[Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree].
[Master's thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree].
Database Name.
Archive Name.
Hutcheson, V. (2012). Dealing with dual differences: Social coping strategies of gifted and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adolescents [Master's thesis, The College of William & Mary]. William & Mary Digital Archive. https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/16594
Parenthetical citations:
Narrative citation: Hutcheson (2012)
Published Thesis - Available online / from a database
Author Last name, First Initials. (Year). Title of Thesis or Dissertation [Type of thesis, Name of institution awarding degree]. Database name. Web address
Unpublished Thesis - Available in print from a college or university
Author Last name, First Initials. (Year). Title of Thesis or Dissertation [Unpublished type of thesis]. Name of institution awarding degree.
Published Thesis - From a database
Kral, T. R. (2020). Impact of mindfulness meditation on brain function, connectivity, and structure (Publication No. 27833897) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Published Thesis - Available online
Hunsaker, C. (2020). Beyond theory: Simulation and role-play in interpreter education [Master's thesis, Western Oregon University]. Western Oregon University Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons wou.edu/theses/61
Unpublished Thesis - Available in print form at a college or university
Carlin, A. (2017). Effective pairing methods for students in a second grade dual language classroom. [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Western Oregon University.
Author
Thesis or Dissertation Title
Identify Type of Dissertation or Thesis
Name of Institution
Database Publication
Online Publication Not in a Database
In order to streamline the dissertation clearance process, the following changes have been made, effective 3-1-2024 .
1. The Dissertation Cataloging Form is no longer necessary.
2. The Dissertation Clearance Form is now initiated directly by the student, and only through Adobe Sign - Signed PDFs and scanned forms have been replaced by Adobe Sign.
3. Students completing dissertation clearance are no longer required to schedule a meeting with their DCR (Dissertation Clearance Representative). If they have questions about what to do, they are welcome to schedule a DCR appointment, but it is not required.
If you have questions about these changes or other aspects of the process, contact [email protected] and we will be happy to assist.
WRITING STYLE
Verb tense. APA style papers should be written in past or present perfect tense:
Avoid: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment shows that...
Allowed: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment showed that...
Allowed: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment has shown that...
Be concise and clear
Style matters
AVOIDING BIAS
Be sensitive to labels
Gender pronouns
The 7th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was created by the American Psychological Assocation (APA), and contains the complete guidelines on how to format material for publication and cite your research . It is a set of style rules that codifies the components of scientific writing in order to deliver concise and bias free information to the reader.
This guide provides some of the basics to keep in mind, but it doesn't replace owning or borrowing the actual Publication Manual itself. It should be on your desk by your side throughout your writing process.
APA style, 7th edition requires specific heading formatting.
For Levels 1-3, the paragraph text begins on a new line. For Levels 4-5, the paragraph text begins on the same line and continues as a paragraph.
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In Section 4.2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), APA (2020) states that you should use verb tenses consistently throughout your work. See a chart of when and how to use past tense (Rodriguez found) and present perfect tense (Researchers have shown) at the APA Style website .
Author/Date Citation Method
APA publications use the author/date in text citation system to briefly identify sources to readers. Each in-text citation is listed alphabetically in the reference list. All in-text citations referenced in the body of work musr appear in the reference list and vice versa.
Variations of author/date within a sentence Here are some examples of how the author/date citation method are formatted within different parts of a sentence. Please note the author, publication date, and study are entirely fictional.
Citing works with more than one author
Journal articles
Sharifian, N., & Grühn, D. (2019). The differential impact of social participation and social support on psychological well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin longitudinal study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 88 (2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415018757213
Shiraev, E. (2017). Personality theories: A global view. SAGE.
Chapter from a book
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin , B. B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 276 320). Cambridge University Press.
Webpage from a website
World Health Organization. (2020, June 15) . Elder abuse . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/elder-abuse
View many more examples in the APA Style Manual or on the APA Style website .
Dissertations and theses database.
Author last name, first initial. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, University]. Database. URL
See specific examples below.
Dissertations:
Pecore, J. T. (2004). Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living tradition of Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC community (Publication No. 3114720) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Master's Theses:
Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resitance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment (Publication No. 10289373) [Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin - Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
APA calls for the citation to include a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “Publication No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”
Karamanos, X. (2020). The influence of professional development models on student mathematics performance in New Jersey public elementary schools [Doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University]. Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2732
Bordo, V. C. (2011). Making a case for the use of foreign language in the educational activities of nonprofit arts organizations [Master's thesis, University of Akron]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311135640
Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake eyes [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University].
Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning [Master's thesis, California Institute of Technology].
See Publication Manual , 10.6.
Here are some general APA Style resources. Scroll down further to see more details about citations and paper formatting.
Several print copies of the APA 7th edition Publication Manual are available for checkout at the Mardigian Library.
(Sorry, APA does not provide an eBook version of this for libraries at the present time.)
If you're new to citation, this brief video will cover an introduction to in-text citations and reference lists in APA 7th edition. Scroll down for more recommended resources about citations.
More information including examples and sample papers can be found at the recommended websites below:
CEHHS uses the current version of the APA Publication Manual (7th edition) for all matters of format with the exception of some particular requirements for the Title page, pagination (especially of front matter) and top margins. Unless otherwise stated in the CEHHS Ed.D. Dissertation Guide below, defer to APA 7th edition.
Some formatting aspects to be sure you are following correctly include:
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Reference for doctoral dissertations and master's and undergraduate theses are divided by whether they are unpublished or published. This guide will focus on published dissertations and theses.
Published works may be available from a database, a university archive, or a personal website.
If you wish to cite an unpublished dissertation or theses, please check with your instructor to make sure this source would be appropriate for your assignment.
To learn how to cite unpublished dissertations or theses, see pp. 333-334 of the manual.
Villalobos, R. (2023). (Im)mobile girls: Latina rural girlhoods in the United States [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Parenthetical citation: (Villalobos, 2023)
Narrative citation: Villalobos (2023)
Shacklette, D. W. (2021). Linking processing speed and white matter: A bridge between education and neuroscience research [Master's thesis, Stanford University]. Stanford Digital Repository. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/yq219dn0952
Parenthetical citation: (Shacklette, 2021)
Narrative citation: Shacklette (2021)
Need help? Email [email protected] or chat with a BVU Librarian .
Published theses and dissertations, unpublished theses and dissertations.
Thesis and dissertation can mean different things depending on where the degree is awarded. Always check the title page, or subsequent pages, to determine exactly what the work is and use the information for your reference.
Theses available in a database, a university archive or from a personal website.
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Author, A. A. | (Year). | (Publication No. ) [Doctoral dissertation/Doctoral thesis/Master's dissertation/Master's thesis, Institution Name]. | Database Name. URL Archive Name. URL |
Miller, T. (2019). [Master's thesis, Auckland University of Technology]. Tuwhera. |
Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). [Doctoral thesis, The University of Waikato]. The University of Waikato Research Commons. |
Becker, J. C. (2013). (Publication No. 3577776) [Doctoral dissertation, Graduate Council of Texas State University - San Marcos]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. |
Find how to cite in text on the In-text citation page.
Unpublished thesis or dissertations are usually sourced directly from the university in print form.
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Author, A. A. | (Year). | [Unpublished doctoral or master's thesis or dissertation]. | Name of the Institution awarding the degree. |
Stewart, Y. (2000). [Unpublished master's thesis]. Auckland University of Technology. |
Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.
The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual provides guidelines for clear communication , citing sources , and formatting documents. This article focuses on paper formatting.
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines:
Our APA formatting experts can help you to format your paper according to APA guidelines. They can help you with:
How to set up apa format (with template), apa alphabetization guidelines, apa format template [free download], page header, headings and subheadings, reference page, tables and figures, frequently asked questions about apa format.
The AI-powered APA Citation Checker points out every error, tells you exactly what’s wrong, and explains how to fix it. Say goodbye to losing marks on your assignment!
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References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).
Why set up APA format from scratch if you can download Scribbr’s template for free?
Student papers and professional papers have slightly different guidelines regarding the title page, abstract, and running head. Our template is available in Word and Google Docs format for both versions.
In an APA Style paper, every page has a page header. For student papers, the page header usually consists of just a page number in the page’s top-right corner. For professional papers intended for publication, it also includes a running head .
A running head is simply the paper’s title in all capital letters. It is left-aligned and can be up to 50 characters in length. Longer titles are abbreviated .
APA headings have five possible levels. Heading level 1 is used for main sections such as “ Methods ” or “ Results ”. Heading levels 2 to 5 are used for subheadings. Each heading level is formatted differently.
Want to know how many heading levels you should use, when to use which heading level, and how to set up heading styles in Word or Google Docs? Then check out our in-depth article on APA headings .
The title page is the first page of an APA Style paper. There are different guidelines for student and professional papers.
Both versions include the paper title and author’s name and affiliation. The student version includes the course number and name, instructor name, and due date of the assignment. The professional version includes an author note and running head .
For more information on writing a striking title, crediting multiple authors (with different affiliations), and writing the author note, check out our in-depth article on the APA title page .
The abstract is a 150–250 word summary of your paper. An abstract is usually required in professional papers, but it’s rare to include one in student papers (except for longer texts like theses and dissertations).
The abstract is placed on a separate page after the title page . At the top of the page, write the section label “Abstract” (bold and centered). The contents of the abstract appear directly under the label. Unlike regular paragraphs, the first line is not indented. Abstracts are usually written as a single paragraph without headings or blank lines.
Directly below the abstract, you may list three to five relevant keywords . On a new line, write the label “Keywords:” (italicized and indented), followed by the keywords in lowercase letters, separated by commas.
APA Style does not provide guidelines for formatting the table of contents . It’s also not a required paper element in either professional or student papers. If your instructor wants you to include a table of contents, it’s best to follow the general guidelines.
Place the table of contents on a separate page between the abstract and introduction. Write the section label “Contents” at the top (bold and centered), press “Enter” once, and list the important headings with corresponding page numbers.
The APA reference page is placed after the main body of your paper but before any appendices . Here you list all sources that you’ve cited in your paper (through APA in-text citations ). APA provides guidelines for formatting the references as well as the page itself.
Play around with the Scribbr Citation Example Generator below to learn about the APA reference format of the most common source types or generate APA citations for free with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator .
Write the section label “References” at the top of a new page (bold and centered). Place the reference entries directly under the label in alphabetical order.
Finally, apply a hanging indent , meaning the first line of each reference is left-aligned, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches.
Tables and figures are presented in a similar format. They’re preceded by a number and title and followed by explanatory notes (if necessary).
Use bold styling for the word “Table” or “Figure” and the number, and place the title on a separate line directly below it (in italics and title case). Try to keep tables clean; don’t use any vertical lines, use as few horizontal lines as possible, and keep row and column labels concise.
Keep the design of figures as simple as possible. Include labels and a legend if needed, and only use color when necessary (not to make it look more appealing).
Check out our in-depth article about table and figure notes to learn when to use notes and how to format them.
The easiest way to set up APA format in Word is to download Scribbr’s free APA format template for student papers or professional papers.
Alternatively, you can watch Scribbr’s 5-minute step-by-step tutorial or check out our APA format guide with examples.
APA Style papers should be written in a font that is legible and widely accessible. For example:
The same font and font size is used throughout the document, including the running head , page numbers, headings , and the reference page . Text in footnotes and figure images may be smaller and use single line spacing.
You need an APA in-text citation and reference entry . Each source type has its own format; for example, a webpage citation is different from a book citation .
Use Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator to generate flawless citations in seconds or take a look at our APA citation examples .
Yes, page numbers are included on all pages, including the title page , table of contents , and reference page . Page numbers should be right-aligned in the page header.
To insert page numbers in Microsoft Word or Google Docs, click ‘Insert’ and then ‘Page number’.
APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.
Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) | Generator, Template, Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/
Other students also liked, apa title page (7th edition) | template for students & professionals, creating apa reference entries, beginner's guide to apa in-text citation, get unlimited documents corrected.
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Select a reference type from the box below for an example of an APA formatted reference. Be sure when adding a reference to your reference list that you use a hanging indent.
APA Style Reference for a Video:
Director, D. D. (Year). Title of video . [Video]. Production Company.
Doe, J. (2019). Exploring the Universe . [Video]. Space Studios.
APA Style Reference for a Photograph:
Photographer, P. P. (Year). Title of photograph . [Photograph]. Website Name. URL
Smith, J. (2020). Sunset over the Mountains . [Photograph]. Nature Photography. https://www.example.com
APA Style Reference for a Book with DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle . Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Smith, J. (2020). Understanding Psychology . Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.1000/xyz123
APA Style Reference for an Authored Book with DOI:
Jones, R. (2021). Advanced Mathematics . Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1000/abc456
APA Style Reference for One Volume of a Multivolume Work:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. X). Publisher.
Miller, L. (2018). History of Ancient Civilizations (Vol. 2). History Press.
APA Style Reference for a Work in an Anthology:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of Anthology (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher.
Davis, P. (2019). Modern Poetry. In R. Carter (Ed.), Anthology of Contemporary Poetry (pp. 34-56). Poetry Press.
APA Style Reference for a Paper Presentation or Poster Session:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper or poster. Paper or poster presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.
Lee, M. (2022, March). Innovations in Education. Paper presented at the Annual Education Conference, Boston, MA.
APA Style Reference for a Data Set:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of Data Set . Publisher. DOI or URL
Johnson, H. (2021). Global Temperature Data . Climate Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.1000/data123
APA Style Reference for a Dissertation:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation (Publication No.). [Doctoral dissertation, University]. Publisher.
Martinez, R. (2020). Social Dynamics in Urban Areas (Publication No. 123456). [Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
APA Style Reference for a Policy Brief:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of policy brief . Organization. DOI or URL
Brown, K. (2019). Health Policy Recommendations . World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1000/policy789
APA Style Reference for a Journal Article with DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical , volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Doe, J. (2021). Cognitive development in children. Journal of Psychology , 25(3), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsycho.2021.03.002
APA Style Reference for a Journal Article without DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical , volume number(issue number), pages.
Lee, S. (2020). Effects of Sleep on Memory. Health Journal , 34(2), 78-89.
APA Style Reference for a MOOC:
Instructor, I. I. (Year). Title of course. Platform Name . URL
Anderson, T. (2021). Introduction to Sociology. Coursera . https://www.coursera.org/learn/sociology
APA Style Reference for an OER (Open Educational Resource):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of OER. Publisher. DOI or URL
Williams, J. (2019). Introduction to Economics. OpenStax. https://doi.org/10.1000/oer456
APA Style Reference for a Webpage (Individual Author, Dated):
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL
Thompson, L. (2020, May 5). How to learn Python. Programming Blog. https://www.example.com
APA Style Reference for a Webpage (Group Author, Dated):
Organization Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. URL
World Health Organization. (2021, June 15). Global health initiatives. https://www.who.int/initiatives
APA Style Reference for a Webpage (Group Author, Undated):
Organization Name. (n.d.). Title of webpage. URL
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Preventing chronic diseases. https://www.cdc.gov/preventing
Main Parts of a Reference
Identifying these four (4) elements will help you create a reference for almost any resource.
Author | Who is responsible for the resource? |
Date | When was the resource published? |
Title | What is the name of the resource? |
Source | How can others locate the resource? |
Please refer to these pages for additional reference examples.
In APA format, the source indicates where readers can retrieve the cited work. Sources fall into two categories, just as titles do. Works that are part of a greater whole and works that stand alone. The requirements for each one are as follows:
The general guidelines for formatting the source in an APA style reference are listed below:
From APA Publication Manual, 7th, ed., Ch. 9.23 Definition of Source, 9.24 Format of the Source Element, & 9.25 Periodical Sources
Source element for an online journal article:
McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological Review, 126 (1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126
Source information for a book:
Garton, A. (2005). E xploring cognitive development: The child as problem solver . Blackwell.
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The American Psychological Association Style was first developed in 1929 by a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers to make scientific writing more consistent and easier to read. Since that time, it has become one of the most popular writing styles and can be used in any field, but is most commonly used in the social sciences , business , and nursing disciplines.
The most recent version of the style guide is the 7th edition , first published in 2019. See the Further Resources section below for physical copies and more resources.
Citations allow readers (including your professor) to understand and verify your information and where it came from. It gives credit to those whose information you are building upon and allows readers to easily learn more about a topic by finding your source.
Unlike reference list citations, APA in-text citations are not strictly formatted based on the type of source; instead, every in-text citation follows the author-date approach and can be implemented in multiple ways (we'll give some examples below).
This flexibility only works because you must provide a properly-formatted reference list which corresponds to every in-text citation. Sorry, you can't get off the hook that easy - but don't worry, we'll go through your reference list too!
In APA, in-text citations can be parenthetical , meaning they appear in parentheses in the middle or at the end of a sentence, like this:
... "the 'placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group's] behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
You can also use narrative citations in APA, which insert the needed information naturally in a sentence, like this:
Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group's] behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276).
If the source you're citing doesn't have page numbers, like an article or webpage, use whatever other information you can find to identify the particular location of a piece of information. This can include paragraph numbers, section headings, table numbers, etc.; use whatever makes the most sense! Here are some examples:
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new "intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace" (para. 4).
"Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in educating consumers and changing consumption behavior" (Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, "Mandatory Labeling has Targeted", para. 4).
For traditional knowledge or oral traditions that are not in a fixed format, use a modified form of the personal communication citation. While the official APA style guide does not deem it necessary to include a reference entry for these kinds of citations only , to ensure that this information is not devalued or lost we have provided a reference format you can use in the next section. Here's an example of an in-text citation:
Following a series of conversations with Joseph Turnipseed (Tulalip Nation, lives in Portland, Oregon, personal communication, September 2017), we discovered connections between…
The APA style guide also does not have official guidance on citing generative AI ; however, their blog suggests that you cite the creator of the program as the author and include the year the text or information was generated. Because your results may not be reproducible by another user of the AI, you may want to include a copy of the full AI generation as an appendix in your document.
Here are some of the most common source types and their basic citation styles in APA reference lists; we provide the generic format followed by an example.
If a book has an editor but no separate author , put their name at the beginning where the author's name would be followed by "(Ed.)".
Kimmerer, R. W., Smith, M. G., & Neidhardt, N. (2022). Braiding sweetgrass for young adults . Lerner Publications.
Snell, D. C. (Ed.). (2020). A companion to the ancient near east (Second edition.). Wiley-Blackwell.
If you don't have a DOI number, but the article has a stable URL , use that instead. When citing news articles, include the month and date after the year in lieu of volume, issue, or page numbers.
Herbst-Damm, K.L. & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology , 24 (2), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Overbye, D. (2024, April 4). A tantalizing 'hint' that astronomers got dark energy all wrong. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/04/science/space/astronomy-universe-dark-energy.html
If the dissertation or thesis doesn't have a DOI but is kept in an online repository like ScholarWorks with a stable URL that is publicly viewable, you can include that URL at the end in lieu of a DOI. If it is unpublished , include the phrase "Unpublished" at the beginning of the square brackets and list the name of the institution outside of the brackets where the database or repository name would go.
Coombs, N. C. (2022). An investigation of rural and mental health disparities across five dimensions of healthcare access [Doctoral dissertation, University of Montana]. ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11859
Shmoe, J. (2024). Citation guides and you: a comprehensive study [Unpublished Master's thesis]. University of Montana.
Del Toro, G. (Director). (2006). El laberinto del fauno [Pan’s labyrinth] [Film]. Warner Bros. Pictures.
While the APA Manual does not require reference list citations for orally transmitted information, Lorisia MacLeod (2021) advocates for including the knowledge of indigenous elders and knowledge keepers in your reference list using the following APA template:
Cardinal, D. Goodfish Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching. personal communication. April 4, 2004.
The APA style guide also does not have official guidance on citing generative AI ; however, their blog suggests the following reference format:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500. TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123. Connect with APA Style: This page contains reference examples for published dissertations or theses, which are considered published when they are available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add "Unpublished" to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets. APA format. Author last name, Initials. ( Year ).
Thesis, from a commercial database. Lope, M. D. (2014). Perceptions of global mindedness in the international baccalaureate middle years programme: The relationship to student academic performance and teacher characteristics (Order No. 3682837) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland].ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
A quick guide to using APA citation style. General Rule: Author, A. A. (year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Publication No. #) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree].Name of Database.
When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description "[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]" or "[Unpublished master's thesis]" in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title. In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree. Pattern: Author, A. A. (year).
Citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database. If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It's similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences: Structure: Author's last name, F. M. (Year published).
A guide to educating single mothers about early gang intervention and prevention (Unpublished master's thesis). Pacific Oaks College, Pasadena, CA. Pacific Oaks College, Pasadena, CA. See Ch 7 pp. 207-208 APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules
This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...
The authority on APA Style and the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. Find tutorials, the APA Style Blog, how to format papers in APA Style, and other resources to help you improve your writing, master APA Style, and learn the conventions of scholarly publishing.
te.Style ManualIt is recommended that APA Style Seventh. is used. It should be in 12-point type using Times. ew Roman font.SpacingThe test in the manuscript should be double-spaced. The right margin of the text should not be justified, but. -aligned, also known as ragged right, like the test in this guide.
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Nicosia, M. (2016). Performing the female superhero: An analysis of identity acquisition, violence, and hypersexuality in DC comics [Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University]. Electronic Theses and Dissertation Center. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ In-Text Citations. Parenthetical citations:
es. Keep all tables and figures within the margins of the page. If it is not possible to keep the table or figure within the margins, then place the table or figure on a separate page after the. and change the orientation of the page to landscape.AppendicesAppendices are always placed on separate pages at the very en.
Thesis or Dissertation Title. Italicize the title. The first word of the title and subtitle is capitalized as are proper nouns but all other words are lowercase. If a title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, use those punctuation marks instead of a period at the end. Identify Type of Dissertation or Thesis.
The 7th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was created by the American Psychological Assocation (APA), and contains the complete guidelines on how to format material for publication and cite your research.It is a set of style rules that codifies the components of scientific writing in order to deliver concise and bias free information to the reader.
Title of dissertation/thesis: In italics. Capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and proper nouns. Publication number: Can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as "Dissertation/thesis number." Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis: List whether it is a dissertation or a thesis.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and ...
Reference for doctoral dissertations and master's and undergraduate theses are divided by whether they are unpublished or published. This guide will focus on published dissertations and theses. Published works may be available from a database, a university archive, or a personal website. If you wish to cite an unpublished dissertation or theses ...
Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities) Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work; e.g., a film, artwork, novel.
If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples. Learn more Unpublished dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
To cite a published dissertation in APA 7th edition, you need to include: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Publication number, if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Publisher. Published APA Dissertation Example.
This guide contains tips for how to maximize your Academic Writer experience plus additional resources to assist with APA style. Skip to Main Content. ... APA Style Reference for a Dissertation: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation (Publication No.). [Doctoral dissertation, University]. Publisher. Example:
the APA Style website (https://apastyle.apa.org). Chapter 1: Scholarly Writing and Publishing Principles Chapter 1 addresses types of papers and ethical compliance. New guidance addresses quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods arti-cles as well as student papers, dissertations, and theses. APA_PM_7ed_FM-Blueline.indd 18 7/23/19 4:37 PM
This guide provides basic instruction about the APA Citation Style. ... the source for works that stand alone (book, report, dissertation, film, social media site, webpage, etc.) includes the publisher of the work, database, social media page, or website, and the DOI or URL; The general guidelines for formatting the source in an APA style ...
Once a decision is made to convert your dissertation or thesis into a manuscript for submission to a journal, you will want to focus attention on adapting it for publication. By attending to brevity and focus, writing style, relevant literature review and data analyses, and appropriate interpretation of the results or findings, you can enhance ...
The American Psychological Association Style was first developed in 1929 by a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers to make scientific writing more consistent and easier to read. Since that time, it has become one of the most popular writing styles and can be used in any field, but is most commonly used in the social sciences, business, and nursing disciplines.
If you have questions about formatting your thesis or dissertation, check your institution's guidelines or consult your advisor. Student Title Page Format (Section 2.3): Double-space the title ... (7th ed.) and the Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.). CITE THIS HANDOUT: American Psychological Association. (2021). Publication Manual, 7th ...
by the style manual or style sheet of the major field. The Bibliography has the same rank as a chapter. See example Table of Contents. If there is a conflict between the style requirements of the major field and this formatting directive, Saint Louis University-Graduate Education's rules supersede all other style requirements. Vita
ries of Publication Manual sections outlined here focus mostly on changes that affect student paper format-ting, though significant changes to professional papers are also noted. A sample professional paper and a sample student paper are available on the APA Style website and in the manual. 2.3 Title Page NEW