubility more generally. If you’re doing an undergraduate lab, chances are that the lab will connect in some way to the material you’ve been covering either in lecture or in your reading, so you might choose to return to these resources as a way to help you think clearly about the process as a whole.

This part of the Discussion section is another place where you need to make sure that you’re not overreaching. Again, nothing you’ve found in one study would remotely allow you to claim that you now “know” something, or that something isn’t “true,” or that your experiment “confirmed” some principle or other. Hesitate before you go out on a limb—it’s dangerous! Use less absolutely conclusive language, including such words as “suggest,” “indicate,” “correspond,” “possibly,” “challenge,” etc.

Relate your findings to previous work in the field (if possible)

We’ve been talking about how to show that you belong in a particular community (such as biologists or anthropologists) by writing within conventions that they recognize and accept. Another is to try to identify a conversation going on among members of that community, and use your work to contribute to that conversation. In a larger philosophical sense, scientists can’t fully understand the value of their research unless they have some sense of the context that provoked and nourished it. That is, you have to recognize what’s new about your project (potentially, anyway) and how it benefits the wider body of scientific knowledge. On a more pragmatic level, especially for undergraduates, connecting your lab work to previous research will demonstrate to the TA that you see the big picture. You have an opportunity, in the Discussion section, to distinguish yourself from the students in your class who aren’t thinking beyond the barest facts of the study. Capitalize on this opportunity by putting your own work in context.

If you’re just beginning to work in the natural sciences (as a first-year biology or chemistry student, say), most likely the work you’ll be doing has already been performed and re-performed to a satisfactory degree. Hence, you could probably point to a similar experiment or study and compare/contrast your results and conclusions. More advanced work may deal with an issue that is somewhat less “resolved,” and so previous research may take the form of an ongoing debate, and you can use your own work to weigh in on that debate. If, for example, researchers are hotly disputing the value of herbal remedies for the common cold, and the results of your study suggest that Echinacea diminishes the symptoms but not the actual presence of the cold, then you might want to take some time in the Discussion section to recapitulate the specifics of the dispute as it relates to Echinacea as an herbal remedy. (Consider that you have probably already written in the Introduction about this debate as background research.)

This information is often the best way to end your Discussion (and, for all intents and purposes, the report). In argumentative writing generally, you want to use your closing words to convey the main point of your writing. This main point can be primarily theoretical (“Now that you understand this information, you’re in a better position to understand this larger issue”) or primarily practical (“You can use this information to take such and such an action”). In either case, the concluding statements help the reader to comprehend the significance of your project and your decision to write about it.

Since a lab report is argumentative—after all, you’re investigating a claim, and judging the legitimacy of that claim by generating and collecting evidence—it’s often a good idea to end your report with the same technique for establishing your main point. If you want to go the theoretical route, you might talk about the consequences your study has for the field or phenomenon you’re investigating. To return to the examples regarding solubility, you could end by reflecting on what your work on solubility as a function of temperature tells us (potentially) about solubility in general. (Some folks consider this type of exploration “pure” as opposed to “applied” science, although these labels can be problematic.) If you want to go the practical route, you could end by speculating about the medical, institutional, or commercial implications of your findings—in other words, answer the question, “What can this study help people to do?” In either case, you’re going to make your readers’ experience more satisfying, by helping them see why they spent their time learning what you had to teach them.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

American Psychological Association. 2010. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Beall, Herbert, and John Trimbur. 2001. A Short Guide to Writing About Chemistry , 2nd ed. New York: Longman.

Blum, Deborah, and Mary Knudson. 1997. A Field Guide for Science Writers: The Official Guide of the National Association of Science Writers . New York: Oxford University Press.

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. FitzGerald. 2016. The Craft of Research , 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Briscoe, Mary Helen. 1996. Preparing Scientific Illustrations: A Guide to Better Posters, Presentations, and Publications , 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Council of Science Editors. 2014. Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers , 8th ed. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.

Davis, Martha. 2012. Scientific Papers and Presentations , 3rd ed. London: Academic Press.

Day, Robert A. 1994. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper , 4th ed. Phoenix: Oryx Press.

Porush, David. 1995. A Short Guide to Writing About Science . New York: Longman.

Williams, Joseph, and Joseph Bizup. 2017. Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace , 12th ed. Boston: Pearson.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Make a Gift

Planet Earth
Strange News

Why Science Lab Safety Rules Are Important

Table of Contents:

Importance Of Safety Rules In The Laboratory Lab – Free Essay: Rules and instructions in the laboratory. “Laboratory is place that uses unique rules and regulations for your own protection and also others…

Why are lab rules important essay?

Importance of Chemical Safety Training. Establishing and maintaining a sound chemical safety policy not only saves human lives and protects the environment but also avoids fines and penalties. The physical and biological effects of chemicals must be considered before implementing any chemical safety measures.

Video advice: 10 most important science lab safety rules

10 most important science lab safety rules.

Why Science Lab Safety Rules Are Important

Lab safety is important because it keeps people from getting severely injured. Proper lab rules are important because they keep people from getting hurt. Lab safety is rules that are used in every lab to keep everyone safe. If you do not follow the lab safety rules then you could get hurt. Proper lab safety prevents cross contamination. Disease and bacteria are spread when lab procedures are not followed. The instruments used by students and professionals must be fully cleaned and sterilized to prevent the dangerous spread of germs. One may also ask, why Good laboratory design is important for effectiveness? Effective laboratory design goes beyond providing a safe environment. It ensures lab users are hazard-free and in a healthy environment – all while getting their work done. Labs are not as dangerous as people think, largely due to the movement to design them in ways that promote the health and safety of lab users. Beside this, what are the 5 most important lab safety rules? Top 10 Lab Safety Rules Rule #1 – WALK.

Importance Of Safety In The Laboratory Lab

Safety in school labs Safety remains one of the key elements in modern school labs; it is necessary for the staff to ensure the safety of all the lab users….

Infection Control In Dental Surgery – RelatedUsing Isolation Precaution to avoid multiplication of DiseaseTo ensure preventing infections distributing, standard safeguards should be taken. Standard safeguards are mandatory to follow along with because its assumed that everybody is potentially affected and unless of course safeguards are taken, the problem will spread. To ensure that both patient and also the medical staff safe, you should use standard precaution. Standard precaution includes hands hygiene, mitts, mask, eye protection, face shield, gown, along with other miscellaneous guidelines. Hands hygiene plays the best role in practicing standard safeguards and stopping infections.

Video advice: LAB SAFETY Video – I Think School.com

Know all the rules so you can be safe working in the lab at school. Visit the ITHINKSCHOOL.com website for interactive fun and games . . . and learning that is out of this world. http://www.ithinkschool.com

Importance Of Laboratory Safety

Laboratory is one of the chief causes of accidents and, because it involves the human element, is one of the most difficult to cope with. The purpose of this is to help the lab students to understand proper laboratory safety, to increase their awareness of the possible risks or hazards involved with laboratory work and to realize the laboratory is generally a safe place to work if safety guidelines are properly followed. Therefore lab students must well know about the rules and introductions in laboratory, common hazard symbols and their meanings, laboratory emergencies and first aid, personal protective equipment, how to store the chemicals safely and how to act at putting off fire. Under to these all categories you can get good knowledge about how deal with the laboratory equipment and others by this.

Laboratory Safety may come naturally and be your habit. Remember you have the effect of your personal safety in addition to safety of others working surrounding you… Find out more…

Video advice: Lab Techniques & Safety: Crash Course Chemistry #21

Hank takes a break from the desk to bring you to the lab in order to demonstrate some important points about the practical side of chemistry – experimentation in the laboratory. You’ll learn what to wear in the lab, how to dispose of chemicals safely, how to avoid the most common accidents, how to pour solutions properly, what the HazMat diamond means, what an MSDS is, and how to use a fume hood. And as a reward for sticking with him through this maybe less-than-thrilling lecture, you’ll see Hank subject himself to an exciting piece of safety apparatus.

Why are lab safety rules important?

By becoming familiar with the laboratory you're working in and always following proper safety procedures, you can help to prevent or eliminate hazards . ... You will also know the proper steps to take in the unfortunate event that something does go wrong.

Why are lab rules important in a science lab?

These basic rules provide behavior, hygiene, and safety information to avoid accidents in the laboratory . Laboratory specific safety rules may be required for specific processes, equipment, and materials, which should be addressed by laboratory specific SOPs.

What is the most important laboratory safety rule?

The most important lab safety rule is to know the location of and how to use safety equipment, such as a fire extinguisher .

Why is science safety important in elementary school?

Science activities in the elementary classroom are safe provided that you and your students are aware of potential hazards and take all necessary and appropriate precautions. ... Identify safe lab practices that students should know and follow.

How is safety important?

A safe and healthy workplace not only protects workers from injury and illness , it can also lower injury/illness costs, reduce absenteeism and turnover, increase productivity and quality, and raise employee morale. In other words, safety is good for business.

Why Are Safety Rules Important In Science
Why Are Lab Rules Important In Your Science Class
What Are The Safety Rules In Chemistry Laboratory
Upon the market Satellite’s Fall From Space Will Exceed NASA Rules Of Safety
Why Is Health And Safety Important In Engineering
What Are The Rules For Using Science

Is Medical Laboratory Science A Professional Course

What Is The Formula To Find Volume In Chemistry

Which Civil Engineering Specialization Is In Demand

Add comment, cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Recent discoveries

Would You Like To Travel Into Space Ielts Speaking

How Much Space Is Required For A Workstation

______ Is Regarded As The Father Of Modern Geology

Will The Innovation For Homeland Security Work

Animals 3041
Astronomy 8
Biology 2281
Chemistry 482
Culture 1333
Entertainment 1139
Health 8466
History 2152
Human Spaceflights 1209
Physics 913
Planet Earth 3239
Science 2158
Science & Astronomy 4927
Search For Life 599
Skywatching 1274
Spaceflight 4586
Strange News 1230
Technology 3625
Terms and Conditions 163

Random fact

Is Social Science A Useless Degree

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The Online Writing Lab (the Purdue OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

The On-Campus and Online versions of Purdue OWL assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue OWL serves the Purdue West Lafayette and Indianapolis campuses and coordinates with local literacy initiatives. The Purdue OWL offers global support through online reference materials and services.

Message from the assistant director of content development

At the Purdue OWL, we are dedicated to supporting students, instructors, and writers through our comprehensive range of resources. We are constantly working on developing and revising these materials, keeping the users’ needs in mind.

Our team is continuously exploring possibilities for a better design, prioritizing accessibility and user experience. As the OWL undergoes these changes, we welcome your feedback and suggestions by email at any time.

Please don't hesitate to contact us via our contact page if you have any questions or comments.

Thank you for being a part of the Purdue OWL community and for helping us continue being a leading resource for writers worldwide.

Wishing you all the very best!

Kritika Sharma

Social Media

Facebook Twitter

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

Knowledge Base

The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay | Steps & Examples

An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation.

There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements. However, most essays at university level are argumentative — they aim to persuade the reader of a particular position or perspective on a topic.

The essay writing process consists of three main stages:

Preparation: Decide on your topic, do your research, and create an essay outline.
Writing : Set out your argument in the introduction, develop it with evidence in the main body, and wrap it up with a conclusion.
Revision: Check your essay on the content, organization, grammar, spelling, and formatting of your essay.

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Essay writing process, preparation for writing an essay, writing the introduction, writing the main body, writing the conclusion, essay checklist, lecture slides, frequently asked questions about writing an essay.

The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay .

For example, if you’ve been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you’ll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay , on the other hand, you’ll need to spend more time researching your topic and developing an original argument before you start writing.

1. Preparation	2. Writing	3. Revision
	, organized into Write the	or use a for language errors

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

Before you start writing, you should make sure you have a clear idea of what you want to say and how you’re going to say it. There are a few key steps you can follow to make sure you’re prepared:

Understand your assignment: What is the goal of this essay? What is the length and deadline of the assignment? Is there anything you need to clarify with your teacher or professor?
Define a topic: If you’re allowed to choose your own topic , try to pick something that you already know a bit about and that will hold your interest.
Do your research: Read primary and secondary sources and take notes to help you work out your position and angle on the topic. You’ll use these as evidence for your points.
Come up with a thesis: The thesis is the central point or argument that you want to make. A clear thesis is essential for a focused essay—you should keep referring back to it as you write.
Create an outline: Map out the rough structure of your essay in an outline . This makes it easier to start writing and keeps you on track as you go.

Once you’ve got a clear idea of what you want to discuss, in what order, and what evidence you’ll use, you’re ready to start writing.

The introduction sets the tone for your essay. It should grab the reader’s interest and inform them of what to expect. The introduction generally comprises 10–20% of the text.

1. Hook your reader

The first sentence of the introduction should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity. This sentence is sometimes called the hook. It might be an intriguing question, a surprising fact, or a bold statement emphasizing the relevance of the topic.

Let’s say we’re writing an essay about the development of Braille (the raised-dot reading and writing system used by visually impaired people). Our hook can make a strong statement about the topic:

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

2. Provide background on your topic

Next, it’s important to give context that will help your reader understand your argument. This might involve providing background information, giving an overview of important academic work or debates on the topic, and explaining difficult terms. Don’t provide too much detail in the introduction—you can elaborate in the body of your essay.

3. Present the thesis statement

Next, you should formulate your thesis statement— the central argument you’re going to make. The thesis statement provides focus and signals your position on the topic. It is usually one or two sentences long. The thesis statement for our essay on Braille could look like this:

As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness.

4. Map the structure

In longer essays, you can end the introduction by briefly describing what will be covered in each part of the essay. This guides the reader through your structure and gives a preview of how your argument will develop.

The invention of Braille marked a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by blind and visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

Write your essay introduction

The body of your essay is where you make arguments supporting your thesis, provide evidence, and develop your ideas. Its purpose is to present, interpret, and analyze the information and sources you have gathered to support your argument.

Length of the body text

The length of the body depends on the type of essay. On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate school essay of 6,000 words, the body could take up 8–10 pages.

Paragraph structure

To give your essay a clear structure , it is important to organize it into paragraphs . Each paragraph should be centered around one main point or idea.

That idea is introduced in a topic sentence . The topic sentence should generally lead on from the previous paragraph and introduce the point to be made in this paragraph. Transition words can be used to create clear connections between sentences.

After the topic sentence, present evidence such as data, examples, or quotes from relevant sources. Be sure to interpret and explain the evidence, and show how it helps develop your overall argument.

Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.

See the full essay example

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

Academic style
Vague sentences
Style consistency

See an example

The conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay. It should generally take up no more than 10–15% of the text . A strong essay conclusion :

Returns to your thesis
Ties together your main points
Shows why your argument matters

A great conclusion should finish with a memorable or impactful sentence that leaves the reader with a strong final impression.

What not to include in a conclusion

To make your essay’s conclusion as strong as possible, there are a few things you should avoid. The most common mistakes are:

Including new arguments or evidence
Undermining your arguments (e.g. “This is just one approach of many”)
Using concluding phrases like “To sum up…” or “In conclusion…”

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

Write your essay conclusion

Checklist: Essay

My essay follows the requirements of the assignment (topic and length ).

My introduction sparks the reader’s interest and provides any necessary background information on the topic.

My introduction contains a thesis statement that states the focus and position of the essay.

I use paragraphs to structure the essay.

I use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph.

Each paragraph has a single focus and a clear connection to the thesis statement.

I make clear transitions between paragraphs and ideas.

My conclusion doesn’t just repeat my points, but draws connections between arguments.

I don’t introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.

I have given an in-text citation for every quote or piece of information I got from another source.

I have included a reference page at the end of my essay, listing full details of all my sources.

My citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required citation style .

My essay has an interesting and informative title.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (e.g. font, page numbers, line spacing).

Your essay meets all the most important requirements. Our editors can give it a final check to help you submit with confidence.

Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint

An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.

In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.

Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

It gives your writing direction and focus.
It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

Is this article helpful?

Other students also liked.

How long is an essay? Guidelines for different types of essay
How to write an essay introduction | 4 steps & examples
How to conclude an essay | Interactive example

What is your plagiarism score?

COMMENTS

The 10 Most Important Lab Safety Rules
Key rules include following all instructions carefully, knowing the location and proper use of safety equipment, and dressing appropriately for lab work. These precautions help ensure a safer environment and minimize the risk of accidents. Here are the most important lab safety rules and why you must follow them. Learn the 10 most important lab ...
Lab Safety Rules and Guidelines
Be sure to read all fire alarm and lab safety symbols and signs and follow the instructions in the event of an accident or emergency.; Ensure you are fully aware of your facility's/building's evacuation procedures. Make sure you know where your lab's safety equipment—including first aid kit(s), fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, and safety showers—is located and how to properly use it.
Why Lab Safety is Important: Responsibility and Protection Rules
Individual Responsibility, Personal Protection Rules. Each member of the lab must learn and adhere to the rules and guidelines set, to minimize the chances of harm befalling them within the work environment. These encompass dress code, use of personal protection equipment, and general behavior in the lab. 1. Laboratory dress code
Lab Safety Rules and Guidelines Recently updated
Wear shoes with covered toes and long pants. Tie back long hair and secure dangling jewelry. Avoid acrylic nails when working with flames. You shouldn't wear contact lenses in chemical labs (and some biological labs). Once you get to the lab, wear appropriate safety gear. You may need goggles, a lab coat, gloves, hearing protection, or other ...
Lab Safety Essay
The following are rules that relate to almost every laboratory, which is the focus of this essay. Pipettes, thermometers and other lab tools should be cleaned after use. Glassware and other materials may need to be well rinsed with relevant solutions or other disinfectants before reuse.
PDF GUIDELINES FOR SAFE LABORATORY PRACTICES
Prudent Practices in the Chemical Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals (1995) is an excellent source. III. Cardinal Rules of Laboratory Safety • Be sure that your fume hood works properly; use it for all chemical operations. Use a vaneometer to check hood flow rates (acceptable rate: 100 ± 20 linear feet per minute).
How to Write a Lab Report: Important Rules and Examples
Here's a lab report example of the Methods and Materials section. For example: We had four basil plants, a ruler, a light meter, and four environments: full sun, partial shade, indoors with artificial light, and complete darkness, in which we measured how each plant grew every two days. 5.
How To Write A Lab Report
Introduction. Your lab report introduction should set the scene for your experiment. One way to write your introduction is with a funnel (an inverted triangle) structure: Start with the broad, general research topic. Narrow your topic down your specific study focus. End with a clear research question.
Essay Sample: Argumentative Essay on Why Lab Rules Are Important
Lab rules are the bedrock upon which the edifice of scientific research rests. They serve as guardians of safety, ethics, and quality, ensuring that the pursuit of knowledge remains a noble and responsible endeavor. From preventing accidents and promoting ethical conduct to upholding research quality, lab rules are indispensable in the laboratory.
Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules
Updated on January 09, 2020. Some rules are not made to be broken—especially in the chemistry lab. The following rules exist for your safety and should always be followed. Your instructor and lab manuals are your best resources when setting up. Always listen and read carefully. Don't start a lab until you know all the steps, from start to finish.
Lab safety Rules and Precautions
Safety Precautions in the laboratory in the time of Covid-19. Limit close contact - Distance from one another must be observed at all times. Movement should also be limited to essential trips. If possible, work remotely or stagger shifts to minimize the number of people in the lab. Observe proper hand hygiene at all times.
Biology Lab Safety Rules
2. Be Neat. When working in a biology lab, make sure you keep your area neat and organized. If you happen to spill something, ask for assistance when cleaning it up. Also, remember to clean your work area and wash your hands when you are finished. 3. Be Careful. An important biology lab safety rule is to be careful.
lab safety essay
Safety During Lab. Safety during an experiment is extremely important. It prevents accidents, injuries and more. There is a lot of equipment that can keep you safe in a lab. Accidents can happen, so it's best to be prepared. These are some of the rules you should follow. Goggles are useful in physical and chemical experiments.
PDF Laboratory Safety Guidance
Laboratory Safety Guidance. OSHA 3404-11R 2011. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. "To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing en- forcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions ...
Argumentative Essay on Why Lab Rules Are Important
A laboratory has rules that the employees have to follow so that they don't find themselves being harmed during their time of practice, these rules include: (1). No eating and drinking in the lab. (2). No use of cell phones in the lab. (3). No smelling or inhaling anything in the lab. (4).
Safe Lab Practices
Safe Lab Practices. Good lab practices are an integral part of conducting research safely. Engineering controls can limit exposure to hazards and PPE can protect a researcher's body, but making sure your behavior doesn't expose you or your colleagues to risks is important. These safe lab practices cover many of the common routes of exposure but ...
Essay On Lab Safety Rules
Essay On Lab Safety Rules. Decent Essays. 905 Words. 4 Pages. Open Document. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Show More. A good portion of the beginning of the school year in my classroom was spent on lab safety rules and procedure. I made it a priority to spend a lot of time reviewing lab safety they have had prior to seventh grade and what ...
Why Are Lab Rules Important (Essay Sample)
You should never enter a lab just in your everyday clothes. The most important parts of your body should be covered - your eyes, hands, hair, and shoes. This helps minimize exposure to any toxic or dangerous fluids, even hot surfaces. Never play with open flames, even if you have done this outside the laboratory area.
Scientific Reports
What this handout is about. This handout provides a general guide to writing reports about scientific research you've performed. In addition to describing the conventional rules about the format and content of a lab report, we'll also attempt to convey why these rules exist, so you'll get a clearer, more dependable idea of how to approach this writing situation.
APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)
General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. ... Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the ...
Why Science Lab Safety Rules Are Important
Proper lab rules are important because they keep people from getting hurt. Lab safety is rules that are used in every lab to keep everyone safe. If you do not follow the lab safety rules then you could get hurt. Proper lab safety prevents cross contamination. Disease and bacteria are spread when lab procedures are not followed.
Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab
The Online Writing Lab (the Purdue OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out ...
The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay
Essay writing process. The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay.. For example, if you've been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you'll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay, on the ...

Lab Safety Rules and Guidelines

Physical Hazards course

General lab safety rules

Housekeeping safety rules

Dress code safety rules

Personal protection safety rules

Interested in Lab Leadership?

Chemical safety rules

Chemistry lab safety rules

Electrical safety rules

Laser safety rules

Lab safety: Frequently Asked Questions

About the Author

Jonathan Klane, M.S.Ed., CIH, CSP, CHMM, CIT

Related Topics

The Power of Soft Skills

Cannabis Testing

Solutions for Cold Storage Sustainability

Transformations in Cannabis: Automation and Beyond

Implementing Advanced Cold Storage Solutions

Stay Connected with Environmental News

Lab Safety Essay | Safety in The Lab, Importance of Lab Safety Essay in English

Safety In The Lab

What To Do If You Come Into Contact With Hazardous Substances?

Prudent Practices in Educational Institutions

Key Takeaways of Lab Safety

Conclusion on Lab Safety Essay

FAQ’s on Lab Safety Essay

What is a Lab Report?

How Long Should a Lab Report Be?

What are the Rules For Writing a Lab Report?

What is the Writing Style of a Lab Report?

What Should Not Be Included In a Lab Report?

How to Write a Lab Report: Structure with Examples

In Conclusion

studpaper.com

Essay Sample: Argumentative Essay on Why Lab Rules Are Important

Related Samples:

Looking for this or a Similar Assignment? Click below to Place your Order

Request for Studpaper Writing Service Today!

Lab safety Rules and Precautions

Safety Precautions in the laboratory in the time of Covid-19

General safety rules in the laboratory

Housekeeping safety rules

Laboratory Dress Code

Personal Protection Safety Measures

Safety Rules When Handling Chemicals

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules

Electrical Safety Measures

Safety Rules When Using Laser

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Biology Lab Safety Rules

1. Be Prepared

3. Be Careful

4. Wear Proper Clothing

5. Be Cautious With Chemicals

6. Wear Safety Goggles

7. Locate Safety Equipment

8. Biology Lab Don'ts

9. Have a Good Experience

Argumentative Essay on Why Lab Rules Are Important

Introduction:

A. Lab activities preparations:

(b). Equipment:

G. Laboratory rules:

Cite this paper

Related articles

Most popular essays

Join our 150k of happy users

No Food or Drink

Wear Your PPE and Proper Lab Attire

Good Hygiene

Use Proper Storage Containers

Label Your Work Space

Don't Work Alone

Lone Worker Devices

Stay Focused and Aware of Your Surroundings

Participate in Safety Exercises

Store and Use Batteries Properly

Scientific Reports