possible errors in refractive index experiment

This guide explains what precautions should be taken to prevent errors when measuring the refractive index, Brix, or concentration of liquids and much more.

We present extensive background information and recommendations on:

Tests and adjustments:

• How often should a refractometer / Brix meter be tested or adjusted, and with which substances?
• Which is better, regular tests or regular adjustments?
• Which types of samples can be measured with a digital refractometer?
• What are possible effects on measurements?
• How can air bubbles be avoided?
• What are the best methods of cleaning the cell?
• Which solvents should be used for each sample type?

Verification and documentation of results:

• How to ensure that measurement has not been affected by air bubbles or residual solvent?
• How to automatically verify if a result is within specifications for a given product (quality control)?

These are just some examples of what you will find in this guide, but there is much more!

1. Test and Adjustments

The commonly held opinion that frequent adjustment of the instrument guarantees accurate results is not true. Any adjustment operation results in changes being made to the internal instrument settings. If the adjustment is not properly performed, all the measurements performed afterwards will be wrong.

Instead of frequent adjustment, it is better to regularly verify the measurement accuracy of the system by measuring a sample of accurately known density (e.g. distilled water or a standard) which is called test, calibration or check. Then the measured refractive index is compared to the known nominal value of the sample.

Get more information in the Refractive Index Measurement Guide

One Click Test with Standards - Video

See how to run a test with a standard to check if your density meter or refractometer is still working properly.

Test (Calibration)

Pasty samples.

Pasty samples, for instance tomato puree, bear the risk of air cushions between the prism and the sample. Make sure that the sample is in full contact with the prism by “pressing” it down. METTLER TOLEDO RM Refractometers can be equipped with an easy mountable presser. When the lid is being closed, the sample is automati- cally pressed to the prism.

Sticky / viscous samples

Aggressive samples, volatile samples, non-homogeneous samples/suspensions, 3. sampling, with a syringe.

Use plastic syringes with luer tip, preferably 3-component syringes (with rubber O-ring) as they allow a much better speed control than cheap 2-component syringes.

Avoid air cushions

Add enough sample, automatic filling, 4. cleaning, procedure for manual use of refractometer, remove old sample.

To remove the sample (and the solvents) from the refractometer cell, it is suggested to use a syringe. This “waste syringe” can be used over and over again (tip: mark this syringe, for instance with black tape). Using a syringe saves a lot of soft tissue cleaning wipes and reduces waste.

Clean with an ideal solvent a few times. The solvent must be able to quickly dissolve the sample.

• Add the solvent
• Stir with the “waste syringe”
• Remove all with the “waste syringe”
• A second solvent which allows quick drying (e.g. Acetone) of ten bears the risk for contamination!

Wipe the prism/cell dry with a soft tissue. Wait 10 seconds, before adding next sample

Cleaning with automation devices

5. result verification and documentation, automatic result conversion.

Often the result has to be converted using a table. Looking up in or interpolating from a table is error-prone and time-consuming. Automatic conversion using built-in tables (e.g. alcohol, Brix, temperature compensation according to API) prevents reading or calculation errors and saves time. A digital refractometer of the latest generation allows the use of built-in conversion tables to show the result directly in the desired unit. METTLER TOLEDO RM Refractometers have to following built-in result units / concentration tables:

• nD, Zeiss (14.45), Zeiss (15.00)
• Brix, HFCS 42/55, Invert Sugar, Oechsle
• Up to 30 user -defined concentration tables (can be entered as tables or formulas)

Error detection

Result limits, proper documentation.

Request Quote or Info Get a Quote Instant Quote Solution Information Request a Demo

Follow along with the video below to see how to install our site as a web app on your home screen.

Note: This feature may not be available in some browsers.

• Classical Physics

Refractive Index Lab: Sources of Error Using Optical Pins & Glass Prism

• Thread starter atom123
• Start date Oct 19, 2011
• Tags Lab Physics Physics lab Refraction
• Oct 19, 2011
• Research team improves fuel cell durability with fatigue-resistant membranes
• Apex predators not a quick fix for restoring ecosystems, 20-year study finds
• Building images photon-by-photon to increase the information content provided by microscopes

What do you think they might be?  

FAQ: Refractive Index Lab: Sources of Error Using Optical Pins & Glass Prism

1. what is the purpose of the refractive index lab.

The purpose of the Refractive Index Lab is to determine the refractive index of a glass prism by using optical pins and measuring the angles of incidence and refraction.

2. What are the potential sources of error in this lab?

Some potential sources of error in this lab include human error in measuring the angles, imperfections in the glass prism, and variations in the light source or environment.

3. How can these sources of error be minimized?

To minimize potential sources of error, it is important to take accurate and precise measurements, use a high-quality glass prism, and control the lighting and temperature in the lab.

4. Why is it necessary to use multiple optical pins?

Using multiple optical pins helps to improve the accuracy of the measurements by reducing the effects of any imperfections or inconsistencies in the pins.

5. How does the refractive index of the glass prism affect the results?

The refractive index of the glass prism directly affects the angles of incidence and refraction, which are used to calculate the refractive index. Therefore, any inaccuracies in the refractive index will result in errors in the final result.

Similar threads

• May 29, 2024
• Sep 27, 2019
• Mar 25, 2023
• Jan 17, 2022
• Jul 31, 2015
• Dec 4, 2020
• Nov 26, 2016
• Jun 24, 2023
• Jul 22, 2017
• Mar 18, 2023

Hot Threads

• B   Why 186,282?
• B   Sine wave noise at different frequencies
• I   Factors that influence depth of field
• B   How does an object gain potential energy?
• I   Energy Released From Dropping Things Onto Neutron Stars

Recent Insights

• Insights   Brownian Motions and Quantifying Randomness in Physical Systems
• Insights   PBS Video Comment: “What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality”
• Insights   Aspects Behind the Concept of Dimension in Various Fields
• Insights   Views On Complex Numbers
• Insights   Addition of Velocities (Velocity Composition) in Special Relativity
• Insights   Schrödinger’s Cat and the Qbit

Core Practical: Investigating Snell's law ( Edexcel IGCSE Physics )

Revision note.

Core practical 5: investigating snell's law

Aims of the experiment.

• To investigate the refractive index of glass, using a glass block
• Independent variable = angle of incidence, i
• Dependent variable = angle of refraction , r
• Use of the same perspex block
• Width of the light beam
• Same frequency / wavelength of the light

Equipment list

• Protractor = 1°
• Ruler = 1 mm

Diagram of equipment set up

Apparatus set-up to investigate Snell's Law

• Place the glass block on a sheet of paper, and carefully draw around the block using a pencil
• Draw a dashed line normal (at right angles) to the outline of the block
• Use a protractor to measure the angles of incidence to be studied and mark these lines on the paper
• Switch on the ray box and direct a beam of light at the side face of the block at the first angle to be investigated
• A point on the ray close to the ray box
• The point where the ray enters the block
• The point where the ray exits the block
• A point on the exit light ray which is a distance of about 5 cm away from the block
• Remove the block and join the points marked with three straight lines
• Replace the block within its outline and repeat the above process for a rays striking the block at the next angle

An example results table

Analysis of results

• If the angles have been measured correctly, the paper should end up looking like this:

A diagram showing how to measure the angles of incidence and refraction

• This is covered in the Snell's law revision note
• The refractive index is equal to the gradient of the graph

A graph of the results of snell's law experiment

Evaluating the experiment

Systematic Errors:

• Use a set square to draw perpendicular lines

Random Errors:

• Use a sharpened pencil and mark in the middle of the beam
• Use a protractor with a higher resolution

Safety considerations

• Run burns under cold running water for at least five minute
• Avoid looking directly at the light
• Stand behind the ray box during the experiment
• Keep all liquids away from the electrical equipment and paper

You've read 0 of your 10 free revision notes

Unlock more, it's free, join the 100,000 + students that ❤️ save my exams.

the (exam) results speak for themselves:

Did this page help you?

• Reflection & Refraction
• Energy Stores & Transfers
• Work, Power & Energy Resources
• Density & Pressure
• Changes of State
• Ideal Gases
• Magnetism & Electromagnetism
• Electromagnetic Induction
• Properties of Radiation

Author: Katie M

Katie has always been passionate about the sciences, and completed a degree in Astrophysics at Sheffield University. She decided that she wanted to inspire other young people, so moved to Bristol to complete a PGCE in Secondary Science. She particularly loves creating fun and absorbing materials to help students achieve their exam potential.

What are the sources of error in refractive index experiment?

Common errors include; inaccurately measuring refracted and incident angles, incorrectly drawing refracted and incident rays, and incorrectly drawing the block. Impurities in the media can also cause errors.

Ruth Njoroge ∙

Phabianton Amollo ∙

The main source of error was simply the precision of measurements which were relatively negligible based on the results.

The travelling microscope used could not slide as far as the width of the glass block in the apparatus diagram. A glass microscope slide was used instead which is much thinner which allowed the travelling microscope to easily take measurements. It was also extremely uniform and gave very precise results.

Sources of error in a refractive index experiment can include variations in temperature, impurities in the sample, inconsistencies in the measurement technique, and discrepancies in the calibration of equipment. These factors can lead to inaccuracies in the refractive index measurement.

Send me the schematic diagram and physical configuration of your experiment,

with the input and measured output voltages and waveforms, plus a description

and the performance specification of each electrical component in the experiment,

along with fifty cents in coin for handling, computer time, and report preparation,

and I'll bet I can spot them.

Average should be taken to minimize such sources of errors

Add your answer:

What are the sources of error in refractive index of water experiment by apparent method?

Sources of error in the refractive index of water experiment by apparent method may include temperature fluctuations affecting the refractive index of water, impurities in the water affecting the measurement accuracy, and environmental factors like air bubbles or water impurities causing distortion in the apparent depth readings.

How do you compute the standard error in refractive index from your graph?

To compute the standard error in refractive index from a graph, calculate the standard deviation of the data points and divide it by the square root of the sample size. This will give you the standard error in your refractive index measurement.

Why lycopodium powder is used in refractive index experiment?

Lycopodium powder is used in refractive index experiments because it has a known refractive index value. By measuring the behavior of light passing through lycopodium powder, scientists can compare it to the expected results based on its refractive index value, allowing them to confirm the accuracy of their measurements and calculations.

What is the refractive index of vacuum?

The refractive index of vacuum is 1.

What is the standart refractive index of cyclohexene?

The standard refractive index of cyclohexene is approximately 1.465.

Top Categories

Estimate of Errors in Measurements of Refractive Index by Modified Prism Methods

• Published: 12 June 2023
• Volume 66 , pages 168–172, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• A. I. Yurin 1 , 2 ,
• G. N. Vishnyakov 2 , 3 &
• V. L. Minaev 1 , 2  

69 Accesses

Explore all metrics

Goniometric methods of measuring the refractive index of optically transparent materials based on the refraction of light by a triangular prism are studied. A modified minimum deviation method and 3 modified constant deviation methods are examined which make it possible to determine the refractive indices of triangular prisms with unknown refracting angles. According to the modified prism methods the deflection angles of the light by the prism are measured with a goniometer, while the refractive index of the material and the refraction angles of the prism are determined by solving systems of equations. Thus, there is no need for preliminary measurement of the prism angles, which would require special autocollimation goniometers. In addition, in the modified prism methods, light reflected from the faces of the prism is not used, which makes it possible to extend the spectral range of a measurement of the refractive index to the infrared and ultraviolet ranges. The errors in measurements of the refractive index by these methods are compared for the example of a prism with a refractive index of 1.5 and a refraction angle of 60°. It is shown that the modified minimum deviation method has the smallest error among all the prism methods, so it can be recommended for high-precision measurements of the refractive index in those cases where the refractive angles of the prism are unknown or it is technically difficult to measure them. The modified methods examined here can be used for measuring the refractive index of triangular prisms made of optically transparent materials, as well as of liquids poured into hollow prisms with plane-parallel transparent windows. Practical implementation of methods of this type should be useful in the optical, chemical, and food industries for monitoring the composition and properties of optically transparent materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Measurement of the Refractive Index Using a Modified Constant Deviation Method

Refractive Index Measurement Using a Modified Prism Method

A Single Measurement Method to Find Refractive Index

Standards document GOST 28869-90, Optical materials. Methods for measuring refractive index (in Russian).

International Standardization Organization 2020, Optics and photonics. Test method for refractive index of optical glasses. Part 1: Minimum deviation method ISO 21395-1:2020.

Mathcad [website]: https://www.mathcad.com/en/ (accessed on Feb. 7, 2023).

M. Kuiper, A. van de Nes, R. Nieuwland, Z. Varga, and E. van der Pol, Am. J. Reproduct. Immunol. , 85 , No. 2, e13350 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13350 .

W. Oti, IOSR J. Appl. Chem. , 9 , 89–91 (2016), https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-0907018991 .

Article   Google Scholar  

A. Shehadeh, A. Evangelou, D. Kechagia, P. Tataridis, A. Chatzilazarou, and F. Shehadeh, Food Chem. , 329 , No. 1, Article ID 27085 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127085 .

M. Xu, S. Shao, N. Weng, L. Zhou, Q. Liu, and Y. Zhao, Appl. Sci., 22 , No. 11, Article ID 10548 (2021), https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210548 .

T. Nitta, Y. Sekimoto, T. Hasebe, K. Noda, S. Sekiguchi, M. Nagai, S. Hattori. Y. Murayama, H. Matsuo, A. Dominjon, W. Shan, M. Naruse, N. Kuno, and N. Nakai, J. Low Temp. Phys. , 193 , 976–983 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-018-2047-4 .

L. A. Konopel’ko, Refractive Methods in Physical-Chemical Measurements, Triumf, Moscow (2020), 208 pp.

Google Scholar  

M. Astrua and M. Pisani, Meas. Sci. Tech. , 20 , No. 9, Article ID 095305 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/9/095305 .

M. V. Leikin, B. Molochnikov, V. N. Morozov, and É. S. Shakaryan, Reflective Refractometry, Mashinostroenie, Leningrad, (1983), 224 p.

B. V. Ioffe, Refractometric Methods in Chemistry, Khimiya Leningrad (1974), 350 p.

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics . Electromagnetic Theory of the Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light, 4th ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (1969), 808 p.

A. N. Korolev, A. I. Gartsuyev, G. S. Polishchuk, and V. P. Tregub, A Digital Autocollimator, J. Opt. Technol. , 76 , No. 10, 624–628 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1364/JOT.76.000624 .

A. I. Yurin, G. N. Vishnyakov, and V. L. Minayev, Opt. Spectrosc. , 130 , No. 12, 1899–1903 (2022), https://doi.org/10.21883/OS.2022.12.54098.4103-22 .

A. I. Yurin, G. N. Vishnyakov, and V. L. Minayev, Measurement of the Refractive Index Using a Modified Constant Deviation Method, Izmer. Tekh., No. 12, 35–39 (2022), https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2022-12-35-39 .

A. I. Yurin, G. N. Vishnyakov, and V. L. Minayev. Measurement of the Refractive Index Using a Modified Prism Method, Izmer. Tekh ., 2023, No. 2, 19–23 (2023), https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-2-19-23 .

L. W. Tilton, Prism Refractometry and Certain Goniometrical Requirements for Precision (Classic Reprint) , Forgotten Books (2017).

D. Tentori-Santa-Cruz and J. R. Lerma, Opt. Eng. , 29 , No. 2, 160–168 (1990), https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55573 .

Article   ADS   Google Scholar  

G. N. Vishnyakov and S. V. Kornysheva, Effect of the Quality of Preparation of Optical Components on the Accuracy of Measuring Refractive Index by the Goniometric Method, Meas. Tech. , 54 , No. 12, 1372–1377 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-012-9898-x .

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

HSE University, Moscow, Russia

A. I. Yurin & V. L. Minaev

All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements, Moscow, Russia

A. I. Yurin, G. N. Vishnyakov & V. L. Minaev

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia

G. N. Vishnyakov

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. I. Yurin .

Additional information

Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 28–32, March, 2023.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Yurin, A.I., Vishnyakov, G.N. & Minaev, V.L. Estimate of Errors in Measurements of Refractive Index by Modified Prism Methods. Meas Tech 66 , 168–172 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-023-02206-9

Download citation

Received : 25 November 2022

Accepted : 10 January 2023

Published : 12 June 2023

Issue Date : June 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-023-02206-9

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• refractive index
• prism method
• measurement error
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

15. Measurement of the refractive index of a material

rectangular glass or perspex block

ray box or optics lamp 1 cylindrical lens 1 single slit

power supply

A4 plain white paper

shaded or darkened conditions

Error in refractive index measurement due to thickness error at different values of refractive index for a 5 mm thick sample. 

Context in source publication

Similar publications.

• Arjent Imeri

• Hartmut Haehnel

• Tzu-Yao Weng
• NANOTECHNOLOGY

• Chennupati Jagadish
• OPT LASER TECHNOL

• Takamasa Suzuki

• Muhammad Farooq

• Shoou-Jinn Chang
• J INFRARED MILLIM TE

• Recruit researchers
• Join for free
• Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up

We apologize for the inconvenience...

To ensure we keep this website safe, please can you confirm you are a human by ticking the box below.

If you are unable to complete the above request please contact us using the below link, providing a screenshot of your experience.

https://ioppublishing.org/contacts/

• Keep it simple - don't use too many different parameters.
• Example: (diode OR solid-state) AND laser [search contains "diode" or "solid-state" and laser]
• Example: (photons AND downconversion) - pump [search contains both "photons" and "downconversion" but not "pump"]
• Improve efficiency in your search by using wildcards.
• Asterisk ( * ) -- Example: "elect*" retrieves documents containing "electron," "electronic," and "electricity"
• Question mark (?) -- Example: "gr?y" retrieves documents containing "grey" or "gray"
• Use quotation marks " " around specific phrases where you want the entire phrase only.
• For best results, use the separate Authors field to search for author names.
• Use these formats for best results: Smith or J Smith
• Use a comma to separate multiple people: J Smith, RL Jones, Macarthur
• Note: Author names will be searched in the keywords field, also, but that may find papers where the person is mentioned, rather than papers they authored.

Applied Optics

• pp. 825-826
• • https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.28.000825

Error sources in the determination of the refractive index of air

K. P. Birch and M. J. Downs

Author Affiliations

National Physical Laboratory, Division of Mechanical & Optical Metrology, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 OLW, U.K.

Your library or personal account may give you access

• Share with Facebook
• X Share on X
• Post on reddit
• Share with LinkedIn
• Add to Mendeley

• Share with WeChat
• Endnote (RIS)
• Citation alert
• Save article
• Atmospheric observation
• Pressure measurement
• Refractive anomalies
• Refractive index
• Refractometry
• Original Manuscript: July 25, 1988
• Published: March 1, 1989
• Full Article
• References ( 11 )
• Cited By ( 6 )
• Back to Top

Sources of error in the determination of the refractive index of air using optical techniques have been identified.

© 1989 Optical Society of America

K. Vedam and S. Y. Kim Appl. Opt. 28 (14) 2691-2694 (1989)

W. Mahmood bin Mat Yunus Appl. Opt. 28 (20) 4268-4269 (1989)

L. E. Wood and M. C. Thompson Appl. Opt. 7 (7) 1408-1409 (1968)

Philip E. Ciddor Appl. Opt. 35 (9) 1566-1573 (1996)

C. K. Carniglia, K. N. Schrader, P. A. O’Connell, and S. R. Tuenge Appl. Opt. 28 (14) 2902-2906 (1989)

Contact your librarian or system administrator or Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Gisele Bennett, Editor-in-Chief

Confirm Citation Alert

Field error.

• Publishing Home
• Conferences
• Preprints (Optica Open)
• Information for
• Open Access Information
• Open Access Statement and Policy
• Terms for Journal Article Reuse
• Other Resources
• Optica Open
• Optica Publishing Group Bookshelf
• Optics ImageBank
• Optics & Photonics News
• Spotlight on Optics
• Optica Home
• About Optica Publishing Group
• About My Account
• Sign up for Alerts
• Send Us Feedback
• Go to My Account
• Login to access favorites
• Recent Pages

Login or Create Account

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Fundamentals of determination of the biological tissue refractive index by ellipsoidal reflector method.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 3. results and discussion, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

• Kirsch, A.; Hettlich, F. The Mathematical Theory of Time-Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations. Applied Mathematical Sciences ; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; p. 337. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Möller, K.D. Maxwell’s Theory. In Optics , 2nd ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. 205–247. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhao, J.M.; Liu, L.H. Radiative Transfer Equation and Solutions. In Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering ; Kulacki, F., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 1–46. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Liemert, A.; Reitzle, D.; Kienle, A. Analytical solutions of the radiative transport equation for turbid and fluorescent layered media. Sci. Rep. 2017 , 7 , 3819. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Asllanaj, F.; Contassot-Vivier, S.; Liemert, A.; Kienle, A. Radiative transfer equation for predicting light propagation in biological media: Comparison of a modified finite volume method, the Monte Carlo technique, and an exact analytical solution. J. Biomed. Opt. 2014 , 19 , 015002. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Das, N.; Chatterjee, S.; Kumar, S.; Pradhan, A.; Panigrahi, P.; Vitkin, I.A.; Ghosh, N. Tissue multifractality and Born approximation in analysis of light scattering: A novel approach for precancers detection. Sci. Rep. 2014 , 4 , 6129. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Giannios, P.; Toutouzas, K.G.; Matiatou, M.; Stasinos, K.; Konstadoulakis, M.M.; Zografos, G.C.; Moutzouris, K. Visible to near-infrared refractive properties of freshly-excised human-liver tissues: Marking hepatic malignancies. Sci. Rep. 2016 , 6 , 27910. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Sorensen, C.M.; Maughan, J.B.; Moosmüller, H. Spherical particle absorption over a broad range of imaginary refractive index. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 2019 , 226 , 81–86. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Sun, P.; Sun, H. Determination of the anisotropy complex refractive indices of chicken tissues in vitro at 650 nm. J. Eur. Opt.Soc. Rapid Publ. 2010 , 5 , 10030. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Tomanic, T.; Rogelj, L.; Milanic, M. Robustness of diffuse reflectance spectra analysis by inverse adding doubling algorithm. Biomed. Opt. Express 2022 , 13 , 921–949. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Gul, B.; Ashraf, S.; Khan, S.; Nisar, H.; Ahmad, I. Cell refractive index: Models, insights, applications and future perspectives. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 2021 , 33 , 102096. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lin, L.; Li, H.; Xie, S. Linear method of determining the refractive index of biotissue. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Biomedical Optics, Wuhan, China, 25–27 October 1999. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jacques, S.L. Optical properties of biological tissues: A review. Phys. Med. Biol. 2013 , 58 , R37–R61. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Poulon, F.; Mehidine, H.; Juchaux, M.; Varlet, P.; Devaux, B.; Pallud, J.; Abi Haidar, D. Optical properties, spectral, and lifetime measurements of central nervous system tumors in humans. Sci. Rep. 2017 , 7 , 13995. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zysk, A.M.; Adie, S.G.; Armstrong, J.J.; Leigh, M.S.; Paduch, A.; Sampson, D.D.; Nguyen, F.T.; Boppart, S.A. Needle-based refractive index measurement using low-coherence interferometry. Opt. Lett. 2007 , 32 , 385–387. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Giannios, P.; Koutsoumpos, S.; Toutouzas, K.G.; Matiatou, M.; Zografos, G.C.; Moutzouris, K. Complex refractive index of normal and malignant human colorectal tissue in the visible and near-infrared. J. Biophotonics 2017 , 10 , 303–310. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wang, Z.; Tangella, K.; Balla, A.; Popescu, G. Tissue refractive index as marker of disease. J. Biomed Opt. 2011 , 16 , 116017. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Khan, R.; Gul, B.; Khan, S.; Nisar, H.; Ahmad, I. Refractive index of biological tissues: Review, measurement techniques, and applications. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 2021 , 33 , 102192. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Sand, M.; Gambichler, T.; Moussa, G.; Bechara, F.G.; Sand, D.; Altmeyer, P.; Hoffmann, K. Evaluation of the epidermal refractive index measured by optical coherence tomography. Ski. Res. Technol. 2006 , 12 , 114–118. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Zhou, Y.; Chan, K.K.; Lai, T.; Tang, S. Characterizing refractive index and thickness of biological tissues using combined multiphoton microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Biomed. Opt. Express 2013 , 4 , 38–50. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Meng, Z.; Yao, X.S.; Yao, H.; Liang, Y.; Liu, T.; Li, Y.; Wang, G.; Lan, S. Measurement of the refractive index of human teeth by optical coherence tomography. J. Biomed. Opt. 2009 , 14 , 034010. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Shirota, M.; van Limbeek, M.A.J.; Lohse, D.; Sun, C. Measuring thin films using quantitative frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). Eur. Phys. J. E 2017 , 40 , 54. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kukharchuk, V.V.; Pavlov, S.V.; Holodiuk, V.S.; Kryvonosov, V.E.; Skorupski, K. Information Conversion in Measuring Channels with Optoelectronic Sensors. Sensors 2022 , 22 , 271. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Shkilniak, L.; Zabolotna, N.; Pavlov, V.; Khomenko, Z.; Longyin, Y.; Gromaszek, K.; Kalizhanova, A.; Kozbakova, A. Photonic methods for normalizing the level of tissue microcirculation in the maxillo-facial region. In Proceedings of the Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2023, Lublin, Poland, 11–14 September 2023; Volume 12985. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lai, J.-C.; Zhang, Y.-Y.; Li, Z.-H.; Jiang, H.-J.; He, A.-Z. Complex refractive index measurement of biological tissues by attenuated total reflection ellipsometry. Appl. Opt. 2010 , 49 , 3235. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Cheng, S.; Shen, H.Y.; Zhang, G.; Huang, C.H.; Huang, X.J. Measurement of the refractive index of biotissue at four laser wavelengths. In Proceedings of the Optics in Health Care and Biomedical Optics: Diagnostics and Treatment, Photonics Asia, Shanghai, China, 11–16 October 2020. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Räty, J.; Peiponen, K.E. Inverse Abbe-method for observing small refractive index changes in liquids. Talanta 2015 , 137 , 143–147. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Van Keuren, E.R. Refractive index measurement using total internal reflection. Am. J. Phys. 2005 , 73 , 611–614. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lai, J.; Li, Z.; Wang, C.; He, A. Effective refractive indices of biological tissues and its experimental determination. In Proceedings of the Optics in Health Care and Biomedical Optics: Diagnostics and Treatment II, 5630, Photonics Asia, Beijing, China, 11–16 October 2020. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Morales-Luna, G.; Herrera-Domínguez, M.; Pisano, E.; Balderas-Elizalde, A.; Hernandez-Aranda, R.I.; Ornelas-Soto, N. Plasmonic biosensor based on an effective medium theory as a simple tool to predict and analyze refractive index changes. Opt. Laser Technol. 2020 , 131 , 106332. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Li, H.; Xie, S. Measurement method of the refractive index of biotissue by total internal reflection. Appl. Opt. 1996 , 35 , 1793. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Deng, Z.; Wang, J.; Ye, Q.; Sun, T.; Zhou, W.; Mei, J.; Zhang, C.; Tian, J. Determination of continuous complex refractive index dispersion of biotissue based on internal reflection. J. Biomed. Opt. 2016 , 21 , 15003. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Malarenko, D.Y.; Bezugla, N.V.; Bezuglyi, M.O. Device for Measuring the Refractive Index of Biological Media. Patent UA124063C2, 14 July 2021. [ Google Scholar ]
• Bezuglyi, M. Ellipsoidal Reflectors for Biological Media Light Scattering Photometry. In Advanced System Development Technologies I. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control ; Bezuglyi, M., Bouraou, N., Mykytenko, V., Tymchyk, G., Zaporozhets, A., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2023; Volume 511, pp. 119–154. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kurkjian, C.R.; Prindle, W.R. Perspectives on the History of Glass Composition. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1998 , 81 , 795–813. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wilk, S.R. Sandbows and Black Lights: Reflections on Optics ; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2021. [ Google Scholar ]
• Palik, E.D. (Ed.) Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Part III ; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1998. [ Google Scholar ]
• Bezuglyi, M.A.; Yarych, A.V.; Botvinovskii, D.V. On the possibility of applying a mirror ellipsoid of revolution to determining optical properties of biological tissues. Opt. Spectrosc. 2012 , 113 , 101–107. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bezuglyi, M.A.; Bezuglaya, N.V.; Helich, I.V. Ray tracing in ellipsoidal reflectors for optical biometry of media. Appl. Opt. 2017 , 56 , 8520–8526. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Bezuglyi, M.; Bezuglaya, N.; Viruchenko, A. On the possibility of ellipsoidal photometry and Monte Carlo simulation to spatial analysis of biological media. In Proceedings of the IEEE 37th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO), 18–20 April 2017. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bondariev, D.; Bezugla, N.; Komada, P.; Stelmakh, N.; Bezuglyi, M. Optical Properties of Light-Scattering Standards for CCD Photometry. Sensors 2023 , 23 , 7700. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Anderson, B.W.; Payne, C.J. Liquids of High Refractive Index. Nature 1934 , 133 , 66–67. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Laskar, J.M.; Kumar, P.S.; Herminghaus, S.; Daniels, K.E.; Schröter, M. High refractive index immersion liquid for superresolution 3D imaging using sapphire-based aplanatic numerical aperture increasing lens optics. Appl. Opt. 2016 , 55 , 3165–3169. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Donaldson, A.; Caplin, A.D. The Optical Properties of Liquid Bromine and Iodine. Philos. Mag. B 1986 , 54 , 231–239. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

Bezugla, N.; Romodan, O.; Komada, P.; Stelmakh, N.; Bezuglyi, M. Fundamentals of Determination of the Biological Tissue Refractive Index by Ellipsoidal Reflector Method. Photonics 2024 , 11 , 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090828

Bezugla N, Romodan O, Komada P, Stelmakh N, Bezuglyi M. Fundamentals of Determination of the Biological Tissue Refractive Index by Ellipsoidal Reflector Method. Photonics . 2024; 11(9):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090828

Bezugla, Natalia, Oleksandra Romodan, Pawel Komada, Nataliia Stelmakh, and Mykhailo Bezuglyi. 2024. "Fundamentals of Determination of the Biological Tissue Refractive Index by Ellipsoidal Reflector Method" Photonics 11, no. 9: 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090828

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals