class 10 civics ch 1 assignment

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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Political Science Revision Notes Chapter 1

Home » CBSE » CBSE Class 10 Social Science Political Science Revision Notes Chapter 1

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CBSE Class 10 Political Science (Civics) Chapter 1 Notes – Power Sharing

Students appearing for Class 10 board examinations must be thoroughly familiar with all the chapters across subjects. One such important subject is Social Science Political Science (Civics) which is easy to score in. There are high chances of securing a better score in this examination if and only if the students have properly revised all the chapters, definitions and other sections of the syllabus. But, it often becomes difficult to have access to revision notes in one place to eventually revise them. 

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Hence, Extramarks has simplified this problem by providing chapter-wise revision notes on its official website including Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Notes. The notes have been prepared by the experts. They have referred to NCERT Books and the CBSE curriculum in order to make appropriate revision notes . In addition to revision notes, students can also access other study materials such as CBSE sample papers, CBSE previous year question papers, CBSE extra questions, etc. Students in Class 10 should not miss accessing the materials from the Extramarks website. 

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Political Science Revision Notes for the Year 2022-23

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Power Sharing Class 10 Notes Political Science (Civics ) Chapter 1

Introduction.

In a democracy, there is no single branch of government that has absolute power. The structure of democracy must include a wise distribution of power between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. We expand on this notion of power-sharing in this chapter. Two tales from Sri Lanka and Belgium are presented first. These two tales discuss how democracies respond to demands for power sharing. The tales lead to some overarching conclusions regarding the necessity of democratic power-sharing.

• Belgium is a small country situated in Europe with a population of more than 1 crore. 
• The country shares its borders with France, Germany, Luxembourg and Netherlands. 
• Belgium is a diverse country containing different cultures and traditions. 
• 59% of the people living in the country speak Dutch whereas French is the second most common language. 
• Brussels is the capital of Belgium where 80% of the people speak French and the remaining 20% speak Dutch. 
• The country has a rich, sophisticated and educated community. 
• The tensions in the country were created due to the differences between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking populations. 
• Sri Lanka is an island nation with a population of more than 2 crores. 
• Most of the people speak Sinhala and the remaining population prefers Tamil. 
• The two subgroups of the Tamil speakers in Sri Lanka are known as Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils. 
• Most of the Sinhala speakers are Buddhists whereas the Tamils are Hindus and Muslims. Less than 7% of the population are Christians in Sri Lanka. 

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

• In 1956 an Act was passed in Sri Lanka stating that Sinhala will be the sole language of the country. 
• The government made several policies to favour the Sinhala residents in areas such as government jobs and university positions. 
• Due to this sudden shift, the Tamil speakers felt neglected. 
• In the 1980s political organisations emerged asking for an independent Tamil State in the country. 
• The differences between the two communities marked a large conflict leading to a civil war. 

Accommodation in Belgium

The government of Belgium tried to mend the differences between the communities by making several laws. They made corrections to the constitution four times from the year 1970 to 1993 establishing a new model of government. The main elements included are as follows: 

• The number of Dutch and French-speaking leaders in government will be equal. 
• The state governments can make the decisions independently without the central government. 
• Brussels will have a separate government with equal representation from both communities. 
• Formation of community governments to respect each community. 

Why is Power Sharing Desirable?

Power sharing is beneficial as it reduces the chances of various conflicts and wars between different communities. Democratic rule is solely followed in the power-sharing government allowing the people to take decisions. Hence power sharing is the most desirable form of government. 

Forms of Power Sharing

• The horizontal distribution of power is observed when power is shared between the various components of government such as the judiciary, legislature and executive. 
• Vertical distribution of power is known as the federal government where the power is shared within a particular government but at different stages. For example, the United States. 
• Many social and linguistic groups can also share power. One such example is the Belgian model of community government. 
• Power sharing can be observed in political parties, pressure groups and other movements where power is used to make decisions. 

Important Question and Answers

Q1 What is majoritarianism? 

It is a belief that a particular community present as the majority must be able to rule a country through its power and beliefs ignoring the needs of the minority groups. 

Q2. What is the vertical distribution of power? 

It refers to sharing of power at different levels of the government such as central and state governments. Power is particularly divided between the higher and lower level of government in the vertical distribution of power. 

Chapter 1 Power Sharing 

Story of belgium and sri lanka.

Belgium is a country situated in Europe with 40% of the French-speaking and 59% of Dutch-speaking populations. There was a conflict between these two diverse communities in the 1950s and 1960s. The French population was powerful and rich as compared to the Dutch which sparked conflicts in the country. 

Sri Lanka is an island country near India. After 1948 the major groups in the country were Sinhala speakers and Tamil speakers. The Tamil speakers were further divided into Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils. The diversity of cultures, languages and traditions created many problems and led to a civil war in the country.

To ease the tension in the country the Central Government made decisions such as having equal numbers of Dutch and French spelling people in the cabinet for fair decisions. 

The State Governments Were Not Under the Central Government:

Brussels is the capital of Belgium and it has a completely different government that contains equal representations from different social groups. In addition, the country has community governments that are responsible for deciding on cultural education and language-related issues. 

Between Different Organs of the Government

For different organs of government, a horizontal share of power is considered. In it, the government at the same level exercises the different powers in a particular jurisdiction. One such example is the Indian democracy. 

Between Different Levels of Government

It refers to the system where the power is distributed among the various levels of the government. For example, in arduous countries, the power is distributed among the provincial and central governments. This system is popularly known as federalism. 

Between Different Social Groups

Many social groups present in minorities or considered weak are shown in the legislature through quotas or reservations so that they can voice their opinions. 

Between Different Political Groups

In a democracy, there are many political parties, pressure parties and others that can influence the decisions for law making. In certain specific conditions, these parties can also make an alliance and may form a coalition government. 

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Q.1 Describe the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka is an island nation that represents vast cultural diversity. The ethnic composition of Sri Lanka is as follows:- First, Sinhalese accounts for nearly three-fourths of the people. Second, The Tamil segment comprises two groups—Sri Lankan Tamils (long-settled descendants from southeastern India) and Indian Tamils (recent immigrants from southeastern India, most of whom were migrant workers brought to Sri Lanka under British rule). Third, Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala.

Q.2 Mention various forms of power sharing. Answer

The basic principle of democracy is the rule of the people. Everyone has voice in the shaping of public policies. Thus in modern democracies power sharing arrangement can take many forms: (i) Power is shared among different organs of the government such as legislature, executive & judiciary. There is a horizontal distribution of powers are placed at the same level to eercise different powers. Each organ checks the other. (ii) Power can be shared among government at different levels : The general government of entire country is usually referred as the central or union which is followed by state government and at the local level we have municipalities & Panchayats. This system helps in reducing corruption & increases administrative efficiency. (iii) Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious & linguistic groups. Belgium is good example of this arrangement. This helps in giving the space to various social groups who would otherwise feel alienated from the government. (iv) Power sharing arrangement can also be seen within various political parties, pressure groups & movements : In a democracy, citizen must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct when two or more political parties together form a coalition government and shares the power. India has many interaction groups such as those of traders, farmers and industrial workers etc who also have a share in governmental power.

Q.3 Why power sharing is desirable?

Two sets of reasons can be given in favour of power sharing:- a. Prudential Reason:- It helps to reduce the possiblity of conflict between social groups. It gives space to each and every social group in the democracy. b. Moral Reasons :-Power sharing is the spirit of democracy. A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation acquire a stake in the system.

Q.4 Name the two major parties of Germany.

The two major parties of Germany are:- a. Christian Democratic Union b. Social Democratic Party

Q.5 Explain breifly the concept of “Horizontal’’ Distribution of Power.

Distribution of power among different organs of the government is known as Horizontal Distribution of Power. It allows different organs of government i.e. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, which are placed at the same level, to exercise different powers. Each has its own responsibilities and, at the same time, they work together to make the country run smoothly and to assure that the rights of citizens are not ignored or disallowed.

Q.6 Explain the reasons why democracy is known as ‘a government by discussion’? Answer

Democracy is known as ‘a government by discussion’ due to following reasons: (i) Policy matters are decided after thorough discussion and in the absence of consensus, the majority view prevails. (ii) Majority view is respected and are given due consideration during discussion. (iii) Minority view is heard & not shut down by force. (iv) Every aspect of a policy or law is discussed before passing and executing it. Q.7 What is a coaltion government? Answer

A coalition government is formed by an alliance of two or more political parties, usually when no single party enjoys majority support of the members in a legislature. Q.8 Explain the ways in which power is shared between different organs of Government. Answer

Power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. It is called as horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Each organ check the other. Ministers and officials are responsible to the Legisalture. Judiciary checks the functioning of the Executive and laws made by Legislature.

Q.9 Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical power sharing.

Horizontal Power sharing 1. The power is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. 2. Organs of the government are placed at the same level to exercise different powers. 3. Each organ checks the other.

Vertical Power sharing 1. Power is shared among the different levels of the governments like the Central and State. 2. The vertical division of power involves the highest and the lower levels of government. 3. The lower organs work under the higher organs of the Government .

Q.10 Explain the third kind of Government in Belgium. Answer

Apart from the central & the state government, there is a third kind of government which is known as community government. This community government is elected by the people belonging to one community that is Dutch, French or German speaking no matter whereever they live. It is mainly based on corporation & tolerance. It has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.

Q.11 How political parties ensure power sharing? Answer

Political parties compete with one another at the time of elections. Such competitions ensure that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social group. Moreover, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

Q.12 Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium.

Belgium is a small country in Europe which shares its borders with Netherlands, France & Germany. Its ethnic composition is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 percent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 percent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. The remaining 1 percent of the Belgians speak German. Q.13 What is the major difference between the political parties and the pressure groups? Answer

The objective of political parties is to attain power and form the government, whereas the aim of pressure groups is only to influence the decision-making of the government

Q.14 What is ‘Majoritarianism’? Name the country which has lost its peace due to this.

Majoritarianism: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by diregarding the wishes and need of the minority. For e.g.: In Sri Lanka, 74% of the Sinhala speaking community enjoy the preferential policies over the Tamilians, who form only 18% of the population.

Q.15 What was the consequences of Sinhala supremacy? Answer

“Sinhala Supremacy’’ gradually alienated the Tamils in Sri Lanka. They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and ignore their interest. Subsequently, a struggle was launched, which ultimately led to the civil war. As a result thousand of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost the livelihood. Q.16 Define Community Government. Answer

Community Government: A community government is the one in which different social groups are given the power to handle the affairs related to their community. They are expected to work together for the benefit of all the citizens without considering the communal tendencies. e.g. Belgium.

Q.17  Define Power Sharing.

Power Sharing is a strategy for resolving disputes over powerful positions in social or political hierarchy. It relies on sharing the joint power among various social groups within the government.

Q.18 How the regional differences and cultural diversities were resolved in Belgium? Answer

An attempt was being made in Belgium to accommodate the interests of different regions and cultures, which ultimately led to the unity. (i) Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch & French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. (ii) The State governments are not subordinate to the central government. (iii) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. (iv) Apart from the central & the state government there is a third kind community government which is elected by the people belonging to one language community no matter where they live.

Q.19 Mention any three steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to achieve majoritarianism.

1. In 1956, an Act was passed under which English was replaced as the country’s official language not by Sinhala and Tamil but by Sinhala only. 2. The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. 3. A new constitution was stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

Q.20 Examine the main elements of the Belgian model of power sharing.

After the four amendments in the constitution between 1970 and 1993 the Belgian leaders worked out a very different and innovative power sharing arrangement. a. Equal distribution of seats: – Dutch and the French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. No single community can make decisions unilaterally.

b. Concept of Federal Government: – Many powers of the central government have been given to state government for the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

c. Equal representation in Brussels: – Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.

d. Community Government: – Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live.

Q.21 What is a reserved constituency? Answer

Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes [SC] and Scheduled Tribes [ST]. In a SC reserved constituency, someone who belongs to the Scheduled Castes can stand for election. Similarly, only those belonging to the Scheduled Tribes can contest an election from a constituency reserved for ST. Q.22 How many times the constitution of Belgium has been amended between 1970 and 1993? Answer

Between 1970 and 1993, Belgian government amended their constitution four times, so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. Q.23 State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context. Answer

Indian is a country of diverse population where the society has caste system. Each caste has its own interests. Some are dominant classes and some are backward. So to avoid any possible social conflict and political instability, power sharing is must. This is called prudential approach.

Similarly, from time immemorial, backward classes have been deprived of their political rights. They, however, form the majority population but have minimal participation in political activities. So they should be given ample chance to participate in the political process. This is called moral approach.

Q.24 What made Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated?

The measures of the Act 1956 introduced by Sinhalese Government made the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhalese were sensitive to their language and culture. They also felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminate against them in getting jobs and other opportunities by ignoring their interest. As a result the relation between the Sinhalese and Tamil communities strained overtime.

Q.25 What does the term “separation of powers” mean? Answer

The system of dividing the powers and duties of a government into different branches is termed as separation of powers. Each has its own responsibilities and at the same time they work collectively to make the country run efficiently and assure that the rights of the citizens are not violated. Q.26 Who is the head of the Sri Lankan government? Answer

The President of Sri Lanka is the head of state, the commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the head of government and is popularly elected for a term of six-years. Q.27 What is the basic principle of democracy? Answer

People are the source of all powers. They rule themselves through the institution of self governance. They are the ones who shape the public policies. Q.28 Where is European Union Parliament situated? Answer

The European Union Parliament is elected by the citizens of the European Union to represent their interests. It has three places of work, i.e.,Brussels (Belgium), Luxembourg and Strasbourg (France). Q.29 Which country formed a Grand Coalition after the elections of 2005? Answer

The two historically rival parties in , namely, the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party joined hands to form the Grand Coalition government due to the absence of clear majority after 2005 elections. Q.30 What is the main objective of federal system? Answer

The main objectives of the federal system are to promote the unity of the country and to accommodate regional diversity.

Q.31 Bring out the differences between Horizontal and Vertical Division of power.

Q.32 Define the term a) Federal government b) Checks and Balance

a Federal Government: -The form of government in which power is divided by constitutional right between national and local units of government in regions.

b. Checks and Balance:- It is a type of power sharing arrangement in which each organ of the government checks the others. This in turn results in a balance of power among various institutions. It ensures that none of the organ can exercise unlimited powers. Each branch has certain powers to “check” the other branches and make sure that power is balanced among them.

Q.33 Which form of government upholds the concept of “collective responsibility?” Answer

The Parliamentary form of government upholds the principle of collective responsibility that serves to bind the government together. The ministers are collectively answerable to Parliament for their conduct and actions. Q.34 What is a unitary form of government? Answer

In unitary form of government, there is no constitutional division of powers, except that there may be the delegation of authority by the central government to the local one. Q.35 What are the two main functions of a political party? Answer

The two main functions of a political party are electioneering and governing. Q.36 What led to tensions between the Dutch speaking and French speaking communities during 1950s and 1960s? Answer

The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later. This led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s. The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels as the Dutch-speaking people constituted a minority.

Q.37 What role do the pressure groups play in politics? Answer

Pressure groups use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continued to play an important part in the development of political and social systems. What does the word Q.38 “Eelam” means in Sri Lanka? Answer

The word Eelam means the State of Tamil people. It is the name given by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam to the independent state, which they aspire in the Northern and Eastern portions of Sri Lanka.

Q.39 What is the moral reason of power sharing? Answer

Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democracy rule involves sharing of power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. Q.40 How did the Sri Lankan and the Belgium Government try to solve the ethnic problem? Answer

The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions, whereas the Sri Lanka Government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism. Q.41 What does the word “Ethnic” means? Answer

It means a social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture. They need not have the same religion or nationality. Q.42 Which type of government is formed if no political party is able to get a majority? Answer

Inability of any political party to get a majority leads to a Coalition Government. It is a government where two or more political parties join together in parliament to run the government and agree on a policy programme. Q.43 What is a political party? Answer

It is an organisation that recruits and campaigns for candidates. Group of people aim to organise and control legislature and executive branches of the government. Q.44 Name any two countries who are the members of EU. Answer

The two countries that are members of European Union are:

b)Netherlands.

Q.45 What is LTTE? Answer

LTTE stands for Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). It is a Tamil militant group, demanding for an independent Tamil Eelam in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. Q.46 What is European Union? Answer

The economic association of over two dozen European countries that seek to create a unified, free market for goods and services throughout the continent, as well as a common currency with a unified authority over that currency. Q.47 Explain the concept of separation of powers. Answer

It is the system of dividing the powers and duties of a government into different branches. Each has its own responsibilities and at the same time, they work collectively to make the country run efficiently and assure that the rights of citizens are not violated. Q.48 How did Belgium resolve its problem of regional differences and cultural diversities?

The ethnic composition of Belgium, which is a small country, is very complex. The Belgian leaders took a path whereby they recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model:

(i) Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.

(ii) Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

(iii) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.

(iv) Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government – Community Government. This ‘Community Government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live.

Q.49 What are the various forms of power sharing?

Democracy is based on the basic principle of the Rule of the People. Everyone is given an opportunity in shaping the public policies, through his or her representative. Thus, in modern democracies, power sharing arrangement can take many forms:

(i) Power is shared among different organs of the government – Legislature, Executive & Judiciary. There is a horizontal distribution of powers. These are placed at the same level to exercise different powers. The powers are defined in such a way that each organ checks the other.

(ii) Power is shared at different levels of the government: The government of the entire country is referred to as the Central or Union government, which is followed by State government at the State level, and at the local level we have municipalities & Panchayats. This system helps in reducing corruption & increases administrative efficiency.

(iii) Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as the religious & linguistic groups. Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. This helps in giving the space to various social groups who would otherwise feel alienated from the government.

(iv) Power sharing arrangement can also be seen within various political parties, pressure groups & movements: India has many interaction groups such as those of traders, farmers and industrial workers, etc. who also have a share in governmental power. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct when two or more political parties together form a coalition government and share the power. In a democracy, citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

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Cbse class 10 social science political science revision notes, chapter 2 - federalism.

Chapter 3 - Democracy and Diversity

Chapter 4 - gender, religion and caste, chapter 5 - popular struggles and movements, chapter 6 - political parties, chapter 7 - outcomes of democracy, chapter 8 - challenges to democracy, faqs (frequently asked questions), 1. why is power sharing good for democracy.

Power sharing is considered good for democracy as it divides the responsibilities between the different organs of the government. It gives liberty to the various sections of the society to take up the decisions and prevent the majority sections from ruling the country or government.

2. How can I understand the concept of power-sharing?

Candidates can refer to the Class 10 Social Science Political Science Chapter 1 Notes to understand the concept of power-sharing. The CBSE revision notes are generated according to the NCERT books and CBSE syllabus so that important topics can be included properly as per the official guidelines issued. 

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing

• 19th January 2024

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics (Political Science) Chapter 1 Power Sharing help students to score good marks in the exams. These NCERT Solutions are prepared by expert teachers best on the latest NCERT Books. Here we have provided answers to all the questions in a very easy language.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing Questions and Answers

Question 1: What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.

Answer: The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are:

1. Horizontal division of power: This involves sharing power among different organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Each organ functions independently and checks the others. For example, in the United States, the powers are divided among the President (executive), Congress (legislature), and the Supreme Court (judiciary).

2. Vertical division of power : Power is shared among different levels of government – the central or federal government and the state or provincial governments. In India, for instance, power is divided between the Central Government and various State Governments.

3. Division of power among social groups : In countries with diverse communities, power may be shared among different linguistic, ethnic, or religious groups to ensure representation and autonomy. The system of ‘community government’ in Belgium is an example of this type of power division. This government is elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French and German-speaking), and has the power to take decisions regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.

4. Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements : In modern democracies, power is also shared among political parties, pressure groups, and movements. Political parties compete in elections and, when successful, form governments to exercise power. Pressure groups and movements play a vital role by advocating for specific interests and causes, influencing policies, and holding governments accountable. For example, in India, political parties like the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) compete in elections and share power when they form governments at the central or state levels. Additionally, various pressure groups and movements, such as farmers’ unions and environmental organizations, play a significant role in influencing government policies and decisions.

Question 2: State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

Answer: One prudential reason for power sharing in India is to maintain social stability and prevent conflicts among diverse communities. For example, India practices power sharing by granting autonomy to states, which helps accommodate linguistic and cultural diversity and prevents regional tensions.

One moral reason for power sharing is to uphold democratic values and ensure representation of all citizens. India’s reservation system, which allocates political representation to marginalized groups like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, reflects this moral aspect of power sharing, promoting social justice and inclusivity.

Question 3: After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Thomman− Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguisticor ethnic divisions.

Mathayi − Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions.

Ouseph − Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does nothave social divisions.

Answer: Ouseph’s statement is the most logical, and thus, should be agreed on. Power sharing not only prevents conflict between various groups in the society but also inculcates a sense of worth in the citizens. The people will be more satisfied with the government if they have a say in the decision-making process.

Question 4: The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Answer: The ban on speaking French in schools in Merchtem raises questions about the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing arrangements. Belgium is a country with multiple language communities, and its federal structure is built on the principle of linguistic and cultural autonomy. Such a ban could be seen as undermining this principle by restricting language use. Promoting integration is important, but it should be done while respecting Belgium’s linguistic diversity and constitutional framework.

Question 5: Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this.

“We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy − in the hands of the people. Given power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”

Answer: One of the prudential reasons for power sharing mentioned in the passage is the reduction of corruption and increased administrative efficiency. The passage suggests that giving power to panchayats allows people to participate in planning and implementing development schemes, which, in turn, can eliminate corrupt middlemen and make the system more efficient.

Question 6: Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below? Power sharing:

A. reduces conflict among different communities B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness C. delays decision-making process D. accommodates diversities E. increases instability and divisiveness F. promotes people’s participation in government G. undermines the unity of a country

Question 7: Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka.

(a) In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community.

(b) In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority.

(b) The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power-sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.

(d) The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) A, B, C and D (b) A, B and D (c) C and D (d) B, C and D

Answer: (d) B, C and D

Question 8: Match list I (forms of power sharing) with List II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists:

Question 9: Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below:

A. Power sharing is good for democracy. B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Which of these statements are true and false?

(a) A is true but B is false (b) Both A and B are true (c) Both A and B are false (d) A is false but B is true

Answer: b. Both A and B are true

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power-Sharing

• NCERT Solutions
• Social Science Democratic Politics
• Chapter 1 Power Sharing

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power-Sharing - FREE PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 - Power Sharing introduces students to the fundamental concept of power sharing in a democracy. Power Sharing Class 10 explores how power is distributed among different peoples of the government, social groups, and political parties, and emphasises the importance of power sharing in maintaining political stability and preventing conflicts. Class 10 Civics NCERT Solutions provides detailed answers to all the questions in the NCERT textbook, ensuring students have a thorough understanding of the concepts discussed in the chapter. Download the FREE PDF for Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Questions and Answers prepared by Vedantu Experts and updated according to the latest CBSE Class 10 Social Science Syllabus . Start with Vedantu to pursue a path of academic excellence!

Glance on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power-Sharing

Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing Class 10 introduces students to the essential concept of power sharing in democratic governance. 

Power Sharing Class 10 explores the different forms of power sharing and how they contribute to political stability and the prevention of conflicts.

Students can understand the distribution of power among various levels of government, social groups, and political entities, highlighting the importance of inclusive governance.

Students can explore the different methods of power distribution, including horizontal and vertical power sharing, and examine case studies from different countries to see these principles in action. 

The significance of power sharing in preventing conflicts, promoting stability, and enhancing the quality of democracy is clearly explained in this Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1.

Class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 Questions and Answers provide comprehensive and precise solutions to all chapter questions, ensuring a deep understanding of the mechanisms and benefits of power sharing.

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Access NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter - 1 Power Sharing

Ans: The different forms of power sharing are:

Horizontal Division of Power - Sharing of power between different departments of government, example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. Here, power sharing arrangement, different departments of government, placed at the same level use different powers. This kind of separation makes sure that none of the departments use unlimited power.

Vertical Division of Power - Sharing of power at different levels in a government. Example, a government for the whole country, and a government for the state. In India, it is the Central Government, State Government, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc. The Constitution helps in laying down powers of different levels of government.

Division of Power among Different Social Groups - Power can be shared among different groups which are different from religious groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is an example of this kind of power sharing. Reserved constituencies in India are also another example. This kind of arrangement is used for fair share in power.

Division of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements - In contemporary democracy such a division takes the form of competition among different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.

2. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. So, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace. In India, seats are reserved for weaker sections. Example: reservation of seats for SC and ST. This helps weaker sections to contribute in running the Government.

Moral Reason: It holds the spirit of democracy. In a democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance. The citizens in India come together to debate the policies and decisions of the government, this will put pressure on the government to rethink about the policies and its decisions.

3. After reading the chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reason in about 50 words.

Thomman - Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religions, linguistic or ethnic divisions.

Mathayi - Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions.

Ouseph - Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.

Ans: Ouseph’s statement is quite logical, hence, should be agreed on. Any society requires power sharing even if it is small.

In a democratic society, members or citizens participate and acquire stake in the system. Power sharing prevents conflict between any two groups, it also generates a sense of belongingness in the society.

Power sharing helps in maintaining a balance of power in various institutions, irrespective of type of society and its size people will be satisfied where they have a role to play in decision making.

4. The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that this’ measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements? Give your reason in about 50 words.

Ans: No, this measure was not related to Belgium’s power sharing arrangements. The arrangements seek to maintain peace between the French and Dutch speaking communities. Both French and Dutch languages will be made acceptable in town’s schools. Bilingual education system is a better way to integrate the people.

5. Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this.

“We need to give more power to the panchayats to realize the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of the people. Giving power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”

Ans: The prudential reason for power sharing offered in the above passage is giving power to panchayats. It is a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency.

6. Different arguments are usually put forth in favor of and against power sharing. Identify those which are in favor of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below? Power sharing:

Reduces conflict among different communities

Decreases the possibility of arbitrariness

Delays decision making process

Accommodates diversities

Increase instability and divisiveness

Promotes people’s participation in government

Undermines the unity of a country

7. Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka. 

A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community. 

B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority. 

C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs. 

D. The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

A, B, C and D 

A, B and D 

C and D 

Option d) B, C and D

Q8. Match list I (forms of power sharing) with List II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists:

9. Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below:

Power sharing is good for democracy.

It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Which of these statements are true and false?

A is true but B is false

Both A and B are true

Both A and B are false

A is false but B is true

Option b) Both A and B are true.

Topics Covered in Civics Power Sharing Class 10 

Benefits of  Referring to Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Questions and Answers

Social Science Chapter 1 - Power Sharing Class 10 PDF introduces the foundational principles of how power is distributed in a democracy. 

Power Sharing Class 10 PDF  covers the various forms of power sharing, such as among different peoples of government, levels of government, social groups, and political parties. 

Class 10 Power Sharing Question Answer emphasises the importance of power sharing in preventing conflicts, promoting political stability, and enhancing the quality of democratic governance.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics chapter 1 question answer are detailed according to the questions in the NCERT textbook, helping students thoroughly understand the concepts of power sharing. 

NCERT Solutions for Power Sharing Class 10 Question Answers are prepared to help students understand the distribution of power and its significance in a democratic setup.

Chapter 1 Power Sharing Class 10 is aligned with the updated CBSE syllabus for Class 10 Civics, ensuring that students cover the topics and concepts required for the present academic year.

In addition to the solutions, Vedantu's subject experts provide important questions for NCERT Civics Class 10 Chapter 1 Question Answer, facilitating easy syllabus revision before exams. 

Important Study Material Links for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1

Class 10 Power Sharing Revision Notes

Class 10 Power Sharing Important Questions

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Democratic Politics Chapter 1 - Power Sharing by Vedantu provides students with a clear and thorough understanding of the concepts of power sharing in a democracy. This chapter is crucial as it explains how power is distributed among different levels of government, social groups, and political parties, which helps in maintaining political stability and preventing conflicts. Students should focus on understanding the different forms of power sharing, its benefits, and real-life examples of power sharing in India and other democracies. In previous year's question papers, around 4 to 5 questions were typically asked from this chapter, covering both theoretical concepts and practical examples. By thoroughly studying these solutions, students can be well-prepared to answer similar questions in their exams. 

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Other Chapter-wise Links - Download the FREE PDF

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FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power-Sharing

1. How accurate is Vedantu’s information for a student preparing for the boards for Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Question Answer?

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Question Answer, that Vedantu is offering is accurate enough as per the guidelines set by the NCERT. The teachers involved have curated the modules passionately so that children can learn and understand from the same. They are detailed yet very easy to comprehend while making it sound interesting so that students can feel refreshed after a session of learning and not unduly taxed.

2. Can Vedantu help a student fetch better marks at NCERT for Chapter 1 Power Sharing Class 10 Question Answers?

This platform is a multiservice online learning portal where the chapters and the modules have been curated in a way that students can understand as well as practice for their boards. The answers have been written and fleshed out by experts in the field who have a lot of experience and know-how it is better for a child to be learning at the stage where they currently are. This is what empowers the platform to be in turn empowering the students with knowledge.

3. What is power sharing according to Chapter 1 of Class 10 Social Science?

Power-sharing is a concept introduced in Chapter 1 of Class 10 Social Science Democratic Politics. It involves both a horizontal and a vertical sharing of power. In the horizontal form, power is exercised by different organs of the government at the same level while in vertical sharing, a hierarchy system is followed. Power sharing forms an important aspect of democracy and ensures no organ of the government exercises unlimited power.

4. Why is power sharing so important according to Chapter 1 of Class 10 Social Science?

As has been mentioned previously, power-sharing is a pillar upholding the values of Indian democracy, which is why it is considered so important. Horizontal power-sharing is explained by talking about organs of the government and the autonomy they hold. It can be said that sharing is done by that of the Judicial, Legislative, and Executive organs of the government. In contrast to this, vertical power-sharing is explained via the relationship between the Central and State Governments.

5. What are the different forms of power sharing Vedantu?

Vedantu  is a reliable resource that can be trusted with providing accurate answers to questions. In Vedantu NCERT CBSE Class 10 Social Science Democratic Politics Chapter 1 Solutions, two major types of power-sharing have been discussed alongside two subcategories. In modern democracies, horizontal and vertical sharing of power is seen hand in hand with power-sharing between different groups and political parties. All of these are important in maintaining peace in a democracy like India.

6. What does Civics Class 10 Chapter 1 Question Answer consist of?

Chapter 1 of NCERT Social Science in Class 10 is a mix of Economics, Political Science, and History. A basic idea of democratic politics and its infrastructure is provided to students here so that they have some insight into how the Indian government operates. The first chapter focuses solely on talking about the distribution of power in the government which is of extreme importance for board exams.

7. Is Civics Class 10 Chapter 1 Question Answer difficult to understand?

With the help of Vedantu's NCERT Class 10 Power Sharing Question Answer, even the most difficult concepts are explained to students in a simplified manner. You should be able to understand all the information presented to you in this chapter of Democratic Politics as long as you go through the solutions provided in the link. Make sure to read the chapter at least twice or thrice. The PDFs of the NCERT Solutions are also available on the Vedantu app free of cost.

8. How does power sharing help in maintaining political stability in civics class 10 chapter 1?

Civics Class 10 Chapter 1 Power sharing helps in maintaining political stability by ensuring that no single group or organ of the government has unchecked power. This prevents the domination of one group over others and reduces the likelihood of conflicts.

NCERT Class 10 Social Science Democratic Politics Chapterwise Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 10 social science, cbse study materials.

Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Important Questions

Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Important Extra Questions and notes of (Civics Chapter 1) Power Sharing updated for new academic session 2024-25 based on latest NCERT Books and following the new CBSE Curriculum for 2024-25. Download Apps for offline as well as Online use. It is available for Android and IOS both operating systems. Ask your doubts in discussion forum and share your knowledge with the others.

Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Important Questions are given below in sets of questions updated for CBSE Exams 2024-25. Contents and Apps are based on latest NCERT Books and following the new CBSE Syllabus 2024-25. Discussion Forum is being maintained to discussion your doubts in Hindi and English.

10th Political Science Chapter 1 Important Questions Set – 1

Describe the internal lingual diversity of belgium.

Belgium is a small country in Europe smaller in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. It has a population of a little over one crore, about half the population of Haryana. The ETHNIC composition of this small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch- speaking.

Which thing led the tension between Dutch speaking and French speaking?

The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later. This led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s. The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem: the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.

In which continent does Belgium Lies? Name the main lingual communities in Belgium?

In Europe continent Belgium lies. The main lingual communities in Belgium are Dutch French and German.

Describe the laws that raise dispute between Tamils and Singhals in Sri Lanka?

The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of MAJORITARIAN measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

The Regional and Lingual Situation in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a few kilometres off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu. It has about two crore people, about the same as in Haryana. Like other nations in the South Asia region, Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 per cent). Among Tamils there are two sub- groups. Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 per cent). The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period, are called ‘Indian Tamils’. Tamils are concentrated in the north and east of the country. Most of the Sinhala- speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala.

10th Political Science Chapter 1 Important Questions Set – 2

What was the view of janilian about the law of 1956 in sri lanka.

In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that the constitution and Dutch community could take advantage of its numeric majority and force its will on the French and German-speaking population.

How did the Tamilians shows them oppose on the law of 1956?

The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied. By1980s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

How did the between two communities in Sri Lanka became Problem and effected the development of Sri Lanka?

The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a CIVIL WAR. As a result thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods. You have read (Chapter 1 of Economics textbook, Class X) about Sri Lanka’s excellent record of economic development, education and health. But the civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country. It ended in 2009.

Describe the changes began amendment of new constitution?

Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French- speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.

The Effect of Constitutional Amendment on Belgium

The Belgian leaders took a different path. They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model.

10th Political Science Chapter 1 Important Questions Set – 3

Describe the community government in belgium.

Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

“Sri Lanka and Belgium both are democratic countries but both have different method of power sharing” Describe Hoe?

In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

“Political power can’t be share” this statement what views are given from long time period?

For a long time it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them. But these notions have changed with the emergence of democracy. One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power.

What are the benefits of power Sharing in Democracy?

In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-government. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. Therefore, it follows that in a democracy political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible.

Power Sharing is Desirable

For different sets of reasons can be given in favour of power sharing. Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. There is a second, deeper reason why power sharing is good for democracies. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system. While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons emphasise the very act of power sharing as valuable.

10th Political Science Chapter 1 Important Questions Set – 4

Explain the vertical distribution in power sharing with example.

Such a general government for the entire country is usually called federal government. In India, we refer to it as the Central or Union Government. The governments at the provincial or regional level are called by different names in different countries. In India, we call them State Governments. This system is not followed in all countries. There are many countries where there are no provincial or state governments. But in those countries like ours, where there are different levels of government, the constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.

Explain Horizontal distribution in power sharing with example?

Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions.

Describe the benefits of power sharing to social groups, lingual, Group and religious groups?

Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. Last year, we studied the system of ‘reserved constituencies’ in assemblies and the parliament of our country. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power. In Unit II, we shall look at various ways of accommodating social diversities.

How does the group show their part in power?

Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

Describe the amendments which played an important role in forming power in Belgium?

In Belgium between 1970 to 1993 they amended their constitution four times to live together within the same country. Constitutional prescribe that the number of Dutch and French speaker minister shall be equal in the central government. Many power of the central government have been give to state government of the region to their country.

Power Sharing is Necessary

Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. There is a second, deeper reason why power sharing is good for democracies. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. PRUDENTIAL and the second moral. While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons emphasise the very act of power sharing as valuable.

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Power Sharing Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing Extra Questions and Answers is available here. Students can learn and download PDF of these questions for free. These extra questions and answers are prepared by our expert teachers as per the latest NCERT textbook and guidelines. Learning these questions will help you to score excellent marks in the board exams.

Power Sharing Class 10 Extra Questions Civics Chapter 1

Very short answer type questions (1 marks).

1.What do you mean by the word ethnic?

Answer:  A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both.

2.Which ethnic group in Belgium has the largest population? Answer:  Flemish.

3.‘The tension between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities was more acute in Brussels’. Give reason.

Answer: The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. So the Dutch speaking community, who got the benefit of economic development and education much later showed the resentment between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking communities.

4.Which are the most important social groups of Sri Lanka? Answer:  (i) Sinhala speaking (ii) Tamil speaking

5. Which ethnic group is in majority in Sri Lanka? Answer:  Sinhala

6.Name the two sub groups of Tamils in Sri Lanka. [CBSE 2014] Answer:  (i) Sri Lankan Tamils (ii) Indian Tamils

7. When did Sri Lanka emerge as an independent nation? [CBSE Sep. 2010, 11] Answer:  1948

8.What is a Civil War? Answer:  It is a violent conflict between the opposing groups within a country, for example the conflict between Sinhalese and Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka.

9. Name the ethnic group of Sri Lanka which were involved in a Civil War. Answer:  (i) Sri Lankan Tamils or the Sinhalese (ii) Indian Tamils

10. What is majoritarianism? Name a country which has lost peace due to this. 

Answer:  A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. Sri Lanka.

11. Power shared among different organs of government is known as horizontal distribution of power. Give reason.

Answer:  Because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

12. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing from the Indian content. Answer:  (i) India is a multicultural society. (ii) India is a democratic country.

13. What is different between prudential and moral reasons for power sharing? Answer:  Prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, whereas moral reasons emphasis the very act of power sharing as valuable.

14. Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government in Belgium. Which is that third kind of government? Answer:  Community government.

15. What is the basic principle of democracy? Answer:  The basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power.

16. For a long time it was believed that all power of government must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. Give reason. Answer:  It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions.

17. What is a community government?

Answer:  A community government is one in which different social groups are given the power to handle the affairs related to their communities. They are expected to work jointly for the benefit of the common masses without undermining any one community.

18. Name the most important organs of the government. Answer:  Legislature, Executive and Judiciary

19. What is a federal government? Answer:  It is a government under which two or more than two sets of governments govern the country.

20. What is a reserved constituency? Answer:  A reserved constituency is a constituency which is reserved for a particular section of the society.

21. What is the importance of reserved constituency? Answer:  This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social group who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.

22. What is die system of checks and balances in power sharing? [CBSE 2014] Answer:  Under this system one organ of the • government keeps the check over the other. None of the organs can exercise unlimited powers. This keeps a balance of power among various institutions.

23. The system of ‘checks and balances’ comes under which form of power sharing. [CBSE 2014] Answer:  Horizontal power sharing.

24. What is a coalition government? Answer: A coalition government is a cabinet of parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. It generally happens when no party gets a majority in the parliament and several parties join together to prove their majority.

25. In Sri Lanka, the democratically elected government adopted a series of which measures to establish Sinhala supremacy? Mention any one. [CBSE Sept.2010] Answer:  They established a Majoritarian government.

26. State two main bases of social division in Sri Lanka. [CBSE 2008 (D) Compt.] Answer:  (i) Religion (ii) Language

27. Which is the state religion of Sri Lanka? Answer:  Buddhism.

28. Which two languages are generally spoken in Belgium? [CBSE 2010, 11] Answer:  French and Dutch

29. Give one example of horizontal sharing of power. [CBSE 2010, 11] Answer:  Power sharing among Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

30. Who elects the community government in Belgium? [CBSE Sept. 2010] Answer:  People belonging to one language community- Dutch, French and German.

Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)

1. What led to the ethnic tension in Belgium? Why was it more acute in Brussels?

Answer:  The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. So the Dutch speaking community, who got the benefit of economic development and education much later showed the resentment between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking communities during the 1950s and the 1960s. The conflict between the two communities was more severe in Brussels because the Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.

2. What is the ethnic composition of Belgium? [CBSE Sept. 2011] Or Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium. [CBSE 2012]

Answer:  The ethnics composition of Belgium, a small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city, Brussels, about 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.

3. What is the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka?

Answer:  Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (74%) with Tamils (18%) who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslims. Among Tamils, there are two sub-groups. The Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 %). The Tamils, who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations are called the ‘Indian Origin Tamils’ (5%). Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhalese.

4. Mention any four steps which were taken by the Sri Lankan government to achieve majoritarianism.

Answer:  (i) In 1956, an Act was passed under which English was replaced as the country’s official language not by the Sinhala and Tamil but by the Sinhala only. (ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured the Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. (iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. (iv) Denial of citizenship to estate Tamils.

5. What is a Civil War? Explain with context to Sri Lanka.

Answer:  (i) It is a violent conflict between the opposing groups within a country, for example the Sinhalese and the Tamils. (ii) Due to the violent conflict between both these ethnic groups thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods. (iii) The civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

6. What is community government? Explain the concept of community government with context to Belgium.

Answer:  (i) A community government is one in which different social groups are given the power to handle the affairs related to their communities. They are expected to work jointly for the benefit of the common masses without undermining any one community. (ii) The ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community-Dutch, French and German speaking – no matter where they live. (iii) This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

7. What is the relationship between democracy and power sharing?

Answer:  ‘Democracy’ means giving every citizen the right and power to make the decisions through their elected representatives. Power sharing is dividing power among various social groups to give them equal representation in the governance. Power sharing is the essence of democracy where every individual, irrespective of cultural and language differences feel involved in the political system.

8. How did the Sri Lankan and the Belgium government try to solve the ethnic problem? Or Explain any two important differences between the power sharing model accepted by Belgium and Sri Lanka.

Answer:  (i) The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions, whereas the Sri Lankan government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism. (ii) Belgium leaders established a federal structure under which power was shared between the Union Government and its other constituent units whereas Sri Lankan leaders adopted Unitary Government structure. (iii) The Belgium solution helped in avoiding civic strife whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

9. “Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies but they follow different systems of power sharing. ” Support the statement by giving three points of difference.

Answer:  (i) Type of Government: Sri Lanka continues to be, for all practical purpose, a unitary system where the national government has all the powers. Tamil leaders want Sri Lanka to become a federal system under which the regional governments were given constitutional powers that were no longer dependent on the central ‘government. Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government.

(ii) Religion and Government : To accommodate people belonging to different ethnic groups Belgium formed a ‘community government’ whereas Sri Lankan government passed a law to protect and promote Buddhism.

(iii) Language and government : In 1956 Sri Lankan government passed an act to recognize Sinhala as the only official language whereas Belgium government “tried to protect and foster all the languages spoken by the people.

10. What is power sharing? Explain.

Answer:  (i) The concept of providing a permanent share of power in the government different communities or regions is termed as power sharing. (ii) Under this the people and the leaders of the nation respect the feelings and interests of different commodities and regions. (iii) The principle of power sharing is very important for the unity and growth of democracy.

11. Explain the principle of federal division of power.

Answer:  (i) Under the federal division of power the power is divided among different levels of government; for example in India the power is shared among the three levels of governments, i.e., Union government, the state governments and the local governments. (ii) This type of system is known as vertical division of power. (iii) Under this the Constitution clearly lays down the power of each level of government

12. “Power may also be shared among different social groups”. Explain by giving examples.

Answer:  (i) Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. (ii) In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. For example in India we follow the principle of ‘reserved constituencies’ in assemblies and the parliament of our country. This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the’ government. (iii) This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)

1. Describe the tension that existed between the Dutch and the French speaking people in Belgium. Or What were the two main causes of resentment in Belgium in 1960 ? How was the conflict solved? 

Answer:  (i) The economic inequality between the Dutch speaking and French-speaking was the basic cause of tension. (ii) The French-speaking community who was in minority was relatively rich and powerful whereas the Dutch-speaking community who was in majority was poor. (iii) This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who for the benefit of economic development and education much later. (iv) The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem : the Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital. (v) Between 1970 and 1993, the Belgium government amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. ‘

2. How were the ethnic problems solved in Belgium? Mention any four steps which were taken by the government to solve the problems? Or How is the political system in Belgium innovative and different from the other countries of the world? Explain any three points. Or Highlight any three measures adopted by the Belgian government to accommodate regional and cultural diversities.

Answer: (i) Equal number of ministers for both the groups : The Belgian Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can take decisions unilaterally. (ii) More powers to state governments : Under the proper power sharing arrangement, many powers of the central government were given to state governments for the two regions of the country. The state governments were not subordinate to the central government. • (iii) Equal representation at the state and the central level : A separate government has been set up at Brussels in which both the communities have equal representation. (iv) Formation of community government : Apart from the central and the state government, there is a third kind of government, i.e., ‘community government’. This ‘community government’ is elected by the people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German speaking no matter where they live. This government has the powers regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.

3. Why is Power sharing desirable? Or Why is power sharing necessary in democracy? Explain. Or “Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.” Justify this statement with three suitable points. Or  Why is power sharing desirable? Give any three prudential reasons.

Answer: 1. Prudential reasons: (i) Prudential reasons are based on careful calculations of gains and losses. For example in the Nepal movement for democracy even the Maoists, an armed _ revolutionary group, was given some share after the formation of government. The major gain for this was peace in Nepal. (ii) Prudential reasons help to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. (iii) Prudential reasons are good way to ensure political stability. (iv) Imposing the will of majority community over the minority may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run, it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin to the majority as well.

2. Moral reasons: (i) Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves the sharing of power with those affected by its exercise, and those who have to live with its effects. (ii) A democratic government is chosen by the people. So they have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where groups, through participation, acquire a stake in the system. (iii) Decentralisation of power, i.e., formation of state governments, local governments is an example of moral reason.

4. Explain the major forms of power sharing in modern democracies.  Or Explain four forms of participation in government under modern democratic system.  Or Explain, how power is shared among different organs of government. Or Describe with examples the way in which power can be shared among different social and linguistic groups ? Or Describe horizontal and vertical power sharing in modern democracies. 

Answer:  (i) Power sharing among the different organs of government (Horizontal power sharing). In a democracy, power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive and the judiciary. This is called the horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Under this kind of power sharing arrangement, one can exercise unlimited powers. Each organ has its own powers, and it can also check the powers of other. So this results in a balance of power among the various institutions. (ii) Power sharing among governments at different levels : Under this, people choose separate governments at separate levels, for example, a general local government for the entire country and local governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional levels. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called a Federal government. (iii) Power sharing among different social groups : In a democracy, especially, in a multi-ethnic society, power is also shared among social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and the administration.

(iv) Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements : In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

5. What are the advantages of horizontal power sharing? Explain with the help of examples. Or What is meant by the horizontal distribution of power? Explain any two merits of this form of power sharing.

Answer:  (i) The power that is shared among different organs of government equally is known as horizontal power sharing. (ii) Horizontal power sharing places all the organs of the government, i.e., legislature, executive and judiciary at the same level. (iii) Under this kind of power sharing no organ can exercise unlimited powers. (iv) This system is also known as system of checks and balances. (v) For example, in India, though the ministers and government officials exercise power, but they are responsible to the parliament or state legislatures. Similarly, although the judges are appointed by the executive, but they can check the functioning of executive of laws made by the legislatures.

6. Explain the power sharing arrangements among the political parties and pressure groups.

Answer:  (i) In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. (ii) Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. (iii) In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus, share power. (iv) In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.

7. How is a federal government better than a unitary government? Explain with examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka. 

Answer:  (i) Federalism is a system of government under which power is divided between a central authority and its various constituent units. Whereas in a unitary government all the powers are in the hands of a central authority, (ii) The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions by establishing a federal government, whereas the Sri Lankan government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism. (iii) The Belgium solution helped in avoiding the civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

8. What are some of the basic elements of Belgium model of power sharing ? Write any three. Or Explain any three elements of the Belgium model of Power sharing. [CBSE 2013] 

Answer:  (i) Equal number of ministers : Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. (ii) Power sharing : Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government. (iii) Separate government for Brussels : Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French-speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.

• CBSE Notes For Class 10
• Class 10 Social Science Political Science
• Chapter 1 Power Sharing

CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science (Civics) Chapter 1 - Power Sharing

In Class 9, you have studied that in a democracy, all power does not rest with any one organ of the government. An intelligent sharing of power among the legislature, executive and judiciary is very important for the design of democracy. In this chapter, the idea of power-sharing is explained in detail, drawing parallels between the stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka. Also, you will learn the different forms of power sharing.

You can download the CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 – Power Sharing in PDF format from the link below.

• Chapter 2 Federalism
• Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity
• Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste
• Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements
• Chapter 6 Political Parties
• Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy
• Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 – Power Sharing

Story of belgium.

Belgium is a small country in Europe with a population of over 1 crore, about half the population of Haryana. Of the country’s total population, 59% speak the Dutch language, 40% of people speak French, and the remaining 1% speak German. Look at the map below to know the language variation of Belgium. The minority French-speaking community was rich and powerful, so they got the benefit of economic development and education. This created tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s.

Accommodation in Belgium

In Belgium, the government handled the community difference very well. Between 1970 and 1993, Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times and came up with a new model to run the government.

Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model.

• The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. Some special laws require the support of the majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
• The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
• Brussels has a separate government in which both communities have equal representation.
• Apart from the Central and the State Governments, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

The Belgium model was very complicated, but it helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.

Story of Sri Lanka

Now, let’s take the situation of another country, Sri Lanka. It is an island nation having a population of 2 crores, about the same as Haryana. Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The major social groups are the Sinhala speakers (74%) and the Tamil speakers (18%). Among Tamils, there are two subgroups, “Sri Lankan Tamils” and “Indian Tamils”. You can see the map below to know the population distribution of different communities in Sri Lanka.

In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed the bigger majority and imposed its will on the entire country.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The Sinhala community was in the majority, so they formed the government. They also followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. These measures taken by the government gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and ignored their interests. Due to this, the relationship between the Sinhala and Tamil communities become poor. Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggled for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and for equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. But their demand was repeatedly denied by the government. The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict and turned into a civil war. As a result, thousands of people from both communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees, and many more lost their livelihoods. The civil war ended in 2009 and caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

What have you learned from the stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka?

• Both countries are democracies, but they deal differently with the concept of power-sharing.
• In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. This resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power.
• Sri Lanka shows that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

Why is power sharing desirable?

You will find the answer to this question in the points below.

• Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• The second reason is that a democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

Let us call the first set of reasons Prudential and the second moral. The prudential reasons stress that power-sharing will bring out better outcomes, whereas the moral reasons emphasise the act of power-sharing as valuable.

Form of Power Sharing

Most of you must think that sharing power = dividing power = weakening the country. A similar thing was believed in the past. It was assumed that all the power of a government must reside in one person or group of persons located in one place. Otherwise, it would be very difficult to make quick decisions and to enforce them. But these notions have changed with the emergence of democracy. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-government. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies. Therefore, in a democratic country, political power should be distributed among citizens.

In modern democracies, power sharing can take many forms, as mentioned below:

• Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary . This is called horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
• Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level, which is called the federal government.
• Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share of power.
• Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections, and if they get elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

We have compiled History, Geography, Political Science, and Geography notes in one place. You can access them by visiting CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes at BYJU’S. Keep learning and stay tuned for further updates on CBSE and other competitive exams. Download BYJU’S App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive maths and science videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Political Science Notes Chapter 1: Power Sharing

What is ‘power sharing’.

Power sharing means the distribution of power among the organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.

What are the languages spoken in Belgium?

Belgium is composed of four language areas: the Dutch language area, the French language area, the German language area (9 municipalities in the east of Belgium) and the bilingual Brussels-Capital area.

Where is Sri Lanka located?

Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean, located to the south of the Indian Subcontinent, sprawling over an area of 65,525 sq. km.

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