INR- Rs. 3,56,000 (Per-Annual)
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Yaroslavl State University Russia Courses offer quality medical programs under highly qualified faculty and state-of-the-art infrastructure. The College is famous for its undergraduate medical programs ( MBBS ).
MBBS | 6 Years (English Medium) 7 Years (Russian Medium) |
Yaroslavl State Medical University places a strong emphasis on research, and the faculty actively engages in cutting-edge research projects. Professors and researchers contribute to advancements in medical science, publishing research papers in reputed journals and participating in national and international conferences. These staff members handle admissions, student services, library services, and various administrative functions.
If you want to take admission to Yaroslavl State Medical University Russia in 2024, you must qualify for the National Eligibility Entrance Exam (NEET) For Indian Students.
If you too want to study MBBS at Yaroslavl State University Russia, check the eligibility below.
Your age should be at least 17 years old on or before 31st December of the admission year. *No Upper Age Limit. | |
Class 12th in Science, with PCB and English subjects from a board recognized by the authorities in India. | |
60% in 10+2 (UR) 50% (SC/OBC/ST) | |
(For Indian Students) | |
Not Required |
Before taking admission at Yaroslavl State Medical University Russia, please do not forget to carry all these related documents.
The Yaroslavl State Medical University MBBS fee structure is mentioned below in this section.
Tuition Fee | $4000 | $4000 | $4000 | $4000 | $4000 | $4000 |
Hostel Fee | $ 350 | $ 350 | $ 350 | $ 350 | $ 350 | $ 350 |
Medical + Insurance + Registration Fee | $100 | $100 | $100 | $100 | $100 | $100 |
Total (USD) | $4450 | $4450 | $4450 | $4450 | $4450 | $4450 |
Fees in Indian Rupees | Rs. 3,56,000 | Rs. 3,56,000 | Rs. 3,56,000 | Rs. 3,56,000 | Rs. 3,56,000 | Rs. 3,56,000 |
According to Edurank, the Yaroslavl State Medical University ranking in Russia and all over the world:
Yaroslavl State Medical University Country Rank | 186 |
Yaroslavl State Medical University World Rank | 6505 |
Before applying for Yaroslavl Medical University Russia, please compare the MBBS Syllabus of some of Russia’s top-ranked, NMC-approved medical universities.
1st Semester | First aid in the pre-hospital phase, Medical physics and mathematics, Medical Chemistry, Basic Bioorganic Chemistry, Medical Economics, History of Russia, Latin Language, Anatomy, Medical Biology, Russian Language. |
2nd Semester | Anatomy, Latin language, Medical Biology, Medical informatics, Jurisprudence, Mineral Metabolism, History of Medicine, Psychology and Pedagogy, Histology, Embryology, Cytology. |
3rd Semester | Anatomy, History of Medicine, Psychology and Pedagogy, Bioethics, Clinical Physiology, Microbiology and Virology, Hygiene, Propaedeutics of internal Diseases and radiodiagnosis, Life safety and disaster medicine Russian Language. |
4th Semester | Philosophy, Biochemistry, Histology, Embryology, Cytology, Anatomy of systems of neuroimmunoendocrinology, Histophysiology of digestive systems, and Information technology in medicine, Philosophy and Biochemistry. |
Russia is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extending across eleven time zones, and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. Russia is a major economic power with a large and diversified economy. It is the world’s largest exporter of oil and natural gas. Russia also has a significant manufacturing sector and a growing services sector. Russia is a popular tourist destination, with many attractions, such as the Red Square in Moscow, the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, and the Lake Baikal in Siberia.
Yaroslavl State Medical University Russia Address: Revolyutsionnaya Ulitsa, 5, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, 150000 Official Website: https://ysmu.ru/
Where is yaroslavl state medical university russia located.
150000, Yaroslavl region, Yaroslavl, st. Revolutionary, 5.
The MBBS course duration at Yaroslavl State Medical University is 6 Years.
The university provides the medical degree in English language for Indian students.
After completing their MBBS in Russia, candidates can work in any of the country’s private nursing facilities or hospitals.
Hi, I'm Rahul Kumar, with a year of expertise in MBBS and Ayush courses. I have detailed knowledge of various colleges' fee structures, cutoffs, and intake procedures. If you're looking for insights or assistance in pursuing MBBS or BAMS courses, feel free to comment below—I'm here to help!
Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment.
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Kaisa rajala.
1 Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dept of Palliative Care, Helsinki, Finland
2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
3 Dept of Oncology, Palliative Care Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
4 Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
Hannu kautiainen.
5 Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
6 Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
7 University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
Associated data.
J.T. Lehto 00084-2017_Lehto
M. Myllärniemi 00084-2017_Myllarniemi
K. Rajala 00084-2017_Rajala
E. Sutinen 00084-2017_Sutinen
This study was undertaken to investigate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptoms in a real-life cross-sectional study. Our secondary aim was to create a simple identification method for patients with increased need for palliative care by studying the relationship between modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale, HRQoL and symptoms.
We sent a self-rating HRQoL questionnaire (RAND-36) and modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) to 300 IPF patients; 84% of the patients responded to these questionnaires.
The most prevalent (>80%) symptoms were tiredness, breathlessness, cough and pain in movement. An increasing mMRC score showed a linear relationship (p<0.001) to impaired HRQoL in all dimensions of RAND-36 and the severity of all symptoms in ESAS. Dimensions of RAND-36 fell below general population reference values in patients with mMRC score ≥2. The intensity of pain in movement (p<0.001) and at rest (p=0.041), and the prevalence of chest pain (p<0.001) had a positive linear relationship to increased mMRC score.
An increasing mMRC score reflects impaired HRQoL and a high symptom burden. In clinical practice, the mMRC scale could be used for screening and identification of IPF patients with increased need for palliative care.
mMRC indicates impaired HRQoL and pain in IPF http://ow.ly/oRB430gIW7U
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and severe disease of unknown cause, seen primarily in older adults [ 1 ]. Even with recent advances in pharmacological treatment, IPF is still a disease with a high morbidity and poor survival [ 2 – 4 ]. As the disease trajectory in IPF is comparable to many advanced malignant disorders, guidelines recommend early-integrated palliative care in addition to pharmacological treatment and referral for lung transplantation [ 5 , 6 ].
Patients with IPF suffer from difficult symptoms, of which breathlessness and cough are the most common ones [ 7 , 8 ]. In addition, there is some evidence that IPF patients frequently experience pain, although the location and mechanism of the pain have not been reported [ 7 ]. Comorbidities are frequently reported in IPF patients, as shown in a recent study, where 88% of the patients had at least one and 30% more than four other diagnoses [ 9 ]. The total number of comorbidities and especially the occurrence of cardiovascular disease are associated with increased mortality [ 9 – 12 ].
There exist a limited number of studies on the heath-related quality of life (HRQoL) of IPF patients in a real-life setting [ 13 ]. Most recent studies have either concentrated on pharmaceutical treatment or have included a very limited number of patients [ 7 , 13 ]. However, there are clear indications of a decreased HRQoL in IPF patients [ 13 , 14 ].
The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the HRQoL and symptom burden among IPF patients derived from a national IPF registry (FinnishIPF). The secondary aim was the identification of patients with increased need for palliative care by investigating the relationship between dyspnoea score and HRQoL.
Study population.
The FinnishIPF study is a prospective national clinical registry study of IPF patients initiated in 2012. IPF diagnosis is made according to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/Japanese Respiratory Society/Latin American Thoracic Society 2011/2015 criteria [ 1 , 6 ]. In Finland, practically all IPF patients are initially evaluated in public hospitals (university and central hospitals). The FinnishIPF registry consists of all IPF patients from specialist centres who have given their informed consent to participate to the study. K aunisto et al . [ 2 ] have published a detailed description of the FinnishIPF study. Overall, 76% of confirmed IPF patients have given consent to participate to the study [ 2 ].
This study was initiated in April 2015, when all 300 patients registered to FinnishIPF study at that time were contacted and asked for a written informed consent to participate in this substudy. The questionnaires were sent to the patients with the consent form. The patients who did not respond within 2 weeks were contacted by telephone and reminded to answer to the questionnaire.
Sociodemographic and disease characteristics were collected from patient records and by a separate questionnaire. Collected data included age, sex, date of birth, marital status, living conditions, education, physical activity, the need for help in daily activities, the date of IPF diagnosis, comorbidities and smoking status. The participants' exercise habits during the preceding 6 months (≥30 min at least moderate-intensity leisure time physical exercise, i.e. causing breathless and sweating) were asked.
The specific questionnaires of symptoms and HRQoL were modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36).
The ESAS is a self-rated, numeric-rating, symptom-based scale developed for assessing the symptoms of cancer patients [ 15 ]. ESAS measures different symptoms on a scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (the worst possible symptoms) [ 16 , 17 ]. In this study, we used a modified version, including 12 questions on symptoms, one question on general wellbeing and a standardised body diagram on which patients could mark the areas of pain.
The mMRC scale is a self-rating tool to measure the degree of disability that breathlessness poses on day-to-day activities on a scale from 0 to 4: 0, no breathlessness except on strenuous exercise; 1, shortness of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill; 2, walks slower than people of same age on the level because of breathlessness or has to stop to catch breath when walking at their own pace on the level; 3, stops for breath after walking ∼100 m or after few minutes on the level; and 4, too breathless to leave the house, or breathless when dressing or undressing [ 18 , 19 ].
The RAND-36 [ 20 ] is a general HRQoL measurement tool, for which Finnish general population reference values exist [ 21 ]. The Short Form-36, which is commonly used in IPF patients, is similar to RAND-36 [ 21 ]. It is divided into eight health concepts, as explained by H ays et al. [ 20 ] and A alto [ 21 ], with scale from 0 to 100 (lower score meaning worse HRQoL). The concepts are: “physical functioning” (10 questions from ability to move and exercise to the ability to take care of personal hygiene), “role physical” (four questions on role limitations due to physical health), “bodily pain” (two questions), “general health” (five questions), “vitality” (four questions on energy level and tiredness), “social functioning” (two questions), “role emotional” (three questions on role limitations due to emotional problems) and “mental health” (five questions on anxiety, depression and mood) during the past 4 weeks [ 20 , 21 ].
The data are presented as mean± sd or n (%). The statistical significance for the hypothesis for linearity across groups in RAND-36 domains and symptoms were determined by ANCOVA and logistic regression analysis with an appropriate contrast (orthogonal polynomial). In the case of violation of the assumptions ( e.g. non-normality), a bootstrap-type test was used. The normality of the variables was tested by using the Shapiro–Wilk W-test. Stata 14.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) was used for the analysis.
The ethical committee of Helsinki University Central Hospital (Helsinki, Finland) approved this study (381/13/03/01/2014). Permission to screen hospital registries for patients with IPF was approved by the Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (Dnro THL/1161/5.05.01/2012). All patients who participated to this study gave a written informed consent to participate this substudy.
Of 300 registered patients, 47 were excluded: 42 did not want to participate or did not answer our questionnaire; one received lung transplantation and one was found not to be IPF patient, so these two also were excluded; three patients died before they answered.
Patient characteristics
The patient characteristics are shown in table 1 . The mean duration of IPF at the time of the study entry was 3.9 years. At least one comorbidity was reported in 79% (n=200) and more than two comorbidities in 30% (n=77) of the patients, respectively. 37% of the patients had performed at least moderate-intensity leisure time physical exercise for ≥30 min a week during the last 6 months, whereas 21% had not been engaged in any physical exercise. A majority (65%) of the patients did not need help in everyday life, whereas 26% had received assistance in their daily routines. The remaining patients ( 9% ) did not receive help but considered themselves to be in need of it.
74±9 | |
165 (65%) | |
3.9±2.5 | |
10±4 | |
70 (28%) | |
22 (9%) | |
Smokers | 26 (10%) |
Ex-smokers | 109 (43%) |
Never-smokers | 118 (47%) |
3.0±0.9 | |
83±17% | |
Hypertension | 105 (42%) |
Coronary heart disease | 64 (25%) |
Diabetes | 50 (20%) |
Heart insufficiency | 46 (18%) |
COPD | 43 (17%) |
Cancer | 41 (16%) |
Asthma | 24 (10%) |
Others | 93 (37%) |
No comorbidities | 53 (21%) |
1.8±1.5 |
Data are presented as mean± sd unless otherwise stated. IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; FVC: forced vital capacity; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. # : smoking status and FVC were recorded at the time of diagnosis, and other factors at the time of questionnaire; ¶ : including three patients with lung cancer.
The severity of breathlessness on exertion reported by mMRC score was 0 (no breathlessness) in 33 (13%), 1 (breathless when hurrying or walking up a hill) in 88 (35%), 2 (breathless when walking slower than people of same age or has to stop when walking) in 75 (30%), 3 (breathlessness stops walking after ∼100 m or a few minutes) in 34 (13%) and 4 (breathless when dressing or not able to leave the house) in 23 (9%) of the patients.
The different dimensions of HRQoL measured by RAND-36 are presented in table 2 . There was a linear relationship between impaired HRQoL and all RAND-36 dimensions and a higher mMRC score (linearity p<0.001) ( figure 1 ). All HRQoL dimensions of RAND-36 were significantly impaired in patients with mMRC 2–4 as compared to the general population except “bodily pain”, which was significantly below the general population level only in patients with mMRC score 4 ( figure 1 ). Physical dimensions (“physical functioning” and “role physical”) were the most impaired ones. “Role physical” derives from four questions in the questionnaire and reflects limitations in everyday life due physical health problems [ 20 , 21 ].
Symptoms by Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) questionnaire and health-related quality of life by RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36)
95% | 4.7±2.6 | 72±28 | ||
88% | 4.9±3.0 | 72±20 | ||
85% | 4.1±2.9 | 62±27 | ||
82% | 3.7±2.9 | 53±23 | ||
79% | 3.8±3.0 | 51±42 | ||
67% | 2.8±2.8 | 47±29 | ||
66% | 2.2±2.3 | 40±19 | ||
63% | 2.1±2.4 | 31±39 | ||
61% | 2.1±2.4 | |||
57% | 1.9±2.5 | |||
48% | 1.6±2.3 | |||
40% | 1.1±1.8 | |||
90% | 4.4±2.4 |
Data are presented as mean± sd unless otherwise stated. # : numeric rating scale, 0–10.
Health-related quality of life measured by the RAND 36-Item Health Survey according to modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale groups. Data are presented as mean values with 95% confidence intervals. Values adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, education and living status. Dashed lines mark Finnish general population levels.
The prevalence and mean intensity of symptoms as measured by ESAS are shown in table 2 . There was positive linear relationship between the intensity of all symptoms in ESAS questionnaire and increasing mMRC breathlessness score ( figure 2 ).
Symptoms measured by Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale according to modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale groups. Data are presented as mean numeric rating scale (NRS) values with 95% confidence intervals. Values adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, education and living status.
A striking increase in pain intensity in movement (p<0.001) and, to lesser extent, at rest (p=0.041) was found with an increased mMRC score ( figure 2 ). The prevalence of pain in different locations of body diagram according to mMRC groups is shown in table 3 . The prevalence of chest pain and increasing mMRC score showed a positive linear relationship (linearity p<0.001).
Localisation of pain
33 | 88 | 75 | 34 | 23 | ||
9 (27%) | 17 (19%) | 16 (21%) | 7 (21%) | 9 (39%) | 0.66 | |
4 (12%) | 19 (22%) | 35 (47%) | 10 (29%) | 11 (48%) | <0.001 | |
7 (21%) | 24 (27%) | 20 (27%) | 3 (9%) | 8 (35%) | 0.41 | |
2 (6%) | 11 (12%) | 18 (24%) | 4 (12%) | 4 (17%) | 0.27 | |
8 (24%) | 38 (43%) | 38 (51%) | 11 (32%) | 7 (30%) | 0.56 | |
8 (24%) | 28 (32%) | 26 (35%) | 10 (29%) | 10 (43%) | 0.56 | |
18 (55%) | 45 (51%) | 32 (43%) | 16 (47%) | 15 (65%) | 0.77 | |
5 (15%) | 18 (20%) | 20 (27%) | 3 (9%) | 8 (35%) | 0.94 |
mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale. # : for linearity, adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, education and living status; ¶ : four or more of the seven pain areas marked by the patient.
This was a cross-sectional, real-life study of the quality of life and symptoms of IPF patients. Our results show that increased breathlessness as measured by the mMRC questionnaire is related to impaired HRQoL and symptom burden. In addition to breathlessness and cough, pain in movement was detected in a majority of the patients. However, only chest pain had a linear relationship with increased mMRC breathlessness score. We suggest that pain and, more importantly, chest pain, may be an underdiagnosed symptom of IPF.
In our study, the HRQoL of IPF patients with at least moderate shortness of breath (mMRC ≥2), was impaired in all areas of HRQoL, especially physical function, when compared to the Finnish general population [ 21 ]. Our findings are in line with an American Internet survey of 220 IPF patients in which HRQoL was measured with PROMIS-29 [ 22 ]. A correlation between mMRC scores and all domains except sleep disturbance was found [ 22 ]. In a small, cross-sectional, longitudinal study of 32 Japanese IPF patients, lower scores were reported in all eight domains (HRQoL questionnaire SF-36) when compared to the general population [ 13 ]. Similarly, in another small observational validation study of 34 IPF patients, a decline was seen in seven of the eight measured domains of SF-36 compared to sex- and age-matched controls [ 14 ]. That particular study also showed correlation between baseline dyspnoea index and five SF-36 components: physical functioning, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning and mental health [ 14 ]. Even though there was a significant correlation between baseline dyspnoea index and pulmonary function parameters, dyspnoea index seemed to predict HRQoL more sensitively than pulmonary function parameters [ 14 ]. Dyspnoea in daily living, measured by mMRC, is also stronger prognostic parameter than most physiological markers in the diagnostic phase of IPF [ 23 ]. N ishiyama et al. [ 23 ] showed that low arterial oxygen saturation in a 6-min walk test and mMRC score were the strongest predictors of IPF patient's survival.
In line with the American Internet survey, increasing mMRC score was related to the symptom burden of IPF patients in our study [ 22 ]. The three most common symptoms in our study were tiredness, shortness of breath and cough, which are in line with earlier findings [ 7 ]. Interestingly, however, pain in movement was the next most common symptom reported by the majority of our patients, and pain in rest was the sixth most common symptom, present in two thirds of the patients. In a Swedish register study of oxygen-dependent interstitial lung disease patients, pain was reported in 51% of the patients [ 7 ]. Similarly to our findings, Y ount et al . [ 22 ] demonstrated an association between dyspnoea severity in mMRC score and intensity of pain. In another small observational study, no correlation between baseline dyspnoea index and pain index was found [ 14 ]. These differences could be related to different stage of the disease in different study populations.
In our study, every third patient reported chest pain, which also had linear relationship to the intensity of breathlessness measured by mMRC. Unspecified thoracic pain has been reported in pulmonary sarcoidosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report chest pain in IPF [ 24 , 25 ]. The exact aetiology of chest pain in IPF falls beyond the scope of our study, and should be an aim of further studies. However, as the relationship between chest pain and breathlessness was maintained after adjusting for comorbidities and age, the results suggest that chest pain may be a symptom related to IPF itself. This finding should be taken into account when considering diagnostic tests and treatment strategies for patients with advanced IPF.
The cross-sectional nature of the study limits our results to a single time-point and does not allow us to describe the changes in symptoms or HRQoL over time. Our cohort may be subjected to some selection bias, as some patients at a very advanced stage of the disease or close to death are likely to be lost from the cohort. Another limitation is that although the diagnosis of IPF was made by pulmonologists according to international guidelines, there was no central confirmation of the diagnoses. The strength of our study is a relatively large population of IPF patients in different phases of disease trajectory, evaluated by several assessment tools in real-life setting, and a high response rate.
Pain is a relatively common symptom in IPF. In particular, chest pain is related to increasing mMRC score. This could indicate a causal relationship between chest pain and progressive IPF, but further studies are necessary to confirm and explain these findings. Our results show that mMRC not only reflects breathlessness in patients with IPF but indicates HRQoL and overall symptom burden. The HRQoL was significantly deteriorated and symptom burden rose in patients with mMRC score ≥2. Thus, mMRC could be used as a simple screening tool for palliative care needs of IPF patients.
In Yaroslavl ended the championship of the Central customs administration in skiing. This event is one of the stages of the Spartakiad of the customs authorities and held in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the great Patriotic war of 1941-1945. The championship was held at the center of skiing “Demino” (Yaroslavl oblast) from 11 to 14 February. The fight for the medals were 56 athletes representing 14 teams from customs of the Central Federal district. “Such a tournament is a great honor and responsibility for us. We are pleased to welcome all athletes on the hospitable land of Yaroslavl. I am sure that our competition will be a real feast, serve to strengthen the friendly relations between customs and will contribute to popularization of sport and healthy lifestyle. I wish all the participants good luck, success, good team spirit, fair play and high results!”, addressed the participants at the opening of the championship, acting head of the Yaroslavl customs Sergey Komissarov. The program of the Championship included two competition days: the first day of the ski race was held in free style among men in the individual championship in 5 km, women 3 km. on the second day of the championship held a mixed ski relay race. Women overcame the free first and second stage of the race and the men ran the third and fourth stage. As noted by the chief judge of competitions Svetlana Smirnova: “Despite the fact that in the days of the tournament is warm weather, the track is prepared good includes not challenging workers climbs and not steep slopes. We have tried to develop a distance so that the athletes did not reduce speed in the course of its overcoming and showed his best result.” This year’s team-the mistress of tournament the Yaroslavl customs for prize-winning places fought: Venir a Rufov, Anton Ignatov, Elena Pyatova, Lesya Gromova and in the individual championship Alexey Gordeev. On the first day of the competition places in the individual standings were as follows: in the women’s race on 3 km freestyle first place was taken by Olga Bogdanova from the Tula customs, the second – Palina Lazarenkova from Smolensk and closes the top three winners of the first competition day among women – Anna Kulbakina of Bryansk customs. In the men’s race 5 km freestyle first to the finish came the representative of the Bryansk customs Roman Timokhin, the second place of the podium was occupied by Maxim Ippolitov from Smolensk, third place – Alexey Mukhortova from the Kursk customs. The second day of competition – perhaps the most spectacular day of the Championship. Because this day determined the winners of the mixed relay and team championship. The main struggle was for second place between Tula and Bryansk customs. During the three stages of the Tula customs was ahead, but in the final stage of the Bryansk customs snatched victory. With the team result, 40 minutes and 10 seconds faster than all the distance relays overcame four skiers from Smolensk customs in the composition of Pliny Lazarenkova, Tatiana Braccini, Denis and Maxim Nahaeva Ippolitov. In the second place, the representatives of the Bryansk customs – Irina Motina Anna Kulbakina, Mikhail Motorin and Roman Timohin. “Bronze” – four from the Tula customs – Olga Bogdanova, Tatyana Stanovova, Ilyas Hidersine and Valentine Hinderance. Fourth to finish came the hosts of the event and the athletes from the Yaroslavl customs. In the team standings, at the end of two days of competition, the winner of the championship of the Central customs administration in ski racing was the team of the Smolensk customs, second place – skiers Bryansk customs, third place went to the team of Tula customs. Fourth place went to the team of the Yaroslavl customs. At the end of last championship of the winners of the Championship will be formed team of the Central customs administration, which will act in competitions on ski races held in the framework of the Federal customs service of Russia.
Phillip Kushnarev, press Secretary of the Yaroslavl customs
In Purovsky district withdrawn from circulation benactyzine cigarette
The Pskov customs officers found the “extra” wine
Central Customs Administration
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The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale is recommended for conducting assessments of dyspnea and disability and functions as an indicator of exacerbation. The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale. An mMRC scale grade of 3 have a significantly poorer prognosis and that the mMRC scale can be used to predict hospitalization ...
The mMRC (Modified Medical Research Council) Dyspnoea Scale is used to assess the degree of baseline functional disability due to dyspnoea. It is useful in characterising baseline dyspnoea in patients with respiratory disease such as COPD. Whilst it moderately correlates with other healthcare-associated morbidity, mortality and quality of life ...
The mMRC dyspnea scale is used to calculate the BODE index, a tool which helps estimate the survival times of people living with COPD. The BODE Index is comprised of a person's body mass index ("B"), airway obstruction ("O"), dyspnea ("D"), and exercise tolerance ("E"). Each of these components is graded on a scale of either 0 to 1 or 0 to 3 ...
This study examined the validity of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale for this purpose. METHODS One hundred patients with COPD were recruited from an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Assessments included the MRC dyspnoea scale, spirometric tests, blood gas tensions, a shuttle walking test, and Borg scores for ...
The physical limitation or functional impact of breathlessness can be assessed using the Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (MRC; or modified MRC [mMRC] 39, 40 which is more widely used), 41 Dyspnea Exertion Scale (DES), 42 Oxygen Cost Diagram (OCD), 43 Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI), 29 or Disability Related to COPD Tool (DIRECT). 44 The ...
The MRC Dyspnoea Scale is simple to administer as it allows the patients to indicate the extent to which their breathlessness affects their mobility. The 1-5 stage scale is used alongside the questionnaire to establish clinical grades of breathlessness. MRC Breathlessness Scales: 1952 and 1959.
The Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnoea Scale may allow a more precise assessment of functional status and improve current risk models. We investigated the ability of the MRC Dyspnoea Scale to assess survival in PAH and compared performance to WHO FC and the COMPERA 2.0 models. Patients with Idiopathic, Hereditary or Drug‐induced PAH who ...
Introduction: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important patient-centred outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the current study is to compare the discriminative capacity of the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale and the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) spirometric classification of COPD on HRQoL, as ...
The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale is a measure of breathlessness severity recommended by guidelines and utilised as an inclusion criterion or endpoint for clinical trials. No studies have been conducted to validate the categorical descriptors against the dyspnoea severity grade.
The Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale (see table 1) should be used to grade the breathlessness according to the level of exertion required to elicit it. ... Offer pulmonary rehabilitation to all people who view themselves as functionally disabled by COPD (usually Medical Research Council [MRC] grade 3 and above). Pulmonary ...
Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale Grade 0 "I only get breathless with strenuous exercise" 1 "I get short of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill" 2 "I walk slower than people of the same age on the level because of breathlessness or have to stop for breath when walking at my own pace on
MRC dyspnoea scale. Last edited 3 Feb 2021. Authoring team. Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale for grading the degree of a patient's breathlessness. 1. I only get breathless with strenuous exercise. 2. I get short of breath when hurrying on level ground or walking up a slight hill. 3.
This study examined the validity of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale for this purpose. Methods: One hundred patients with COPD were recruited from an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Assessments included the MRC dyspnoea scale, spirometric tests, blood gas tensions, a shuttle walking test, and Borg scores for ...
You stop for breath after walking about 100 yards (60 metres) or after a few minutes on level ground. You are too breathless to leave the house, or breathless when dressing or undressing. Source: The MRC breathlessness scale adapted from Fletcher C.M, Discussion on the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Emphysema J R Soc Med September 1952 45: 576-586.
The Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) scale, baseline dyspnea index (BDI) and the oxygen cost diagram (OCD) are widely used tools for evaluation of limitation of activities due to dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is, however, limited information on how these relate with each other and with ...
Symptoms were recorded at least 3 times a week, including cough intensity and frequency (Cough Assessment Test scale (COAT) score), breathlessness grade (modified Medical Research Council (mMRC ...
This study aimed to assess dyspnea, physical activity, muscle strength, and health-related quality of life in older adults diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are also considered frail. The study included volunteers aged 65 and over, diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD criteria. Individuals with COPD were divided into two groups according to the FRAIL Frailty ...
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This study examined the validity of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale for this purpose. METHODS—One hundred patients with COPD were recruited from an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Assessments included the MRC dyspnoea scale, spirometric tests, blood gas tensions, a shuttle walking test, and Borg scores for ...
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Yaroslavl State Medical University (YSMU) is a public university in Yaroslavl, Russia. It was founded in 1944 and is a leading regional center of medical education and biomedical research. Yaroslavl State Medical University Russia is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Medical Commission (NMC) of India.
The specific questionnaires of symptoms and HRQoL were modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36). The ESAS is a self-rated, numeric-rating, symptom-based scale developed for assessing the symptoms of cancer patients .
In Yaroslavl ended the championship of the Central customs administration in skiing. This event is one of the stages of the Spartakiad of the customs authorities and held in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the great Patriotic war of 1941-1945.