case study on environmental impact assessment in india

Accessibility Links

• Skip to content
• Skip to search IOPscience
• Skip to Journals list
• Accessibility help
• Accessibility Help

Click here to close this panel.

Purpose-led Publishing is a coalition of three not-for-profit publishers in the field of physical sciences: AIP Publishing, the American Physical Society and IOP Publishing.

Together, as publishers that will always put purpose above profit, we have defined a set of industry standards that underpin high-quality, ethical scholarly communications.

We are proudly declaring that science is our only shareholder.

A Case Study on Environmental Impact Assessment of Mumbai–Ahmadabad High-Speed Rail Corridor

Laxmi Gangwani 1 , Srushti Chainde 2 and Sumit Geete 1

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , Volume 1193 , Smart and Sustainable Technologies for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure 28/09/2022 - 30/09/2022 Online Citation Laxmi Gangwani et al 2023 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1193 012022 DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/1193/1/012022

Article metrics

1437 Total downloads

Share this article

Author e-mails.

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Author affiliations

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, 440013, India

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur

Buy this article in print

This case study highlights some notable features of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan of Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor, India. The study reflects benefits, alternatives and probable impacts of the project. Also, suggestions and recommendations to apply as mitigation measures are discussed here. The study is based on a joint study conducted by the Ministry of Railways, Government of India and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Export citation and abstract BibTeX RIS

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Environmental impact assessment studies for mining area in Goa, India, using the new approach

• Published: 12 December 2018
• Volume 191 , article number  18 , ( 2019 )

Cite this article

• Manan Sarupria 1 ,
• Sampatrao D. Manjare 1 &
• Mohan Girap 2  

1882 Accesses

14 Citations

Explore all metrics

The mining industry is a fundamental source for building infrastructures and an enabler for a country’s growth. Over the last decade, the act of mining has been among the top in the list of human activities which has the most disturbing and catastrophic impacts on environment, therein extensively affecting the ecological, economic, and social elements in the vicinity. There is an exigency for a pragmatic balance to exist between the global demand satisfaction of metal and environmental sustenance. In this paper, a comprehensive case study on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of a mining site has been presented using the new approach. This new approach is an improved version of the traditional matrix method, incorporating a modified version of Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) integrated with analytical hierarchy process (AHP), thereby knocking out the limitations in the existing EIA techniques. The data used in this study is an outcome of a broad survey conducted among the people associated in both direct and indirect ways to the project actions related to the mining industry and, hence, minimizing issues such as assessors’ reproducibility, subjectivity, and non-inclusivity of all stakeholders’ opinion, which can contribute to misleading outcomes. This new approach delivers more precise and practical results for the assessment of environmental impact data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime

Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Evaluating environmental quality in Rujigou coalfield, China, using analytic hierarchy process

Multi-criteria evaluation of the socioeconomic impact of mining in Canada from a sustainable development perspective: a theoretical model

An integrated building information modelling-based environmental impact assessment framework

Explore related subjects.

• Environmental Chemistry

Abbreviations

Environmental Impact Assessment

Analytical hierarchy process

Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix Method

Random index

Consistency index

Consistency ratio

Environmental scores

i th row element in j th column of matrix A

A i 1 + A i 2 +…...+ A i ( n − 1) + A i n

Alonso, J. A., & Lamata, T. M. (2006). Consistency in the analytic hierarchy process: A new approach. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 14 (4), 445–459.

Article   Google Scholar  

Bindu, N.L. (1997). Environmental impact assessment: For developing countries in Asia, Volume 1. Chapter – 3: Methodologies for EIA. Section 3.1, 3.2, 3.5 and 3.8. Publisher Asian Development Bank.

Branch, A. (2011). Application of fuzzy logic in environmental impact assessment modeling of a man-made Lake in Western Tehran (Iran ). 6 , 152–155.

Campos, D. S., & De Mello, R. (2006). A decision support method for environmental impact assessment using a fuzzy logic approach. Analysis, 58 , 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.06.007 .

Carvalho, F.P. (2017). Mining industry and sustainable development: Time for change’, (Reardon 2011), pp 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.109 .

Connolly, E., Orsmond, D. (2011). The mining industry: From bust to boom. Research discussion paper. https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2011/pdf/rdp2011-08.pdf . Accessed 15 Jan 2018.

Dubiński, J. (2005). New safety technologies in underground mines. Proc. of the 20th World Mining Congress – Mining and. Sustainable Development, 1 , Teheran, 21–31.

Google Scholar  

Faramarzi, V., & Soffianian, A. (2014). Environmental impact assessment using fuzzy logic inference model case study: Kamal Saleh Dam. Journal of Environmental Studies, 40 (4), 973–988. https://doi.org/10.22059/jes.2014.53013 .

Gour, M. (2017). Advanced environmental engineering blogpost – Methods of EIA. http://mjcetce455.blogspot.com/2017/04/methods-of-eia.html . Accessed 22 Jan 2018.

Hudson-Edwards, K. A., Jamieson, H. E., & Lottermoser, B. G. (2011). Mine wastes: Past, present, future. Elements, 7 , 375–380.

Hughes, D. J., Shimmield, T. M., Black, K. D., Howe, J. A., et al. (2015). Ecological impacts of large-scale disposal of mining waste in the deep sea. Scientific Reports . Nature Publishing Group , 5 , 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09985 .

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

India WRIS - Maps of Goa. Website - http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Goa . Accessed 4 December 2018.

Li, J.C. (2008). Environmental impact assessments in developing countries: An opportunity for greater environmental security?. Working Paper No. 4, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Foundation of Environmental Security and Sustainability (FESS).

Mining Association of Canada (2004) Towards Sustainable Mining. Website - http://mining.ca/towardssustainable-mining . Accessed 4 December 2018.

Mofarrah, Abdullah & Husain, T. (2010). Methodology for environmental impact assessment: A fuzzy logic based approach. Proceedings of the 2nd IASTED International Conference on Environmental Management and Engineering, EME 2010. https://doi.org/10.2316/P.2010.699-015 .

Pastakia, C. M. R. (1998). The rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM)—A new tool for environmental impact assessment. In K. Jensen (Ed.), Environmental Impact Assessment Using the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) . Fredensborg: Olsen & Olsen.

Peche, R., & Rodríguez, E. (2009). Environmental impact assessment procedure : A new approach based on fuzzy logic. Environmental Impact Assessment Review . Elsevier Inc. , 29 (5), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.01.005 .

Ramanathan, R. (2001). A note on the use of the analytic hierarchy process for environmental impact assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 63 , 27–35.

Richards, J.P. (2002). Sustainable development and the minerals industry, society of economic geologists newsletter, U.S.A, January.

Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting and resource allocation . New York: McGraw-Hill.

Saaty, T. L. (2000). Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with the analytic hierarchy process . Pittsburg: RWS Publications.

Sahu, H. B., Prakash, N., & Jayanthu, S. (2015). Underground mining for meeting environmental concerns – A strategic approach for sustainable mining in future. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science. Elsevier B.V. , 11 , 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.030 .

Sánchez, L. E., & Hacking, T. (2002). An approach to linking environmental impact assessment and environmental management systems. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 20 (1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154602781766843 .

Xavier, L.P., Miriam, P.C., Mireia, P.C., Eloi, P.R., & Clara, S. C. (2013). Iron mining in Goa, India. An interdisciplinary study. https://www.recercat.cat/bitstream/handle/2072/223218/PFC_IronMiningGoa.pdf?sequence=1 . Accessed 13 Feb 2018.

Yakovleva, N. (2015). What is the impact of the commodities crunch on mining? World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/what-is-the-impact-of-the-commodities-crunch-on-mining/ . Accessed 24 Feb 2018.

Yellishetty, M., Mudd, G. M., & Richa, S. (2013). Prediction of soil erosion from waste dumps of opencast mines and evaluation of their impacts on the environment. International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 27 (2), 88–102.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We like to thank Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Goa, for supporting this project. We are also thankful to the Goa State Pollution Control Board, the mining company officials, and the local people living in the vicinity of the mines who contributed to the objectivity and efficiency of this new methodology. Last but not the least, we would like to extend our gratitude towards all the environmental experts who greatly contributed in analyzing and quantifying the final results in a very constructive manner.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Goa campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa, India

Manan Sarupria & Sampatrao D. Manjare

Goa State Pollution Control Board, 1st Floor, Dempo Tower, EDC Patto Plaza, Panaji, Goa, India

Mohan Girap

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sampatrao D. Manjare .

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Sarupria, M., Manjare, S.D. & Girap, M. Environmental impact assessment studies for mining area in Goa, India, using the new approach. Environ Monit Assess 191 , 18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7135-z

Download citation

Received : 03 July 2018

Accepted : 27 November 2018

Published : 12 December 2018

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7135-z

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Mining industry
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Analytical hierarchy process (AHP)
• Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) method
• Modified matrix method
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

Current World Environment

An international research journal of environmental science.

ISSN:0973-4929, Online ISSN:2320-8031

Views: 11273

PDF Downloads: 1461

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan: A Case Study of Kachchh, Gujarat, India

1 Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research (ISTAR), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, 388120 Gujarat India 08849614554 08849614554 2 Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE), Opp. Changleshwar Temple, Mundra Road, Bhuj (Kachchh), 370001 Gujarat India 3 Sahjeevan, 175-Jalaram Society, Vijay Nagar, Hospital Road, Bhuj (Kachchh), 370001 Gujarat India

Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.14.1.10

This case study outlines some noteworthy features of the process of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plant (EMP) of Deendyal (Kandla) Port Trust (DPT) and Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation (GMDC) lignite mines, Kachchh, Gujarat, India. These key viewpoints incorporate task depiction, options, checking, portrayal of the earth, open cooperation, biophysical impacts, social effects, sway essentialness, total impacts evaluation, observing, and introduction, which are earmarked in annexure in the form of sectors requiring EIA, Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA), basic guidelines, and environmental laws. The case study reflects the detailed scenario of physical, biological, and socioeconomic profiles of the study areas, which directly or indirectly the environmental as well as ecological characteristics of the proposed project sites. The suggestive steps, recommendations and mitigation measures are also discussed herewith.

Abbreviations

Copy the following to cite this article:

Soni H. B, Kumar V. V, Joshi P. N. Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan: A Case Study of Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Curr World Environ 2019;14(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.14.1.10

Copy the following to cite this URL:

Soni H. B, Kumar V. V, Joshi P. N. Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan: A Case Study of Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Curr World Environ 2019;14(1). Available from:  https://bit.ly/2HTqqSA

Select type of program for download

Article Publishing History

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) alludes to the monitoring of the effects liable to emerge from a noteworthy task (or other activity) essentially influencing the normal and man-made condition. 1 The official evaluation of the feasible impacts of a proposed strategy, program or venture on the earth; options in contrast to the proposition; and measures to be received to ensure nature. 2 EIA is a procedure for advising chiefs of the potential ecological results of improvement options. 3 It is any adjustment in the physical, common and social condition realized by advancement. 4 The EIA gives the accompanying advantages: "an open door for open interest; expanded assurance of human wellbeing; the manageable utilization of characteristic assets; diminished task costs and deferrals; limited dangers of natural fiascos; and expanded government responsibility". 5

A far-reaching depiction of all exercises is essential for all EIAs. 2 A gritty venture portrayal helps with deciding the essentialness of effects emerging from a proposed undertaking. 6 Data introduced in an EIA must be clear, justifiable, and important for basic leadership. 7,6 The task portrayal and options ought to be brief and show a high level of wide coherence. Proper visuals, for example, maps, figures, tables and charts are successful methods for imparting specialized data. 8,6 An EIA venture depiction ought to incorporate data as for the task reason, specialized angles, for example, building and plan, and spatial and worldly necessities. 9,6 Changes to extend configuration must be unmistakably recognized and tended to when they are made. On the off chance that changes happen after the EIA is accomplished, a correction to the EIA might be fundamentally relying upon the essentialness of the alteration. It is imperative that each alteration and its related effect be surveyed in an indistinguishable way from the recently distinguished effects. 8,6

The motivation behind incorporating choices in the EIA is to recognize and assess substitute activities that achieve comparative objectives and advance reasonable improvement. 10,6 EIAs ought to break down three to six choices. 11,6  Choices ought to be financially achievable with negligible antagonistic ecological effects and time delays. 10,6 Assorted options in contrast to the proposed activity must be incorporated into the EIA. Choices may incorporate both plan and area choices. 10,610  contends that choices will, in general, reflect tight task targets, organization motivation, and preference to the projected activity. A reason and need articulation ought to be built that would not avoid fewer harming choices or overly support future activity.

The 'no-activity' elective, which fills in as a gauge for near investigation, should likewise be incorporated where the natural effect of making the proposed move is contrasted with the effect of not making the proposed move. 10,612 archived early the nearness of 'tokenism' in options improvement, taking note of a barrage venture EIA having choices as dyking (embankment), afforestation, departure, and more precise administration of standing structures. 10 called such options 'straw men' expressing they "might be developed, just so they can be torn down, and consequently add to the apparent appeal of the favoured option. This bogus portrayal of exercises lessens the capacity to look at tradeoffs among real choices in an EIA." Civic association is a decent exercise that can create novel options. Tragically, open interest frequently happens past the point where it is possible to fundamentally affect the plan of choices. 10,6

Perusing is an underlying stage inside the EIA procedure and fills in as a diagram for the rest of the procedure by laying out the spatial and transient limits of a proposed undertaking and conceivable influenced territories. 13,14  While it is imperative that the perusing procedure catches every single potential effect, it is similarly critical that checking does not result in the incorporation of insignificant data. 15,14 On the off chance that perusing isn't satisfactorily engaged, the subsequent EIA will be unfocused. 16,14 The perusing procedure should examine the space and transient limits for the EIA, the arrangement structure in which the checking is being led, active information resource and holes in data, the timetable of the EIA, and the connection that the checking procedure should the basic leadership process. 17,14 Checking should define the fitting limits for those effects that will be additionally considered. The checking activity ought to incorporate both immediate and optional impacts. 18,14

Checking should start from the get-go in the EIA procedure and ought to likewise be continuous all through the whole procedure. 19,14 The checking procedure must be adaptable. The procedure must take into consideration further examination and give chances to audit the underlying degree if there are new issues that happened. 19,14 Be that as it may, while it must be adaptable, perusing ought to be done in an orderly way. 17,14 This methodical methodology incorporates right off the bat framing a broad rundown of all worries that emerge from the proposition. The next period of perusing includes taking the underlying rundown of apprehension and lessening it to a rundown of inputs dependent on their potential criticalness. 17,14 This procedure is progressively emotional since it requires setting esteems on the worries. 20,14

It ought to be clear, when essential, that an arrangement for open contribution in perusing was produced from the get-go simultaneously. This arrangement ought to recognize every single important partner and the techniques to be utilized to scatter and accumulate data. 17,14 The nature of the open doors for open interest in the perusing procedure ought to be assessed. People, in general, ought to be given adequate data about the proposed venture and appropriately comprehend the task and issues to most likely give educated remarks and take an interest completely all the while. 19,2,14 It is essential that there is proof that every single open remark is considered in the plan of the rundown of concerns. Every single open remark ought to be recorded without judgment or organizing in the underlying phases of the procedure. 17,14

Models help with distinguishing cause-impact connections. These models incorporate guide overlays, affect agendas, affect lattices and cause-impact systems. Guide overlays show receptors spatially yet do not commonly empower linkages to be made to unequivocal sources. An impact motivation is a standard once-over of impacts for various types of undertakings, which considers the exact distinctive confirmation of impacts, yet it cannot relate impacts to their sources. The impact structure is a two-dimensional matrix subject to the motivation that relates exercises to affected biological segments. Cause-impact systems expand on the effect lattice by including both immediate and backhanded impacts. These techniques give approaches to speak to the potential effects and influenced regions just as permit a progressively formalized and orderly perusing procedure. 21,14

20 bunches accessible techniques to help with checking into three classifications: EIA strategies; open support techniques; and gathering process strategies. EIA techniques incorporate an examination of comparable activities, agendas, frameworks, systems, overlays, and ecological demonstrating. These techniques ought not to be utilized only but instead in the blend to be significant devices in checking. Open interest systems incorporate open gatherings and hearings, open houses, organizing, hotlines, responsive productions and reviews, warning boards and substance investigation. Gathering process techniques can be utilized to recognize and assess potential effects. These incorporate such procedures as intuitive gathering gatherings, conceptualizing, the Delphi Method (an organized procedure for gathering information from specialists utilizing a progression of polls joined with controlled assessment input) intercession, and model-building workshops. 22 EIA analysts must know about these techniques and models. They ought to evaluate whether proper models were utilized and analyze the basic presumptions and information on which the models were based. 14

The EIA procedure frequently happens past the point of no return in office basic leadership to think about a complete scope of choices. This can weaken EIA objectives to energize even additional ecologically solid and freely worthy arrangements. Enabling new options and goals to advance in connection to ecological conditions and open inclinations might be an answer. 10,6 Looking into the need of an hour, authors have prepared a case study of Deendayal (Kandla) Port Trust (DPT) and GMDC Lignite Mines, Kachchh, Gujarat, India, in context of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) covering impact of physical, biological and socio-economic factors along with suggestive steps, recommendations and mitigation measures.

Concepts of EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Definition: EIA is an appraisal of the conceivable positive and negative effect that a proposed undertaking may have on the earth together comprising of social, characteristic (Physical, Chemical, Biological) and monetary viewpoints. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) gives a chance to distinguish exorbitant and unwanted impacts to alter extends in the structuring stage. 18

It is an arranging device that is currently commonly acknowledged as a fundamental part of cool-headed basic leadership. The goal of EIA is to predict and address potential ecological issues/worries at the beginning period of task arranging and plan. EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) or EMP (Environmental Management Plan) should help organizers and government experts in the basic leadership process by distinguishing the key effects/issues and detailing alleviation measures.

Types: There are two types of EIAs followed to get the environment clearance for the proposed project – Comprehensive EIA and Rapid EIA. The contrast between Comprehensive EIA and Rapid EIA is in the time-size of the information provided. Fast EIA is for the speedier evaluation process. While the two sorts of EIA require consideration/inclusion of all noteworthy ecological effects and their relief, Rapid EIA accomplishes this through the gathering of 'one season' (other than rainstorm) information just to decrease the time required. This is worthy just, in the event that it does not settle on the nature of basic leadership. The survey of Rapid EIA entries will indicate whether a complete EIA is justified or not.

EIA Cycle and Procedures

The EIA process in India comprises the following stages:

Screening: Screening is done to see whether an undertaking requires ecological leeway according to the statutory warnings.

Checking and Consideration of Alternatives: Scoping is a procedure of enumerating the terms of reference for EIA. It must be finished by the advisor in meeting with the venture defender and direction, if need be, from Impact Assessment Agency (IAA).

Benchmark Data Collection: Baseline information depicts the current ecological status of the recognized venture examine region. The site-explicit essential information ought to be checked for the recognized parameters and enhanced by auxiliary information, if accessible. Data collection includes parameters from three major environmental components such as Physical, Biological, and Social.

Impact Prediction: Impact prediction is a method for 'Mapping or Listing' the natural results of the critical parts of the undertaking and its choices.

Mitigation Measures: Suggestion of alternative measures and suggestions to avoid or minimize the impacts predicted due to the proposed project activities at different levels of sources, a line of action and end-point or receiver end.

Public Hearing: Law necessitates that the open must be educated and counselled on the proposed formative task after the finishing of the EIA report.

Environment Management Plan (EMP): Depiction of relief measures including avoidance and control for each ecological segment, which are probably going to be, influenced because of the proposed venture related exercises, which require following procedures:

• The EMP need to address Rehabilitation, Restoration, and Relocation plan.
• Delineation of observing plan for consistency of conditions.
• Delineation of usage plan including planning and asset allotment.

Decision Making: Basic leadership process includes meeting between the venture defender (helped by a specialist) and the Impact Assessment Authority [IAA] (helped by a specialist gathering, if fundamental). The choice on ecological leeway is touched base through various advances including assessment of EIA and Environment Management Plan (EMP).

Terminology: Before getting associated with EIA, it is important to see some essential phrasing to help in the introduction and examination of effect appraisal and readiness of effect explanation.

• Activity : A process of doing something that can have an impact.
• Action : Collection of activities makes an “Action”.
• Factor : The cause of a particular impact is termed as “Factor”.
• Factor Index : The magnitude of the impact is denoted by a numerical scale termed as “Factor Index”.
• Grand Index : The summation of all the Factor Indices gives us “Grand Index”.
• Environmental Change : The difference observed in the current state from the previous state in the environment is termed as “Environmental Change”.

Methodologies

Ad-hoc : These techniques do not structure the issues, which are increasingly manageable to precise examination. A genuine case of a specially appointed strategy is - a group of specialists collected for a brief time to direct an EIA. Every master's decisions depend on a novel mix of involvement, preparing, and establishment. These decisions are incorporated into a report.

Overlays: This is a guide based effect evaluation technique. Data for a variety of factors are gathered for standard land units inside the investigation zone and is recorded on a progression of maps, commonly one for every factor. These maps are overlaid to deliver a composite. The subsequent composite maps describe the region's physical, social, environmental, land use and other important qualities, with respect to the area of the proposed improvement. To research the level of related effects, any number of undertaking choices can be situated on the last guide. Nevertheless, some complex forms can make forecasts about potential living space misfortune.

Checklists: Such techniques are ordinarily used to sort out and present the data. A considerable lot of the more complex strategies and methods frequently use agendas and grids as a beginning stage for investigation. All agendas and grids have boxes or cells that must be loaded up with data about the idea of the effect. Contingent upon the strategy, this data can be clear or evaluative. The most straightforward techniques only decide the likelihood or potential presence of an effect, while others, such as scaling weighting agendas make decisions about the greatness and significance of the effect. There are four general types of checklists:

• Simple Checklist: A rundown of ecological parameters without any rules on 'how they are to be estimated and translated'.
• Descriptive Checklist: It incorporates a recognizable proof of natural parameters and rules 'on the most proficient method to quantify information of a specific parameter'.
• Scaling Checklist: It is like a clear agenda, however with extra data on abstract scaling of the parameters.
• Scaling Weighting Checklist: It is like a scaling agenda, with extra data for the emotional assessment of every parameter regarding the various parameters.

Matrices: Framework strategies recognize associations between different undertaking activities and natural parameters and its segments. They join a rundown of venture exercises with an agenda of natural parts that may be influenced by such exercises.

Networks: Improvement of the calculated models that speak to potential effect pathways as causal chains are at the quintessence of the utilization of the Specific Study Area (SSA). System charts give a way of showing essential, auxiliary, tertiary, and higher request impacts.

Study Components: Environmental status of the project area includes major environmental components such as Physical, Biological, and Socio-economical. Preparation of environmental status of the proposed project area involves the first listing of environmental components and/or parameters (Super- and Sub-components) which need to be considered for an impact assessment (Table 1).

Table 1: List of Super-Components and Sub-components for Impact Identification or Statement

Baseline Status of Project Environment: In order to evaluate the probable impact of the future project, the baseline status of the project area needs to be studied in terms of physical, biological, and social components, which are project and area specific. Assessing the baseline status involved secondary and primary data on three environmental components prescribed by deciding authorities (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India) is given in Table 2.

Table 2: Checklist of Key Parameters (e.g. Mining Project)

Environmental Management Plan (EMP): An Environmental Management Plan (EMP), additionally alluded to as an Impact Mitigation Plan (IMP), is normally arranged as a piece of EIA detailing. It deciphers prescribed relief and observing measures into explicit activities to be done by the defender. Contingent on specific necessities, the arrangement might be incorporated into or affixed to the EIA report. The EMP is to be balanced into the terms and conditions indicated in any undertaking endorsement. It at that point frames the reason for the effect the board amid task development and activity.

Components of EMP

Summary of Impacts: The anticipated unfriendly natural and social effects for which alleviation is required ought to be distinguished and quickly condensed.

Description of Mitigation Measures: Every moderation measure ought to be quickly portrayed with reference to the effect to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required.

Description of Monitoring Programme: The observing system ought to obviously demonstrate the linkages between the effects distinguished in the EIA report, estimation markers, location limits (wherever appropriate), and meaning of edges that will flag the requirement for restorative activities.

Institutional Arrangements: Duties regarding relief and observing ought to be plainly characterized, including courses of action for co-appointment between different variables in charge of alleviation.

Implementation Schedule and Reporting Procedures: The planning, recurrence and span of alleviation measure ought to be determined in a usage plan, appearing with mostly undertaking execution. Techniques to give data on the advancement and aftereffects of moderation and checking measures ought to likewise be indicated correctly.

Cost Estimates and Sources of Funds: These ought to be dispensed for both the underlying speculation and repeating costs for actualizing every one of the measures contained in the EMP, incorporated into the all-out venture costs, and figured into credit exchanges.

Mitigation: Alleviation is one of the basic parts of the EMP process. It plans to keep the unfriendly effects happened inside satisfactory dimensions. The objectives of mitigation are to:

• find better options and methods for getting things done,
• enhance the ecological and social advantages of a proposition,
• avoid, limit or decrease the likely antagonistic effects, and
• ensure that remaining antagonistic effects are to be kept inside as far as possible.

Elements of Mitigation: The components of moderation are sorted out into a progressive system of activities, such as:

• First (Avoid): unfriendly effects beyond what many would consider possible by utilization of protection measures,
• Second (Minimize or Reduce): unfriendly effects to as low as practicable dimensions, and
• Third (Remediate or Compensate): for unfavourable remaining effects, which are unavoidable and can't be diminished further.

Mitigation can be initiated by:

Structural Measures: such as structure or area changes, designing adjustments and scene or site treatment; and

Non-Structural Measures : such as financial motivating forces, lawful, institutional and strategy instruments, the arrangement of network administrations, preparing, and limit building.

A three-advance procedure of alleviation can be connected to relate the chain of the importance of components amid different phases of the EIA process, when they are regularly connected, as under:

Step One (Impact Avoidance): This step is the best when connected at a beginning period of venture arranging.

Step Two (Impact Minimization): This stage is normally taken amid effect recognizable proof and expectation to restrict or to diminish the degree, degree, extent, or length of antagonistic effects.

Step Three (Impact Compensation): This step is typically connected to remediate the unavoidable remaining antagonistic effects.

Approaches to Mitigation: Depending on the timing of the project cycle and the nature of the impacts, a number of approaches can be taken to achieve the objectives of the mitigation, such as:

• Developing better choices,
• Making proper changes to extend arranging and plan,
• Carrying out effect observing and the executives, and
• Compensating for plausible effects and probable impacts

The essential information needs to be familiarized is given in Annexure 1 to 4 .

Case Study – 1: Deendayal (Kandla) Port Trust (Multi-Purpose Special Economic Zone – MSEZ)

The port of Kandla, presently known as Deendayal Port Trust (DPT), established in 1931, owes its source to the leader of the then august province of Kutch, Maharao Khengarji III. He needed an all-climate shut port for his kingdom and fabricated an RCC breakwater where boats of about 8.8 meters draft could billet round the year. This pier, which is situated at old Kandla, turned into the core of what in present years was to develop as the Deendayal Port. On January 20, 1952, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, established the framework stone for the new Port on the Western Coast of India. It was proclaimed a Major Port on April 8, 1955, by Late Shri Lal Bahadur Shashtri, the then Minister of Transport and the Port Trust was shaped in 1964 under Major Port Trust Act 1963 instituted by Parliament. From that point forward, the Major Port of Kandla has made some amazing progress in turning into the "Port of the New Millennium".

Deendayal Port is situated at Latitude 23.01 N and Longitude 70.13 E on the shores of the Kandla Creek. It is the area of Kutch and is situated on the west of Kandla River, which keeps running into the Gulf of Kutch at a separation of 90 nautical miles from the Arabian Sea. The absolute length of the Kandla Port methodologies Channel is around 23 km, the width of the channel changes from 200 meters to 1000 meters, and the form profundity along the transportation channel is around 10 meters. The route is allowed amid the day and night as indicated by the draft of the ship. Pilot board the boats at Outer fish float (OTB) something like two hours before high tide.

India is an expansive promontory with a coastline of around 7500 km. The country accordingly requires a lively and solid shipbuilding industry for financial just as vital reasons. At present South Korea, Japan and China command the shipbuilding business. In spite of a long coastline, great potential, and accessibility of positive locales for shipbuilding, the nation's offer in the general shipbuilding tonnage on the planet is around 1.12%. Indian shipbuilding is basically focused on "27" Shipyards including "8" Public Sector and "19" Private Sector units. A noteworthy offer of the shipbuilding limit is held by open segment yards. Private Shipyards, however more in number are seriously restricted by limit and size of boats they can fabricate (Figures 2 & 3).  

Demand of Shipbuilding

In the ongoing past, the worldwide delivery industry encountered a phenomenal interest. The accompanying variables are in charge of the expansion sought after for boats, worldwide:

• Overall growth in worldwide sea exchange and dynamic development in waterfront development.
• Progressive rise sought after of holder dispatches because of fast increment in containerization and boats for transportation of unrefined petroleum and oil-based goods because of the enormous expansion of refining limit.
• New guidelines routine prohibiting single frame tankers and required Condition Assessment Program reported by DG Shipping.
• The scrapping of old boats, particularly mass transporters because of presentation of higher basic norms would result in increment sought after for mass bearers.

The all-out estimate of new shipbuilding prerequisite up to 2015 is almost 1000 million DWT. The offer of India in the Global Order Book is about 1.12% and the offer of Gujarat concerning the Indian request book is over 60%.

The scenario in Gujarat State

In Gujarat, dispatch/pontoon building is embraced on normal premise at "9" transport/watercraft building yards. The gross shipbuilding limit of the Shipyards in Gujarat is about 1.11 million DWT every year. Limit of the major worldwide shipbuilding yards is nearly reserved till 2011-12. This has made a lucky opening for Indian Shipbuilding industry, especially in the fragment of little vessels, seaward supply vessels, apparatuses and grapple holding vessels and so forth (Table 3).

Advantages Gujarat Enjoys

Gujarat has about 1600 km of coastline with the accompanying marine and different parameters, good to set up of shipbuilding yards.

• The configuration of the coastline with two bays viz. the Gulf of the Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch offering normally secured areas.
• High tidal range in the Gulf of Cambay offering the advantage of the tidal window, thereby diminishing digging requirements for Shipyard activity.
• The existence of auxiliary businesses to supply steel plates, apparatuses, equipment's, and other frivolous things require for shipbuilding.
• Rise in seaside and abroad ocean-borne exchange at its coast.
• The good degree to adapt up the interest of in fact qualified faculty for the shipbuilding area.
• Lower work cost.
• Pro-industry approaches of the State Government.

Important Ship Building Yards in Gujarat State (Operational)

Table 3: Locations of Shipyards in Gujarat State

Predicative Environmental Impact on Establishing Industries at Kandla Port Trust (Multipurpose Special Economic Zone – MSEZ)

Location: Kandla, Gandhidham, Gujarat, India

Type of Project: Expansion(Shipbuilding activities)

Coordinates: Site A: 22.56 0 02’ 71’’ N, 70.05 0 19’ 84’’ E

Site B:22.59 0 04’ 23’’ N, 70.11 0 50’ 08’’ E Authorities: Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB), Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Deendayal Port Trust (DPT)

Table 4: List of Industries established at Kandla

Table 5: Proposed Projects

General Impacts of Ship Building and Ship Repair on Environment

• Physical parameters (Air, Water, Soil, Noise)
• Biological parameters (Flora, Fauna)
• Socioeconomics

Physical Parameters

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2), VOCs, carbon monoxide, particulates, and nitrogen oxides from petroleum product of boilers and heaters and from diesel fuel motors in cranes, generator, and other hardware and overwhelming weight vehicles fumes.
• Formation of aerosols and emission of dust particles due to run-off of heavy weight vehicles.
• The most imperative ecological perspectives concerning those procedures are primarily neighbourhood to air as portrayed Important procedures are cutting, shaping, joining, granulating, sandblasting, painting and furnishing.
• Erection and equipping require cathodes, gases transportation assets and so on. Ecological viewpoints are emanations to the demeanor of welding gasses and asset usage. What's more, the transportation of plates, profiles, areas and so on by cranes and vehicles might be a natural perspective.
• The natural effects from the structure forms are for the most part nearby encompassing zone and their commitment to the all-out ecological execution of a ship in an all-out life cycle view might be overlooked contrasted and the effect from the emanation of residue particles from the operational stage.
• The effect of structure forms are noteworthy from a neighborhood point of view, however, the ecological impacts that are at first of a nearby sort may have long haul impacts, similar to individuals may experience the ill effects of bronchitis or asbestosis.
• The release of gases from cutting and consume off tasks exhibit a risk to the earth just as to the people uncovered. Vital ecological perspectives are worried about Fugitive outflows from affecting tasks can go past the impacting zone, conveyed via air.
• Use of solvents all the while, production of residue amid shot impacting, machining and welding exercises can result in respiratory infection.
• Smaller vessels can be taken a shot at underneath shop rooftops, yet bigger vessels are chipped away at in open regions; on coasting dry-docks or marine railroads. Influencing coarseness utilized in shipyards commonly is a slag, a side effect of ferronickel generation. The constituents of influencing coarseness shift, yet overall incorporate oxides of silicon, iron, aluminium, and calcium. A few corn meals likewise may contain oxides of zinc and magnesium and follow measures of copper, titanium, sulfur, and oxides of potassium and sodium.
• Asbestos has been utilized on a vast scale for a long time as an insulating and protective material and might be experienced in a wide scope of structures including asbestos concrete loads up, as flame retardant gaskets in pipework and as flame retardant protection around boilers and heaters.
• The release of gases from cutting and consume off tasks exhibit a risk to the Environment just as to the people uncovered. Critical natural viewpoints are worried about:
• Hydrocarbons and cargo residues
• Coatings and paint (PCB, VOCs)
• Firefighting agents
• The hull and large steel structures
• Conventional preliminaries and paints contain solvents and shades with overwhelming metals. Numerous solvents contain unstable natural mixes (VOC) as well as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). More than 180 HAPs are managed under the Clean Air Act. All HAPs and some VOCs are appeared to cause malignant growth, so presentation to specialists is a basic issue. A few HAPs and VOCs additionally add to the development of ground-level ozone (exhaust cloud).
• Some instances of leukaemia, lymphoma, asthma, and lung malignant growth have been known to happen because of poor site radiation control security and the board rehearses.
• The most essential natural perspectives concerning those procedures are for the most part nearby angles with a connection to water as depicted. The effect on the earth depends anyway on which advances are being utilized, for example, recently created procedures like submerged plasma welding, electron bar welding, rubbing blend welding, and laser cutting. Scraps (heavy metal) from welding & cutting may harmful to the water environment and affect water quality leads to changes in aquatic biota cycle.
• Due to body surface cleaning, paint evacuation, changes of zinc anodes, and paint application imperative ecological viewpoints are:
• Releases to water (overwhelming metals, paint profluent, flush down water)
• Risks to the marine condition: Because without TBT paints don't viably control fouling,
• They increment the danger of boats presenting intrusive, non-local species that can cause monetary and ecological biological community harm, including the breakdown of an area's fisheries. Moreover, little information exists on the potential unending or long haul dangers to the marine condition of without tin items.
• Dissolved oxygen is essential for the survival of sea-going life, and is a decent marker of water quality. At the point when a lot of natural waste taints water, microorganisms utilize more oxygen to disintegrate the waste, causing a drop in the oxygen level. This procedure of eutrophication happens most.
• Direct discharge of pollutants, as well as wastewater and shipping yard runoff, can cause localized pollution hotspots along the coasts. These pollutants sometimes reduce the oxygen in coastal waters to levels that cannot support life.
• Regular releases of fuel, sewage, and rubbish from maritime ships likewise add to sea contamination.
• Impact on recreational utilization of riverbanks, shorelines, coasts, and wetlands incorporate impedance with recreational exercises, for example, calculating, sculling, plunging and washing and strolling because of the wellbeing and dangers sleek water presents to riverbank, coast, wetland, or shoreline.
• Oil spills from tankers and seaward oilrigs are a noteworthy danger to sea life, influencing everything from phytoplankton, green growth and coral reefs, fish, and marine well-evolved creatures. Oil slicks amid fitting activities may defile the waters encompassing the shipyard. Overflow water is probably going to catch oils and garbage that has collected on the dock territory.
• In the expansion, enormous gatherings of disposing of plastic and other constant trash routinely damage or execute feathered creatures, fish, and other ocean life.
• The bottoms of vessels that have drawn out seawater contact regularly are covered with "against fouling" paints containing synthetic substances that transfer of coarseness a basic monetary and ecological issue for shipbuilding and fix offices.
• Heavy metals and coincidental releases from spills and capacity tank spillages may likewise pollute groundwater.
• The remaining zone of the shipyard will bolster subordinate exercises including tank ranches; repress the connection of fouling life forms to structures. The dynamic fixings regularly found in hostile to fouling paints are metal-based, for example, cuprous (copper) oxide, or tributyl-tin (TBT).
• Metals can enter the water through the release of hostile to fouling paint chips and paint expulsion materials amid vessel upkeep exercises.
• Galvanizing and other metal planning showers will release corrosive/soluble base and metals loaded waters.
• The paints that are used might be spilled on the ground during the building process and it might contaminate the soil.
• The process like Galvanization and other metal preparation will release wastewater that might get mixed with the surrounding soil and contaminate it.
• The impact of raw petroleum washing on erosion ought to be assessed including the impact of a film of oil on steel, the adequacy of various kinds of unrefined petroleum clothes washers, and the effect of raw petroleum washing on rust scale partition from steel surfaces which influences soil profile and soil biota.
• The iron may get rusted and will lead to an increase in the iron concentration of the soil.
• Various oils are used in the engines, during production they may get leaked from tankers and will contaminate the soil.
• Various heavy metals are used in shipbuilding, and this might lead to soil contamination.
• Spent coarseness should be tried for lethality. In the event that it is viewed as dangerous, it must be overseen and discarded as unsafe waste. The probability that coarseness will come up short the tests relies upon how it has been utilized.
• Grit that has been utilized to evacuate against fouling base paints is bound to come up short the tests than coarseness that has been utilized to strip topside surfaces.
• Sludge from wastewater treatment, perhaps with a substantial metal substance.
• There is a high rate of slips, excursions, and falls at shipyards because of uneven surfaces, shaky walkways and wet decks.
• As vessels are being developed in numerous dimensions, falling items are a peril. Also, faculty can be hit by falling/moving items amid manufacture.
• Poor the executives of materials waste and releases from creation introduce a potential danger of soil tainting.
• The adequacy of coal tar and unadulterated epoxy coatings ought to be assessed in a domain that incorporates microbial affected erosion.
• During the building process, various machines as a driller, cutter, etc. are used which produce very high noise that might harm the workers and people living in the surrounding area.
• Various vehicles will be used for transport of raw material, the will also add up to the overall noise pollution.
• Pneumatic hammers, gouging devices, and chipping machines are wellsprings of huge commotion presentation in shipyards.
• Falls from stature like (from cranes) happen on shipyards while vessels are being built. As vessels are being built in numerous dimensions, falling articles are a perilous material.
• Noise contamination and vibrations, which influence the nature of the earth, for example, working conditions for the team and travellers and outside.
• Land Acquisition: The land used for the ship building industry will result in the usage of the land that was previously occupied by the local people. They will need to be resettled before commencing the project.
• Fishing Activities: The local people are a fisherman, and do fishing for their food as well as earning. Therefore, the establishment of the shipbuilding industry will lead to disturbance in their daily activity as well as will hamper their livelihood. It will also bring changes in the number of fishes that are present in the water due to waste generated.
• Access to the road: During the construction phase, many vehicles will be using the road facility, so it will generate a lot of traffic, and in turn affect the movement of the local people.
• Employment: Local people not capable of working in the industries will be adversely affected, and the local people migrated to another place for getting work. Because of the revenue contract system, local people cannot get employment and the labourer from different states is coming and interfere culture of the local community.

Bay of Kachchh (hereinafter named as Gulf) which possesses a region of 7300 km 2 is organically a standout amongst the most gainful and enhanced living spaces along the west shoreline of India. The high tidal convergence covers huge low lying zones of around 1500 km2 involving a system of rivers, boggy salt marshes and rough locales which give suitable condition to a wide assortment of marine biota. The southern shore has various Islands and channels, which harbour immense regions of mangroves and coral reefs with living corals. The northern shore, which is transcendently sandy or sloppy stood up to by various reefs and brooks, additionally supports substantial stretches of mangroves. An assortment of marine riches existing in the Gulf incorporates green growth, mangroves, corals, wipes, molluscs, prawns, angles, reptiles, fowls, and warm-blooded animals. To secure the rich biodiversity of the Gulf, a few intertidal mudflats and coral reefs along its southern shore are announced as Marine National Park and Marine Sanctuary. Modern and different advancements along the Gulf have quickened as of late with the foundation of two oil refineries. Furthermore, the ports at Okha, Kandla, Navlakhi, Mundra and Jakhau handle an assortment of payload and are in charge of significant ship traffic in the Gulf. Extra three noteworthy ports are arranged separated from the extension projects of the current ports. A few hostage piers are likewise underthought. Four SPMs are as of now operational two each at Vadinar and Sikka and one worked by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. also, Reliance Petroleum Ltd. individually. Another two SPMs will be set up by 2002 between Vadinar and Sikka by Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd. what is more, ESSAR Oil Ltd. As these SPMs will be utilized for import of unrefined petroleum, traffic of raw petroleum and oil-based commodities is relied upon to go up considerably throughout the following couple of years.

The other major mechanical advancements around the Gulf incorporate a soft drink slag industry at Mithapur, a concrete plant, a warm power plant and a manure production line at Sikka and a bond complex at Mundra. A large number of these businesses utilize the Gulf either straightforwardly or in a roundabout way to draw seawater for cooling, to discharge wastewater including the arrival coolant and fare/import of materials. Likewise, there are a few medium and little scale enterprises and saltpans, which utilize the Gulf in an assortment of ways.

Apart from agricultural land, the study area has only sparse vegetation. Natural vegetation in the study area is desert thorn forest, with Prosopis juliflora , the dominant species. Typical open scrub forest mainly constitutes thorny, stout species of Prosopis juliflora , Acacia sp ., Euphorbia sp ., and Cassia auriculiformis. The coastal area has small patches of mangrove forest. Sand dunes are also found very close to the coast.

As Kandla is a port close to the Arabian Sea, the water is reached in a variety of fishes that are used by the local fishermen as food as well as an income source, establishment of shipbuilding industry over here will greatly reduce the number of fishes in the water indirectly affecting the local fishermen’s. Previously fishermen used to get the fishes at a short distance from the cost, but due to the establishment of the industries the distance might increase and the fishermen will have to travel more distance in the sea to get food.

Attributable to its evolving condition, the examination region harbours a couple of natural life types of some environmental hugeness. Nevertheless, the seaside zones, which have numerous saltpans, islands, and intertidal beachfront frameworks with mangroves, offer positive conditions for bolstering, reproducing, and safe house to an assortment of winged animals. An examination completed amid November 1999 uncovered high avifaunal assorted variety in this district and recorded 140 flying creature species, of which 85 were earthbound and 55 oceanic. Out of these, 71 were inhabitant species, 44 transients, and 25 occupant vagrant. In view of locating, 21 species were accounted for to be plenteous, 42 normal, 51 uncommon, and 26 uncommon. A portion of the winged creature species located amid the overview was grey herons, pond herons, large and small egrets, and black ibis.

Environment Management Plan (EMP)

• No disposal of waste into marine water
• Establishment of the water treatment facility
• Implementation of water quality monitoring program
• Proper drainage system for proper discharge of wastewater
• Recycle water to decrease raw water requirement as well as decrease pollution.
• Raw materials and other stuff those are likely to undergo surface runoff during monsoon needs to be properly covered or to be kept in sealed containers.
• Proper sanitation facilities for the workers working in the industry
• Proper measure to make sure that the water used in the industry should not come in contact with potable water.
• Regular checkup of pipelines for leaks, to make sure that the oil and other chemicals are not mixed with the marine water as well as the potable water.
• Proper labelling of hazardous waste to prevent accidents
• Full-scale and model testing of wash impacts, including investigation of the ecological results
• Establishment of Ambient air quality monitoring program
• Use of low VOCs paints to decrease air pollution
• Use of proper equipment to decrease air pollution as possible
• Transportation management plan to decrease vehicular emission
• The waste should not be burned.
• Chimneys of proper height need to be made.
• Use of sound absorber to decrease noise.
• Use of machines that produce low noise.
• Proper maintenance of vehicles and machine to decrease noise.
• Manage vehicular traffic to decrease noise coming from vehicles.
• Give proper equipment’s to the workers to protect them from damage caused due to loud noises from machinery
• Manage working time to ensure that local people are not disturbed.
• Follow guidelines made by the CPCB to ensure less noise pollution.
• Soundproof cabins for the operators working at noise environment.
• Reduction of clamour from gas turbine drive frameworks is an issue for fast ships. Nonetheless, the fundamental driver of commotion and vibrations in boats is cavitation on the propeller. Cavitation happens mostly due to the non-uniform wakefield in which the propeller works.
• Developments of commotion forecast strategies dependent on SEA and FEM.
• Sound upkeep the executive's framework is an indispensable piece of security the board framework (SMS) and is a piece of the necessity for getting and keeping up ISM accreditation
• Soil that is excavated for use needs to be properly stored to avoid a surface runoff.
• Proper disposal facilities for wastewater to make sure that it doesn’t percolate in the soil affecting the groundwater.
• Regular sample collection for checking the soil quality.
• Landfilling site should be properly treated to avoid contamination.
• Land to be used should not be taken from agriculture or forest.
• Green belts need to be made according to standard guidelines to ensure erosion does not take place.
• Mangroves should be grown at places to ensure protection from flood.
• Separate vehicles parking should be allocated.
• Heavy vehicles should use an alternate route to ensure less damage to the road.
• Containers should be checked for leakage to avoid spills on land. Normal examination ought to be completed of all mass control nearby to forestall spillage.
• Domestic waste generated, either to be reused or gathered at a common place to be further processed.
• Afforestation program should be undertaken
• Development of plan criteria for counteractive action of contamination because of establishing and crash.
• Design of ship bodies for erosion aversion/decrease and for simplicity of examination and upkeep.
• Better squander the executives (for example rules on following the reusing of waste material like oil, spent solvents, batteries, oil channels, fluid waste)
• To accomplish an earth worthy transfer of waste, it is basic that each Port State give sufficient gathering offices in the entirety of its ports with the goal that waste can be gotten and treated.
• Reduction of harmful substances during maintenance.
• Socio-economic Profile
• Local people who cannot work in the industry should be rehabilitated at proper places.
• Local people capable of working in the industries should be recruited to decrease transport of workforce.
• Industrial Township to be made at a safe distance away from society to make sure they are not adversely affected.
• Green Belt to be made near the township to ensure a less polluted atmosphere.
• Regular Occupational health checkup.
• Roads should be constructed for local people to travel easily.
• Training of workers on appropriate waste control and transfer techniques, upkeep guidance, and better work conditions. Awareness program should be carried out as per for local people knowledge about the generation of waste and management.
• Good housekeeping ought to be kept up consistently in all regions.
• Occupational Health and Safety Improvements
• Provision of individual defensive hardware (PPE) that is fit for the undertaking to anticipate damage and keep up cleanliness guidelines. Staff ought to be prepared in the right determination, use, and support of PPE. PPE ought to be assessed consistently and kept up or supplanted as important.
• Train labourers in right utilization of apparatus and wellbeing gadgets.
• Install mechanical lifting helps where conceivable and pivot work assignments to decrease dull exercises.
• Separation of individuals from moving gear: Install walkways to isolate individuals from vehicles or moving parts to decrease the danger of a crash.
• To decrease the danger of commotion presentation seclude boisterous gear and turn assignments to limit time spent in an uproarious region over an eight-hour duration and give individual defensive hardware where individuals need to enter loud zones.
• Provide proper fall capture gear.
• Are firefighting and medical aid gear accessible?
• Check the age and state of gear search for indications of mileage, corruption, holes, and breaks.
• Check that strong waste stockpiling and transfer (stockpiling hardware) is in a decent condition.
• Check that squander capacity zones are clear of trash and that skips are secured to avoid squander getting away, for instance, watch that squander compartments have covers or are put away in a territory with a rooftop.
• Have the premises been examined as of late by the administrative specialists for wellbeing and condition? What were their discoveries?
• Check for programmed protects on apparatus to counteract incidental damage.
• Check that wages and working hours are steady with the normal for the area and national guidelines.
• Does the association have protection set up to cover the review of debased items? Have there been any ongoing item review episodes?
• Have there been any ongoing occurrences on location, for example, fatalities, fires/blasts, spills? Is protection set up to cover such occurrences?
• Operational methodology to oversee ecological, wellbeing and dangers.
• Monitoring programs.
• Improvement goals, targets, and task plans.
• Training for staff.
• Regular assessments, checks and reviews with records to exhibit accomplishment of the required dimension of execution against legitimate necessities and improvement activity.
• Emergency plans for condition, wellbeing and security mishaps, or cleanliness resistance.
• Management audit/showed contribution in condition, wellbeing, security, and cleanliness the board.

Case Study – 2: Mata No Madh Lignite Mines (GMDC)

The Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Limited (GMDC) is a state Government undertaking exploration and exploitation corporation operating a number of Lignite, Bauxite, Fluorspar mines in the state. It was set up in the year 1963, with the command to create real mineral assets in the State of Gujarat. GMDC is engaged in tapping lignite at Mata-Na-Madh village of western Kachchh region. Amid the period 2007-08, the mine delivered 6.64 lac MT, which is higher by 1.62 lac MT when contrasted with earlier year's creation 5.02 lac MT. As a part of the summer training program in 1999, this lignite lease area of Mata-No-Madh was visited to understand the mining activities and surrounding environmental status. This part of the report detailed the environmental condition of the project area and likely impacts and possible mitigation measures (Figures 4 & 5).  

Mine Project Details: Details of the nature of the project environment area are given (Table 6, Figures 4 & 5).

Table 6: Details of the Project Environment

Baseline Status of Flora & Fauna of the Project Area

List of common tree species, reptiles, birds, and mammals observed are given in the following tables. This list includes 12 species of trees, three species of reptiles, 20 species of birds and 6 species of mammals (Tables 7&8).

Table 7: List of Common Tree Species reported in and around Mine Project Area (MPA)

Table 8: List of Faunal Species recorded in and around Mine Project Area (MPA)

General Environmental Impacts due to Mining Activities

Lands and Soil

• Loss of land due to mineral excavation in the form of mine pits and waste dumps
• Loss of land due to development of infrastructure facilities like mine office, roads, sheds, labour resident, power office, parking place for vehicles used for transportation of minerals
• Change in the natural landscape due to the above project related activities
• Loss of forestland due to Deforestation to extract lignite and other activities
• Loss of fertile top soil
• Contamination of soil due to dust deposition from the mine lease

Hydrology/ Water Resources

• The major unfavourable effects are changes in ground water stream designs, bringing down of the water table; changes in the hydrodynamic states of waterway/underground energize basing, decrease in volumes of surface release to water bodies/streams.
• Disruption and redirection of water courses/wastes, tainting of water bodies.
• Affecting the yield of water from bore wells and burrowed wells, land subsidence and so on.

Water Quality

• The significant effects are water contamination because of disintegration, oils, and oil.
• Contamination of water bodies because of release of mine water/effluents, contamination from sewage effluents.
• Sedimentation of streams and other put away water bodies, leachates from wash-off from dumps.
• Solid squander transfer destinations, broken rocks, lethal squanders, saltiness from mine flames, corrosive mine seepage and so on.

Air Quality

• The main undesirable impact is the elevated concentration of dust emission due to lignite excavation.
• Dust emission due to the transportation of excavated earth materials from the mine pits.
• Dust emission due to the movement of vehicles.
• Sulfur present in lignite while comes in contact with air oxidation of sulfur takes place and produce fumes.
• Contamination of water bodies because of the release of mine water/effluents, contamination from sewage effluents.

Noise and Vibrations

• The major unfriendly effects amid pre-mining and mining stages are the age of repulsive dimensions of commotion and vibrations because of mining and vehicle developments.
• Loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity due to deforestation
• The plants that grow around mine will be affected by the dust that comes out from the mines.
• The dust will cover the leaves and reduce the photosynthesis.
• The top soil is removed leading to a decrease in nutrient content and affect the vegetation growth.
• The polluted water affects the growth of plants
• Loss of forest directly impact on the animals depend on the forest habitat
• Mining impact the faunal groups reported in and around the mine lease area
• Contamination of water resource impact on aquatic vegetation and faunal species mainly amphibians and aquatic birds
• Contamination of water and disturbance to the water resources affect the other animal species depend on the water resources of the mine lease area
• The polluted air will indirectly affect the animals.
• Animals get disturbed due to frequent movements of vehicles and they move out of their original habitat.
• Animals mortality may occur due to heavy vehicle movements
• The overall impact on faunal diversity of the project area
• Loss of natural resources like grazing area, agriculture land, water
• Health problems may occur due to air and water pollution
• Loss of agriculture land affect income and livelihood

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

• The optimal way of land use to minimize impacts cause due to the land lease area
• All the infrastructures need to be developed within the project area without taking additional lands,
• Use of existing roads for project related activities to minimize additional land requirements and change in the landscape
• Top soil should be removed and conserved for plantation activities.
• Proper afforestation for renewal of soil quality.
• Proper plantation on slopes of the dump to avoid a surface runoff.
• The project should be designed and planed spatially to avoid impact on local hydrological regimes of both surface and groundwater.
• Proper water budgeting need to develop to minimize the impact on local water resources
• All the stormwater generated in the mine pits need to be stored in the separate pit and filtered before release into a natural watercourse
• The project proponent should develop its own water resources for the use of project related activities by the construction of the open well, bore wells and dams
• Roof water harvesting systems need to be developed wherever possible to generate excess water resource
• Plantation should be developed on the external dumps to avoid runoff water which contaminates other natural water bodies
• Plantation on the dumps avoid dust emission due to heavy wind
• Implementation of ambient air quality monitoring program.
• Dust suppression by using heavy dust sprinklers on the road.
• Dust extraction facilities.
• Mineral handling plants to be properly covered.
• Transportation to be properly covered.
• Vegetation should be grown to avoid air pollution
• Avenue plantations need to be developed along the roadside to control the dust emission due to vehicle emission
• This avenue plantation can also help in control noise and absorb gasses emission generated due to vehicles
• Provision of ear plug for workers working in the mines
• Use of clamour reduction cushioning in fixed plant establishment.
• Use of noise absorbing devises.
• Location of the residential colony should be away from the mine.
• Buildings should be made in such a way that they are not affected by the vibrations.
• Use of improved blasting facilities.
• Compensation to each family for house and land obtained.
• Employment for the local people.
• Proper training programs for the workers
• Training of representatives on appropriate waste control and transfer systems, upkeep guidance and better work conditions.
• Awareness program should be carried out as per for local people knowledge about the generation of waste and management.
• Good housekeeping ought to be kept up consistently in all territories.
• Mock safety drill
• Blasting during normal working hours only.
• Personal Protective equipments should be provided.
• Proper Sanitation facilities for the employees
• Proper medical facilities for the employees.
• Regular medical checkup of the workers.

Environmental Description

The ecological depiction or standard investigations of both examination locales were researched exactly and precisely in setting of EIA and EMP, planned to set up the current situation with the earth in that, considered the progressions came about because of characteristic occasions and from other human exercises. 23,24 This diminished the precision of resulting forecasts and moderation measures. 24  Every important part of both the biophysical and financial condition and their connections were portrayed in adequate detail to direct quality effect forecast. 25,24

The biophysical natural depiction incorporated a portrayal of the geographical and land highlights (incline; grade; soil; penetrability; mineral substance; load bearing limit; radiological attributes; critical topographical and geological highlights (for example land quality, disintegration); hydrological highlights (compound, physical and natural parameters of surface, ground, and seawater, wellsprings of water supplies, seepage bowls, and amount of water sources); air, atmosphere, and climate conditions; and widely varied vegetation (relevant living spaces, jeopardized species, biological communities and connections among species). 25,24

The financial ecological portrayal included personal satisfaction information (salary, work and business/industry patterns, recreational chances, and general wellbeing status); a network profile (asset use, land use, townscape, transportation systems, framework, commotion, populace thickness, and socioeconomics); and a depiction of critical locales (indigenous, recorded, profound, archaeological, and cultural). 25,24

A portrayal of the venture condition connections included changes that were occurred in the earth paying little heed to the undertaking; a situation characterized in fleeting and spatial terms; a depiction of the associations between task impacts; a portrayal of the collaborations with impacts of different activities; and a portrayal of the current wellbeing of the biological community (profitable, conveying, and assimilative capacity). 25,24

Biophysical Impact Analysis

A biophysical affect examination includes no less than two conjectures. One figure predicts how the biophysical parts will change and advance normally. The second estimate predicts how the segments will react to the proposed task. 26 Techniques or devices used to investigate and figure the biophysical effects ought to be unmistakably expressed. This permits all worried to decide if the proper strategy or model was utilized in effect gauging. The estimating system picked ought to rely upon the normal utilization of the information, the nature of the task and the accessibility and nature of information. Along these lines, the biophysical affect examination ought to be straightforward, express and simple to repeat. 26

Investigations on biophysical impact was completed to examine immediate, backhanded, intuitive, total, transitory, changeless, long haul, and transient effects on all distinguished VECs. Effect, as recently characterized by, 4 is "any adjustment in the physical, normal or social condition achieved by advancement." Impacts were not limited to the venture limits dictated by people. For instance, water and air contamination, other than influencing territories inside the task site, additionally influenced zones downstream or down wind. Consequently, impacts were analyzed past the undertaking site. These effects were recognized in the checking procedure. 26

The biophysical investigation considered undertaking impacts just as the proposed territory's common changes. Suitable accentuation was given to the most extreme, unfriendly effects of the task with lesser accentuation gave to less noteworthy effects. The positive and negative impacts of elective intercessions on VECs were expressed unequivocally. 26

Social Impact Assessment

The Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a critical segment of the EIA procedure that decides plausible social, social, financial, legacy, and wellbeing impacts, of a proposed venture on influenced people, gatherings, and networks. Today, SIA has increased acknowledgment that is more extensive since it is currently performed via prepared social researchers that utilize sociology strategies. To foresee the foreseen social effects of an undertaking, sociologists gather information at various phases of a venture utilizing factors. In spite of the fact that utilizing a variable rundown as an agenda is not prompted, in light of the fact that extraordinary, yet essential factors might be found in the SIA procedure, a rundown can give a beginning stage to commentators. 27,28

The methodology taken relies upon the objectives and setting of the task and of the SIA. The predominant models are the specialized model and the political (or participatory) demonstrate. The specialized model infers that a SIA is an activity proposed to add to a normal examination, and is established on judicious choices, data, and science. The political model proposes that an open, participative process prompts better choices, as choices are not esteem unbiased and ought not endeavor to be esteem impartial. 29,28

Impact Significance

Deciding effect criticalness is a troublesome errand constrained by a fragmented comprehension of the term essentialness, poor information, esteem decisions, and complex process collaborations that trade-off assessment. 30,31,32 No uniform meaning of criticalness exists. 33 In this way, EIAs are allowed to incorporate both subjective and quantitative techniques for assessing sway criticalness. 34,32 Centrality assurance limits and criteria must be characterized and substantiated. 35,32

The essentialness assurance approach process was unequivocally depicted and detectable. 35,32 A precise and reproducible methodology was utilized whether the methodology was abstract or target. 36,32 Legitimization of the technique for assessing sway hugeness incorporated since it uncovered if the EIA was adequate. The strategy for deciding noteworthiness included the utilization of solid, intelligent, diagnostic, and logically stable strategies. 37,32

The EIA involvement in India demonstrates that the absence of convenient accessibility of solid and valid natural information has been a noteworthy bottleneck in accomplishing the full advantages of EIA. Nature being a multi-disciplinary subject, a huge number of organizations is engaged with accumulation of ecological information. In any case, no single association in India tracks accessible information from these offices and make it accessible in one spot in a structure required by ecological effect evaluation specialists. Further, ecological information is not accessible in upgraded structures that improve the nature of the EIA. This makes it harder and additional tedious to create EIAs and get convenient ecological clearances from controllers. 40

In a few occurrences where open interest is required by EIA enactment, such cooperation could be constrained. For instance, the law in India necessitated that a formal proceeding is directed. Nevertheless, NGOs regularly considered the formal proceeding as an organized procedure that seemed to include nationals when the choice had just been made. 41

The Environmental Conservation Act (1995) required natural freedom for advancement ventures, yet it additionally maintained whatever authority is needed to the legislature to forgo the leeway prerequisite. This gave the motivation to extend advocates to apply an impact to ardent this necessity. Since open interview and open support were constrained, these two powers for were blocked from countering the illicit impact, and they were hindered from giving a motivator to the successful distinguishing proof and relief of potential natural effects. 42

In the course of the last many years, EIA has turned into a universally acknowledged and built up apparatus for ecological administration. Amid this time, EIA techniques have been fortified and EIA limit has been enhanced in a wide range of settings, including created, creating, and transitional economies. There is no uncertainty that, particularly in progressively develop EIA frameworks; EIA has had any kind of effect to examples of advancement through structure alterations, institutional learning, and partner association. The nature of choices including EIA has enhanced because of the expanded utilization of adjustment or moderation, the utilization of progressively stringent conditions upon authorizations and, occasionally, the non-usage of possibly ecologically harming proposition, which may beforehand have been affirmed.

Nevertheless, there has been developing disappointment over the way that EIA's impact over improvement choices is generally constrained and that it has all the earmarks of being missing the mark concerning its maximum capacity. Indeed, even its most prompt points of guaranteeing that the probable ecological outcomes of advancements are appropriately considered; and improved where essential are just being met to a certain point. The accomplishment of its substantive point, adding to increasingly feasible examples of movement, albeit hard to evaluate, gives off an impression of being considerably progressively tricky. This might be mostly because this point is not well characterized in itself yet it likewise sells out an inability to join into EIA frameworks any reasonable method of reasoning for attempting to such an end.

A scope of explicit measures has been prescribed to fortify EIA frameworks and many have been received throughout the years. These have commonly centred around presenting or reinforcing proper procedural prerequisites, supported by limit building estimates identified with direction, preparing and examine. The case for formal instruments that guarantee 'development' of EIA in connection to singular undertakings, for example, linkage with natural administration frameworks, has like-wise been made. Nevertheless, these measures stay constrained in their impact, and EIA, for the most part, keeps on achieving just moderately unobtrusive alterations of improvement proposition.

This frustrating execution has prompted expanding addressing about the idea of EIA and an acknowledgement that it is on a very basic level pragmatist approach is out of a venture with the substances of basic leadership. This has started to concentrate consideration on basic leadership settings themselves and recommends that EIA be all the more firmly adjusted to the procedures that it tries to impact. On a positive note, viability considers additionally propose that EIA as of now identifies with basic leadership in progressively backhanded ways, inferring that EIA is yielding more extensive advantages than those just connected with explicit task choices.

The proceeding with the desire that EIA ought to add to the more extensive undertaking of achieving supportable improvement has given EIA its most vital feeling of direction however this has not been made an interpretation of obviously into EIA structures, standards or philosophies. Setting about this errand would be methods for restoring the establishing motivations behind EIA and giving it an increasingly determinative position in undertaking arranging forms. For instance, it is likely time to reevaluate the idea of 'unequivocal obligatory necessity' (Section 2) and give EIA a statutory reason. 38 Much could be accomplished by expanding the load given to ecological assets and limits in existing EIA frameworks. A similar end could be accomplished by guaranteeing that EIA was connected to clear 'naturally practical improvement' targets. The adequacy of EIA would be reinforced if a particular point was to convey 'no net natural weakening' and, if this could not be illustrated, to require the utilization of the prudent standard in basic leadership. There is no uncertainty that, if the general population and lawmakers will the closures, EIA can give substantially more viable methods for drawing in with arranging forms and of accomplishing increasingly reasonable examples of advancement.

The EIA procedure is an interdisciplinary and multi-step method to guarantee that natural contemplations are incorporated into choices with respect to ventures that may affect the earth. Essentially characterized, it is a formal procedure use to foresee the ecological results of any formative venture. From the above examination, unmistakably before usage of a specific venture, which has potential danger to condition just as to human life, an appropriate investigation has been made. Along these lines, it guarantees that the potential issues are predicting and tended to at a beginning period at in the task arranging and planning. 43 Based on the suggestive steps, recommendations and mitigation measures in EIA and EMP reports, the action plan was prepared and implemented with an immediate effect by Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) at Deendayal (Kandla) Port Trust (DPT), and Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation (GMDC) at Mata-No-Madh Lignite Mines, Kachchh, Gujarat, India, to minimize the impact of expansion activities on physical, biological and socio-economic factors therein.

Acknowledgements

Author is thankful to Dr. G.A. Thivakarn, Principal Scientist, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE), Bhuj (Kachchh), Gujarat, Dr. Justus Joshua, Director, and Dr. S.F. Wesley Sunderraj, Principal Scientist, Green Future Foundation (GFF), Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, and Dr. Nischal M. Joshi, Senior Manager, Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, for providing valuable suggestions in preparing this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

Authors declare ‘no conflict of interest’ in publishing this case study.

Funding source

• Wood, C. 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review. London: Longman Higher Education ( ISBN -13: 978-0582369696)
• Gilpin, A. 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Cutting Edge for the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 182 P. ( ISBN -10: 0521429676)
• Duinker, P.N., Baskerville, G.L. 1986a. A systematic approach to forecasting in environmental impact assessment. Journal of Environmental Management . 23:271-290.
• Raymond, K., Coates, A. 2001. Guidance on EIA: EIS Review . Accessed online on February 7, 2004, at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/eia/eia-guidelines/g-review-full-text.pdf
• Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA). 2004. Basics of Environmental Assessments. Accessed online on February 7, 2004, at http://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/010/basics_e.htm#1
• Anderson, C., Glynn, T., Shuyang, F. 2003. Considering Project Description in EIA: A Guide for Novice Reviewers. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the class ENVI5001: Environmental Impact Assessment, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
• Sadler, B. 1996. International Study of the Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment. Final Report - Environmental Assessment in a Changing World: Evaluating Practice to Improve Performance. Department of Environment and Heritage, Australian EIA Network. Accessed online on February 3, 2003, at http://www.erin.gov.au/assessments/eianet/eastudy/final/chapter1.html
• Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP). 1999. Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment in Antarctica . Norway: Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, Hobart.
• Morris, P., Therivel, R. (Eds.) 1995. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment . Vancouver: UBC Press. ( ISBN -10: 0774805269)
• Steinemann, A. 2000. Improving alternatives for environmental impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review .3 (21). Accessed online on January 12, 2003, at www.elsevier.com/locate/eiar
• Jain, R., Urban, L.V., Staey, G.S., Balbach, H. 2002. Environmental Assessment, 2 nd Ed. Hightstown, NJ: McGraw-Hill Press. ( ISBN -10: 0070323690)
• Priddle, G.B. 1977. Problems of Communicating Environmental Assessment Information to Decision Makers. In: Plewes, M. and Whitney, J.B.R., Environmental Impact Assessment in Canada: Processes and Approaches , Pub. No. EE-5, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 199.
• Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 1985. Environmental Impact Assessment: Guidelines for Planners and Decision Makers . United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand.
• Huang, Y., Lara, V., Morse, J. 2003. Scoping in Canadian Environmental Impact Assessment: A Guide for Reviewers. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the class ENVI5001: Environmental Impact Assessment, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
• Ross, W.A. 1987. Evaluating Environmental Impact Statements. Journal of Environmental Management . 25: 137-147.
• Marshall, N., Roberts, R. 1997. Praxis papers: theory into action; that thing called…public involvement . Plan Canada the Journal of the Canadian Institute of Planners. 37(3): 2.
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2002. Environmental Impact Assessment Training Resource Manual. Second Edition. United Nations Environment Programme Publisher. Accessed online on February 7, 2004 at: www.unep.ch/etu/publications/EIA_2ed/EIA_E_top5_body.pdf
• Westman, W.E. 1985. Ecology, Impact Assessment, and Environmental Planning . John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY. ( ISBN -10: 0471808954)
• Ross, W.A. 1987b. Scoping in Canadian Environmental Assessment Reviews. United Nations Seminar of Environmental Impact Assessment, Warsaw, Poland.
• Wolfe, L.D.S. 1987. Methods for Scoping Environmental Impact Assessments: A Review of the Literature and Experience. Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office, Vancouver, BC.
• Julien, B., Fenves, S.J., Small, M.J. 1992. An Environmental Impact Identification System. Journal of Environmental Management . 36: 167-184. CrossRef
• Adler, M., Zigilo, E.(Eds.) 1996. Gazing into the Oracle The Delphi Method and its Application to Social Policy and Public Health . Jessica Kingsley Publishers. (ISBN: 978-1-85302-104-6)
• Glasson, J., Therivel, R., Chadwick, A. 1994. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures, Process, Practice and Prospects . 2 nd Edition. London, UK: UCL Press. (ISBN: 1-857-28118-7)
• Canning, C., Owen, R., Wendorf, C. 2003. Considering the Description of Environment (Including Baselines) in EIA: A Guide for Novice Reviewers. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the class ENVI5001: Environmental Impact Assessment, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
• European Commission. 2001. Guidance on EIA. EIS Review. Directorate General of the Environment for the European Commission . Accessed online on February 7, 2004, at http://www.ermuk.com
• Côté, M. Mkhabela, M., Stockermans, D. 2003. Considering biophysical impact analysis and forecasting in EIA. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the class ENVI5001: Environmental Impact Assessment, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
• Burdge, R.J. 1998. A Conceptual Approach to Social Impact Assessment . Revised Edition. Middleton, WS: Social Ecology Press. ( ISBN : 0-941042-17-0)
• Bigney, K., Isaacman, L., Jiang, X. 2003. Considering Social Impact Assessment in EIA: A Guide for Novice Reviewers. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the class ENVI5001: Environmental Impact Assessment, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
• Lang, R., Armour, A.  The Assessment and Review of Social Impacts . Ottawa, ON Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Office. 163.
• Miller, C.M., Bever, M.B. Assessing the environmental impacts of resource recovery facilities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review . 1980; 1(1):37-52. CrossRef
• Duinker, P.N., Beanlands, G.E. The significance of environmental impacts: an exploration of the concept. Environmental Management . 1986b; 10(1): 1-10. CrossRef
• Curran, K., Ho, J., Long, S. Considering Impact Significance in EIA: A Guide for Novice Reviewers. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the class ENVI5001: Environmental Impact Assessment, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS. 2003.
• Haug, P.T, Burwell, R.W, Stein, A., Bandurski, B.L. Determining the significance of environmental issues under the National Environmental Policy Act. Journal of Environmental Management . 1984; 18:15-24.
• Fedra, K.  A computer-based approach to environmental impact assessment. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Reprint RR-91-13. Luxemburg: Austria. 40.1991.
• Gibson, R.B. 2002. Specification of sustainability-based environmental assessment decision criteria and implications for determining "significance" in environmental asses sment. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Accessed online on February 10, 2003, at: http://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/0010/0001/0001/significance_e.htm
• Mathews, W.H.  Objective and subjective judgments in environmental impact analysis. Environmental Conservation. 1975; 2(2):121-131. CrossRef
• Thompson, M.A. Determining the impact significance in EIA: A review of 24 methodologies. Journal of Environmental Management .1988; 30: 235-250. CrossRef
• Caldwell L.K. The National Environmental Policy Act: An agenda for the future. Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press. 1998.
• Ogola, P.F.A.  Environmental Impact Assessment: General Procedures. Lake Naivasha: UNU-GTP and Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd (KenGen). 2007.
• Encyclopedia.www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA. Retrieved on August 9, 2015. 
• Naber, H.  Environmental Impact Assessment . Washington, DC: World Bank. 2012.
• World Bank. Bangladesh Country: Environmental Analysis . Washington, DC: World Bank. 2006.
• Bandyopadhyay J. and V. Shiva. The Conflict over Limestone Quarrying in Doon Valley, Dehradun, India. Environmental Conservation . 1985; 12 (2): 131-139. CrossRef

Annexure 1: List of Sectors requiring EIA

• Aerial ropeways
• All ship breaking yards including ship breaking units
• Asbestos milling and asbestos based products
• Building and large construction projects including shopping malls, multiplexes, commercial complexes, housing estates, hospitals, institutions
• Cement plants
• Chemical fertilizers
• Chlor-alkali industry
• Coal wisterias
• Coke oven plant
• Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs)
• Common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities
• Common municipal solid waste management facility
• Distilleries
• Highways, railways, transport terminals, mass rapid transport systems
• Induction/arc furnace/cupola furnace/submerged arc furnace/crucible furnace/re-heating furnace of capacity more than 5 Tone per heat
• Industrial estates/ parks/ complexes/areas, export processing zones, special economic zones, biotech parks, leather complexes
• Integrated paint industry
• Isolated storage & handling of hazard chemical ( as per threshold planning quality indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC rules 1989 amended 2000)
• Leather/skin/hide processing
• Metallurgical industries (ferrous and non-ferrous)- both primary and secondary
• Mineral beneficiation including palletization
• Mining of minerals including Opencast/Underground mining
• Nuclear power projects and processing of nuclear fuel
• Offshore an d onshore oil and gas exploration, development and production
• Oil and gas transportation, (crude and refinery/ petrochemical products) passing through national parks/ sanctuaries/coral reefs/ ecological sensitive areas including LNG terminal.
• Pesticides industry and pesticide-specific intermediates (excluding formulations)
• Petrochemical based processing (processes other than cracking and reformation and not covered under the complexes)
• Petro-chemicals complexes (industries based on the processing of petroleum fractions and natural gas and/or reforming to aromatics)
• Petroleum refining industries
• Ports, harbours, jetties, marine terminals, breakwaters, dredging
• Pulp and Paper industry excluding manufacturing of paper from wastepaper and manufacture of paper from ready pulp without bleaching
• River Valley, Hydra, Drainage, and Irrigation projects
• Sugar industry
• Synthetic organic chemicals industry (dye and dye intermediate; bulk drugs and intermediates excluding drug formulation; synthetic rubber; basic organic chemicals, other synthetic organic chemicals and chemical intermediates)
• Textile – cotton and manmade fibres
• Thermal power plant
• Township and Area development projects
• Townships and area development projects
• Additional Sectors
• Automobiles and Auto Components
• Electroplating and Metal Coating
• Electrical and Electronics including component industry
• Glass and Ceramic Industry
• Food Processing

Annexure 2: List of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA)

• Archaeological monuments
• Area of scientific and geological Interest
• Biosphere reserves
• Border areas
• Coastal areas rich in all manmade breeding grounds of specific species
• National parks and sanctuaries
• Natural lakes and swamps
• Sessile zones
• Tribal settlements

Annexure 3: Basic Guidelines

• No forestland should be converted into non-forest activity (Forest Conservation Act 1980).
• No prime agricultural land should be converted into an industrial site.
• Acquired land should be sufficiently large to accommo­date appropriate treatment plants and also to store and recycle effluents. Reclaimed wastewater may be used to raise a green belt and create a water body for aesthetics, recreation, and aquaculture.
• The green belt should be ½ km wide around the industry.
• The green belt distance between two adjoining large-scale industries should be 1 km.
• Enough space should be provided for the storage of solid waste.
• Layout and farm of the industry should be attractive (scenic beauty).
• Industrial Township should be created at a proper distance.
• Each industry should install its ambient air quality measuring station (AAQMS) within a 120-degree angle between each station.

Annexure 4: List of Environmental Laws

• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• Environment Protection Amendment Rules, 1986
• Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989
• Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (Amendment) Rules, 1984
• The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• The Factories Act, 1948
• The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
• The Notification on Environment Impact Assessment, 1994
• The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
• The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• The water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977

AUTHOR RESOURCE

• What is DOI?
• Social Media
• Conference Announcement

LOGIN AND SIGNUP

Ugc-care journal, journal archived in, partenered with, visit us on.

• Avifaunal Composition of Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, New Delhi --> Avifaunal Composition of Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, New Delhi 1 views
• Drinking water analysis of Buldana district, Maharashtra --> Drinking water analysis of Buldana district, Maharashtra 1 views
• Study of physicochemical quality of pond water in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh --> Study of physicochemical quality of pond water in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 1 views
• Developing Empirical Formula of Ventilation Index for Assessing PM2.5 Exposure in Biomass-Fuel Using Households --> Developing Empirical Formula of Ventilation Index for Assessing PM2.5 Exposure in Biomass-Fuel Using Households 1 views
• Odour Pollution Measurement from Refuse Derive Fuel Operations Using Odour Concentration Meter (OCM) XP-329 --> Odour Pollution Measurement from Refuse Derive Fuel Operations Using Odour Concentration Meter (OCM) XP-329 1 views
• Physco-chemical characteristics of underground drinking water From Bhusawal City (M.S.) India 8 views

Need of a Dedicated Programme on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) in South Asia 

• Overview of Legal and Policy Measures of Carbon Trading and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) In India 8 views
• An Overview of Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen Research: South Asian Perspective 8 views
• Studies on Sediment Chemistry of River Yamuna with Special Reference to Industrial Effluents in Yamuna Nagar, India 8 views
• Corporate Environmental Disclosures of Oil and Gas Companies in India: An Analysis of Executives’ Perceptions 31 views
• The Water Footprint Assessment of Agriculture in Banjar River Watershed 31 views

Optimization and Characterization of Biochar Obtained from the Weedy Biomass of Calotropis gigantea Using Vacuum Pyrolysis 

• Overview of Legal and Policy Measures of Carbon Trading and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) In India 31 views

Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Crops- A Review

• Need of Biomedical Waste Management System in Hospitals - An Emerging issue - A Review 176835 views
• Multimedia: A Technique in Teaching Process in the Classrooms 110272 views
• Types of Dampers and their Seismic Performance During an Earthquake 69189 views
• Environmental Perspectives of Pond Ecosystems: Global Issues, Services and Indian Scenarios 64395 views
• The Role of Structure in Creating Architectural Space 55308 views

Copyright 2024 © Current World Environment

• Classroom Programme
• Interview Guidance
• Online Programme
• Drishti Store
• My Bookmarks
• My Progress
• Change Password
• From The Editor's Desk
• How To Use The New Website
• Help Centre

Achievers Corner

• Topper's Interview
• About Civil Services
• UPSC Prelims Syllabus
• GS Prelims Strategy
• Prelims Analysis
• GS Paper-I (Year Wise)
• GS Paper-I (Subject Wise)
• CSAT Strategy
• Previous Years Papers
• Practice Quiz
• Weekly Revision MCQs
• 60 Steps To Prelims
• Prelims Refresher Programme 2020

Mains & Interview

• Mains GS Syllabus
• Mains GS Strategy
• Mains Answer Writing Practice
• Essay Strategy
• Fodder For Essay
• Model Essays
• Drishti Essay Competition
• Ethics Strategy
• Ethics Case Studies
• Ethics Discussion
• Ethics Previous Years Q&As
• Papers By Years
• Papers By Subject
• Be MAINS Ready
• Awake Mains Examination 2020
• Interview Strategy
• Interview Guidance Programme

Current Affairs

• Daily News & Editorial
• Daily CA MCQs
• Sansad TV Discussions
• Monthly CA Consolidation
• Monthly Editorial Consolidation
• Monthly MCQ Consolidation

Drishti Specials

• To The Point
• Important Institutions
• Learning Through Maps
• PRS Capsule
• Summary Of Reports
• Gist Of Economic Survey

Study Material

• NCERT Books
• NIOS Study Material
• IGNOU Study Material
• Yojana & Kurukshetra
• Chhatisgarh
• Uttar Pradesh
• Madhya Pradesh

Test Series

• UPSC Prelims Test Series
• UPSC Mains Test Series
• UPPCS Prelims Test Series
• UPPCS Mains Test Series
• BPSC Prelims Test Series
• RAS/RTS Prelims Test Series
• Daily Editorial Analysis
• YouTube PDF Downloads
• Strategy By Toppers
• Ethics - Definition & Concepts
• Mastering Mains Answer Writing
• Places in News
• UPSC Mock Interview
• PCS Mock Interview
• Interview Insights
• Prelims 2019
• Product Promos

Biodiversity & Environment

Make Your Note

Environmental Impact Assessment

• 06 Jan 2020
• 12 min read
• GS Paper - 3
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Introduction

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
• UNEP defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. It aims to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local environment and present the predictions and options to decision-makers.
• Environment Impact Assessment in India is statutorily backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986 which contains various provisions on EIA methodology and process.

History of EIA in India

• The Indian experience with Environmental Impact Assessment began over 20 years back. It started in 1976-77 when the Planning Commission asked the Department of Science and Technology to examine the river-valley projects from an environmental angle.
• Till 1994, environmental clearance from the Central Government was an administrative decision and lacked legislative support.
• On 27 January 1994, the then Union Ministry of Environment and Forests, under the Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, promulgated an EIA notification making Environmental Clearance (EC) mandatory for expansion or modernisation of any activity or for setting up new projects listed in Schedule 1 of the notification.
• The notification makes it mandatory for various projects such as mining, thermal power plants, river valley, infrastructure (road, highway, ports, harbours and airports) and industries including very small electroplating or foundry units to get environment clearance.
• However, unlike the EIA Notification of 1994, the new legislation has put the onus of clearing projects on the state government depending on the size/capacity of the project.

The EIA Process

EIA involves the steps mentioned below. However, the EIA process is cyclical with interaction between the various steps.

• Screening: The project plan is screened for scale of investment, location and type of development and if the project needs statutory clearance.
• Scoping: The project’s potential impacts, zone of impacts, mitigation possibilities and need for monitoring.
• Collection of baseline data: Baseline data is the environmental status of study area.
• Impact prediction: Positive and negative, reversible and irreversible and temporary and permanent impacts need to be predicted which presupposes a good understanding of the project by the assessment agency.
• Mitigation measures and EIA report: The EIA report should include the actions and steps for preventing, minimizing or by passing the impacts or else the level of compensation for probable environmental damage or loss.
• Public hearing: On completion of the EIA report, public and environmental groups living close to project site may be informed and consulted.
• Decision making: Impact Assessment Authority along with the experts consult the project-in-charge along with consultant to take the final decision, keeping in mind EIA and EMP (Environment Management Plan).
• Monitoring and implementation of environmental management plan: The various phases of implementation of the project are monitored.
• Once alternatives have been reviewed, a mitigation plan should be drawn up for the selected option and is supplemented with an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to guide the proponent towards environmental improvements.
• Risk assessment: Inventory analysis and hazard probability and index also form part of EIA procedures.

Stakeholders in the EIA Process

• Those who propose the project
• The environmental consultant who prepare EIA on behalf of project proponent
• Pollution Control Board (State or National)
• Public has the right to express their opinion
• The Impact Assessment Agency
• Regional centre of the MoEFCC

Salient Features of 2006 Amendments to EIA Notification

• Category A projects are appraised at national level by Impact Assessment Agency (IAA) and the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) and Category B projects are apprised at state level.
• State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) are constituted to provide clearance to Category B process.
• Public hearing
• Category A projects require mandatory environmental clearance and thus they do not undergo the screening process.
• Category B1 projects (Mandatorily requires EIA).
• Category B2 projects (Do not require EIA).
• Thus, Category A projects and Category B, projects undergo the complete EIA process whereas Category B2 projects are excluded from complete EIA process.

Importance of EIA

• EIA links environment with development for environmentally safe and sustainable development.
• EIA provides a cost effective method to eliminate or minimize the adverse impact of developmental projects.
• EIA enables the decision makers to analyse the effect of developmental activities on the environment well before the developmental project is implemented.
• EIA encourages the adaptation of mitigation strategies in the developmental plan.
• EIA makes sure that the developmental plan is environmentally sound and within the limits of the capacity of assimilation and regeneration of the ecosystem.

Shortcomings of EIA Process

• Applicability: There are several projects with significant environmental impacts that are exempted from the notification either because they are not listed in schedule I, or their investments are less than what is provided for in the notification.
• Composition of expert committees and standards: It has been found that the team formed for conducting EIA studies is lacking the expertise in various fields such as environmentalists, wildlife experts, Anthropologists and Social Scientists.
• Public comments are not considered at an early stage, which often leads to conflict at a later stage of project clearance.
• A number of projects with significant environmental and social impacts have been excluded from the mandatory public hearing process.
• The data collectors do not pay respect to the indigenous knowledge of local people.
• Quality of EIA: One of the biggest concerns with the environmental clearance process is related to the quality of EIA report that are being carried out.
• Lack of Credibility: There are so many cases of fraudulent EIA studies where erroneous data has been used, same facts used for two totally different places etc.
• Details regarding the effectiveness and implementation of mitigation measures are often not provided.
• Emergency preparedness plans are not discussed in sufficient details and the information not disseminated to the communities.

Way Forward

• Sector wide EIAs needed.
• Creation of a centralized baseline data bank.
• Dissemination of all information related to projects from notification to clearance to local communities and the general public.
• Applicability: All those projects where there is likely to be a significant alteration of ecosystems need to go through the process of environmental clearance, without exception.
• No industrial developmental activity should be permitted in ecologically sensitive areas.
• Public hearing: Public hearings should be applicable to all hitherto exempt categories of projects which have environmental impacts.
• The focus of EIA needs to shift from utilization and exploitation of natural resources to conservation of natural resources.
• It is critical that the preparation of an EIA is completely independent of the project proponent.
• Grant of clearance: The notification needs to make it clear that the provision for site clearance does not imply any commitment on the part of the impact Assessment agency to grant full environmental clearance.
• Composition of expert committees: The present executive committees should be replaced by expert people from various stakeholder groups, who are reputed in environmental and other relevant fields.
• The EIA notification needs to build within it an automatic withdrawal of clearance if the conditions of clearance are being violated and introduce more stringent punishment for noncompliance. At present the EIA notification limits itself to the stage when environmental clearance is granted.
• The composition of the NGT needs to be changed to include more judicial persons from the field of environment.
• Citizen should be able to access the authority for redressal of all violation of the EIA notification as well as issues relating to non-compliance.
• Capacity building: NGOs, civil society groups and local communities need to build their capacities to use the EIA notification towards better decision making on projects.

For Mind Map

• डाउन टू अर्थ
• Print Edition

• Agriculture
• Data Centre
• Young Environmentalist
• Newsletters

Gujarat RIL case study shows weaknesses of environmental impact assessment in India

In his doctoral thesis on Legal Aspects of Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Study of India and European Union , Ashok Hirway examined the legal framework and implementation of environment impact assessment (EIA) in the European Union and India. After examining the legal processes in EU and India, the author has examined the case studies in India and in Germany.  

The Indian case study refers to the environmental clearance of the ‘Modification of Reliance Refinery Complex’ at Moti Khavdi village on the Gujarat Coast, Jamnagar district. 

Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) operated an integrated petroleum refinery in its petrochemical complex in coastal Jamnagar, Gujarat. It also had an integrated co-generation captive power plant at Moti Khavdi village in Jamnagar district. 

One of the world’s leading engineering procurement and commissioning companies had designed the refinery complex according to the project specifications to achieve the commission standards of the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB). 

The plant was being expanded to increase the production capacity of RIL. This was to be achieved by capacity maximisation of the existing process units and by augmenting with the new primary, secondary and balancing processing units. 

The proposed expansion of the refinery was to meet 90 per cent of fuel and energy requirements of the company. The technology for the expansion was provided by some of the global leaders in the technology — from the United States of America, Germany, the United Kingdom and Israel. 

The EIA report of the modification was prepared by NEERI, the GPCB granted the ‘no objection’ certificate to it and the Union Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Delhi, accorded environmental clearance to the project.

NEERI’s EIA report

NEERI’s report was comprehensive, as it included all the required areas. This covered the impact of the proposed project on air quality, monitoring of air quality and air quality management; impact on noise environment, water environment, water requirement; and management; on marine outfall system, on land and land management, and soil quality management. 

The EIA also covered waste and waste disposal, disposal of non-hazardous waste and hazardous waste, landfill, as well as the impact of the project on flora and fauna. 

It ensured upgrading of local infrastructure, providing medical services to local people, managing air pollution and noise pollution; and impact on health and compensation, and occupational health related issues. 

In short, the EIA addressed all negative impacts in the region. A perfect report indeed! 

After all this, however, the EIA has two sets of problems: The document had several weaknesses, and there were serious concerns about its implementation.

First, there was no provision for data collection or regular production of certificates (for example, from GPCB) about the compliance of the rules of the past project of RIL.

Also, monthly compliance reports were not produced under the company’s earlier project. That is, the new EIA report did not attach any compliance reports of the earlier EIA or any other relevant certificates that showed that RIL had enforced the earlier EIA well in the past. 

Second, there is no evidence to show that the new EIA team had the needed expertise. No data was given on the experts of the EIA report, although it is mandatory. 

Third, the EIA document has left many responsibilities of implementation to contractors. It has left, for instance, the responsibility of occupational safety of workers, waste disposal and water management to contractors. Watering roads to reduce dust content of air, and implementation of pollution-related rules was also left to contractors. 

Though the past experience showed that the focus of contractors was on reducing costs and maximising profits at the cost of workers, RIL put a lot of responsibilities on contractors.  

Fourth, though the EIA mentioned employment generation as the major benefit for the local population, the new EIA gave no data or details on this. Past experience with the company showed that employment for the local population, if at all, was of poor quality. No compliance reports were produced on this.  

The new EIA suggested no adequate institutional mechanism to ensure healthy management of the environment in the region. There was no provision for registering complaints or for grievance redressing. 

Our investigations revealed that local people and local environmental organisations made the following demands: 

Strict implementation of the water use policy by RIL and supply of potable water for local people

Regular monitoring of the implementation of the EIA by the government, including production of 6-monthly compliance reports.  

The company, however, did not produce regular compliance reports in the past and there was no assurance that they would produce such reports now – in the case of a new EIA. Also, these reports were not accessible to people.  

The author makes some important observations while comparing the EIA processes in India and Germany in the last chapter of the PhD thesis.

To start with, Germany has sound legal processes that include implementation and monitoring processes comprehensively. India does not have these provisions.  

Second, the laws in Germany involve people right from the beginning. In India, public participation is not from the beginning, with the result that people are neither aware nor effective in decision-making regarding the projects.

The well-known environmental organisations in Gujarat, such as the Paryavaran Mitra and Paryavan Suraksha Smaiti, had many questions about the EIA. But they could not ask any questions in the public hearing about the promises made by RIL in the EIA. There was no mechanism to ensure this. 

RIL gave no satisfactory answers to the questions in these areas in the public hearing. In short, the EIA exercise is not satisfactory. Its implementation cannot be known or monitored. 

Third, environmental impact on natural resources and health of people are major concerns in Germany but India does not bother much about it. In fact, these two concerns take a back seat in India. 

Fourth, while in Germany alternatives to address people’s concern are important in EIA, India focuses, if at all, on mitigation of the impact. Alternative approaches such as alternative locations or technologies are not considered.

Finally, the focus on economic growth overtakes environmental concerns in India, while in Germany the focus is on environment quality and public well-being.

The focus on economic growth has diluted the EIA in India. The industrial lobby further dilutes the implementation. 

Views expressed are the author’s own and don’t necessarily reflect those of Down To Earth

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: ITS CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIA

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared to address the potential environmental impacts that could arise from the construction and operation of a project. The main sections of the EIA include definition of the legal and institutional frameworks, description of the project and the environment, impact assessment, identification of mitigation measures, and presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP). Additionally, the EIA evaluates various alternative treatment technologies and presents technical criteria on which to base the selection of most suitable site and technology. It is desirable to have an idea of possible impact of any development plan on our environment. In order to have sustainable development it is necessary that before we embark on a project, we have to assess the effects of its development on the environment. It presents a clear & concise picture of all benefits & cost associated with alternative courses of action and provides a mechanism for merging the concerns for environment & economics in the process of decision-making. This paper discusses the accountability of responsible institutions in enforcing environmental assessments & procedures and challenges in enforcing laws for EIA.

Related Papers

Kong CHHUON

EIA can be considered to be a planning tool which assists planners and decision makers in anticipating potential future impacts of alternative groundwater development activities or development projects related to groundwater, both beneficial and adverse, with a view to selecting the alternative which maximizes beneficial effects and mitigates adverse impacts on the environment. Thus, EIA play a crucial role in sustainable groundwater development and preservation of groundwater quality. This compilation paper outlines the process through which environmental impact assessment on groundwater is conducted. The two method for environmental impact assessment and evaluation on groundwater are described with the given examples.

Suknantha Duan

priju poulose

sarwesh gaur

is paper is a unique opportunity to examine the environmental challenges of India and Pakistan, the two neighboring nations perhaps most important in South Asia, and what they can hope to learn from each other in a new era of political engagement. It looks at each country’s unique constitutional position on the environment and some shared concerns, challenges, and opportunities in the development of environmental law. Seven broad issues are discussed, including regulatory mechanisms on environmental law compliance; strengthening institutions for environmental decision-making; capacity-building of substantive and procedural environmental laws with a focus on executive institutions; the role of environmental law; and the shift in corporate governance from social responsibility to environmental responsibility. The paper then addresses some unique environmental concerns in each country, including critical habitats, ecologically vulnerable wetlands, and other sensitive areas where lessons can be drawn from each other. Another focus is on the relevance of tenure security and local community participation in ensuring conservation. The paper also discusses the issues and challenges of shared resources, such as trans-boundary rivers and groundwater resources involving shared aquifers. Despite the differing economies of scale, there are similar challenges in India and Pakistan on environmental law compliance and the need for institutional development and stronger environmental decision-making, and there is a lot they can learn from each other.

Armin Margane

Environmental impact assessments for wastewater projects until now are often insufficiently covering potential impacts on water resources. In a highly karstic environment such as Lebanon this, however, can be crucial for the success of wastewater projects. If geoscientific aspects are not taken sufficiently into consideration such costly investments may fail to reach their objective. Tracer tests conducted by the project in the Jeita catchment have shown that hydrogeological connections often exist where they were not expected and that groundwater flow velocities can be extremely high. The integration of geoscientific investigations in EIAs, as proposed in this document, will help to reduce pollution risks and find the optimal solution for the proposed wastewater schemes. Because there are currently numerous wastewater schemes in the planning, it is important to follow the same procedure. To this end a standard outline for EIAs is proposed in this document. The report explains which aspects should be covered in each chapter.

Shivmani Pandey

Rapid industrialization and population explosion in India has led to the migration of peoples from villages to cities which increase human settlement in world's growing cities and towns. This generates several issues with regard to the environment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is becoming a very important study before commissioning of any project plan or development in our country. In order to study either its beneficial or harmful effect; evaluation of any project through EIA has become a must; Indian construction industry is rapidly growing at a rate of 9.2% as against the world average of 5.5%. Undertaking EIA for construction industry and improving site management can reduce environmental impacts both on and off site. Several agencies use procedures for EIA of construction projects which might result in significant environmental impacts. The EIA study is necessary to prepare a detailed account of environmental impact of the proposed activity so that appropriate interventions could be taken. An attempt has been made in this paper to study environmental impact of building construction project using checklist analysis methodology. The study focuses on various parameters such as total area, parking area, rainwater harvesting system, basement area, sewage treatment plant, water quality, solid waste, source of water, depth of ground water, distance from the city centre, nearest sensitive zones and overall settlement density. The plan seeks to define the project in a holistic manner and suggest possible mitigation measures for development. The paper argues that through early planning before the start of the project as well as through all phases of the project's development, if environmental concerns are considered simultaneously with other technical and economic criteria, it may be possible to develop the housing projects with the protection of natural resources of that area.

Nallathamby Thushyanthan

Pragya Pandey

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Madhav Gadgil , Chinmaya Rathore

Fadhli Fadhli

Arunava Sarkar

Leo Saldanha

Abhayraj Naik , Bhargavi S. Rao

Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Krishna Pandey

Bosun Banjoko

saman ekanayaka

abenezer mekru

Eromosele Imonitie

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Kathleen Sullivan Sealey

Krzpau Guzon

Herdilio Maposse

John Hambrey

Health and Strategic Environmental Assessment. Background information and report of the WHO Consultation Meeting, Rome 08./09. June 2009

Department of Electricity Development, Kathmandu. ISBN: 99933-366-0-2.

Steve Gorzula

Hycent S Amool

Margaret Wachenfeld , Inga Makusheva

Andenet Ashagrie

Dishant Thakur

daniel Bako , Aleksandra Bujaroska , Zeljka Leljak Gracin

Journal of the Indian Law Institute

naveen thayyil

Syampadzi Nurroh

Course handout of Environmental impact assessment

Vijayan G Iyer

Asha Rajvanshi

Contemporary Environmental Law in Cambodia and Future Perspectives

Rasmeykanyka Bin

International Journal of …

Dr. Deepty Ranjan Satapathy

Peter Zahler , James R Wingard , Onon Bayasgalan , Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar

Environmental Impact Assessment Review

Henrik Lindhjem

Habtamu Bogale

Aliyu Baba Nabegu

William Sheate

Dennis Ryan Liao

Joe A Doublet

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Environmental Impact Assessment: A Critique on Indian Law and Practices

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Volume 5; Issue 1; January 2018; Page No. 01-05

5 Pages Posted: 1 Jul 2020

Dr Vikrant Yadav

NICMAR, Hyderabad

Date Written: 2018

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is an interdisciplinary and multi-step procedure to ensure that environmental considerations are included in decisions regarding projects that may impact the environment. This paper contains the analysis of concept and object of Environmental Impact Assessment. It also contains a brief overview of international law providing for Environmental Impact Assessment. Author has also done a critical study of laws and governmental policies relating to Environmental Impact Assessment in India.

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Dr Vikrant Yadav (Contact Author)

Nicmar, hyderabad ( email ).

25/1, Balewadi NIA post office Pune, Maharashtra 411045 India

Do you have a job opening that you would like to promote on SSRN?

Paper statistics, related ejournals, stakeholder management & stakeholder responsibilities ejournal.

Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic

Socially Responsible Investment eJournal

Law, international affairs & csr ejournal, india law ejournal, environmental law & policy ejournal, global ecological change & pollution ecology ejournal, political economy - development: environment ejournal.

• Agricultural Economics
• Impact Assessment

Environment Impact Assessment in India: Reviewing Two Decades of Jurisprudence

• January 2014

• Jawaharlal Nehru University

Discover the world's research

• 25+ million members
• 160+ million publication pages
• 2.3+ billion citations

• A. John Sinclair

• Sam Chanthy

• T N Godavarman V
• Recruit researchers
• Join for free
• Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up

Assessment of Environmental Severity Around the Mining Region Using GIS-Based AHP Model: A Case Study of the Dongri Buzurg Manganese Ore Mine, India

• Shome, Sanniv Dipankar
• Mhaske, Sushil Narayan
• Chakravorty, Surajit
• Pathak, Khanindra
• Sinha, Suranjan

Mining activities have always been responsible for altering the characteristics of the natural environment and leading to an imbalance in the ecosystem around the mining regions. The major negative environmental consequences of mining are air pollution, water pollution, soil degradation, loss of forest vegetation, health problems with human habitats, impact on wildlife, changes in regional climate, etc. Thus, an assessment of environmental vulnerability in the mining region is necessary to measure environmental performance. The assessment of environmental severity around the mining area can be an important indicator for monitoring the impacts of mining. In this paper, environmental severity index is derived by applying analytic hierarchy process. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to assessing environmental severity using an integrated approach (geographical information system and analytic hierarchy process). In this paper, a composite environmental severity of the landscape for the Dongri Buzurg manganese ore mine, a part of Maharashtra state, in central India, is derived. A 5-km radius around the mine's center is the area under study. In this instance, nine variables were taken into account for the above-stated AHP calculation. Nine variables are ambient air, water and noise quality parameters and also land use and land cover (LULC), vegetation health, topography, average annual rainfall, and horizontal (peripheral) distance from the mine. The environmental severity was derived by spatial data (pixel by pixel) using spatial AHP inputs. A scale of five categories, on the basis of, relative importance are developed. Relative weighted value is multiplied by each subclass ranking value of the factors to produce an environmental severity map. The derived environmental severity map was categorized into four zones: low to very high. Almost 29% (2240 ha) of the area under study falls into the low-risk category, around 37% (2874 ha) of the area under study is at moderate risk, roughly 22% (1747 ha) of the study area exhibits high risk, and nearly 12% (964 ha) of the study area falls into the relatively very high-risk category. Low and moderate severity zones extended horizontally (aerial) from a 3-km to 5-km buffer zone, which together cover around 66% of the area selected for study, whereas high and very high severity zones are extended horizontally up to a 4-km buffer zone, which together comprise around 34% of the area under study. About 90% of the leasehold area (2-km buffer zone) indicates a very high environmental severity. The mining activities negatively impacted the central region of the study area, which affects the maximum factors and indicates high environmental severity in this region. The environmental severity map provides critical zones for identifying the relative risk of an area, which can be used for future environmental management and planning. The stated approach can be implemented to different mine sites worldwide in terms of environmental conservation planning.

• Environmental severity;

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Methodological framework for integrating cultural impact in sustainability assessments of cultural events.

1. Introduction

1.1. culture and sustainability: integration approaches, 1.2. sustainability in museums and cultural exhibitions.

2. Methodological Framework

2.1. sustainability based on four dimensions: evaluation methodology, 2.2. impact categories and indicators in a four-pillar sustainability approach.

3. Case Study

4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

• Engström, G.; Gars, J.; Jaakkola, N.; Lindahl, T.; Spiro, D.; van Benthem, A.A. Informe de la Cumbre Mundial sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible. In Environmental and Resource Economics ; Naciones Unidas: New York, NY, USA, 2002. [ Google Scholar ]
• WCED, S.W.S. World commission on environment and development. Our Common Future 1987 , 17 , 1–91. [ Google Scholar ]
• Mancebo, F.; Sachs, I. Transitions to Sustainability. In Transitions to Sustainability ; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2015. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kuhlman, T.; Farrington, J. What is sustainability? Sustainability 2010 , 2 , 3436–3448. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• UNESCO. 2001. Available online: https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/unesco-universal-declaration-cultural-diversity (accessed on 15 January 2024).
• Dessein, J.; Soini, K.; Fairclough, G.; Horlings, L.G. (Eds.) Culture in, for and as Sustainable Development: Conclusions from the COST Action IS1007 Investigating Cultural Sustainability ; University of Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän, Finland, 2015. [ Google Scholar ]
• Elkington, J. Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business ; Capstone: Oxford, UK, 1997. [ Google Scholar ]
• Soini, K.; Dessein, J. Culture-sustainability relation: Towards a conceptual framework. Sustainability 2016 , 8 , 167. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hawkes, J. The Fourth Pillar of Sustainability: Culture’s Essential Role in Public Planning ; Common Ground Publishing: Champaign, IL, USA, 2001. [ Google Scholar ]
• Throsby, D. Culture in sustainable development: Insights for the future implementation of Art. 13. In Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ; Unesco: Paris, France, 2008. [ Google Scholar ]
• United Nations. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ; UN: New York, NY, USA, 2015; Available online: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/ (accessed on 15 January 2024).
• Agenda 21 for Culture La Cultura es el Cuarto Pilar Del Desarrollo Sostenible. Documento de Orientación Política. 2010. Available online: http://www.agenda21culture.net/sites/default/files/files/documents/es/zz_cultura4pilards_esp.pdf (accessed on 15 January 2024).
• Stylianou-Lambert, T.; Boukas, N.; Christodoulou-Yerali, M. Museums and cultural sustainability: Stakeholders, forces, and cultural policies. Int. J. Cult. Policy 2014 , 20 , 566–587. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Worts, D. Museums in search of a sustainable future. Alta. Mus. Rev. Fall 2004 , 30 , 40–57. [ Google Scholar ]
• Chiu, R. Socio-cultural sustainability of housing: A conceptual exploration. Hous. Theory Soc. 2004 , 21 , 65–76. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• American Association of Museums. Museums and Sustainable Communities: Summit of the Museums of the Americas ; Cumbre De museos de América: San José, Costa Rica, 1998; Available online: https://icom.museum/es/ressource/museums-and-sustainable-communities-summit-of-the-museums-of-the-americas-san-jose-costa-rica-april-15-to-18-1998/ (accessed on 21 February 2024).
• ICOM Strategic Plan for 2022-28. Available online: https://icom.museum/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ICOM-SP-Panel-ES.pdf (accessed on 21 February 2024).
• Sutter, G.C. Thinking like a system: Are museums up to the challenge? Mus. Soc. Issues 2006 , 1 , 203–218. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Worts, D. Fostering a culture of sustainability. Mus. Soc. Issues 2006 , 1 , 151–172. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Sutton, S. Environmental Sustainability at Historic Sites and Museums ; Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham, MD, USA, 2015. [ Google Scholar ]
• Sharanya, B.K.; Ghoshb, S.; Bhandari, S.S.; Poudel, S.; Padikkal, G.M.; Kumarc, M.S. Green and sustainable building practices for museums. In Proceedings of the AIP Conference, Karnataka, India, 19–20 April 2018; Volume 20010. [ Google Scholar ]
• EU’s Energy Performance Certification. Available online: https://build-up.ec.europa.eu/en/home (accessed on 20 May 2020).
• Brophy, S.S.; Wylie, E. The Green Museum: A Primer on Environmental Practice ; AltaMiraPress: Lanham, MD, USA, 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
• Adams, E. Towards Sustainability Indicators for Museums in Australia ; Collections Council of Australia Ltd.: Adelaide, Australia, 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
• Matthews, G.; Abeyasekera, K. Sustainable Exhibit Design: Guidelines for Designers of Small Scale Interactive and Travelling Exhibits ; University of Lincoln: Brayford, UK, 2007. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lage, S.B. Exposiciones Temporales y Sostenibilidad. 2013. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303836374_EXPOSICIONES_TEMPORALES_Y_SOSTENIBILIDAD_Estudio_sobre_las_practicas_y_propuestas_sostenibles_en_los_museos_de_Barcelona?channel=doi&linkId=5756d82a08ae05c1ec169cc8&showFulltext=true (accessed on 26 January 2024).
• Lleonart García, M. La sostenibilidad en el diseño museográfico. In EME Experimental Illustration, Art & Design ; Universitat Politècnica de València: Valencia, Spain, 2021; pp. 50–61. [ Google Scholar ]
• Biedermann, A.; Ramos Lapesa, I.; Santolaya, J.L.; Muñoz López, N.; Galán Pérez, F.J. Guía para desarrollar exposiciones culturales sostenibles (No. BOOK-2023-023). In Servicio de Publicaciones ; Universidad de Zaragoza: Zaragoza, Spain, 2023. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lambert, S.; Henderson, J. The carbon footprint of museum loans: A pilot study at Amgueddfa Cymru—National Museum Wales. Mus. Manag. Curatorship 2011 , 26 , 209–235. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• European Mobility Week. Available online: https://mobilityweek.eu/home/ (accessed on 15 February 2024).
• Logan, R.; Sutter, G.C. Sustainability and museum education: What future are we educating for? Int. J. Incl. Mus. 2012 , 4 , 11. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jónsdóttir, Á.; Antoniou, C. Artistic actions for sustainability in a contemporary art exhibition. In Cultural Sustainability and the Nature-Culture Interface: Livelihoods, Policies, and Methodologies ; Routledge: London, UK, 2018. [ Google Scholar ]
• Hansson, P.; Öhman, J. Museum education and sustainable development: A public pedagogy. Eur. Educ. Res. J. 2021 , 21 , 469–483. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Science Museum Group. Available online: https://www.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/our-work/sustainability-approach (accessed on 15 June 2024).
• Selwood, S. Valuing Culture. 2003. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/751010/Valuing_culture (accessed on 26 January 2024).
• Rentschler, R.; Geursen, G.M. Entrepreneurship, marketing and leadership in non-profit performing arts organisations. J. Res. Mark. Entrep. 2004 , 6 , 44–51. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ramsey White, T.; Rentschler, R. Toward a new understanding of the social impact of the arts. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Arts & Cultural Management, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3–6 July 2005. [ Google Scholar ]
• Worts, D. Measuring museum meanings: A critical assessment framework. J. Mus. Educ. 2006 , 31 , 41–49. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Corsane, G. Using ecomuseum indicators to evaluate the robben island museum and world heritage site. Landsc. Res. 2006 , 31 , 399–418. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Friedman, A.J. The great sustainability challenge: How visitor studies can save cultural institutions in the21st Century. Visit. Stud. 2007 , 10 , 3–12. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Davis, P. New Museologies and the Ecomuseum. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity ; Graham, B., Howard, P., Eds.; Ashgate: Aldershot, UK, 2008; pp. 397–414. [ Google Scholar ]
• International Council of Museums (ICOM). Museums and Sustainable Development: How can ICOM Support, in ConcreteTerms, the Museum Community’s Sustainable Development Projects? In Proceedings of the Advisory Committee Meeting, Paris, France, 6–8 June 2011. [ Google Scholar ]
• Farreny, R.; Oliver, J.; Escuder, S.; Roca, M.; Sevigné, E.; Gabarrell, X.; Rieradevall, J. The metabolism of cultural services. Energyand water flows in museums. Energy Build. 2012 , 47 , 98–106. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Nunberg, S.; Eckelman, M.; Hatchfield, P. Life cycle assessments of loans and exhibitions:three case studies at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. J. Am. Inst. Conserv. 2016 , 55 , 2–11. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pietro, L.D.; Mugion, R.G.; Renzi, M.F.; Toni, M. An audience-centric approach for museums sustainability. Sustainability 2014 , 6 , 5745–5762. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pop, I.L.; Borza, A. Factors Influencing Museum Sustainability and Indicators for Museum Sustainability Measurement. Sustainability 2016 , 8 , 101. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Worts, D. Heritage Planning for Sustainable Cultural Impacts, American Association for State and LocalHistory. 2019. Available online: https://aaslh.org/sustainable-cultural-impacts/ (accessed on 26 January 2024).
• Nunberg, S.; Sutton, S.; Eckelman, M. Planning a Life Cycle Analysis Library and Beta Tool for Sustainable Cultural Heritage Preservation and Exhibition Practices. In Addressing the Challenges in Communicating Climate Change across Various Audiences ; LealFilho, W., Lackner, B., McGhie, H., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 531–543. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Biedermann, A.M.; López, N.M.; Lapesa, I.R.; Pérez, F.J.G.; Sáenz, J.L.S. Sustainable services planning. Methods supporting the design of cultural exhibitions. Heliyon 2023 , 9 , e19866. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Biedermann, A.M.; Muñoz López, N.; Ramos Lapesa, I.; Fernández Vázquez, A.; Valero Martín, J.I. Sustainable design of open-air exhibitions. Dyna Ing. E Ind. 2024 , 99 , 51–58. [ Google Scholar ]
• Swanson, K.K.; DeVereaux, C. A theoretical framework for sustaining culture: Culturally sustainable entrepreneurship. Ann. Tour. Res. 2017 , 62 , 78–88. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Santolaya, J.L.; Lacasa, E.; Biedermann, A.; Muñoz, N. A practical methodology to project the design of more sustainable products in the production stage. Res. Eng. Des. 2019 , 30 , 539–558. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Muñoz, N.; Santolaya, J.L.; Biedermann, A.; Serrano, A. Sustainability assessment of product-service systems using flows between systems approach. Sustainability 2020 , 12 , 3415. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Biedermann, A.; Muñoz, N.; Santolaya, J.L.; Valero, J.I. Sustainability improvement in complex systems composed of products and services. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2022 , 27 , 98–121. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• ISO 14040 ; Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Framework. International Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
• Kloepffer, W. Life cycle sustainability assessment of products (with comments by Helias, A. Udo de Haes, p. 95). Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2008 , 13 , 89–95. [ Google Scholar ]
• Valdivia, S.; Ugaya, C.M.L.; Hildenbrand, J.; Traverso, M.; Mazijn, B.; Sonneman, G. A UNEP/SETAC approach towards a life cycle sustainability assessment-our contribution to Rio+20. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2013 , 18 , 1673–1685. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Valdivia, S.; Backes, J.G.; Traverso, M.; Sonnemann, G.; Cucurachi, S.; Guinée, J.B.; Goedkoop, M. Principles for the application of life cycle sustainability assessment. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2021 , 26 , 1900–1905. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Rametsteiner, E.; Pülzl, H.; Alkan-Olsson, A.; Frederiksen, P. Sustainability indicator development—Science or political negotiation? Ecol. Indic. 2011 , 11 , 61–70. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Cabezas, H. Sustainability indicators and metrics. In Sustainability: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives ; Bentham Science Publishers: Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 2012; pp. 197–221. [ Google Scholar ]
• Guinée, J.B. Handbook on LCA, Operational Guide to the ISO Standards ; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2002; p. 692. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lippiatt, B. BEES 4.0: Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability. Technical Manual and User Guide, NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) ; National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007. Available online: https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=860108 (accessed on 26 June 2024).
• Goedkoop, M.J.; Heijungs, R.; Huijbregts, M.; De Schryver, A.; Struijs, J.V.Z.R.; Van Zelm, R. ReCiPE 2008: A Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Which Comprises Harmonized Category Indicators at the Midpoint and the Endpoint Level ; PR’e Consultants: Amersfoort, The Netherlands, 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
• UNEP. Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products and Organizations. 2020. Available online: https://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/library/guidelines-for-social-life-cycle-assessment-of-products-and-organisations-2020/ (accessed on 15 January 2024).
• Huijbregts, M.; Steinmann, Z.; Elshout, P.; Verones, F.; Vieira, M.; Hollander, A.; Zijp, M.; Van Zelm, R.; Stam, G. ReCiPe 2008: A Harmonized Life Cycle Impact Assessment at Midpoint and Endpoint Level. Report I: Characterization ; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment: Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2016. [ Google Scholar ]
• Wulf, C.; Werker, J.; Ball, C.; Zapp, P.; Kuckshinrichs, W. Review of sustainability assessment approaches based on life cycles. Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 5717. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wang, Y.; Huang, S.; Kim, A.K. Toward a framework integrating authenticity and integrity in heritage tourism. J. Sustain. Tour. 2015 , 23 , 1468–1481. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ginsburgh, V.A.; Throsby, D. Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture ; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006; Volume 1. [ Google Scholar ]
• UNESCO. Indicadores de Cultura Para el Desarrollo. Manual Metodológico. Patrimonio. Relevancia de la Dimensión Para la Cultura y el Desarrollo. 2014. Available online: https://es.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/iucd_manual_metodologico_1.pdf%0Awww.unesco.org/creativity/cdis (accessed on 15 January 2024).
• Bollo, A. Gli strumenti di valutazione dei musei: I casi concreti, le occasioni mancate. Museol. Sci. Mem. 2013 , 10 , 137–141. [ Google Scholar ]
• Sabatini, F. Culture as Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development: Perspectives for Integration, Paradigms of Action. Eur. J. Sustain. Dev. 2019 , 8 , 31. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Duxbury, N.; Kangas, A.; De Beukelaer, C. Cultural policies for sustainable development: Four strategic paths. Int. J. Cult. Policy 2017 , 23 , 214–230. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Throsby, D. Culturally sustainable development: Theoretical concept or practical policy instrument? Int. J. Cult. Policy 2017 , 23 , 133–147. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• British Council. The Missing Pillar. 2020. Available online: https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/the_missing_pillar.pdf (accessed on 15 January 2024).
• Sutter, G.C. Promoting Sustainability: Audience and Curatorial Perspectives on The Human Factor. Curator Mus. J. 2008 , 51 , 187–202. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Crosby, P.; Throsby, D. More than economics: Cultural value and the Australian book industry. In Publishing and Culture ; Cambridge Scholars Publishing: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 2019; pp. 65–84. [ Google Scholar ]
• Crossick, G. Knowledge Transfer Without Widgets: The Challenge of the Creative Economy: A Lecture to the Royal Society of Arts in Leeds on 31 May 2006. Goldsmiths 2006 ; University of London: London, UK, 2006. [ Google Scholar ]
• Pironti, M.; Pisano, P.; Natoli, C. Industrial Heritage exploitation: The identity of a territory as a competitive factor for a systemic development to link the “old” with the “new”. In Book Proceedings 6th Annual Research Session ENCATC The Ecology of Culture: Community Engagement, Co-Creation, Cross Fertilization ; ENCATC: Ixelles, Belgium, 2015; pp. 376–391. [ Google Scholar ]
• Tatarkiewicz, W. History of Aesthetics ; Harrell, J., Barrett, C., Petsch, D., Eds.; A&C Black: London, UK, 2006. [ Google Scholar ]
• Brocchi, D. The Cultural Dimension of Sustainability. In Sustainability: A New Frontier for the Arts and Cultures. Frankfurt am Main: VAS—Verlag Für Akademische Schriften ; VAS-Verlag: Frankfurt, Germany, 2008; pp. 270–271. [ Google Scholar ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

Biedermann, A.M.; Muñoz López, N.; Santolaya Sáenz, J.L.; Asión-Suñer, L.; Galán Pérez, F.J. Methodological Framework for Integrating Cultural Impact in Sustainability Assessments of Cultural Events. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 6893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166893

Biedermann AM, Muñoz López N, Santolaya Sáenz JL, Asión-Suñer L, Galán Pérez FJ. Methodological Framework for Integrating Cultural Impact in Sustainability Assessments of Cultural Events. Sustainability . 2024; 16(16):6893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166893

Biedermann, Anna Maria, Natalia Muñoz López, José Luis Santolaya Sáenz, Laura Asión-Suñer, and Francisco Javier Galán Pérez. 2024. "Methodological Framework for Integrating Cultural Impact in Sustainability Assessments of Cultural Events" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 6893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166893

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

• DOI: 10.54660/.ijmrge.2024.5.2.207-214
• Corpus ID: 268440019

A study on the role of leadership in sustainable business practices in India

• Lestan D’Souza
• Published in International Journal of… 2024
• Business, Environmental Science

Related Papers

Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers

Data, analysis, convening and action.

The world’s largest and most diverse environmental network.

• IUCN WORLD CONSERVATION CONGRESS
• REGIONAL CONSERVATION FORA
• CONTRIBUTIONS FOR NATURE
• IUCN ENGAGE (LOGIN REQUIRED)

IUCN tools, publications and other resources.

• News & Events
• Eastern and Southern Africa
• Eastern Europe and Central Asia
• Mediterranean
• Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean
• North America
• South America
• West and Central Africa
• IUCN Academy
• IUCN Contributions for Nature
• IUCN Library
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM
• IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas
• IUCN World Heritage Outlook
• IUCN Leaders Forum
• Protected Planet
• Union Portal (login required)
• IUCN Engage (login required)
• Commission portal (login required)

Get Involved

Our resources share the knowledge gathered by IUCN’s unique global community of 16,000+ experts. They include databases, tools, standards, guidelines and policy recommendations. We author hundreds of books, assessments, reports, briefs and research papers every year.

IUCN Issues Briefs provide key information on selected issues central to IUCN’s work. They are aimed at policy-makers, journalists or anyone looking for an accessible overview of the often complex issues related to nature conservation and sustainable development.

Conservation tools

IUCN's conservation tools consist of conservation databases, metrics and other knowledge products. These products have helped hundreds of organisations design, monitor and implement just and effective conservation.

IUCN produces publications on a wide range of topics to share our expertise on nature, conservation and sustainable development. Publications include reports, analyses, best practices, standards, periodicals from IUCN Commissions and numerous other types of knowledge from the Union.

Search all resources

• Sunday 28 July 28 2024, 11:00 – 16:30 (TBC)
• Courtyard Marriot (Frangipani Room)