is getting a phd in psychology worth it

Amy Bucher, Ph.D.

Applied Behavioral Science for Health and Well-Being

Should I Get a PhD in Psychology?

Before I get started, keep in mind that PhD programs differ quite a bit between disciplines. If you’re thinking of getting a degree in engineering or English, your program might look a lot different from mine, so keep your grain of salt handy.

You might want to get a PhD in psychology if . . .

You want a job or career that requires a PhD. This one seems like a no-brainer, but not everyone thinks it through. In general, working as an academic in an R1 institution  (that is, a tenure-track professor role that includes both teaching and research) will require a PhD. It’s possible to get a college teaching job at a community college or liberal arts school with a master’s degree, although my guess is that this is getting increasingly competitive as PhD programs graduate new doctors faster than the academic job market can bear . Likewise, it’s possible to work in academic research (particularly in a lab manager or coordinator role) without a PhD, but these roles are not plentiful in the social sciences.

If you are interested in counseling psychology, it may not be necessary to get a PhD. PhDs in clinical psychology who receive their license (through additional training and internships) are qualified to counsel patients, but so are social workers (LMSWs), psychiatrists (MDs), and many other types of professionals. I’d recommend the PhD for someone who wants to counsel patients but is also interested in conducting and consuming research on mental health and treatment.

You can also use a PhD in psychology in a number of non-academic fields. I work in a blended role where I conduct and apply research on motivation and behavior change to health technology. Other psychologists I know work in market research and consumer insights, human resources data analytics, product development, and strategy consulting. A PhD in psychology typically comes with strong research design and analysis skills that can be creatively applied in a number of fields, although you may need to do some work to help others see that connection.

You are comfortable with intellectual uncertainty.  The more you know, the more you become aware of all you don’t know. A doctoral education is a fast way to figure out all of the many, many gaps in your knowledge. Being successful in graduate school requires getting comfortable with the idea that you will never know everything, that there is rarely an easy black-or-white answer to questions, and that your hardest work may not be in acquiring knowledge, but in sorting through it and organizing it. If you’re the type of person who loves puzzling through huge volumes of sometimes contradictory information, you will enjoy grad school more than someone who prefers just enough information to make a basically correct conclusion.

You love learning and sharing what you’ve learned.   This is a corollary to being comfortable with shades of gray. A colleague of mine once told me he can recognize people who have PhDs by their outlook when presented with a problem. He said, they’re the ones who will dive into researching and reading and figuring out the problem and want to discuss it and think about it.

You have a big but resilient ego.  On the one hand, it’s hard to make it through grad school if you don’t believe in your own intellectual abilities. It’s especially important to have a healthy ego because grad school also consists of being constantly beaten down. That sounds fun, doesn’t it? But in all seriousness, the volume of work required, the depth of feedback given, and the level of competition encountered in grad school all wear down on you over time. Add to that the many rejections and set-backs that everyone encounters during grad school, including paper and conference rejections, grades or exam scores below goal, and funding crises, and it takes a resilient soul to make it through. And it takes a big ego to keep submitting the next paper, exam, or grant application after the last rejection.

This is not to imply that grad school will not also make you more resilient. It will. You will learn a lot of strategies for coping with tough days and nights, and you’ll find enduring friendship in the trenches.

Some cautions . . .

If you want to be rich, a PhD is not a quick win.  You can definitely make a very nice living with a psychology PhD, in several different types of jobs. But grad school is expensive–even if you have a stipend to cover your costs, you will not be earning enough money to save, and you may additionally be acquiring loans. Because grad school living is so lean, I am glad I went right after my undergraduate, while I was still used to having no money (although I have friends who worked between undergrad and grad school and were glad to have some savings).

Many PhD programs include a master’s degree as part of their curriculum. I’ve met people who pursued a master’s degree as a way to test the waters for a PhD program. In general, I recommend against this. Many, if not all, PhD programs in psychology include a master’s degree as the conclusion of the first few years of coursework, and I’ve never heard of a program that lets someone skip those first few years based on a prior master’s. The people I know who tested the PhD waters by getting a master’s are now people with two master’s.

PhD programs take a while.  My grad school program, like many psychology PhD programs, was approximately five years long and included two years of coursework toward the master’s along with ongoing research requirements and at least four semesters of undergraduate teaching. Students pursuing a clinical license also have to do an internship on top of these other requirements.

People will be weird to you if you get a PhD in psychology.  First, if you get any PhD, some people will want to comment on your intelligence level (at least they assume it’s high!), which I find awkward. Second, if your PhD is in psychology, prepare for comments like:

• “Do you know what I’m thinking right now?” (Answer: No, that’s psychic, not psychologist.)
• “Are you psychoanalyzing me right now?” (Answer: No, I’m not that type of psychologist, but even if I were, I wouldn’t be doing my job for fun right now.)
• “So you must know everything that’s wrong with me.” (Response: Well, I know you don’t really know what a psychologist does.)

Joking aside, I think the PhD can intimidate people at times, so be prepared for those reactions and ready to either use them to your advantage or alleviate them with humor and humility.

It’s up to you.

Like I said, I can’t tell anyone whether a PhD in psychology is right for them. The decision has to be one you own. Grad school is hard and long, but also filled with many adventures and pockets of joy. I am so glad that I went and earned my PhD. I wouldn’t have my career and the opportunities it provides if I hadn’t, and I would never have met many of the people who are the most important in my life. If you want to take on this onerous journey, you have to really want it; but if you do, I promise you’ll have some good times on the way.

Related posts:

• How to Describe What I Know: The Appeal (and Frustration) of Psychology
• Careers in Psychology: To Counsel or Not?
• Career Options Outside Academia for Psychology PhDs
• Walking Away from Academia with a PhD in Psychology

4 thoughts on “ Should I Get a PhD in Psychology? ”

I’m in my last year of my undergrad in psych. In 27 and have 2 kids. I want to pursue a degree where I can do what I enjoy, and make money. I’m worried about another 7 years in school for a PhD and was told there isn’t much for me with a masters in clinical psychology. I had looked into LCSW, but was not sure if I would be content selling short my dream/goal. Can I counsel, and still do research with a masters? Or am I better with an LCSW?

Admittedly, clinical practice is not my area of expertise. However, I do know people who have counseled with an MA and I also know several people with LCSWs. Both seem like good options if you’re interested in the clinical piece.

I’m not sure about the research part–I’d imagine that depends on where you end up working as a counselor. In a university or health system setting, it seems to me that should be possible. The PhD does make research more feasible as it sets you up to run a lab (assuming you go into academia or a research-focused company).

I was very influenced by the idea that even if something takes a long time, that time will still pass and at the end of it you could have done the thing or not. There have been a few times it’s helped me make choices that seem like they take a lot of time and commitment.

I’m interested in what you decide! I am sure you will find a way to do what makes you happy while making money.

Hi Amy! Thank you so much for your posts. I’ve been STRUGGLING with the decision of whether or not to apply to graduate school for a PhD in Social Psychology. To be frank, I don’t feel qualified to apply and I’m unsure if my reasons for wanting to go to graduate school are good ones. I’m no longer an undergrad student so opportunities to work in a lab has been impossible without at least a Master’s.

A little bit about me: I graduated from undergrad in 2015. I did work as a research assistant for a couple of months, but I mainly invested my time working full-time to pay for school. I liked working in a lab but it was in Human Development & Nutrition, so I often found myself watching the dynamics and social interactions between the family members rather than watching what I was tasked to focus on (whoops). I graduated with decent grades (3.75) with two majors (Communication & Psychology) and a minor (Latin – I love languages). I have a lot of supervising and training work experience from my job, and I would like to continue working in a training/educational capacity (so not really interested in being in academia).

The reason I want to study Social Psychology at the Doctoral level is because I have SO many questions on topics like resilience & life stories. As a trainer & supervisor, I would witness people crumble and thrive in the face of obstacles and (as a person who has the tendency to crumble) I would wonder: “What do resilient people do differently? How can the way we view our life stories change how resilient we are in the face of life challenges? What about in the context of training for a new position? How can programs be created to take into account differing personalities and stories?” Another reason is because I’ve read so many personal development books but I couldn’t help but think: “This is nice but show me the research behind it. I want to see it tested and understand why it works.” Not really sure if those are good enough reasons to apply.

Overall, I want to be able to take research on resilience and make it more applicable and accessible. I want to create workshops & train people on resilience & life stories (possibly do something similar to life coaching), but I’m not sure if that’s a good enough reason to apply or if I should probably go about it through another route.

I apologize for the long comment, but you’re website has been the only helpful website I have found on this topic!

Thank you for the kind comments!

As for applying–it can’t hurt to look at a few programs and see if you can’t find one that feels like a good fit. Having served on the admissions committee while in grad school (we were all required to give a year in service), I can tell you that your passion and curiosity will matter. Maybe you can find a few names of professors or grad students at schools that interest you working on resilience and grit and reach out to them for an informational interview (you may have better luck with grad students).

The other thing you could try to do is find a non-academic research job that lets you explore your questions. Agencies are a good place to look. Many big companies are also bringing behavior change teams in-house.

I’d love to know what you end up doing!

Comments are closed.

Psy.D. Vs. Ph.D.: Which Is The Right Fit For You?

Updated: Jan 2, 2024, 3:22pm

Committing to a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. program can have a significant impact on your career path. Both will prepare you for a career in psychology , but there are significant differences between the two programs you should know about. In general, a Ph.D. in psychology focuses more on research and a Psy.D. focuses on practical application.

While both programs can lead to becoming a licensed psychologist , taking a closer look at what each degree track will provide will help you determine whether a Ph.D. or Psy.D. is best for you.

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What Is a Ph.D. in Psychology?

A Ph.D. in psychology, or a Doctor of Philosophy in psychology, is a doctoral degree that primarily focuses on training students in scientific research. Compared to a Psy.D, the Ph.D. is more common and can be found at many public and private universities.

Students in a Ph.D. in psychology program can expect to obtain and build on the knowledge and skills within general psychology or in a concentration. The American Psychological Association (APA) has an extensive list of subfields that range from clinical psychology to climate and environmental psychology.

Benefits of a Ph.D. in Psychology

A significant benefit of a Ph.D. in psychology is that it offers more financial aid options. Many programs offer scholarships, teaching assistantships or even full or partial tuition remission to cover expenses. Some programs also have research grants and fellowships that are sponsored by government agencies and private companies that you can apply for and become part of a research team.

Another benefit is that some programs offer training in both applied practice and in research, rather than focusing heavily on application as a Psy.D. program would. Having dual training may provide you more opportunities on the job market.

What Is a Psy.D.?

A Psy.D., or a Doctor of Psychology, is also a doctoral degree that focuses on application. A Psy.D. program prepares students to provide services for patients and clients, rather than a focus on research.

Unlike a Ph.D., Psy.D. programs are often found in professional schools of psychology that may be university-based, free-standing or in medical or health and science institutions.

Benefits of a Psy.D.

While a Psy.D. may not have the same financial benefits of a Ph.D. program, a Psy.D. will give you more experience with patients earlier in your program. Candidates will often begin coursework and clinical training in the first year of their program.

A Psy.D. program, such as one for aspiring clinical psychologists , features an intensive focus on client-focused skills. Courses can include supervision and consultation, treatment and assessment and other classes that will cover disorders.

In some Psy.D. programs, you may be expected to complete a doctoral-level research project instead of a dissertation.

What to Consider When Choosing a Program

The first consideration you should make when choosing a program is the kind of work you want to pursue post-graduation. Do you want to do research or teach? Do you want to provide services to clients and patients?

Here are some considerations you should make when making the big decision.

Look at Time Spent in School

Both Ph.D. and Psy.D. programs require a heavy investment of your time in school. Programs often require applicants to have an undergraduate and master’s degree. However, some programs have combined master’s and doctorate degrees, reducing years of education and allowing students to enter the workforce sooner.

Students can expect to spend five years in school before obtaining a degree, with four years of coursework and one year of internship. Many candidates, however, take between five to seven years to graduate.

Find Your Focus

Your academic focus and concentration choice may sway your decision in applying for one doctoral degree over the other.

Concentrations in a Psy.D program are typically in clinical, counseling, school or industrial-organizational psychology . In contrast, the options of subfields within a Ph.D. program are more broad and focus heavily on research and experimentation to build knowledge within a discipline.

Consider Your Career Path

Considering your career path or interests will help you decide whether a Ph.D. or Psy.D. is right for you. While the most familiar psychology careers are commonly found in education and healthcare, psychologists are needed in other industries, such as business and technology. These in-demand specialties contribute to high psychologist salaries .

Accreditation

Accreditation of your Ph.D. or Psy.D. program ensures that your program is recognized by the governing bodies for licensure. While completing an accredited program will not guarantee you employment or licensure, it will equip you with necessary skills and knowledge.

The APA has a tool to help students find accredited doctoral programs, as well as internships and postdoctoral residencies across the country.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What can you do with psy.d..

A Psy.D. focuses on working directly with patients to provide psychological services. For example, a clinical Psy.D. will prepare students to provide mental and behavioral healthcare to individuals and families across all demographics and over individuals’ lifespans.

Which psychology field is most in-demand?

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects strong job growth for psychologists from 2022 to 2032, with a 6% increase overall. Clinical and counseling psychologists will see the highest demand, with an expected growth rate of 11%, followed by industrial-organizational psychologists at 6%.

How long does it take to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?

Many Ph.D. programs project a five year completion time. However, many students can take upwards of seven years.

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Brandon Galarita is a freelance writer and K-12 educator in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is passionate about technology in education, college and career readiness and school improvement through data-driven practices.

Doctorate in Psychology (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) – everything you need to know in 2024

What’s in this guide, ph.d. or psy.d..

• Why get a doctorate in psychology?

Entry Requirements

• PhD in psychology jobs
• How long does it take to study?

How to choose a program

How much does it cost, earning potential , find your degree.

By psychologyjobs.com Staff Writer

A doctorate in psychology is a terminal degree typically lasting 4-7 years. It prepares graduates for independent research, clinical practice, or university-level teaching careers in psychology.

There are many reasons you may want to pursue a doctorate degree in Psychology, the following guide will provide everything you need to know; from the options, costs, timeframes, career advantages and more.

First up, what are the two types of doctorate degree you can get and what are the differences?

The two doctorate degrees you can get in psychology are Ph.D. and Psy.D.

In simple terms, a Ph.D. in psychology is more research-focused, while a Psy.D. emphasizes clinical practice. The best choice between the two depends on your career goals and whether you prefer research and academia or direct clinical work.

Why study for a doctorate in psychology?

• Doctorate-level psychologists typically have higher earning potential compared to those with a master’s degree or bachelor’s degree in the field.
• Gain in-depth knowledge and expertise in your chosen area of specialization within psychology.
• Potentially make significant contributions to the field.
• Advanced career opportunities in various settings, such as academia, research institutions, government agencies, hospitals, and private practice.
• Connect with other professionals, researchers, and academics in the field of psychology, expanding your professional network

The minimum requirements to study a doctorate degree in psychology will vary from institution to institution. However, there are several common requirements:

• Bachelor’s degree:  all programs require applicants to have completed a  bachelor’s degree , in psychology or a related field. Some programs may accept candidates with a degree in another discipline if they have completed prerequisite coursework in psychology.
• Master’s degree : Some doctoral programs require applicants to have a  master’s degree in psychology  or a related field. Others may admit students directly from their bachelor’s degree and incorporate a master’s degree into the doctorate program.
• GPA : Many programs have a minimum GPA requirement, usually 3.0 or higher. Some competitive programs require a higher GPA.
• Letters of recommendation : Applicants typically need to submit letters of recommendation from professors or professionals who can speak to their academic and research abilities.
• Research experience : Prior research experience is often valued by doctoral programs in psychology. This may include experience working on research projects, completing a thesis, or participating in research internships or assistantships.
• Personal statement:  Applicants usually need to submit a personal statement or statement of purpose that outlines their academic and research interests, career goals, and why they are interested in the specific doctoral program.

Doctorate in psychology jobs

• Addiction Counselor
• ABA Therapist
• Mental Health Therapist
• Licensed Mental Health Conselor
• Licensed Professional Counselor
• Licensed Clinical Social Worker
• Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
• School Psychologist
• Organizational Psychologist
• Forensic Psychologist
• Sports Psychologist
• Clinical Psychologist
• Counseling Psychologist
• Research Psychologist
• Professor of Psychology
• Child Psychologist

*Outside of the licensed psychologist jobs listed above many of the above roles  do not require a doctorate but it is important to note that employers for these roles are increasingly favoring candidates with a doctorate. 

How Long Does It Take To Study?

For the majority of students, a doctorate in Psychology may take anywhere from 4-7 years to finish, which will include a research dissertation and most likely residency or an internship in clinical or medical environments.

By far and away the question our career coaches get asked most frequently about doctorate degrees is how to choose a program. The choice of institutions and programs is truly overwhelming.

Here are some key factors to consider:

• Accreditation – Ensuring the program is accredited by the American Psychological Association . Accreditation affects the quality of education you will receive, your eligibility for professional licensure, and your job prospects after graduation.
• Program Focus and Curriculum –  Different programs may emphasize various aspects of psychology, such as clinical practice, counseling, research, or specific subfields like neuropsychology or health psychology. Match the program’s strengths and curriculum to your career interests and goals. Investigate whether the program offers courses and training that are critical to your desired career path.
• Faculty Expertise – Look into the backgrounds and areas of expertise of the faculty within the program. Consider how these align with your research interests or the professional skills you wish to acquire. Having mentors who are experts in your area of interest can provide invaluable guidance and opportunities for collaboration.
• Research Opportunities – For those interested in research, evaluate the resources available, such as labs, funding, and support for attending conferences or conducting fieldwork. Check if the program encourages or requires publications and what kind of support it offers to achieve these milestones.
• Clinical Training and Internships – For clinically oriented programs, look at the quality and variety of their practicum and internship placements. These are often required for licensure.
• Funding and Financial Support – Understand the types of financial support offered by the program, including teaching and research assistantships, fellowships, and grants. Funding can significantly impact your experience by allowing you to focus more fully on your studies and research without needing to seek employment externally.
• Alumni Success and Networking Opportunities –  Investigate where alumni of the program are currently working. This can give you a sense of the program’s reputation and effectiveness in placing graduates in jobs. Additionally, networking opportunities through alumni networks, professional associations, and academic conferences can be critical for career development.
• Program Size and Student Support Services – Consider the size of the program and the ratio of faculty to students, which can affect the amount of individual attention and mentoring you receive.
• Location – Certain locations might offer better practicum, internship, and employment opportunities in your field of interest due to the presence of significant healthcare facilities, research institutions, or industries.

Depending upon the institution, method of study, location and type of program then you can expect to pay $25,000-$80,000 per year to study for a doctorate in psychology.

An online program would likely fall at the lower end of this range whilst an out of state student in a private university might expect to pay the upper end of this range.

Many psychology doctoral programs, particularly in research-oriented universities, offer funding packages to their students. These can include full or partial tuition waivers, health insurance coverage, and a stipend to help with living expenses

The average salary for an individual with a doctorate in psychology is $114,768.

Earning potential varies considerably by specialty, location and industry but we see roles requiring a doctorate advertised in the $80,000-$130,000 range.

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Doctorate in Psychology (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) Program Guide

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Updated August 16, 2024

Joey Morris

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Are you ready to discover your college program?

The American Psychological Association (APA) recognizes three distinct categories of doctoral programs : clinical, counseling, and school psychology. But what's the best Ph.D. to get? It turns out that doctoral options for psychologists go beyond the Ph.D., with the Psy.D. degree also being a possibility. It all depends on your circumstances and aspirations.

Clinical psychology emphasizes compiling and analyzing research data about people, while counseling psychology students focus more on treating mental and emotional health issues.

School psychology programs explore issues surrounding child and adolescent mental development.

Students interested in teaching or research roles can earn a Ph.D. in psychology, while candidates planning to go into private practice or work with patients may pursue a Psy.D.

This page covers everything psychologists need to know about the best Ph.D. to get or the best potential Psy.D. program for you, as well as how to prepare for both, what to expect, and how to choose the right school or degree program.

Pros and Cons of Earning a Doctorate in Psychology

Earning a Psy.D. or a Ph.D. in psychology is a significant investment of time and money, and while psychologists earn above-average salaries, other fields such as medicine, law, finance, and engineering often pay more for the same level of education.

However, psychology often offers more work-life balance than these fields, and many psychologists find it a uniquely fulfilling career.

It Takes Longer to Earn a Doctorate Degree in Psychology

Most doctoral degree in psychology programs can be completed in four to seven years. This, of course, is the longest possible amount of time a psychology professional can expect to spend on their schooling.

The time commitment requires a student's full attention, which makes some students move straight from their bachelor's in psychology to their Ph.D. in psychology.

Earning a doctorate in psychology and qualifying for a state license is the only way to become a licensed psychologist. A degree from one of the best psychology Ph.D. programs or Psy.D. programs can be a key ally. The demand for psychologists is high in most parts of the country, and once you are licensed, you can practice independently. However, if you enjoy collaborating with other professionals, you can work in a hospital, as part of a joint practice, or in other group settings.

At times, it can be very hard for Ph.D. in psychology students to juggle work, internships, clinical training and psychology studies. What's more, almost all Ph.D. in psychology candidates go on to continue their research and training for one to two years after graduation; these externships and practical experiences must be present in order to qualify most Ph.D.s for work.

Once Graduated with a Ph.D. in Psychology, You Enter the Workforce as an Authority in the Field

Part of enrolling and earning a doctoral degree in psychology is making the time and the connections that will allow students to gain intensive practical experience after graduation.

Employers often prefer Ph.D. in psychology candidates with some experience to master's degree in psychology candidates who may have more hands-on skills.

Some evidence suggests that Ph.D. in psychology candidates can oversaturate a market. In these cases, employers may be inclined to hire a candidate with more life experience (such as a master's degree) and lesser academic credentials.

The Doctorate Degree in Psychology is Versatile

Because a Ph.D. in psychology is a terminal credential for the majority of occupational psychologists, earning a doctoral degree in psychology in this broad field may be the best Ph.D. to get, as it offers candidates a certain amount of flexibility when searching for a career.

For example, while there may not be many opportunities in a graduate's chosen field right away, a doctorate from one of the nation's best psychology Ph.D. programs programs is an excellent credential for those who may be interested in teaching at the college or university level.

Only graduates with a Psy.D. or a Ph.D. in psychology can become licensed psychologists (except for school psychologists ). Similarly, if you want to become a professor of psychology in most colleges or universities, you will need to graduate from an accredited doctorate in psychology program. The APA does not accredit online programs.

Because a psychology Ph.D. or Psy.D. is the terminal degree in psychology, those with a doctorate in psychology are considered more authoritative in jobs such as consulting, government or nonprofit work, or publishing.

Psychology Ph.D. programs are long and hard, and even when you graduate you must work under the supervision of a licensed psychologist before you can work independently.

While many students work while earning their Psy.D. or Ph.D. in psychology, they are often not yet earning at their full potential and graduate with student loans .

One of the core parts of any doctorate in psychology is conducting original research, which requires years of focus on a single project. Students in psychology Ph.D. programs who do not enjoy the research process may find this very draining.

A Doctoral Degree Offers a High Return on Investment

Because of the high demand for the position and the time and cost psychology Psy.D. or Ph.D. programs involve, psychologist salaries are well above the national average.

Psychologists often earn a median salary over $90,000 annually, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The median BLS salary for psychologists include both graduate and undergraduate level occupations. According to Payscale , of the 25 people reporting in September 2023, the average salary for graduates with a Ph.D. in psychology is $95,000. The best psychology Ph.D. programs or Psy.D. programs are one factor that can help you capitalize on this potentially lucrative field.

September Payscale data for 2023 reports the average salary for graduates with a Psy.D. as $92,000.

This is considerably higher than the 2023 national median salary of $48,060, and for many psychologists, the financial and emotional rewards justify the cost and time spent in a doctorate of psychology program.

While only those with a Psy.D. or Ph.D. in psychology can become licensed psychologists, other careers, such as law, medicine, engineering, or finance often offer much higher salaries for programs that take as much time or less than a psychology Ph.D. program.

Some high-paying psychology careers, such as industrial-organizational psychologists, may require just a master's degree.

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Figuring out where to apply? These top, accredited schools offer a variety of online degrees. Consider one of these accredited programs, and discover their value today.

What Are The Admission Requirements for Psychology Ph.D. and Psy.D Programs?

Psychology Ph.D. programs require a master's in psychology from an accredited program or an equivalent mix of education and experience. Many will accept students with a master's in a related field or a bachelor's degree with work experience.

Students seeking a Ph.D. in psychology often need to demonstrate knowledge of psychology research, while students applying for a Psy.D. program need to show even more extensive research skills or aptitude.

• Minimum Education Level : Master's degree, although a bachelor's with work experience is often also acceptable
• Writing Sample : Transcripts from all undergraduate and graduate institutions attended, usually with a minimum 3.0 GPA
• Transcripts : 3-5 letters
• Standardized Tests : Personal statement of intent; previous academic research papers
• Recommendations : GRE
• Additional Required Materials : Immunization records; interviews; comprehensive qualifying exam; health insurance

How Can I Guarantee My Acceptance Into a Doctorate Degree in Psychology Program?

While there is no way to guarantee acceptance into a psychology Ph.D. or Psy.D. program, you can improve your chances through academic achievement, work, community engagement, professional development, and networking. The more you can show that you have strong professional ethics and are likely to succeed in research and as a professional psychologist, the better.

• The most important thing an applicant can do to increase their chances of being accepted into a doctorate degree in psychology program is participate in research. Clinical trials and data analysis are some of the most vital components of a psychology career. Psychologists focus as much on mental and behavioral health as they do studying and understanding human behavior.
• Completing relevant internships and practicums demonstrates a commitment to independent research and looks great on a doctoral degree in psychology application.
• Prospective Ph.D. in psychology candidates can increase their chance of acceptance by cultivating professional relationships with a community of peers. Many do so by joining alumni associations, reaching out to colleagues on LinkedIn, and participating in professional organizations.
• Subscribing to pertinent publications or joining professional groups can help you learn more about the field and the best education for you. The Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) is a good source for information on this topic.

Should I Get a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.?

The Ph.D. and Psy.D. degrees differ in a variety of ways . Students should consider each option carefully before choosing a program.

Ph.D. in psychology programs take about 5-7 years to complete, and often include one-year internships. These programs can be restrictive with admissions, however. For example, the best psychology Ph.D. programs sometimes admit fewer students into internships, as they tend to offer more funding opportunities.

Ph.D. programs place a stronger emphasis on research, including more coursework in research methods and statistics, and more research-based opportunities during the program. Graduates may pursue careers in research or academia. Check individual programs to learn more and find the best Ph.D. to get for you and your unique situation.

The Psy.D. is a doctor of psychology degree instead of a doctor of philosophy degree. Psy.D. programs take between four and five years to complete, including an internship year. These programs are tailored more towards clinical practice, placing less of an emphasis on research. This track may particularly benefit students who wish to work directly with clients in clinical settings.

Both degrees prepare candidates to seek licensure as clinical psychologists. For individuals who wish to conduct research or teach in colleges and universities after graduating, the Ph.D. in psychology might be the best Ph.D. to get.

What Should I Expect From a Doctorate Degree in Psychology Program?

Degree completion specifics.

• Number of Required Credits: 60-125
• Typical Length of Program: 5-7 years
• Culminating Experience Project/Paper/Exam: Yes
• Practicums/Internships: Yes

Core Concepts

While you will expand your skills in each of these areas while earning your psychology Ph.D., programs expect you to have a solid understanding of these areas from your previous education and work or fieldwork experience.

Developmental Psychology

This topic explores the biological, intellectual, and cognitive foundations of behavior.

Assessment, Statistics and Research Techniques

Research is a major component of psychology. Students pursuing a Ph.D. in psychology should know how to effectively and efficiently gather pertinent information.

Multicultural Consistencies

These studies explore some commonly addressed issues for people of all ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic circumstances.

Dissertation Research

Almost every Ph.D. and Psy.D. in psychology program requires candidates to create and present a dissertation. Many courses prepare students to create, catalog, and share this vital work.

Ethics and Legal Issues in Psychology

More detailed than bachelor's or master's coursework in the same vein, Ph.D. in psychology students explore the important legal responsibilities and concerns commonly associated with their particular field of study.

Concentrations

Doctoral students in psychology often concentrate their studies in a particular clinical or academic discipline. Immersion in these topics solidifies existing knowledge and offers the chance to work side-by-side with other psychology professionals in the candidate's area of interest. Some popular concentrations include:

Behavioral Neuroscience

This subfield explores how human brain systems engage in perception, human error, decision-making, movement, and cognition.

Clinical Psychology

Students gather the data necessary to understand emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal functions in adults and children.

Abnormal Psychological Disorders

In this subfield, students learn to evaluate, manage, and offer empathetic care to people living with ongoing psychological disorders and trauma.

Human Growth and Development

This research track investigates how the human mind evolves and devolves across the lifespan, paying special attention to behaviors, aptitudes, and at-risk behaviors.

Developmental

This focus area is ideal for those who wish to learn skills of value in careers such as teaching, intervention, and research. A developmental psychology specialty explores cognitive/socio-emotional development and developmental psychopathology.

What Kinds of Psychology Careers Can I Pursue With a Doctorate Degree in Psychology?

Most graduates from psychology Psy.D. or Ph.D. programs work as licensed psychologists or in academic settings as researchers and professors. However, there are other careers available in government or corporate roles, or as a consultant.

Psy.D and Ph.D. Career Options

Clinical psychologist.

Clinical psychologists diagnose patients and prescribe treatment for psychological disorders. They often specialize in a particular approach such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or behavioral therapy, or in a particular type of patient or condition, such as adolescents or eating disorders.

They differ from counseling psychologists, who emphasize helping patients with specific issues rather than a disorder. The average annual salary, according to the BLS , is $106,600.

Industrial-Organizational Psychologist

Industrial-organizational psychologists or human resource managers apply psychology to improve organizational performance in corporations. They provide guidance on organizational culture, leadership development, motivation, and other issues related to productivity. This is one of the higher-paid specialties, according to the BLS , with an average annual salary of $154,380.

Postsecondary Clinical Psychology Educator

Postsecondary clinical psychology educators include college and university professors and other faculty and staff. While the BLS-reported annual salary of $93,990 is lower than other specialties, many professors are eligible for tenure. Administrations expect educators to both teach and publish; the balance will vary by school and position.

Forensic Psychologist

Forensic psychologists work in the legal or justice system in a number of roles. They may work as part of criminal investigative teams, as consultants for criminal law firms, or as part of the correctional system. While many are licensed psychologists, some have a master's rather than a psychology doctorate. The annual salary, according to March 2024 Payscale data , is $78,800.

Educational Psychologist

Educational psychologists apply psychology to improve school and educational performance. School psychologists primarily work with students and families, while educational psychologists focus more on improving the schools' and teachers' overall teaching capacity. According to the BLS , the average annual salary is $91,990.

Research Psychologist

Research psychologists conduct psychological research in corporate, nonprofit, or government research settings. Their work may include user experience design, nonprofit or government program monitoring and evaluation, or research on ways to improve military performance and morale. According to Salary.com , the average annual salary is $103,340.

Frequently Asked Questions About Doctoral Programs in Psychology

Can you prescribe medicine with a ph.d. in psychology.

While some states allow licensed psychologists to prescribe certain medications, psychologists do not have the same prescribing authority that doctors, psychiatrists, or advanced practice nurses have.

Can you get a Ph.D. in psychology without a master's?

In many cases, you do not need to hold a master's for admission to a Ph.D. program in psychology. Many programs accept candidates who hold a bachelor's in the field. Some may require work or internship experience in addition to a bachelor's degree, but this varies from program to program.

Can you get a Ph.D. in psychology online?

Yes! A variety of fully online psychology Ph.D. programs allow students to earn their degree anywhere, at any time. While these programs occasionally take longer to complete than the standard four-year timeline for full-time, full-residency programs, actual program lengths vary. Note that the APA does not accredit online-only programs.

Why get a doctorate in psychology?

Professionals in all states must hold either a Ph.D. or Psy.D. to obtain licensure and practice as a psychologist. A doctorate in psychology prepares candidates for clinical practice, and for more advanced roles in the field. Those with a Ph.D. also tend to earn more than those with a master's degree.

How competitive are Ph.D. and Psy.D. programs?

Doctoral programs in psychology tend to hold high admissions standards, making them very competitive. On-campus programs may be even harder to get into, as they sometimes offer competitive funding and assistantship positions. Applicants should demonstrate a strong academic record with a high GPA.

What's the difference between a Ph.D. in psychology vs. a Ph.D. in clinical psychology?

Ph.D. programs in psychology tend to place a stronger emphasis on research, and often include more courses in research methods and statistics. Psy.D. programs emphasize clinical practice, and are best suited for individuals seeking more clinical experience.

Page last reviewed November 7, 2022. This page's information — not including school descriptions — was reviewed by an independent third party compensated for their time by Psychology.org.

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Is a PhD in psychology worth it?

UQ people Published 5 Jan, 2023  ·  5-minute read

Psychological research is a fascinating field of study that can have a big impact on the way people think, feel and react. If you’re interested in a career in this field, you may be thinking about pursuing a PhD in psychology.

A PhD degree in psychology can help you hone your research skills, pinpoint the research area you’re passionate about and create a solid foundation for a fulfilling career in this industry.

We chatted to UQ PhD candidate Natalie Craig about her experiences studying a Doctor of Philosophy , what inspired her to choose a psychology research topic, and why a PhD in psychology is worth it, from her perspective.

Learn more about studying a PhD at UQ .

What can you research with a PhD in psychology?

There are seemingly endless avenues to explore when it comes to choosing a PhD topic with a focus on psychological research. As long as you can secure a PhD supervisor and funding, you can pursue your research passions in psychology with a Doctor of Philosophy.

You may wish to explore research topics in:

• cognitive neuroscience
• basic perceptual and cognitive processes
• higher cognitive processes (such as decision-making)
• human development
• social psychology
• organisational behaviour
• health psychology
• clinical psychology.

Natalie’s PhD topic focuses on trauma recovery research.

“My PhD topic is about understanding how our social relationships influence how we recover from trauma,” she says.

“My thesis is particularly focused on those who have survived natural disasters.”

Natalie recently won UQ’s School of Psychology Three Minute Thesis competition and is hoping to continue making waves with her research.

“The best possible outcome for my PhD is firstly to better understand how our social relationships influence recovery from trauma, so that we can use this information to begin adapting programs focused on harnessing and enhancing social connections after a traumatic event,” she says.

“Ideally, these programs could then be delivered in the wake of a traumatic event at scale, using the resources of the community.”

Many communities in Australia are still dealing with the tragic after-effects of natural disasters such as floods and bushfires, making Natalie’s research more important than ever. She's passionate about using it to create positive and lasting change.

“Overall, the ultimate goal of all of this is to help subvert people away from developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and instead move them towards post-traumatic growth.”  

This potential to make a real difference in people's lives is a huge motivator for many PhD candidates and a large part of what makes a PhD in psychology worth pursuing.

What is a Doctor of Philosophy in psychology? And how does it differ from a Doctor of Psychology?

When studying a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) with a topic focused on psychology, you’re undergoing in-depth, independent research in an area of your choosing for the duration of your program. A Doctor of Psychology , on the other hand, is a program for those whose interests lie largely in clinical psychology. It involves specialist placements and coursework as well as a research component.

Who can do a PhD in psychology?

Despite what many people may think, you don’t need to study psychology at an undergraduate level to pursue a PhD in the same area.

Natalie’s passion for psychology didn’t develop until her career in public relations was already in full swing.

After completing a Bachelor of Communications, Public Relations and Journalism in 2009, she undertook several communications and PR roles, progressing into management and working with high-profile brands. Despite her success, however, she felt as though something was missing in her day-to-day work.

“I became quite disillusioned with the public relations industry in that it didn’t feel like I was contributing towards something that was truly meaningful to me,” she explains.

Natalie is quick to point out that incredible work is done in PR by a range of very talented individuals, but for her, the sense of fulfilment wasn’t quite there.

“I felt that my skills, ability, and passion could be better used to help people improve their lives,” she says.

Natalie decided to pursue postgraduate education in psychology, completing 2 graduate diplomas before applying for her PhD at UQ. Her research topic was inspired by a natural curiosity.

“I’ve always been drawn towards understanding why people do what they do, and why some people seem to thrive after a traumatic event while others struggle to overcome their traumatic experience(s),” she says.

“Understanding what this mechanism is that puts people on a trajectory towards post-traumatic growth is what has led me to be where I am today, pursuing my particular research question.”

A personally fulfilling career trajectory and impactful research outcomes are not the only things Natalie hopes to get out of her PhD.

Overall, I think my PhD will benefit me in terms of developing confidence and competence across a variety of domains.

During her PhD studies, Natalie has improved her:

• research expertise and knowledge
• project-management skills
• public speaking
• collaboration skills.

“I’ve also enhanced my understanding of a variety of topics outside of my specific research question,” she says.

“In addition to this, I’ve met some really amazing people and have made some wonderful friendships and connections that I’m sure will remain in my life long after my PhD has ended.”

After her PhD, Natalie hopes to secure a postdoctoral position at UQ, so she can continue to build upon her current research.

“Ideally, I'd like to create interventions that focus on the principles of how our social relationships influence recovery from trauma,” she says.

"I also hope to do my Master of Clinical Psychology here at UQ, so I can work with a population of trauma survivors in a clinical and hands-on capacity (as well as in a research capacity).”

For Natalie, a psychology PhD has opened doors to a new career path where she can pursue her passion for research and find meaning in her work.

Why study your PhD in psychology at UQ?

So, what’s unique about studying your PhD degree in psychology at UQ?

“I chose UQ because it has one of the best schools of psychology in the country and also has a solid standing globally,” says Natalie.

“The School of Psychology here at UQ is a large one with a lot of resources and therefore a lot of capacity for support and opportunity, both as a HDR student and also in terms of future career prospects.”

Ready to follow your passion for research with a PhD in psychology?

Learn more about studying a PhD at UQ

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To Ph.D. or Not to Ph.D.

The answer requires more questions..

Posted September 30, 2021 | Reviewed by Vanessa Lancaster

• Many students in psychology-related disciplines wonder if they should get a Ph.D. or stop at a master's degree.
• Considerations include one’s interests, if one’s mind might change, and how much practical support one has.
• The majority of Ph.D.’s, even beyond psychology-related fields, will end up teaching and researching.

Every semester, students ask me if they should aim for a Ph.D. or a master’s degree. “How do you feel about research?” I ask them. Because even if you don’t use your Ph.D. for research, you will spend many years researching a Ph.D. program.

It takes a long time to get a Ph.D., 4-7 years in psychology and related disciplines. Well, I work with some evil geniuses who got theirs in 3 years, but that’s not typical. My Ph.D. program, like many, restricts students to a maximum of 7 years. So, this isn’t an easy decision if you’re on the fence about it.

Students often wonder if they should invest the time and effort to get a Ph.D. or aim for a master’s so they can get out into the working world sooner. For those struggling with the decision, for those who don’t know without a doubt that they are meant for Ph.D. life, here are a few key questions to ask yourself:

What do you want to do?

Sure, not everyone who gets a Ph.D. in psychology or related disciplines will end up in academia, but many people will. Of course, someone with a Ph.D. in I/O psychology , for example, may end up working for or consulting with businesses, or someone with a Ph.D. in social work might become a DEI consultant for nonprofits. Still, the majority of Ph.D.’s, even beyond psychology-related fields, will end up teaching and researching. That’s essentially the focus of a Ph.D.

I specifically focused on master’s degrees because I wanted applied degrees. In other words, I wanted to get out there and “do the work.” I was interested in academia and research, but I was committed to public service.

Fast forward 20 years, and here I am in a Ph.D. program while I continue to teach psychology and public administration. However, I always felt like I wasn’t done. Thus, we come upon the next point: You might change your mind.

Might you change your mind?

I worked for a good 20 years in both public service and teaching before that, “but you’re not done” voice in my head got too loud. So here’s the thing: If there’s any chance you might change your mind and decide to get your Ph.D. later in life, like me, prepare for it.

I’m incredibly thankful that I had opportunities to conduct research and publish in some of my workplaces, like universities, and my teaching experience certainly didn’t hurt. If it wasn’t for that, to have some publications and a lot of presentations, I’m not sure I would have been accepted to Ph.D. programs.

Ph.D. programs are going to ask why you want to get your Ph.D. So if you’re not an undergraduate or recent graduate who has established yourself as a (future) researcher, then you need to keep some connection to academia. Try to adjunct teach, keep connections to past professors, and do some research and research if you can. If there’s any chance, you might decide not to get a Ph.D. now but may want to in the future, set yourself up for success now.

Do you have support?

Sure, we all need social support, and psychology has pretty confidently figured that out. What I’m concerned with, however, is more practical: financial support. Can you afford to get your Ph.D.?

I’m grateful to the colleagues and mentors who told me never to become a Ph.D. student in a program that makes me pay tuition…and to get into a program that will pay me to be part of their scientific community. I know that won’t be possible for everyone, but the fact is, going to school for 4-7 years post master’s degree(s) quite often means giving up income, even if you do have tuition remission and a stipend.

Many Ph.D. programs across disciplines do not want. Some do not allow their students to work outside of the program. Some offer paid to research and/or teaching assistantships. Still, I would venture to guess that no Ph.D. compensation comes close to the salaries many of us need to survive (we’ll lament the low-paying nature of this work another time). Therefore, it’s essential to figure out how you will live as a Ph.D. student.

Especially if you’re going back to school after decades of working, like me, it can be a daunting prospect to give up income. I’ll never forget, in orientation for prospective students in my Ph.D. program, the response a Ph.D. student gave to an applicant who asked, “I mean…how do you all live on your stipends???” The Ph.D. student’s response resonated to my core: “Well, I was a social worker before this, so the stipend’s not much different than what I used to make.” And that stipend is generous for a Ph.D. program but low for a salary, trust me.

Unfortunately, many of us don’t make enough in psychology and psychology-related professions to pay rent, let alone save. Still, if you can, I strongly suggest you do so now, with an eye towards a reduced income if you decide later that a Ph.D. is your next move. Yes, I know that the idea of saving made many of you, who are living paycheck to paycheck, laugh out loud, but one can always have goals (again, we can lament the low-paying nature of this work later).

The Sigh of Relief

There are many more considerations, but this is a good place to start. And, you might find that as you continue through your studies, the answers to these questions become clearer and clearer. You might feel in turmoil now, but trust me, that sign of relief is on its way.

Ashley Maier teaches psychology at Los Angeles Valley College.

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8 Reasons Why You Should Get Your Doctorate in Psychology

Are you thinking about going back to school to get your doctorate in psychology? Earning your Ph.D. or PsyD can be an excellent way to improve your career and salary prospects. Below are some of the best reasons to consider earning this prestigious degree.

#1 You Want To Be An Academic

Earning your bachelor’s degree and even a master’s degree in psychology is not enough to get you the best-paying jobs in academia. If you want to be a full-time psychology professor at most universities, you must earn your doctorate in psychology.

Many students want to get their doctorate and work in academia so they can teach students at the bachelor’s and master’s levels. Being a full-time professor provides a good salary, benefits, and job security.

Others want to perform research at universities and obtain research grants from public and private entities.

#2 You Want To Be a Researcher

Many Ph.D. students in psychology yearn to become a research psychologist. In this field, you have the chance to study a variety of complex psychological issues and treatments and come up with new solutions.

Many doctoral degree holders are employed by the government or non-profit groups to discover new treatments for mental health conditions. Others focus on discovering innovative ways to teach certain populations of students.

Research psychology is also a good path if you want your original research published in peer-reviewed journals, such as The Journal of Psychology and Cognition and The Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy.

#3 You Have Your Master’s Degree

Students interested in a psychology career can do little with a bachelor’s degree alone. Practicing as a counseling or clinical psychologist requires at least a master’s degree. However, to work independently, you must have a doctoral degree.

Most psychology students eventually earn their master’s degree, which means you are just one of many who have their graduate degree. But a lot fewer students earn their doctoral degree.

Doctoral programs are more selective and difficult. You can make yourself stand out from other psychology students with your Ph.D. or PsyD.

#4 You Want To Specialize

Some master’s programs allow you to specialize in a branch of psychology. But obtaining your doctorate in psychology allows you to focus even more on that specialization so you can become an expert and authority in the field. Some of the most popular doctoral specializations are:

• Neuropsychology
• Engineering psychology
• Sports psychology
• Forensic psychology
• Developmental psychology
• Educational psychology
• Health psychology
• Human factors psychology
• School psychology
• Social psychology
• Abnormal psychology

#5 You Want to Work in Private Clinical Practice

You can work as a clinical psychologist with a master’s degree, but you must be supervised by a Ph.D. in the field. While this may be a satisfactory arrangement for some time, many professionals want to eventually start their own private practice.

#6 You Want To Understand a Psychology Subject Better

If you want to become a subject matter expert on a subject in psychology, getting your Ph.D. may allow you to conduct in-depth research in that area.

For example, if you want to understand better how the brain solves problems, or how some drugs can affect depression or bipolar disorder, doctoral study will allow you to do years of research in those areas. You may even decide to write your dissertation on the subject.

#7 You Want to Help Other People

You can counsel others with a master’s degree. But having your psychology doctoral degree means another four to six years of experience and study. You can provide more in-depth help to your patients with a Ph.D. or PsyD.

SEE ALSO: Is it Worth It to Get a PsyD in Psychology?

#8 You Want to Make More Money

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) states that the top earners in the field make at least $130,000 per year. Most of them have a doctoral degree and many years of work experience.

You also will qualify for more jobs with a doctoral degree. APA’s Workforce Studies found that 72% of surveyed psychologists with a doctorate got their top choice for work after they graduated.

What the Experts Say

We checked with experts on Quora.com about this question: “Is it worth it to get a Ph.D. in psychology?”

• “If you enjoy research, by all means, look into the possibility of pursuing the Ph.D., which will open many career avenues even before graduation. The field of psychology is rapidly following the study into biological and genetic factors behind mental illness and is the wave of the future. This opens up many new areas of research that you may become a part of.” – Mike King, MA in Politics, MS in Psychology, Minor in Management .
• “It depends on what you mean by “worth it.” If you don’t mind working hard for a finite number of years in order to have great flexibility in where you work (VA, academia, private practice, mental hospital, community mental health, the federal prison system, etc.) and what you do (therapy, assessment, administration, supervision, teaching, research, etc.), then yes, it’s worth it.” – Valerie Leake, Psychologist, Therapist .
• “A Ph.D. in psychology is centrally about doing research and getting it published. Do you feel comfortable doing research? Do you aspire to become a professor of psychology? Is there any domain in psychology that you have a special passion for? If your responses to these questions are all “yes”, then go ahead [and get your Ph.D.]. – Jimmy Zhong, Student, Ph.D. in Psychology .
• “I found it useful. I was able to teach undergraduate and graduate classes at three different universities. I worked as a school psychologist/diagnostician and earned a good salary. It was six years of hard work past my undergraduate degree, but I think it was worth it.” – Rondeall Bizzell, Ph.D. in Psychology .

Earning your doctoral degree in psychology provides you with many job opportunities and a shot at earning a top salary in the field. It is a worthy educational goal that can “result a high level of personal and professional satisfaction.

• Psychology PhD Overview. Accessed at http://www.teachingeducpsych.org/psychology-phd.html
• Is a Doctorate in Psychology Worth It? Accessed at https://www.alliant.edu/blog/doctorate-psychology-it-worth-it
• Doctoral Degree in Psychology. Accessed at https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2012/11/right-path

Other Doctorates in Psychology

• Doctorate of Counseling Psychology (PsyD)
• Doctorate in Industrial-Organizational Psychology (PsyD)
• PsyD in General Psychology
• PhD vs. PsyD
• Online Degrees in Psychology

PhD in General Psychology

About the PhD in General Psychology

Degree type:, total credits:, aid eligible:.

General psychologists help all types of people overcome many different mental health challenges. While it’s possible to specialize in certain patient populations or conditions, a PhD in general psychology can give you the knowledge you need to use research or treatment to impact patients across a wide range of demographics and situations.

Interested in getting an education that can help you improve the lives of those struggling with mental health concerns? Keep reading to learn about the curriculum, costs, and employment opportunities related to a PhD in general psychology.

What Is a PhD in General Psychology?

A general psychology PhD is a terminal degree, or the highest degree available, in the field. The degree focuses on developing a broad base of knowledge, strong research and critical thinking skills, and analytical expertise across many subfields of psychology.  

PsyD vs. PhD degrees

There are 2 options for earning a doctoral degree in general psychology. You can earn either a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree. While both a PhD and PsyD will prepare you to work in many of the same roles, there are some key differences in program curriculum.

A PsyD program focuses more on applying existing knowledge to clinical settings and interactions with clients. In contrast, a PhD program is focused more on studying trends in the profession and producing new knowledge through research.

If your goal is to assess and treat patients with psychotherapy techniques, a PsyD may be the best choice for you. If you want to investigate psychological theory or work in academia—with or without a career in private practice—a PhD may be a better option.

Who are PhDs in psychology intended for?

PhDs in psychology are intended for students who want to work in research, academia, or administration. The degree’s emphasis on research and analysis is a good fit if you’re interested in a career as a university professor, researcher, consultant, or program director. A psychology PhD is also appropriate for private practitioners who have an interest in teaching or research since the degree meets qualifications for most state licenses and specialty certifications.

Careers with a PhD in Psychology

A PhD in general psychology can qualify you for many types of careers. This degree can lead you to positions in government agencies, corporations, universities, healthcare organizations, and private practice. While this list is by no means comprehensive, the following roles are just some of the careers you may find with a PhD.

Clinical psychologist

While a PhD emphasizes research, the degree still allows you to earn the education you need to get a psychology license and work in private practice. A clinical psychologist works with clients to help them manage challenges posed by physical, mental, or behavioral issues. Many PhD clinical psychologists maintain a private practice, while also pursuing research and/or teaching endeavors.

Salary         

According to the 2022 U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS), clinical psychologists earn a median annual salary of $96,100 .

Other requirements

To practice independently as any kind of psychologist, you’ll have to earn a psychology license in your state. This usually requires having between 1,000 and 2,000 hours of postdoctoral supervised work experience and passing the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) , as well as any other exams required by your state. After receiving your license and meeting specific criteria, you can apply for optional specialty certification in clinical psychology from the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) . Continuing education will also be required to maintain an active license.

Educational psychologist

An educational psychologist focuses on identifying and studying the ways people learn and retain new information. Since education isn’t restricted to school settings, an educational psychologist can work to improve all types of learning at all stages of life. That said, they may specialize in 1 type of patient population, such as children, adults, or individuals with specific conditions.  

While the BLS doesn’t record salaries for educational psychologists specifically, the median annual salary for general psychologists is $117,750 .

Other requirements       

You’ll need to complete a set number of hours of supervised work experience, pass the EPPP exam and any other test required by your state, and pursue continuing education once you have your license.

Organizational psychologist

An organizational psychologist applies psychological theories to organizations and the workplace. Professionals in this field use principles of individual, group, and organizational behavior to design and implement programs related to areas such as performance, training, and quality of work life.

Salary           

According to the BLS, the median annual salary for organizational psychologists is $147,420 .

Other requirements        

Along with the work experience, testing requirements, and continuing education required of all licensed psychologists, you can opt to earn certification in organizational and business consulting psychology from the ABPP specialty board.

Psychology professor

Colleges and universities typically require a PhD for psychology professors. Depending on your experience and interests, you can pursue programs that allow you to teach general or specialized psychology principles. Many psychology professors combine teaching with research to contribute new knowledge to the field.

Salary       

Psychology educators at the postsecondary level earn a median annual salary of $79,870 .

To work as a psychology professor, you’ll have to earn your teaching certification from your state’s Board of Education. This typically involves completing an approved teacher preparation program and passing required exams. Certification renewal may be required every few years depending on your state’s criteria.

Research psychologist

A PhD is the standard for conducting independent research in the field of psychology. Research psychologists typically work in universities, government health agencies, and private research organizations. They’re typically required to publish their findings in peer-reviewed journals and give presentations at psychology conferences to maintain their positions.  

While the BLS doesn’t track salaries specifically for research psychologists, you may expect to earn around the same as a psychology professor. However, salaries can vary greatly depending on the exact setting in which you work.

As with all other psychologists, you’ll need to meet the national and state-specific requirements for earning your license.

Admission Requirements Before Starting a PhD in General Psychology

PhD admission requirements vary by program and school. Most students begin the program with a master’s degree in psychology or an advanced degree in a closely related field. Getting into a leading PhD program can be competitive and most base their admissions on a holistic assessment of the following:

• Academic and professional letters of recommendation
• Academic writing samples
• Official academic transcripts
• 1-on-1 interview
• Proof of internship or professional experience
• Responses to admission essays

Do you need to take the GRE or other standardized tests?

Achieving a specific score on the GRE is a requirement for admission to many general psychology PhD programs, though some don’t require this or any other standardized test. You’ll need to check with your program of choice for specific requirements.

GRE scores for the most competitive psychology graduate programs average around 160 out of 170 on both the Verbal and Quantitative sections, and about a 5 out of 6 on Analytical Writing. Some PhD programs may also require the GRE Psychology subject test for admission. Schools that do require the GRE or another standardized test typically only accept scores received within the previous 5 years of your application date.

Can you get in without a master’s degree?

Some general psychology PhD programs accept students without a master’s, but you’ll need at least a bachelor’s degree for admission. Programs that don’t require a master’s are often called dual or joint-degree programs.

They’re configured so that you earn a master’s degree after accruing a set number of credits in the PhD curriculum. These may take longer than other PsyD programs , but they can ultimately save you time and money overall as your credits are being counted toward 2 degrees simultaneously. 

Can you get in if your master’s isn’t in psychology?

Many programs allow students to enter without a master’s specifically in the field, though you’ll probably have to complete prerequisites in psychology, human development, or statistics before beginning any PhD coursework.

Can you apply credits from a master’s degree?

Some programs allow you to apply credits from a master’s degree, though it’s usually contingent on whether the credits are applicable to the program’s coursework. In addition, most schools only accept transfer credits from an institution approved by the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Commission on Accreditation .      

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD in Psychology?

Your PhD in psychology can take between 4 and 8 years to complete, with about 4–6 years being the average. For APA accreditation, programs must provide at least 3 full-time academic years and a 1-year internship. The number of credits required for graduation varies significantly by program, with the average being between 60 and 90 semester credits or the quarter equivalent.

Your time to completion is also determined by the structure of your program, your dissertation subject, and whether you attend full- or part-time. If you’re earning a master’s degree concurrent with your PhD, you can expect your program to take at least 5 years to complete. Some programs limit the amount of time you have to finish your degree to between 7 and 8 years.

The PhD in Psychology Curriculum

The PhD in general psychology curriculum emphasizes research, teaching, and leadership in the field. The coursework is intended to provide students with the unique perspective of a scientist-practitioner. Most PhD in psychology programs require a dissertation, which count toward a set number of credits.

What courses are involved?

Common classes in general psychology PhD programs include coursework in:

• Foundations of theory and practice of psychology
• Qualitative analysis and design Advanced inferential statistics
• Program evaluation
• Quantitative analysis and design
• Research theory, design, and methods
• Teaching of psychology
• Professional ethics, law, and psychology

Popular concentrations      

A PhD in general psychology typically allows you to take courses in a broad range of popular concentrations. Depending on the number of electives you’re allowed, you may be able to combine courses in more than 1 concentration to design an individualized program that meets your goals.

Specific concentrations vary by program, but popular options include:

• Child and adolescent development
• Consultation
• Organizational
• Program evaluation and measurement
• Teaching and instruction

Is an internship required?

Requirements vary by school, however, APA-accredited programs must include at least a 1-year full-time or 2-year part-time internship. Even if your program doesn’t require an internship, you’ll need between 1,000 and 2,000 hours of postdoctoral experience to qualify for a psychologist license in your state.

Are There Online PhD Programs in Psychology?

There are 3 different structures of programs that allow you to earn a PhD in general psychology, though keep in mind that you’ll most likely still be required to gain hands-on experience no matter the design of your program.

Online PhD programs let you complete most of your coursework online at your convenience. However, most online programs have an internship or research requirement that you’ll have to complete in person. In addition, some states require that qualifying degrees include at least 1 year in-residence.

Classroom PhD programs provide the most comprehensive experience. By attending courses onsite, you’ll be able to interact with professors and fellow students in-person. While attending school full-time isn’t an option for everyone, the experience can facilitate your participation in psychology research.

Hybrid programs combine online and onsite courses. Most hybrid courses allow you to complete courses online with the requirement to attend periodic seminars or courses on campus or at regional locations. Hybrid programs incorporate the convenience of online learning with the support of regular in-person instruction and supervision.

How to Pick a Degree Program

When selecting a general psychology PhD program, look for accreditation from the APA, the Canadian Psychological Association , or another accrediting body recognized by the ABPP . Accreditation ensures that your program meets the minimum standards of quality defined by the profession, qualifies you for state licensing applications, and meets the criteria for ABPP specialty certifications.

It’s also important to ensure that your institution is accredited by an institutional accrediting organization recognized by the U.S. Department of Education . Attending an accredited institution is a prerequisite for applying for federal financial aid and can ensure that your credits are accepted by other accredited institutions.

Choosing a general psychology PhD program requires comparing its structure, curriculum, and cost against your professional goals and financial resources. Consider the following:

• Does the program offer courses in the specialized areas I want?
• Can I take classes part-time and/or online?
• Will I have to complete a dissertation?
• What’s the average class size?
• How many students match with their first-choice internship?
• What are the program’s rates for graduation and employment?
• How do graduates perform in exams for licensure and certification?
• Are assistantships, fellowships and/or scholarships available?

Financial Aid for Psychology PhD Students

The cost for your general psychology PhD will depend on the type of institution you attend.

While the cost can be daunting at first, keep in mind that PhD students often qualify for partial to full tuition remission through research or teaching assistantships. In addition, you may qualify for reduced student housing and other benefits while working on campus in these positions.

School-sponsored fellowships and scholarships are additional sources of income. These awards may be short- or long-term and can include additional benefits and stipends.

You also may be eligible for other kinds of financial aid. Find out whether you qualify for need-based awards by submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) . If you’re eligible for aid, you also may be able to secure a part-time job in the Federal Work-Study program .

For additional financial help, look to scholarships awarded for academic achievement or other criteria. Some places to check include:

• Scholarships from your program or school
• Incentive programs funded by your state
• Private businesses and foundations
• Local and national chapters of psychology associations
• Community or professional organizations
• Scholarships for nontraditional students
• Employer tuition reimbursement
• Military or other service scholarships
• Federal or private student loans

Does psychology qualify for student loan forgiveness?

Your PhD in general psychology may qualify for student loan forgiveness if you have direct federal student loans, make a minimum of 120 repayments, and have a full-time position in a nonprofit organization or government agency. Other standards can require that you work in an area where there’s a shortage of psychologists. 

The U.S. government funds the following loan forgiveness programs:

• Federal Perkins Loan Cancellation Program
• Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) Program
• National Health Services Corps Loan Repayment Program
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Student Loan Repayment Program

You may also qualify for state loan forgiveness programs by meeting similar criteria for employment and repayment. Contact your state’s Department of Health for details about available programs.

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How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD in Psychology?

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• How Long Will It Take?

Before You Earn PhD in Psychology

Which type of degree should you get, can you finish your degree early.

Just how long does it take to get a PhD in psychology? The answer can vary depending on your program, educational background, and academic schedule. In general, most PhD psychology programs take anywhere from five to seven years to complete.

Learning more about what it takes to get a doctorate in psychology can help you better plan your educational and career journey.

At a Glance

Getting a PhD in psychology can take several years of graduate study. If you are thinking about becoming a psychologist, research your degree options to figure out what type of degree you need and how long it will take to enter your chosen profession. No matter what you decide, plan to spend anywhere from three to seven years in graduate school to earn a doctorate.

How Long Will It Take to Get a Doctorate Degree?

How long it takes to get a doctorate in psychology depends on various factors, including the type of degree you have selected, your educational background, and the individual doctorate program in which you have enrolled.

Most doctorate programs in psychology take between four to seven years to complete.

PhD in Psychology

Most PhD programs require at least five to seven years to complete. These programs often follow a scientist-practitioner model that trains professionals both in research and clinical practice.

In addition to regular coursework, you may also be expected to complete an internship or supervised residency. The program usually culminates in completing an original research project or dissertation.

PsyD Degree

Most PsyD programs require between four to six years to complete. A PsyD is a degree designed to train professionals to apply psychological knowledge to treating and helping people in real-world settings.

According to the American Psychological Association, PsyD programs focus more on applying psychological science, usually in the form of service.  

Most EdD programs require between three to five years to complete. EdD programs are often focused on psychology, counseling, or counselor education. They explore topics that involve both education and psychology.

It is important to note that many applicants to EdD programs already hold a master's degree in a related field. This differs from applicants to PhD and PsyD programs, who often begin their program of study with a bachelor's degree.

Before you begin your academic journey, it is a good idea to look at just how long it will take you to complete your degree. The amount of time it will take can depend upon various factors, including:

• Your chosen specialty area
• The program you select
• The course load you can take each semester

A doctorate-level degree in psychology is required to work in many job areas, including as a licensed clinical psychologist or counseling psychologist. According to the American Psychological Association, a doctorate degree is also often required in fields such as school psychology or health psychology .

So how long does it take to get a PhD in Psychology ? First, it is essential to realize that the degree requirements can vary depending on the field that you decide to pursue. A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy degree is not necessarily your only option. In some cases, you might want also to consider the PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) or the EdD (Doctor of Education) degree options.

The PhD, PsyD, and EdD are all great options, but don't let how long it takes to complete be the primary deciding factor. Before you decide to get a doctorate degree, start by deciding which type of degree is most suited to your professional goals.

If you want to conduct research:

A PhD in Psychology tends to focus on a research-based model of education. People with a PhD in Psychology are qualified for a wide range of teaching, research, and clinical positions in colleges, universities, hospitals, government offices, and private mental health practices.

If you want to treat mental health issues:

The PsyD degree option generally focuses on a practitioner-based model of education. Individuals with a PsyD degree can also teach or conduct psychology research, but they frequently work in applied settings to provide direct mental health services.

If you want to apply psychology to help students:

Finally, there is also a third doctorate option that you might also want to consider depending on your career goals. If you are interested in working as a school psychologist or in a related educational field, the EdD, or Doctor of Education, is a possible option.

Despite the years of work, earning your PhD, PsyD, or EdD can be well worth the effort. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics suggests that workers with a doctoral or education specialist degree in clinical, counseling, and school psychology will find the strongest job opportunities.

Generally, if you have a strong background in psychology and have completed all of the necessary prerequisites, you can finish your doctorate sooner than students who have not taken the prerequisite courses.

Carefully planning your degree can also help ensure you complete the program requirements quickly.

Be sure you have a clear idea of what you want to do with your psychology degree once you've completed it. Do you want to teach, or is research more appealing to you? Are you interested in seeing clients, or are you planning to combine your training in psychology with another field, such as law or medicine?

If you need help deciding, make an important with an academic advisor at your school. They can help you explore your options and answer any questions you may have.

What This Means For You

No matter the degree you decide to pursue, earning a doctorate in psychology requires a significant investment of time, money, and effort. Because of this, it is essential to carefully consider your goals before deciding on a graduate program. You should also think about whether you need a doctorate or if a master's might be more appropriate.

Gee DG, DeYoung KA, McLaughlin KA, et al. Training the next generation of clinical psychological scientists: A data-driven call to action .  Annu Rev Clin Psychol . 2022;18:43-70. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092500

Loyola University. Can I get my Psy.D. without a Master's in Psychology?

American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees in psychology: How are they different, or not so different ?

Franklin University. Is getting a Doctorate in Education worth it?

American Psychological Association. Frequently asked questions about graduate school .

Bureau of Labor Statistics. Psychologists . Occupational Outlook Handbook .

Carr, A. Clinical Psychology: An Introduction . London: Routledge; 2012.

Kuther, TL. The Psychology Major's Handbook . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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Doctorate in Psychology: Is It Worth It?

Are you thinking about earning a doctorate in psychology? Choosing to earn a Doctorate is a big commitment—and one that isn’t necessarily for everyone as it requires a significant amount of effort and time. According to a report from 2010, some students drop out for a variety of reasons—bad psychology program fit, lack of financial resources, experience time constraints, program difficulty and so on. As a prospective student considering if a doctorate program in psychology is right for you, take the following factors into account:

Advance your career

PhD in Psychology vs PsyD in Psychology

Before we begin to decide whether earning a Doctorate in Psychology is worth it, we must establish the difference between the two types of doctorate degrees for psychology; the PhD and the PsyD.

The PhD degree in Psychology is the more common degree path in psychology. A Psychology PhD degree is founded in research, so the main focus of your studies will be on developing research ideas, conducting experiments, and analyzing data. 

The PsyD program is an alternative degree that focuses on the clinical and applied aspects of psychology. PsyD study revolves around preparing students for providing professional psychological services. The coursework is directed at applying established standards of practice and evidence-based services.

Whether it be a doctorate or a master's, graduating from a psychology degree program will require a significant commitment of time. Program duration varies by university, the program itself, and also the type of degree you’re pursuing, but generally takes four to eight years. PsyD degree programs usually take less time than PhD programs. For example, the PsyD in Clinical Psychology program at the California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) at Alliant International University can be completed in as few as four years, while the PhD program takes a minimum of five.

Time aside, earning a doctorate also requires a significant financial commitment. Education isn’t free, so any time you choose to pursue a degree, you’re incurring a cost. Fortunately, many PhD in Psychology programs offer a substantial amount of financial aid for their students. Financial assistance comes in many forms which include student loan programs, graduate teaching positions, tuition waivers, stipends, as well as grants for conducting research.

Even if the program you’re considering does offer a substantial amount of financial aid, it’s important to consider living expenses. Because of the intensity of a doctoral program in psychology, it’s not always possible for a graduate student to work outside of school. So even if the majority of your program costs are covered, you’ll likely be living the life of a full-time college student for the duration of your program.

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Understanding competition & class size.

Doctorate in Psychology programs tend to admit fewer students, which can be both a Pro and a Con. On the one hand, it means smaller class sizes and student-to-faculty ratio that allows for a more personalized learning environment with increased one-on-one guidance. On the other hand, this makes for a more selective and therefore more competitive admission process.

A competitive admissions process means it will likely be more difficult for you to get into the program of your choice. With narrower selections, it will be tempting to choose a school that may not fit your interests as well. But remember—it’s important to select a program that is right for your needs and career goals, whether it be securing a licensure or pursuing a career in a clinical practice. You can look into organizational psychology, school psychology, counseling psychology, behavioral neuroscience, and many other psychology degree programs. If you choose a school based on reputation, ranking, or financial package as your first priority, it’s likely you will end up in a program that doesn’t match your interests as well, which will make it harder to stick with and find satisfaction in your program.

Common Reasons to Pursue a Doctoral Degree in Psychology

Due to the significant time investment required to pursue a PsyD, individuals who enroll in such a program usually have well-defined career objectives and licensing goals. As a result, there are two primary motives for commencing a PsyD program.

• To become a licensed clinical psychologist - Psychologists must hold a doctoral degree in psychology as mandated by all 50 states. There are two educational routes available for prospective clinical psychologists: a PhD or a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree. While both degree programs meet the licensure requirement, understand that there are substantial differences between them that should be taken into consideration.
• To become a practicing psychologist - Students who pursue a PsyD degree usually have a distinct professional objective of becoming a clinical psychologist. 

Career and Professional Goals

With any advanced degree, it’s important to consider what your future career prospects are, and how interested you are in those careers. If you want to earn a Psychology PhD for intellectual prestige and money, we recommend that a doctorate program probably isn’t right for you. Careers in professional psychology can be lucrative, but the upfront cost is often great. If you’re considering a doctorate because you generally “like to help people,” then a doctorate program probably isn’t right for you either. There are plenty of career opportunities available where you can help people without having to earn a doctorate. And if you’re not interested in a career that doesn’t require a doctoral degree, then a doctoral program definitely isn’t right for you. Earning a doctorate can sometimes over qualify you for positions, so it’s important to discipline yourself and know your career aspirations before committing to a program.

However, if you’re interested in conducting research to further the study of psychology, working in academia, or working as a licensed psychologist, a doctorate program is probably right for you.

The Payoff: Career Prospects and Salary

Time, cost, and commitment aside, for many students, a Doctorate in Psychology is the right choice for their career goals, and for those people, a doctorate pays off after graduation, especially with licensure. With a doctoral degree, you will qualify for a greater range of jobs than those who only hold a bachelor’s or master’s degree—and you’ll be better positioned when pursuing the job you really want, too.

With a Doctorate, a variety of career opportunities are available. Depending on the degree specialty you pursue, you may be able to work in organizations as a:

• Research psychologist
• University professor
• Director of community health programs
• Clinical psychologist
• Counseling psychologist
• Health psychologist
• Neuropsychologist
• Industrial/organizational psychologist

To learn more about the Doctorate in Psychology or other graduate programs available at the California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant,  contact an admissions counselor .

Sources: [ https://www.psychologydegree411.com/degrees/psyd/ ]

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Dean, California School of Professional Psychology

David G. Stewart, PhD, ABPP, is a board-certified clinical child and adolescent psychologist and Dean of the California School of...

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Is a Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology Worth it – (Pros VS. Cons)

Do you have a bachelor's or master's degree in psychology or another related field? Are you interested in a career where you can counsel clients and help them deal with life's challenges? If so, a Ph.D. in counseling psychology is an excellent career to pursue. Maybe you thought of this career path but wondered, "Is a Ph.D. in counseling psychology worth it?” In this article, I will share information with you about this specialized degree and offer you 25 reasons why a Ph.D. in counseling psychology is worth it and also 7 reasons why it may not be the right degree for you to consider. When you finish reading, you can weigh the pros and cons and decide if this is the career path you want to follow.

What is a Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology Degree?

How long does a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree take, how much does a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree cost, what are the admission requirements for a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree.

• Complete an online application • Provide a copy of your resume • A written letter of intent, statement of purpose, or other introductory letter explaining why you want to pursue this degree • Official transcripts from your previous undergraduate and master’s programs • Previous GPA of 3.0 or above • 2-3 professional letters of recommendation • GRE test score • Academic writing sample • Complete any required prerequisites before the start of the program

Why is a Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology Worth It? – the Pros

Reason #1: you will earn the highest degree possible in your field., reason #2: you will have more career opportunities., reason #3: you can work in research., reason #4: you can provide care for people with severe or complex psychological disorders, making a difference in their lives., reason #5: you can earn a generous income., reason #6: you will earn the credentials that make you eligible for leadership positions., reason #7: you can directly influence patient outcomes., reason #8: you can care for people across their lifespan., reason #9: you can open your own practice., reason #10: you can become an author and write a book., reason #11: you can pursue a career path involving public or motivational speaking., reason #12: you can develop specialty mental coaching programs., reason #13: you may be able to get your school paid for., reason #14: you can help meet the growing demand for mental health care services., reason #15: you will gain a deeper understanding of human behavior., reason #16: you can work one-on-one with patients., reason #17: you can complete a dissertation that distinguishes you from others in your field., reason #18: you can pursue a tenure track in academia., reason #19: a ph.d. in counseling psychology offers a positive job outlook., reason #20: you can work to bring better services to underserved communities., reason #21: you can provide crisis intervention services., reason #22: you want the title of doctor., reason #23: you enjoy the college experience., reason #24: you can work with veterans or other military service members., reason #25: you want to improve how mental health services are delivered., why a ph.d. in counseling psychology may not be worth it for you – the cons, reason #1: ph.d. in counseling psychology programs can be expensive., reason #2: ph.d. in counseling psychology programs take a serious time commitment., reason #3: admission to ph.d. in counseling psychology programs is competitive., reason #4: you do not like research., reason #5: the job market for ph.d. in counseling psychology graduates is competitive., reason #6: you have poor writing skills and no desire to improve., reason #7: the job you get could be emotionally taxing., what are the 3 main reasons behind the demand for ph.d. in counseling psychology degree holders, 1. increased need for school psychologists:, 2. the impacts of the pandemic and other global issues:, 3. employers are offering free or reduced-price mental health services:, what is the starting salary for new ph.d. in counseling psychology degree holders.

What is the Average Salary for Experienced Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology Degree Holders?

Is the Cost of a Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology Degree Worth the Return on Investment (ROI)?

What are the 3 best jobs you can get with a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree, 1. substance abuse counselor:, 2. school counselor:, 3. psychology professor:, bonus 3 tips to make more money with a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree, 1. develop and sell self-help material:, 2. offer telehealth services:, 3. move to a higher-paying state:, so, is a ph.d. in counseling psychology worth your time and money – my final thoughts, frequently asked questions answered, 1. what is the best age to pursue a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree, 2. how hard is it to get into a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree program, 3. do i need work experience to get into a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree program, 4. what is the minimum gpa to get into a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree program, 5. are online ph.d. in counseling psychology degree programs worth it, 6. are scholarships and grants available for ph.d. in counseling psychology degree programs, 7. is it hard to complete a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree, 8. can ph.d. in counseling psychology students have a life, 9. can i work part-time and successfully complete the ph.d. in counseling psychology degree program, 10. can i work full-time and successfully complete the ph.d. in counseling psychology degree program, 11. do students fail in ph.d. in counseling psychology degree programs, 12. will i ever regret getting a ph.d. in counseling psychology degree, 13. how much does a ph.d. in counseling psychology graduate make per hour.

14. How Much Does A Ph.D. In Counseling Psychology Graduate Make Per Year?

15. Will Ph.D. In Counseling Psychology Graduates Be Paid Less In The Future?

16. are all ph.d. in counseling psychology graduates successful in their careers, 17. are ph.d. in counseling psychology graduates happy with their jobs, 18. can ph.d. in counseling psychology degree holders become rich, 19. what are some of the best ph.d. in counseling psychology degree alternatives.

Eight Benefits of Pursuing a PsyD Vs. PhD in Psychology

• Published September 1, 2016
• Last Updated June 30, 2023
• Read Time 9 mins

Eight Reasons a PsyD May Be the Best Fit for You

More Emphasis on Practice

Earlier clinical exposure, shorter, accelerated programs.

• Growing PsyD Popularity

Ability to Skip the Doctoral Dissertation

Slightly less competitive admissions, options for clinical psychology specializations, availability of dual degree programs.

After aspiring psychologists have earned their bachelor’s degree and earned their master’s degree, they may now be wondering which doctorate degree to pursue. Since the 1970s, graduate psychology students have had two main doctorate options: PhD vs. PsyD . You may be wondering, “ What is a PsyD , what does PsyD stand for,” and “Is a PsyD a doctor?” The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) is a relatively new phenomenon created to prioritize clinical therapeutic work. The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a centuries-old academic doctorate for top-level scholars to certify their research and teaching skills. Until about 50 years ago, students who wanted to practice clinical psychology and psychotherapy traditionally took the PhD route. The American Psychological Association (APA) now accredits 98 PsyD psychology degrees across the United States. In comparison, there are 312 APA-accredited Doctor of Philosophy options available. Today’s incoming post-grads have the freedom to forge their own doctoral degree path. Therefore, many students wonder what the PsyD vs PhD reputation is. Bachelor’s graduates question how the PsyD is similar and different to the PhD graduates.

Related Resource:   Top 25 Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Degree Programs

Both the PsyD and PhD degrees represent the highest terminal level of college education. Both require the most advanced mastery of psychological principles. Both doctoral degrees in psychology open up the door to career ventures helping people. In both cases, psychologists learn how to study the effects of human behavior and cognition. PsyD clinical psychology and PhD programs fulfill the requirements to become a licensed psychologist in all 50 states. Some psychologists provide clinical mental health or consultant services. Meanwhile, others conduct research or teach university classes. People with PhD degrees can choose either line of applied or scientific knowledge work. However, graduates of PsyD in clinical psychology programs are uniquely trained as in-field clinical psychology practitioners. For those interested in a clinical capacity, the PsyD may be ideal. Here are eight benefits of pursuing a PsyD rather than a PhD in psychology (online or in-person).

What is a difference between PsyD and PhD in psychology? While both provide plenty of career options, there are key differences between the two degrees. Graduate psychology training puts a greater emphasis and examines the relationship between the mind and behavior. The PsyD has a much stronger degree focus on clinical practice though. PsyD students put theoretical frameworks to work for practical psychotherapy techniques. In contrast, the PhD emphasizes the research methods used to devise theories on cognition and human behavior. Some doctoral degree program courses might overlap, but the PhD and PsyD generally have different curriculum structures. Being able to produce unique, empirical psychological research isn’t the goal of PsyD psychology students. Courses at the 500 to 900 level will prioritize clinical skills development to train students as effective practitioners. PsyD majors can count on less courses with titles like “Advanced Multivariate Statistics” and “Stochastic Processes.” The Doctor of Psychology trades hard STEM classes for clinical courses like “Psychopathology” and “Bioethics.”

What is another difference between PhD and PsyD ? Due to the PsyD degree’s emphasis on practice over research, the curriculum starts fieldwork faster. Doctor of Psychology majors could begin engaging in the field the first semester. On the flip side, first-year PhD candidates will be working on their fundamental research core. That’s why most PsyD programs are better at giving degree holders a wealth of practice-based knowledge. PsyD students gain more exposure to real-life therapeutic settings before graduation than PhD students. Different types of supervised experiences prepare clinical psychologists to handle any situation. Accredited PsyD degrees typically have 800-1,000 hours of field practicum. During the last year, PsyD majors must complete a full-time, year-long internship of at least 1,500 clock hours. Internships are available at:

• behavioral health clinics
• VA medical centers
• community counseling centers
• drug rehabs

The PhD in psychology vs. PsyD degrees use two different psychology training models. First, the PhD programs follow the scientist-practitioner model to conduct hands-on research with human and animal subjects. The PsyD follows the scholar-practitioner model to create a clinical orientation that values long practica over laboratory work. Consequently, PsyD degrees have a shorter study time. According to Psychology Today , PsyD degrees take 4-6 years rather than the 5-7 years for a Doctor of Philosophy. If clinical practice is the goal, a PsyD helps graduate students achieve that quicker. PsyD graduates are placed in therapeutic settings a bit sooner than their PhD colleagues. That’s especially true if students pursue an Accelerated PsyD option. Several universities offer five-year combined MS/PsyD programs. Graduating earlier saves PsyD students time and money as annual doctoral degree tuition rates rapidly rise.

Growing PsyD Degree Popularity

Which is the best graduate psychology degree program? Formerly, it was believed that PhD programs were superior to a PsyD. The PsyD vs PhD reputation battle wasn’t favorable to the Doctor of Psychology. PsyD degrees were viewed as inferior and less intensive. However, times have changed in the last half-century. The PsyD has experienced a resurgence and a rising popularity at graduate schools. The previous stigma surrounding PsyD degrees is mostly gone because employers realize one isn’t better than the other. The majority of advanced psychology jobs accept applicants with either a PsyD or PhD degree. The differences between the PsyD and PhD program have more to do with personal goals than competence. Doctor of Psychology degrees are also growing in numbers thanks to online education. More colleges are offering 24/7 digital access to their PsyD courses. Completing a PsyD online gives students more time to focus on fieldwork than commuting to campus.

When looking at doctorates, every post-grad will encounter the word “dissertation.” A PhD doctorate degree always requires completing original research to write a dissertation paper. Dissertations are huge academic documents that span at least 150-250 pages. PhD in psychology candidates work on dissertations for 12+ months full-time to collect research data and analyze their findings. Even with a great faculty advisor, completing a dissertation is a taxing, stressful undertaking. Unlike PhDs, Doctor of Psychology programs don’t always necessitate a dissertation. Quite a few PsyD degrees let clinical psychologists substitute an equivalent applied project. For instance, PsyD students can write about what they’ve learned from supervised field experiences. Capstone projects might include:

• case studies
• consulting work
• focus groups
• clinical trials

Avoiding the lengthy dissertation stage comes as a relief to PsyD majors.

Is a PhD or PsyD program easier to get into? Doctoral degrees are the upper echelon of academia. Unsurprisingly, getting into PhD programs and PsyD programs is usually difficult. Of the two degrees, PhDs are more competitive though. Most graduate schools only accept small PhD cohorts of 5-10 PhD students. Because of the strong research focus, every PhD student has to receive a graduate assistantship. Tight university budgets leave less funding for graduate assistantships and thus less PhD spots. Doctor of Psychology programs can be bigger since tuition isn’t covered with research stipends. PsyD admissions committees may accept lower GPAs around the 3.0 mark rather than 3.5 or higher. PsyD degrees often prioritize previous health care experience over grades. Well-written essays and letters of recommendation could outweigh subpar test scores. Most PsyD programs don’t even require students to take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE).

As of June 2020, the American Psychological Association (APA) recognizes 17 specialties and three proficiencies for clinical practice. PsyD degrees give post-grads more opportunities to concentrate in one of these subfields. Graduate schools normally only offer PhD in Clinical Psychology programs with no further specialization. Most PsyD curricula tailors courses to fit desired specialty niches. For instance, PsyD tracks in child psychology teach about the therapeutic treatment of minors under age 18 with mental health disorders. PsyD options in forensic psychology train practitioners to conduct mental illness screenings in correctional facilities. Specializing a PsyD doctoral degree in industrial/organizational psychology would prepare for enhancing business work climates. PsyD degrees concentrated in geropsychology cover the clinical methods for helping elderly adults adjust to aging-related issues. From sleep psychology to neuropsychology, PsyD students have the most freedom to self-design custom degrees.

Doctor of Philosophy degrees are rigorous enough without adding an extra degree. Few PhD psychology program students pair their curriculum with another master’s or doctorate. PsyD majors are more likely to take advantage of dual degree programs available. The PsyD can be combined with other professional graduate degrees. Dual programs allow students to combine two fields of interest and better prepare for target career niches. Earning joint degrees saves post-grads considerable time and money than completing the two programs separately. For example, dual PsyD/JD programs offer a Juris Doctor for legal and forensic psychologists to become licensed attorneys. Dual PsyD/MBA degrees add a Master of Business Administration for executive leadership skills to manage clinical practices. Dual PsyD/MEd programs integrate a Master of Education for school or educational psychologists to receive PreK-12 state certification. The PsyD program could be paired with a Master of Public Health, Master of Social Work, and more.

What is PsyD? What can you do with a PhD in psychology? Overall, both the PsyD and PhD are prestigious degrees that require the greatest commitment in graduate school. Now’s an excellent time to pursue either a PhD or PsyD for psychology careers. The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects a job growth of 6 percent for 14,100 more psychologists nationwide by 2031. The median annual wage for all psychologists is $81,040. Depending on one’s dreams in psychology, pursuing the PhD or PsyD degree may be more suitable than the other. If practicing psychotherapy is the main goal of graduate-level psychology study, the PsyD program might be right. The PhD program is more intended for clinical psychologists who plan to conduct academic research and teach college students. Whichever path is chosen, it’s essential to research doctorates carefully. Look at the accreditation, cost, concentration options, dual degree opportunities, and field experiences. Are you ready to pursue a psychology degree? Keep in mind the benefits of pursuing a PsyD rather than a PhD in psychology when finalizing a decision.

Related Resources:

• Ranking Top 40 Doctoral Programs in Clinical Psychology
• Top 25 Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Programs
• How Can I Ensure I Am Accepted to My First-Choice PsyD Program?

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How Much Does It Cost to Get a PhD in Psychology?

Key Takeaways

• Universities often offer PhD students tuition waivers and stipends to help them cover tuition costs.
• It is typical for PhD students to work as teaching assistantships, research assistantships, or at other positions within the university.
• Public universities are generally the lowest cost option for PhD in psychology students.

While a PhD in psychology can set you up for success for the rest of your life, the associated costs of this degree might turn away many prospective students. If the question “How much does it cost to get a PhD in psychology?” has ever popped up in your head, today is your lucky day because you’re about to get your answer!

Featured Programs

How much does it cost to get a phd in psychology.

The average cost of earning a PhD in psychology ranges from $500 to $1500 per credit hour, excluding personal expenses. The median program costs lie between $30,000 to $50,000 per year, making the degree a huge investment. With most programs requiring 60 to 90 hours, you can expect to spend at least 4-7 years at university before you graduate.

In addition to the tuition costs , other expenses like textbooks and supplies, living costs, and healthcare may add up to a significant amount. When picking out a psychology doctorate program, it’s important to factor in the additional costs. Once the expense sheet is ready, you can decide whether a PhD is worth the shot.

The good news is that, in most cases, you don’t have to bear the full tuition fee. Instead, universities often offer PhD students tuition waivers and stipends to help them cover the heavy costs. Your best bet is to check for these funding opportunities beforehand so that paying for your doctorate doesn’t interfere with your academic journey.

Factors that Influence the Cost of a PhD in Psychology

When it comes to the costs associated with a PhD program, there’s no one-size-fits-all situation. Luckily, the price tag of the doctorate isn’t set in stone. How much you’ll pay for it depends on a number of factors, some of which we have highlighted below:

Books and Materials

After the hefty tuition costs, the next big expense includes textbooks and supplies, which fluctuate based on the specific requirements of your chosen discipline.

For instance, when pursuing a doctorate in clinical psychology , you might need to invest in numerous books, journals, and therapy manuals. On the other hand, for industrial-organizational psychology, you might have to spend on surveys, data analysis software, or organizational assessments.

Regardless of your field of specialization in psychology , you’ll need specific materials and resources for research and study. However, just like other disciplines, most schools offer support to cut down on these expenses either through funding or by allowing access to institutional resources.  

Health and Living

When pursuing a PhD in psychology, it’s important to consider the costs associated with daily life and healthcare. These expenses vary depending on where you choose to study. For instance, major cities in the US tend to have much higher living costs as compared to suburban areas.

While city life offers greater access to resources, research opportunities, and lifestyle choices, it often comes with a hefty price tag. However, you may offset these costs by the annual stipends offered by your school. These stipends help cover living and healthcare expenses so you can focus on research without the financial strain.

Cost of Dissertation

Another critical factor to look for when planning on pursuing a PhD in psychology is the cost of a dissertation. For instance, if your research requires specialized equipment, data collection, or compensation for the participants, these expenses may quickly add up. Your expenses also depend on whether you choose to conduct experiments, surveys, or interviews.

To avoid straining your pocket, it’s important to budget for these expenses and explore research grants or departmental support ahead of time.

The costs you’ll bear for the doctorate also depend on the duration of your degree. Many PhD programs in psychology offer funding for a limited amount of time, typically around four to five years. However, if you require more time to complete your degree, you still have options to secure additional funding.

One common avenue is graduate student employment, such as teaching assistantships, research assistantships, or other positions within the university. You may also apply for “finishing fellowships” to help cover your expenses while you focus on the final stages of your degree.

Type of Institution

On average, tuition at public institutions tends to be lower, averaging around $11,554 per year. In contrast, tuition at private institutions is higher, averaging around $20,015 per year. This huge difference indicates that your decision on the type of institution to attend will play a significant role in deciding the financial burden you’ll carry while earning a PhD in psychology.

When considering your options, it’s best to know the type of institution you wish to attend and explore their aid opportunities. This is because most schools offering PhD in psychology may be way cheaper than the others.

Top Schools for PhD in Psychology

Fortunately, the US is home to some of the leading universities that offer PhD programs in psychology. Depending on your requirements, you may look into factors like program length, tuition fees, and accreditation prior to deciding which school to attend.

To save you the legwork, we have reviewed the top schools for PhD in psychology and highlighted the critical factors to consider:

Stanford University

• #5 Best Universities in the US Ranked for Prospective Students in 2024
• #5 50 Best Colleges and Universities Ranked for Undergrads in 2024
• #5 50 Best Graduate Schools Ranked for Prospective Students in 2024
• #5 50 Best Research Universities Ranked for Undergrads in 2024
• #1 The Most Influential Universities and Colleges Ranked by State 2024
• #1 Best Private Colleges in California 2024
• #1 Best Research Universities in California 2024
• #1 Best Grad Schools California 2024
• #2 Best Colleges in California 2024
• #1 Best Research Universities for Communications Degrees
• #2 Best Research Universities for Psychology Degrees
• #2 Best Research Universities for Engineering Degrees
• #2 Best Research Universities for Computer Science Degrees
• #2 Best Research Universities for Biology Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Anthropology Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Earth Sciences Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Chemistry Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for English Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for History Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Political Science Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Physics Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Math Degrees
• #6 Best Research Universities for Sociology Degrees
• #6 Best Research Universities for Philosophy Degrees
• #6 Best Research Universities for Economics Degrees
• #7 Best Research Universities for Religious Studies Degrees
• #1 Best Online Master's Programs in California 2024
• #5 The Best Traditional MBA Programs Ranked for Students in 2024
• #7 Best Schools in the World for Earning an MBA Degree Ranked for 2024
• #22 The Fastest Traditional MBA Degree Programs Ranked for 2024

Tuition + fees

Student body

Median SAT/ACT

Career Outlook for Psychology degree at Stanford University

Stanford University  is one of the top schools in the US offering a PhD program in psychology. The program offers a deep understanding of theoretical and empirical concepts and helps students cultivate independent research and analytical skills. At SU, academic courses, seminars, and research experiences go hand in hand.

To fulfill the requirements, PhD students need to complete five quarters of teaching assistantship (TA) under the supervision of faculty members. This provides valuable teaching experience and countless opportunities to mentor. Stanford University’s psychology department also actively collaborates with other departments to create a diverse academic environment.

• Program duration: 5 years (full-time)
• Accreditation: Yes (WSCUC)
• Tracks: Affective, Cognitive, Developmental, Neuroscience, or Social Psychology

When it comes to tuition fees at Stanford, here’s what you can expect:

• 8-10 units ($12,240) 11-18 units ($18,829)
• Each Graduate unit above 18 ( $1,255 per unit)
• 1-7 units (Summer only) $1,224 per unit

Harvard University

• #1 50 Best Graduate Schools Ranked for Prospective Students in 2024
• #1 Top Schools that Offer Free Master's Degrees Online
• #1 Best Universities in the World 2024
• #1 50 Best Private Grad Schools 2024
• #1 50 Best Research Universities Ranked for Undergrads in 2024
• #2 50 Best Private Colleges and Universities for Undergrads 2024
• #1 Best Grad Schools in Massachusetts 2024
• #1 Best Colleges in Massachusetts 2024
• #1 Best Private Colleges in Massachusetts 2024
• #1 Best Research Universities in Massachusetts 2024
• #1 Best Research Universities for Psychology Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for English Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Anthropology Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Religious Studies Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for History Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Political Science Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Sociology Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Earth Sciences Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Philosophy Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Physics Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Chemistry Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Biology Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Math Degrees
• #1 Best Research Universities for Economics Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Engineering Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Computer Science Degrees
• #2 Guide to Free Online Courses for MBA Students in 2024
• #1 Best Schools in the World for Earning an MBA Degree Ranked for 2024
• #1 The Best Traditional MBA Programs Ranked for Students in 2024
• #7 The Fastest Traditional MBA Degree Programs Ranked for 2024

Career Outlook for Psychology degree at Harvard University

Harvard University  offers a comprehensive PhD program emphasizing four key areas: Clinical Science, Developmental Psychology, Social Psychology, and Cognition, Brain, and Behavior (CBB). These tracks offer students ample opportunities to explore different research topics and complete their dissertations in their preferred subjects.

What makes Harvard stand out is the university’s commitment to providing full financial support to its PhD students for a minimum of five years. These funds cover tuition costs, health insurance fees, and basic living expenses. Since the faculty has a proven track record of publication in various journals, you can expect to be under the guidance of field experts at Harvard.  

• Program duration: 4-6 years
• Accreditation: Yes (New England Commission of Higher Education) 
• Tracks: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, and Cognition, Brain, and Behavior (CBB).

When it comes to tuition fees at Harvard University, here’s what you can expect:

• Full Tuition -  Required first two years of study ($54,032)
• Reduced Tuition - Required third and fourth years of study ($14,048)
• Facilities Fee - Required post-fourth year of study ($3,574)
• Active File Fee - Minimum charge for approved non-resident status ($300)

University of Washington

• #6 Top Schools that Offer Free Master's Degrees Online
• #7 Best Value Colleges and Universities Ranked for Students in 2024
• #16 Best Universities in the US Ranked for Prospective Students in 2024
• #16 50 Best Graduate Schools Ranked for Prospective Students in 2024
• #1 Best Grad Schools in Washington 2024
• #1 Best Public Colleges in Washington 2024
• #1 Best Research Universities in Washington 2024
• #1 Most Affordable Colleges in Washington 2024
• #1 Best Colleges in Washington 2024
• #2 Best Research Universities for Criminal Justice Degrees
• #5 Best Research Universities for Social Work Degrees
• #15 Best Research Universities for Nursing Degrees
• #16 Best Research Universities for Education Degrees
• #16 Best Research Universities for Biology Degrees
• #17 Best Research Universities for Business Degrees
• #19 Best Research Universities for Earth Sciences Degrees
• #19 Best Research Universities for Computer Science Degrees
• #20 Best Research Universities for Communications Degrees
• #22 Best Research Universities for Physics Degrees
• #23 Best Research Universities for Math Degrees
• #24 Best Research Universities for Sociology Degrees
• #1 5 Inexpensive Online Master's Programs in Library Science
• #1 20 Fastest Accelerated Online English Doctorates (PhDs) 2024
• #1 Top 8 Best Online Applied Behavioral Analysis PhDs (Doctorates)
• #1 Best Online Colleges in Washington 2024
• #1 Best Online Master's Programs in Washington 2024
• #4 Best Online MBA Degree Programs No GRE Required Ranked for 2024
• #5 Best Online MBA Programs in Washington
• #6 Most Affordable Online Applied Behavioral Analysis PhD Programs
• #8 Guide to Free Online Courses for MBA Students in 2024
• #10 Most Affordable Early Childhood Education Bachelor's (Online, On-Campus)
• #10 Top 20 Best Business Schools for MBAs Ranked for Students
• #13 The Best Traditional MBA Programs Ranked for Students in 2024

Career Outlook for Psychology degree at University of Washington

The PhD in psychology program at the University of Washington  is highly flexible and designed to gear you up for various career pathways in research. At its core, the program is mentor-based, so students can receive one-on-one attention from experts in the field. As a prospective PhD student, it’s best to identify potential mentors with expertise in your areas of interest.

Once admitted, you can join hands with your faculty members to dig deeper into the subject you have chosen. While the Department of Psychology at UW offers seven general areas of study, you can only pick one area to pursue. However, it’s worth noting that a PhD degree at the University of Washington typically requires a longer duration than other institutions.

• Program duration: 6-7 years
• Tuition fee: $18,057 (residents) and $31,530 (nonresidents) 
• Accreditation: Yes (NWCCU)
• Tracks: Clinical Psychology, Data Science, Advanced Data Science, Psychology and Astrobiology

Yale University

• #6 50 Best Research Universities Ranked for Undergrads in 2024
• #7 50 Best Private Colleges and Universities for Undergrads 2024
• #7 Best Universities in the World 2024
• #11 15 Colleges with the Happiest Freshmen
• #1 Best Colleges in Connecticut 2024
• #1 Best Private Colleges in Connecticut 2024
• #1 Best Research Universities in Connecticut 2024
• #1 Best Grad Schools in Connecticut 2024
• #2 Best Research Universities for Religious Studies Degrees
• #2 Best Research Universities for History Degrees
• #2 Best Research Universities for Philosophy Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Psychology Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for English Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Political Science Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Biology Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Anthropology Degrees
• #5 Best Research Universities for Sociology Degrees
• #5 Best Research Universities for Economics Degrees
• #6 Best Research Universities for Earth Sciences Degrees
• #7 Best Research Universities for Engineering Degrees
• #7 Best Research Universities for Chemistry Degrees
• #8 Best Research Universities for Math Degrees
• #9 Best Research Universities for Computer Science Degrees
• #10 Best Research Universities for Physics Degrees
• #2 Top 20 Best Business Schools for MBAs Ranked for Students
• #8 Best Schools in the World for Earning an MBA Degree Ranked for 2024
• #12 The Fastest Traditional MBA Degree Programs Ranked for 2024

Career Outlook for Psychology degree at Yale University

At Yale University , the primary goal of a doctorate in psychology is to train researchers for both academic and applied settings. The aim is to foster individuals who contribute to the expansion of the field of psychology. The university typically admits around 15 students each year who may select one of the five psychology tracks to pursue.

The best part? At Yale, you may also participate in programs that go beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries, such as cognitive, affective, and social neuroscience, as well as health sciences.

• Program duration: 5 years
• Tuition fee: $48,300
• Accreditation: Yes (New England Association of Schools and Colleges)
• Tracks: Clinical Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Neuroscience, and Social/Personality Psychology

University of California, Berkeley

• #2 Best Universities in the US Ranked for Prospective Students in 2024
• #2 50 Best Colleges and Universities Ranked for Undergrads in 2024
• #2 50 Best Graduate Schools Ranked for Prospective Students in 2024
• #2 Top Schools that Offer Free Master's Degrees Online
• #2 50 Best Research Universities Ranked for Undergrads in 2024
• #5 Best Universities in the World 2024
• #1 Best Colleges in California 2024
• #1 Best Public Colleges California 2024
• #1 Most Affordable Colleges in California 2024
• #2 The Most Influential Universities and Colleges Ranked by State 2024
• #2 Best Research Universities in California 2024
• #2 Best Grad Schools California 2024
• #2 Best Research Universities for Social Work Degrees
• #3 Best Research Universities for Communications Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Engineering Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Sociology Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Chemistry Degrees
• #4 Best Research Universities for Computer Science Degrees
• #5 Best Research Universities for Anthropology Degrees
• #5 Best Research Universities for Math Degrees
• #6 Best Research Universities for Physics Degrees
• #7 Best Research Universities for English Degrees
• #7 Best Research Universities for History Degrees
• #7 Best Research Universities for Political Science Degrees
• #7 Best Research Universities for Philosophy Degrees
• #8 Best Research Universities for Earth Sciences Degrees
• #8 Best Research Universities for Biology Degrees
• #8 Best Research Universities for Economics Degrees
• #9 Best Research Universities for Psychology Degrees
• #9 Best Research Universities for Religious Studies Degrees
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• #4 Guide to Free Online Courses for MBA Students in 2024
• #2 The Best Traditional MBA Programs Ranked for Students in 2024
• #3 Best Schools in the World for Earning an MBA Degree Ranked for 2024

Career Outlook for Psychology degree at University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley , has a PhD program in psychology that strongly focuses on research and offers six tracks, each with minor specializations. Among these tracks, the Clinical Science track is the hardest to secure a spot in.

If you’re worried about costs, UC Berkeley offers funding through different internal awards to ease your financial burden. It also has external support sources like the National Science Foundation and a bunch of extramural fellowships to ensure you have the financial resources necessary to pursue your research.

• Accreditation: Yes (WASC)  
• Tracks: Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Clinical Science, Cognition, Cognitive Neuroscience, Developmental, and Social-Personality

When it comes to tuition fees at University of California, here’s what you can expect:

• California residents - $5,850
• Non-residents - $5,850

Financial Aid Programs for Students Enrolling in a PhD in Psychology

If you’re on a budget, earning a PhD in psychology is still possible with the available financial aid options . More often than not, universities and research departments offer teaching or research assistantships as well. Military aid, federal aid, and government scholarships can also help reduce the financial burden. Here’s a list of financial aid programs you can pick from:

Graduate Assistantships

Most universities offering a PhD in psychology also offer graduate assistantship programs. These programs provide tuition waivers and stipends for students undertaking duties such as teaching, research, or monitoring the admin department. These assistantships are a win-win, easing the financial strain while providing years of professional experience to students.

Federal Aid Programs

Alternatively, you may utilize federal aid programs  like the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to get loans, grants, or work-study benefits.  Once you understand how these government initiatives work, it becomes simpler to get financial support to pursue your PhD in psychology.

Employer-Sponsored Assistance

While not many are aware of it, employer-sponsored assistance is highly popular among candidates pursuing a doctorate in psychology. Luckily, many organizations provide financial support for employees, which is worth exploring. This way, you can complete your degree while your employer looks after your professional development expenses.

Scholarships

You may also opt for scholarships and grants provided by many foundations, particularly to benefit psychology students. Research institutes like the American Psychological Association (APA) and other psychological foundations often open up scholarship opportunities. To maximize your chances of acquiring one, make sure your application stands out!

Private Loans

Once you’ve exhausted other options, you can turn to private loans to pay for your degree. However, don’t forget to thoroughly review terms and conditions, interest rates, and repayment plans before considering this option. Then, compare the benefits and drawbacks to see whether it’s worth it.

Related Questions

Is getting a phd worth it for psychology.

Yes, particularly if you’re more focused on the financial aspects of the journey. The average salary of a PhD psychologist  is around $115,454. Individuals with a doctorate in psychology have a higher earning potential than those with a master’s or bachelor’s degree in the field, making a PhD worthwhile.

How long does it take to complete a doctorate degree in psychology?

Once you’re done with a bachelor’s degree in psychology or a related field, a doctorate in psychology takes you anywhere between  4 and 7 years. However, if you have a master’s degree, your timeframe may be shortened by a few months.

Are there any doctorate psychology programs that are accelerated?

Yes. While the average time to earn a PhD in psychology may take anywhere from six to ten years, it’s possible to accelerate this timeframe. There are plenty of online doctoral degree programs in psychology  that can significantly shorten the time to complete your psychology PhD .

While the question, “How much does it cost to get a PhD in psychology?” can’t be answered with a specific number, we hope this article has given you a fair idea of what it could cost you. If you’re on a budget, we highly recommend thoroughly researching and evaluating different schools and programs before you make a final decision. Remember, there’s various ways to reduce costs. In the end, this degree is highly likely to get you excellent ROI!

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How sinking of luxury yacht off Sicily unfolded

One man has died and six people are missing after a luxury yacht sank in freak weather conditions off the coast of Sicily.

The 56m British-flagged Bayesian was carrying 22 people - 12 passengers and 10 crew - when a heavy storm that created waterspouts struck early on Monday.

Fifteen people were rescued and a search operation for those unaccounted for - who include the British tech tycoon Mike Lynch - is continuing.

Here is what we know about the tragedy so far and how it unfolded.

What happened to the yacht?

The Bayesian was struck by a sudden and powerful storm in the early hours of Monday morning, witnesses say.

It was reportedly anchored to the sea bed outside the harbour at Porticello, a small fishing village to the east of Palermo, when what the Italian coastguard described as a "violent storm" hit.

The storm was so fierce that it caused waterspouts, or rotating columns of air and mist, to appear over the sea.

The vessel disappeared beneath the water at about 05:00 local time (04:00 BST).

A doctor treating survivors said the ship "capsized within a few minutes".

• Follow live updates here
• 'For two seconds I lost my baby in the sea' - yacht survivor
• Who are the missing and rescued?
• What might have caused yacht to sink
• Divers battle 10-minute dive window and debris in yacht search

Witnesses told Italian news agency Ansa that the Bayesian’s anchor was down when the storm struck, causing the 72m (236ft) aluminium mast to break in half and the ship to lose its balance and sink.

However, divers on the search and rescue team have said the ship was "practically intact" on the seabed, raising questions as to whether the mast was broken.

The ship's unusually tall mast may have contributed to its sinking, according to Matthew Schanck, chair of the Maritime Search and Rescue Council.

He told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that the mast acted almost like a sail in the strong wind "especially with it being so high".

The extreme winds could have caught the mast and pushed the yacht over, he said.

Karsten Borner, captain of a nearby boat, said after the storm had passed, the crew noticed the yacht that had been behind them had disappeared.

"We saw a red flare, so my first mate and I went to the position, and we found this life raft drifting," he told Reuters.

His crew took on board some survivors, including three who were seriously injured.

Another witness, Fabio Cefalù, captain of a trawler, said he was about to go out on a fishing trip when he saw flashes of lightning so he stayed in the harbour.

"At about 04:15 we saw a flare in the sea," he said, according to the EVN news agency reports.

"We waited for this waterspout to pass. After 10 minutes we went out to the sea and we saw cushions and all the rest of the boat [that had sunk], and everything which was on the deck, at sea. However, we did not see any people in the sea.”

Another fisherman described seeing the yacht sinking "with my own eyes".

Speaking to the newspaper Giornale di Sicilia, the witness said he was at home when the tornado hit.

"Then I saw the boat, it had only one mast, it was very big," he said.

Shortly afterwards he went down to the Santa Nicolicchia bay in Porticello to get a better look at what was happening.

He added: "The boat was still floating, then all of a sudden it disappeared. I saw it sinking with my own eyes."

One of the survivors, British tourist Charlotte Golunski, told Italian newspaper La Repubblica how she held up her one-year-old daughter Sofia to stop her from drowning.

She said the two of them and her partner James survived only because they were up on deck when the yacht sank.

They were woken by “thunder, lightning and waves that made our boat dance”, and it felt like "the end of the world" before they were thrown into the water.

Charlotte said: "For two seconds I lost my daughter in the sea, then quickly hugged her amid the fury of the waves."

She added: "I held her afloat with all my strength, my arms stretched upwards to keep her from drowning.

"It was all dark. In the water I couldn't keep my eyes open. I screamed for help, but all I could hear around me was the screams of others."

What is the latest with the search?

Six passengers remain missing and the Palermo coastguard says the search and rescue operation is continuing "incessantly".

The search began on Monday and specialist divers have been working at the site since early on Tuesday morning.

One diver told Italian media the yacht was "practically intact" on its side at the ocean's basin, about 50m below the surface.

The ship's hull is obstructed with furniture and various objects, the Italian fire and rescue service has said.

Divers are looking for ways to access the yacht's cabins, but they have just 10 minutes to search on each dive before they need to return to the surface, the Italian news agency Ansa has reported.

A 1cm thick glass window is also being considered as an entry point.

Francesco Venuto, a spokesperson for Sicily's civil protection agency, told the BBC on Monday rescue teams fear the bodies of those missing "must be" in the boat.

"We've been searching all day with helicopters and boats, we've found nothing. That wouldn't make sense. In these conditions, we should have found something by now," he added.

A specialist caving search and rescue diving team arrived from Rome on Monday, hoping to "achieve results" either during the night or by Tuesday morning at the latest, the director general of Sicily's civil protection agency, Salvatore Cocina, said.

On Monday, the UK's Marine Accident Investigation Branch sent a team of four investigators to carry out a preliminary assessment of the Bayesian's sinking, the BBC understands.

Who was on board?

There were 22 people on board when the storm hit, including 12 passengers and 10 crew.

The body of one man has been recovered. He has not been formally identified, but the Palermo coastguard said he was the ship's cook. His nationality has not been confirmed.

Among the six people still missing is 59-year-old tech entrepreneur Mike Lynch, known by some as the "British Bill Gates".

Mr Lynch founded software giant Autonomy in 1996 and was awarded an OBE for services to enterprise in 2006.

In June, he was cleared of conducting a massive fraud relating to an $11bn (£8.64bn) sale to US company Hewlett Packard.

Afterwards, he told the BBC in an interview he had been able to prove his innocence only because he had the wealth to pay the enormous legal fees required.

The other missing people include Mr Lynch's 18-year-old daughter Hannah, Morgan Stanley International bank chairman Jonathan Bloomer, and Clifford Chance lawyer Chris Morvillo.

Mr Lynch's wife Angela Bacares is among the 15 people to have been rescued, with eight of those receiving treatment in hospital, the Italian coastguard said.

Charlotte Golunski, her husband and daughter Sofia were also rescued and were unharmed, but taken to hospital for check-ups.

She said they had been on the yacht with a group of colleagues.

The daily Il Giornale di Sicilia newspaper reported the vessel had mostly British passengers on board, but also people from New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Ireland and British-French citizens.

A doctor based in Palermo said the "very tired" survivors were "constantly asking about the missing people".

Dr Domenico Cipolla told Reuters that one woman he treated described the trip as a "corporate holiday", with some of those on board "very young".

"There were a lot of work colleagues, friends, a few husbands, wives, or a couple of friends who had joined in," he adds.

What is a waterspout and why do they form?

A waterspout is similar to a tornado and can form over oceans, seas or large lakes.

The western half of the Mediterranean has experienced severe storms since the middle of last week.

Through Sunday night and into Monday morning, a zone of bad weather passed by the north coast of Sicily.

BBC Weather forecaster Matt Taylor said: "A waterspout is a tornado that has occurred over water rather than land.

"They can form during intense storms, on the base of cumulonimbus/thunder clouds.

"Turbulence, and the wind blowing in slightly different directions around the cloud, can cause rotation under the base of the cloud and the spout to form.

"Like tornadoes, they bring powerful winds, but instead of picking up dust and debris they cause a water mist around the column of rotating air."

What is the Bayesian, and who owns it?

The superyacht can accommodate up to 12 guests in six suites, and is listed for rent for up to €195,000 (£166,000) a week.

It was built in 2008 by Italian company Perini Navi.

The Bayesian's registered owner is listed as Revtom Ltd, which is based on the Isle of Man.

The yacht's name is understood to derive from the Bayesian theory, which Mr Lynch's PhD thesis and the software that made his fortune was based on.

Mr Lynch's wife Ms Bacares is named as the sole legal owner of Revtom, which is registered in the Isle of Man.

The Bayesian completed a number of sailings in recent days, calling at various ports in Sicily, according to ship-tracking website VesselFinder.

A spokesperson for Camper and Nicholsons International, the firm that manages the 2008-built boat, told BBC Verify: "Our priority is assisting with the ongoing search and providing all necessary support to the rescued passengers and crew."