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What Is a Control Variable? Definition and Examples

A control variable is any factor that is controlled or held constant in an experiment.

A control variable is any factor that is controlled or held constant during an experiment . For this reason, it’s also known as a controlled variable or a constant variable. A single experiment may contain many control variables . Unlike the independent and dependent variables , control variables aren’t a part of the experiment, but they are important because they could affect the outcome. Take a look at the difference between a control variable and control group and see examples of control variables.

Importance of Control Variables

Remember, the independent variable is the one you change, the dependent variable is the one you measure in response to this change, and the control variables are any other factors you control or hold constant so that they can’t influence the experiment. Control variables are important because:

  • They make it easier to reproduce the experiment.
  • The increase confidence in the outcome of the experiment.

For example, if you conducted an experiment examining the effect of the color of light on plant growth, but you didn’t control temperature, it might affect the outcome. One light source might be hotter than the other, affecting plant growth. This could lead you to incorrectly accept or reject your hypothesis. As another example, say you did control the temperature. If you did not report this temperature in your “methods” section, another researcher might have trouble reproducing your results. What if you conducted your experiment at 15 °C. Would you expect the same results at 5 °C or 35 5 °C? Sometimes the potential effect of a control variable can lead to a new experiment!

Sometimes you think you have controlled everything except the independent variable, but still get strange results. This could be due to what is called a “ confounding variable .” Examples of confounding variables could be humidity, magnetism, and vibration. Sometimes you can identify a confounding variable and turn it into a control variable. Other times, confounding variables cannot be detected or controlled.

Control Variable vs Control Group

A control group is different from a control variable. You expose a control group to all the same conditions as the experimental group, except you change the independent variable in the experimental group. Both the control group and experimental group should have the same control variables.

Control Variable Examples

Anything you can measure or control that is not the independent variable or dependent variable has potential to be a control variable. Examples of common control variables include:

  • Duration of the experiment
  • Size and composition of containers
  • Temperature
  • Sample volume
  • Experimental technique
  • Chemical purity or manufacturer
  • Species (in biological experiments)

For example, consider an experiment testing whether a certain supplement affects cattle weight gain. The independent variable is the supplement, while the dependent variable is cattle weight. A typical control group would consist of cattle not given the supplement, while the cattle in the experimental group would receive the supplement. Examples of control variables in this experiment could include the age of the cattle, their breed, whether they are male or female, the amount of supplement, the way the supplement is administered, how often the supplement is administered, the type of feed given to the cattle, the temperature, the water supply, the time of year, and the method used to record weight. There may be other control variables, too. Sometimes you can’t actually control a control variable, but conditions should be the same for both the control and experimental groups. For example, if the cattle are free-range, weather might change from day to day, but both groups have the same experience. When you take data, be sure to record control variables along with the independent and dependent variable.

  • Box, George E.P.; Hunter, William G.; Hunter, J. Stuart (1978). Statistics for Experimenters : An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building . New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-09315-2.
  • Giri, Narayan C.; Das, M. N. (1979). Design and Analysis of Experiments . New York, N.Y: Wiley. ISBN 9780852269145.
  • Stigler, Stephen M. (November 1992). “A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research”. American Journal of Education . 101 (1): 60–70. doi: 10.1086/444032

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What Is the Difference Between a Control Variable and Control Group?

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In experiments, controls are factors that you hold constant or don't expose to the condition you are testing. By creating a control, you make it possible to determine whether the variables alone are responsible for an outcome. Although control variables and the control group serve the same purpose, the terms refer to two different types of controls which are used for different kinds of experiments.

Why Experimental Controls Are Necessary

A student places a seedling in a dark closet, and the seedling dies. The student now knows what happened to the seedling, but he doesn't know why. Perhaps the seedling died from lack of light, but it might also have died because it was already sickly, or because of a chemical kept in the closet, or for any number of other reasons. 

In order to determine why the seedling died, it is necessary to compare that seedling's outcomes to another identical seedling outside the closet. If the closeted seedling died while the seedling kept in sunshine stayed alive, it's reasonable to hypothesize that darkness killed the closeted seedling. 

Even if the closeted seedling died while the seedling placed in sunshine lived, the student would still have unresolved questions about her experiment. Might there be something about the particular seedlings that caused the results she saw? For example, might one seedling have been healthier than the other to start with?

To answer all of her questions, the student might choose to put several identical seedlings in a closet and several in the sunshine. If at the end of a week, all of the closeted seedlings are dead while all of the seedlings kept in​ the sunshine are alive, it is reasonable to conclude that the darkness killed the seedlings.

Definition of a Control Variable

A control variable is any factor you control or hold constant during an experiment. A control variable is also called a controlled variable or constant variable. 

If you are studying the effect of the amount of water on seed germination, control variables might include temperature, light, and type of seed. In contrast, there may be variables you can't easily control, such as humidity, noise, vibration, and magnetic fields.

Ideally, a researcher wants to control every variable, but this isn't always possible. It's a good idea to note all recognizable variables in a lab notebook for reference.

Definition of a Control Group

A control group is a set of experimental samples or subjects that are kept separate and aren't exposed to the independent variable .

In an experiment to determine whether zinc helps people recover faster from a cold, the experimental group would be people taking zinc, while the control group would be people taking a placebo (not exposed to extra zinc, the independent variable).

A controlled experiment is one in which every parameter is held constant except for the experimental (independent) variable. Usually, controlled experiments have control groups. Sometimes a controlled experiment compares a variable against a standard.

  • Scientific Method Vocabulary Terms
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IMAGES

  1. What Is a Control Variable? Definition and Examples

    difference between the experimental variable and the control variable

  2. Difference between Controlled Group and Controlled Variable in an

    difference between the experimental variable and the control variable

  3. A Detailed Guide on Control Variables: What, Why, and How

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  4. 25 Control Variables Examples (2024)

    difference between the experimental variable and the control variable

  5. Control Group Vs Experimental Group In Science

    difference between the experimental variable and the control variable

  6. Difference between Control Variable and Control Group in an Experiment

    difference between the experimental variable and the control variable

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