criminology thesis carleton

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971112 Thesis (Criminology)

Description.

The MRes thesis in Criminology provides students with the advanced research expertise and skills necessary to undertake and critically evaluate criminological and criminal justice research. Combining core research skills with specialist criminology teaching from research-active staff, students critically examine the theoretical foundations that underpin applied criminological research. They not only gain a rigorous and advanced understanding of research design, methodologies and analytical techniques, but also study advanced theory and policy within the discipline of criminology and engage in learning that supports professional practice. The course provides formal, comprehensive, multi-disciplinary training in research methodologies and transferable employment related skills, for those interested in applying for a PhD and/or planning or extending a professional career in field. Students engage in the design and delivery of a thesis that has application to the field as well as explore professional practice knowledge and skills. This cutting-edge program aims to equip students with the necessary ability to contribute to the field of criminology through innovative research, critical analysis, and evidence-based solutions to complex criminological and social issues.

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Merging Russia’s Autonomous Entities: Ethnic Aspect

Dr. Petr Oskolkov (MGIMO University)

On 13 May 2020, the heads of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) of Russia signed a memorandum about the unification of their territorial entities (see the map below). Shortly afterward, the local population and a part of the political elite started to protest, and the authorities suspended the merger. Assumingly, controversies around this as well as the previous territorial reforms partly relate to the symbolic status of the regions involved and their ethnic underpinnings. The ICELDS keeps on publishing comments about the Russian regions’ mergers. Dr. Petr Oskolkov , a member of the research team which has conducted a comprehensive study of the earlier mergers, overviews the ethnic aspect of the territorial reforms in Russia.

While discussing the anticipated merger of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug, state officials usually stress the economic reasons and outcomes of this reform. The same was true for the previous mergers of six Russia’s autonomous okrugs into larger regions in 2003-2008. However, an important feature of these territorial transformations is their ethnic aspect. Autonomous okrugs are federation entities that were formed on an ethnic basis along with the republics and the sole autonomous oblast. The Russian Federation consists of territorially defined regions (oblasts, krais, and cities of federal importance) that were formed regardless of the ethnic composition of their population; and of ethnically-based regions, for which ethnic factor was determining.

While creating the federal structure of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and of the Soviet Union, basically inherited by contemporary Russia, the Bolsheviks tried to impose a certain ethnic hierarchy: ethnic groups that were considered “nations” got autonomous republics (just “republics” since 1991); smaller and less “developed” (in terms of “political consciousness” and “achievements in the construction of socialism”) peoples ( narodnosti ) were granted autonomous oblasts (all of them, except for the Jewish autonomy, turned into republics in the 1990s). Some of them, including indigenous peoples of the North, were entitled to “national okrugs” (from 1977 autonomous okrugs) that were parts of the surrounding krais and oblasts. However, not all the autonomous okrugs are inhabited by indigenous peoples; this is not the case for the former Komi Permyak, Agin Buryat, and Ust Orda Buryat okrugs, since Buryats and Komi Permyaks do not meet the criteria set up by Russian law.

In the new Constitution of 1993, the autonomous okrugs became fully-fledged federation entities, while at the same time remaining parts of bigger regions (with the exception of Chukotka). Such a clumsy structure is also called “matryoshka” because okrugs were de jure inside krais and oblasts; this led to numerous conflicts about power-sharing. Notably, only in three out of ten autonomous okrugs existing before the reform, their “titular” ethnic groups were numerally dominating (62.5 percent in Agin Buryat Okrug in 2014, 54.2 percent in Komi Permyak Okrug in 2010, and 65 percent in Koryakia in 2002) [1].

In 2003-2008, the federal center carried out a series of administrative reforms, in order to get rid of this “matryoshka” problem and to curtail the ethnic factor in the Russian federalism. Out of ten autonomous okrugs, just four have been left intact so far, and one of them is Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Nenets (or, previously, the Samoyeds) are the most numerous of all legally recognized Nordic small-numbered indigenous peoples of Russia; in 2010, their total number was up to 44,640 [2].  However, in the Okrug, they do not constitute the majority and make up only 17.83 percent of the 44,000 strong population [3]. Some researchers note that “for 25 years, the Nenets people have been retaining dominant ethnopolitical position in the Russian Arctic internationally and federally” [4]. The Nenets people are separated into two groups: the Tundra and Forest Nenets. The main traditional occupations are reindeer herding, fishery, and hunting. However, in the 20 th  century, many people of Nenets origin got involved in a variety of modern professions. In 2002, according to the census data, 19 percent of the Nenets lived in urban areas while the others in the countryside. In 2010, already 24 percent of the Nenets population in Nenets Autonomous Okrug were urban dwellers. According to the 2002 census data, only 25.7 percent engaged in “traditional” occupations, while 11.9 percent had jobs in education and healthcare system, 3 percent in government and banking, 1.7 percent in transportation and communication, and 51.8 were economically inactive/unemployed [5]. Unfortunately, a more recent disaggregated statistical data is still unavailable.

The prospects for further mergers were widely discussed in Russia after 2008, and because the local elites in the remaining okrugs took up a firm negative stand, this process disappeared from the agenda. However, in May 2020, the newly appointed interim head of Arkhangelsk Oblast and the head of Nenets Autonomous Okrug signed a memorandum demonstrating their intention to create a new region by merging those two.

Ethnicity is a set of features that define individual affiliation with a certain ethnic group; these features may include language, perceptions of common history, phenotype, or a sense of “extended kinship” or “assumed common descent” [6]. All this creates an ethnic identity that is a result of three identifications: how a person (or a group) identifies oneself, how he/she identifies the Others, and how the Others identify him/her. In the 1999 Russian framework federal law about indigenous rights, indigenous peoples are characterized inter alia  by “close affinity with the places of traditional settlement and natural resources of a territory, preservation of traditional societal and political structures, and naturally oriented industry” [7]. The entire anthropological tradition accepts these criteria among others, and the establishment of the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs marked the acceptance of the term by the international community.

In Russia, the above-mentioned law “On the guarantees of the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation” of 1999 is the main legislative act regulating the status of the respective ethnic groups. Along with the definition quoted above, the law sets up a numerical criterion: an eligible group shall not exceed 50 thousand people. In accordance with the law, the Federal Government issues a special supplementary list which currently includes 46 officially acknowledged groups. People belonging to these groups are entitled to earlier retirement, preferential access to biological resources, and the right to alternative military service. In 1990, the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) was established to better protect indigenous rights in the country. This Association represents Russia’s indigenous peoples in the Arctic Council, the UN ECOSOC, and other international bodies.

The Statute ( Ustav ) of Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) states in its Preamble that “the Okrug was founded <…> based on the will of the Nenets people”. In Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there is a specialized organization that aims to protect the rights of the Nenets people. The Yasavey  Association was established in Naryan-Mar in 1989; its name means “guide” in Nenets. Yasavey  is even explicitly referred to in the Statute: “The okrug’s state institutions, while considering issues of socioeconomic and cultural development of the Nenets people, cooperates with the Yasavey  Association of the Nenets people” [8]. Yasavey ’s goals are quite typical for ethnocultural civil society organizations: “to promote national consciousness, preserve language, culture and traditional way of life of the Nenets people”.

In all the previously merged okrugs, changes in the ethnic and cultural domain were probably the only aspect that survey respondents assessed positively. Our informants in the okrugs said that the financial and institutional support for indigenous culture and language had even increased after the reform (though being sometimes of decorative nature) [9]. We do not know how the situation may evolve in Nenets Autonomous Okrug; however, it is possible to extrapolate the findings of the previous surveys. In the previously merged okrugs, the rights of the indigenous peoples were legally guaranteed in course of the reforms. The indigenous languages and cultures were safeguarded by reaffirming the validity of the former autonomies’ respective legislative acts and incorporating them into the respective krai/oblast legislation. For instance, in Kamchatka Krai, one may study the Koryak language at a professional level in the Palana college and in the Kamchatka Institute for Educational Development (an institution for teachers’ professional re-training in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski), as well as by taking part in various training courses (the author also attended such a course organized in the Krai library by Olga Vainetkan). Local news programs are translated into Koryak, and the language is also taught at schools. All the ethnic organizations and institutions were preserved (that would for sure be also true for Yasavey ). Notably, the inherent indigenous rights for natural resources and other privileges remained intact. The merged entities still have the rights to regulate the status of “territories of traditional natural resource use” and of indigenous communities. For instance, in the Taimyr district, these are regulated by the Department for Taimyr Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples Affairs at the Taimyr district administration.

Being a separate federation entity, a region enjoys the direct official connection with the federal government, independent budget, and representation in federal legislative bodies. After the merger, these assets disappear. Although the flags and formal attributes of ethnicity-based regional entitlements are still present, the former okrugs have lost the word “autonomous” in their names (and Taimyr and Evenkia were even downgraded to municipal districts of Krasnoyarsk Krai). Currently, they are not mentioned in the Russian Constitution; they do not have the right to determine the amount of money they allocate for various purposes since the budgets of districts and okrugs are now drafted as part of krai/oblast budgetary documents). All connections with the federal center are administered through the respective oblast or krai.

One cannot be sure this everything should be exactly the same at the future possible mergers; extrapolating is always doubtful because politics are never predictable. However, being equipped with the previous experience, we may say that ethnicity means quite a lot for “indigenous” okrugs. As our research shows, the symbolic loss of the status of a federation entity and of an ethnicity-based federation entity must be a blow of the regional elite’s and population’s self-esteem. The downgrade might be partly compensated for by means of supporting cultures and languages of the eponymous population, but so far, the disappearance of symbolically loaded political status, moreover linked with ethnicity was not positively perceived in the previously merged territorial entities. According to the results of structured expert interviews, the indigenous population was dissatisfied with the loss of putative sovereign entitlements. For example, a Koryak journalist in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski said: “The Koryaks think that they are no more represented as a nation” [10]. This point of view was also proved by mass protests organized, first and foremost, in Komi Permyak and Agin Buryat Okrugs.

The protests in Nenets Autonomous Okrug, that took place on 22-23 May 2020, already demonstrate that the Okrug is not going to easily give up the idea of the rights as a federation entity. Both days at 7 pm, people were gathering in the central square of Naryan-Mar, the administrative center, so as to sing the okrug’s anthem. On 23 May, 31 indigenous kin communities of the okrug signed a collective open letter to Yuri Bezdudny, the interim head of the region: “Our okrug is created as a manifestation of the will of the Nenets people; this fact is ignored to demonstrate disrespect towards the will and the interests of the Nenets and other ethnic groups living in the okrug” [11]. When completing this small article, I found out from the media that the parliamentary discussion in Arkhangelsk and Naryan-Mar of the possible merger was postponed for an indefinite period. On 27 May, Andrey Turchak, Secretary of the General Council of “United Russia”, the country’s ruling political party, officially stated that the “referendum issue is temporarily closed”, after the meetings with the heads of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug, as well as with the Yasavey  elders [12]. Probably, this decision was taken because of a significant response by the civil society and the discontent with the merger plans in the local branch of “United Russia”. However, the keyword here is “temporarily”.

References :

[1] In most of Russia’s “ethnic” regions their “titular” ethnicity constitutes a numerical minority. [2] Bogoyavlenski, Dmitriy. 2012. “Dannyye vserossiyskoy perepisi 2010” [The Data of Russian Federation Census 2010”]. Russian Associations of Indigenous Peoples of the North. URL:   http://www.raipon.info/peoples/data-census-2010/data-census-2010.php [3] “Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda v otnoshenii demograficheskih i social’no-jekonomicheskih harakteristik otdel’nyh nacional’nostej” [The results of Russian Federation Census of 2010 regarding demographic and socioeconomic indicators of particular nationalities]. Rosstat. 2010. URL: https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html [4] Perevalova, Elena. 2019. Obskiye ugry i nentsi Zapadnoy Sibiri: etnichnost i vlast [The Ob Ugrians and Nenets of Western Siberia: Ethnicity and Authority]. Saint-Petersburg: MAE RAS, p. 243. [5] Sokolovsky, Sergei. 2007. “Pravovoy status i identichnost’ korennykh narodov (po materialam Vserossiyskoy perepisi naseleniya 2002 goda)” [Legal status and identity of indigenous peoples (evidence from Russian Federation Census of 2002)]. Rasy i narody. Sovremennye etnicheskie i rasovye problemy 33: 43-45. [6] Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society . New York: Bedminster, p. 398. [7] Federal Law “On the guarantees of the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation” of 30 April 1999 No. 82-FZ. [8] Article 16 of the Fourth chapter, devoted entirely to the titular ethnic group. The Statute of Nenets Autonomous Okrug of 11 September 1995. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/748300094 [9] See: Okunev, Igor et al. 2020. Obyedinenie regionov Rossiyskoy Federatsii [The Merger of the Regions of the Russian Federation]. Moscow: Aspect Press. [10] Ibid . P. 162. [11] Melnikova, Anastasia. 2020. “Proyavleniye neuvazheniya k interesam nenetskogo naroda” [“Demonstrating Disrespect Towards the Interests of the Nenets People]. Znak. 23 May. URL: https://www.znak.com/2020-05-23/v_nao_protestuyut_protiv_obedineniya_s_arhangelskoy_oblastyu [12] Mukhametshina, Elena. 2020. “Arhangel’skaja oblast’ i Neneckij okrug otkladyvajut obyedinenie” [Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Okrug postpone merger]. Vedomosti. 27 May. URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2020/05/27/831303-arhangelskaya-obedinenie

Image : The monument to indigenous soldiers of the deer-transport battalions during WWII, Naryan-Mar. © Igor Okunev

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Carleton University Calendars 2023-24 Edition

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• Criminology and Criminal Justice

This is an archived copy of the 2023-2024 catalog. To access the most recent version of the catalog, please visit http://calendar.carleton.ca .

Regulations

Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice (Faculty of Public Affairs) 613-520-2588 http://carleton.ca/criminology

This section presents the requirements for programs in:

• CCJ with Concentration in Law B.A. Honours
• CCJ with Concentration in Psychology B.A. Honours
• CCJ with Concentration in Sociology B.A. Honours
• CCJ with Concentration in Law B.A.
• CCJ with Concentration in Psychology B.A.
• CCJ with Concentration in Sociology B.A.
• Minor in Criminology & Criminal Justice

Program Requirements

Criminology and criminal justice b.a. honours.

Students in the B.A. Honours program choose to follow one of the three following concentrations. The selection must take place before second year status is achieved.

CCJ with Concentration in Law B.A. Honours (20.0 credits)

Notes for all concentrations:

• See note entitled  Maximum Number of CCJ Credits  in the  Regulations tab above , regarding the maximum permissible Criminology credits for your program.

CCJ with Concentration in Psychology B.A. Honours (20.0 credits)

Notes for all Concentrations :

CCJ with Concentration in Sociology B.A. Honours (20.0 credits)

Notes for all Concentrations:

Program Requirements for Criminology and Criminal Justice B.A.

Students in the B.A. program choose to follow one of the three following concentrations. The selection must take place before second year status is achieved.

CCJ with Concentration in Law B.A. (15.0 credits)

CCJ with Concentration in Psychology B.A. (15.0 credits)

CCJ with Concentration in Sociology B.A. (15.0 credits)

Minor in Criminology & Criminal Justice (4.0 credits)

This minor is open to all undergraduate degree students in programs other than Criminology and Criminal Justice.

Students are required to present a Minor CGPA of 4.00 or higher at graduation in order to be awarded a Minor in Criminology and Criminal Justice.

Course Categories for Criminology and Criminal Justice

• The total number of Criminology and Criminal Justice courses in the B.A. and B.A. (Honours) program may not exceed 12.5 (B.A.) and 15.0 (B.A. Honours). Consult the Institute if clarification is required.
• Students may request permission to offer courses towards the Major which are not listed as electives, including those offered by the Criminal Justice and Social Policy Summer School, as well as special topics courses offered from time to time by the Institute or Departments of Law, Psychology and Sociology. Students should consult the Institute for a listing of courses approved as alternative electives.

Criminology and Criminal Justice (CRCJ) Courses

Note: Not all courses listed are offered in a given year. For an up-to-date statement of course offerings for the current session and to determine the term of offering, consult the class schedule at  central.carleton.ca .

Summer session: some of the courses listed in this Calendar are offered during the summer. Hours and scheduling for summer session courses will differ significantly from those reported in the fall/winter Calendar. To determine the scheduling and hours for summer session classes, consult the class schedule at central.carleton.ca

In addition to the program requirements described here, students must satisfy:

• the University regulations (see the Academic Regulations of the University section of this Calendar),
• the common regulations applying to all B.A. students. The B.A. Breadth requirement is waived for students in Criminology and Criminal Justice.

Students should consult with the Institute when selecting courses and planning their program.

Maximum Number of CCJ Credits

The total number of Criminology and Criminal Justice credits in the B.A. and B.A. (Honours) program may not exceed 12.5 (B.A.) and 15.0 (B.A. Honours). This is the sum of credits used in the Major and Concentration PLUS free electives chosen from the list of Approved CCJ electives. Consult the Institute if clarification is required.

Field Placement Practicum

The Field Placement Practicum ( CRCJ 3901 [1.0] Practicum in Criminology I ) is offered at the 3000-level to students in CCJ programs. Students complete a 1.0 (or 2.0) credit Field Placement Practicum course during the fall/winter session. To be eligible for the Practicum students must have completed at least 9.0 credits by May 1, including all of the 1000- and 2000-level requirements in the Major CGPA. Enrollment is restricted. A floating cutoff will be used to identify the students with the highest Major CGPA over those required courses, who may then receive permission to register for the Field Placement. Allocation of Field Placements will be determined by the Field Placement Coordinator.

Students wishing to register for a Field Placement Practicum must apply to the Institute no later than May 1 of their second year. Applications are available at carleton.ca/criminology after January 1. If granted permission, students will then register in CRCJ 3901 [1.0] Practicum in Criminology I during registration. Students in the B.A. Honours program may receive permission to complete a 2.0 credit placement, in which case they will also register in CRCJ 3902 [1.0] Practicum in Criminology II .

B.A. Regulations

The regulations presented below apply to all Bachelor of Arts programs. In addition to the requirements presented here, students must satisfy the University regulations common to all undergraduate students including the process of Academic Continuation Evaluation (consult the Academic Regulations of the University section of this Calendar).

First-Year Seminars

B.A. degree students are strongly encouraged to include a First-Year Seminar (FYSM) during their first 4.0 credits of registration. Students are limited to 1.0 credit in FYSM and can only register in a FYSM while they have first-year standing in their B.A. program. 

Breadth Requirement

Among the credits presented at graduation, students in both the B.A. and the B.A. Honours degrees and B.Co.M.S. are required to include 3.0 breadth credits, which must include 1.0 credit in three of the four breadth areas identified below. Credits that fulfil requirements in the Major, Minor, Concentration, Specialization, or Stream may also be used to fulfil the Breadth Requirement.

Students admitted with a completed university degree are exempt from breadth requirements.

Students in the following interdisciplinary programs are exempt from the B.A. breadth requirement.

• African Studies
• Environmental Studies
• Human Rights
• Human Rights and Social Justice

Breadth Area 1: Culture and Communication

American Sign Language, Art History, Art and Culture, Communication and Media Studies, Digital Humanities, English, Film Studies, French, Journalism, Media Production and Design, Music, and Languages (Arabic, English as a Second Language, German, Greek, Hebrew, Indigenous Languages, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Mandarin, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish)

Subject codes : ARAB, ARTH, ASLA, CHIN, COMS, DIGH, ENGL, ESLA, FILM, FINS, FREN, GERM, GREK, HEBR, ITAL, JAPA, JOUR, KORE, LANG, LATN, MPAD, MUSI, PORT, RUSS, SPAN

Breadth Area 2: Humanities

African Studies, Applied Linguistics and Discourse Studies, Archaeology, Canadian Studies, Child Studies, Classical Civilization, Critical Race Studies, Directed Interdisciplinary Studies, Disability Studies, Environmental and Climate Humanities, European and Russian Studies, History, Human Rights and Social Justice, Humanities, Indigenous Studies, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Linguistics, Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Philosophy, Religion, Sexuality Studies, South Asian Studies, and Women's and Gender Studies.

Subject codes : AFRI, ALDS, ARCY, CDNS, CHST, CLCV, CRST, DBST, DIST, EACH, EURR, HIST, HRSJ, HUMR, HUMS, INDG, LACS, LING, MEMS, PHIL, RELI, SAST, SXST, WGST

Breadth Area 3: Science, Engineering, and Design

Architecture, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Science, Food Science and Nutrition, Health Sciences, Industrial Design, Information Resource Management, Information Technology (BIT), Information Technology (ITEC), Interactive Multimedia and Design, Interdisciplinary Science and Practice, Mathematics, Neuroscience, Network Technology, Optical Systems and Sensors, Photonics, Statistics, Physics, and Technology, Society, Environment.

Subject codes : ACSE, AERO, ARCC, ARCH, ARCN, ARCS, ARCU, BIOC, BIOL, BIT, CHEM, CIVE, COMP, ECOR, ELEC, ENSC, ENVE, ERTH, FOOD, HLTH, IDES, IMD, IRM, ISAP, ISCI, ISCS, ISYS, ITEC, MAAE, MATH, MECH, NET, NEUR, NSCI, OSS, PHYS, PLT, SREE, STAT, SYSC, TSES

Breadth Area 4: Social Sciences

Anthropology, Business, Cognitive Science, Criminology and Criminal Justice, Economics, Environmental Studies, Geography, Geomatics, Global and International Studies, Global Politics, Interdisciplinary Public Affairs, International Affairs, Law, Migration and Diaspora Studies, Political Management, Political Science, Psychology, Public Administration, Public Affairs and Policy Management, Social Work, Sociology/Anthropology, Sociology

Subject codes : ANTH, BUSI, CGSC, CRCJ, ECON, ENST, GEOG, GEOM, GINS, GPOL, INAF, IPAF, LAWS, MGDS, PADM, PAPM, POLM, PSCI, PSYC, SOCI, SOWK

Declared and Undeclared Students

Degree students are considered "Undeclared" if they have been admitted to a degree, but have not yet selected and been accepted into a program within that degree. The status "Undeclared" is available only in the B.A. and B.Sc. degrees. Undeclared students must apply to enter a program upon or before completing 3.5 credits.

Change of Program Within the B.A. Degree

To transfer to a program within the B.A. degree, applicants must normally be  Eligible to Continue  (EC) in the new program, by meeting the CGPA thresholds described in Section 3.1.9  of the  Academic Regulations of the University. 

Applications to declare or change programs within the B.A. degree online must be made online through Carleton Central by completing a Change of Program Elements (COPE) application form within the published deadlines. Acceptance into a program, or into a program element or option, is subject to any enrollment limitations, as well as specific program, program element, or option requirements as published in the relevant Calendar entry.

Minors, Concentrations, and Specializations

Students may add a Minor, Concentration, or Specialization by completing a Change of Program Elements (COPE) application form online through Carleton Central. Acceptance into a Minor, Concentration, or Specialization normally requires that the student be  Eligible to Continue  (EC) and is subject to any specific requirements of the intended Minor, Concentration, or Specialization as published in the relevant Calendar entry and in Section 3.1.9 of the Academic Regulations of the University .

Mention : français

Students registered in certain B.A. programs may earn the diploma notation Mention : françai s by completing part of their program requirements in French, and by demonstrating knowledge of the history and culture of French Canada. The general requirements are listed below. For more specific details, consult the departmental program entries.

Students in a B.A. Honours program must present:

• 1.0 credit in French language;
• 1.0 credit devoted to the history and culture of French Canada;
• 1.0 credit at the 2000- or 3000-level in the Honours discipline taken in French; and
• 1.0 credit at the 4000-level in the Honours discipline taken in French.

Students in a B.A. program must present:

• 1.0 credit in advanced French;
• 1.0 credit at the 2000- or 3000-level in the Major discipline taken in French.

Students in Combined Honours programs must fulfil the Mention : françai s requirement in both disciplines.

Courses taught in French (Items 3 and 4, above) may be taken at Carleton, at the University of Ottawa on the Exchange Agreement, or at a francophone university on a Letter of Permission. Students planning to take courses on exchange or on a Letter of Permission should take careful note of the residence requirement for a minimum number of Carleton courses in their programs. Consult the Academic Regulations of the University section of this Calendar for information regarding study on exchange or Letter of Permission.

Admissions Information

Admission requirements are based on the Ontario High School System. Prospective students can view the admission requirements through the Admissions website at  admissions.carleton.ca . The overall average required for admission is determined each year on a program-by-program basis. Holding the minimum admission requirements only establishes eligibility for consideration; higher averages are required for admission to programs for which the demand for places by qualified applicants exceeds the number of places available. All programs have limited enrolment and admission is not guaranteed. Some programs may also require specific course prerequisites and prerequisite averages and/or supplementary admission portfolios. Consult  admissions.carleton.ca  for further details.

Note:  If a course is listed as  recommended , it is not mandatory for admission.   Students who do not follow the recommendations will not be disadvantaged in the admission process.

Admission Requirements

• Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) (Honours)
• Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)

For B.A. and B.A. (Honours) The Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent including a minimum of six 4U or M courses. The six 4U or M courses must include a 4U course in English (or anglais ). Applicants submitting an English language test to satisfy the requirements of the English Language Proficiency section of this Calendar may use that test to also satisfy the 4U English prerequisite requirement.

Biology For the major in Biology in the B.A. program, in addition to the 4U English, a 4U course in Chemistry is required. Advanced Functions, and Calculus and Vectors are recommended.

Advanced Standing

Applications for admission beyond first year will be assessed on their merits. Applicants must normally be Eligible to Continue in their year level, in addition to meeting the CGPA thresholds described in Section 3.1.9 of the Academic Regulations of the University. Advanced standing will be granted only for those subjects assessed as being appropriate for the program and the stream selected.

Co-op Option

Direct Admission to the 1st Year of the Co-op Option Co-op is available for the following Majors in the B.A. (Honours) degree: Anthropology, English, Environmental Studies, European and Russian Studies, French, Geography, Geomatics, History, Law, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology.

Applicants must:

• meet the required overall admission cut-off average and prerequisite course average. These averages may be higher than the stated minimum requirements;
• be registered as a full-time student in the Bachelor of Arts Honours with one of the majors listed above;
• be eligible to work in Canada (for off-campus work placements).

Meeting the above requirements only establishes eligibility for admission to the program. The prevailing job market may limit enrolment in the co-op option. Students should also note that hiring priority is given to Canadian citizens for co-op positions in the Public Service Commission.

Note: continuation requirements for students previously admitted to the co-op option and admission requirements for the co-op option after beginning the program are described in the Co-operative Education Regulations section of this Calendar.

B.A. and B.A. (Honours) Program

Applications for admission to the second or subsequent years will be assessed on their merits. Advanced standing will be granted only for those courses that are determined to be appropriate.

B.A. Honours Criminology and Criminal Justice

Admission to Criminology and Criminal Justice (CCJ) with advanced standing and transfer within the B.A. to CCJ by change of major is limited. Students require a minimum overall CGPA of 7.50 and will be admitted to the Honours program. Access to the CCJ B.A. degree is limited to CCJ B.A. Honours registered students who apply to transfer and to graduates of the Algonquin College Police Foundations program. 

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45 Facts About Arkhangelsk

Written by Harmonia Burns

Modified & Updated: 31 Jul 2024

Reviewed by Sherman Smith

Arkhangelsk, located in the northwest region of Russia, is a city immersed in history, culture, and natural beauty. With its origins dating back to the 16th century, Arkhangelsk has been a prominent center for trade and exploration throughout the centuries. This article will take you on a journey through 45 fascinating facts about Arkhangelsk, shedding light on its influential role in Russian history, its distinctive architectural landmarks, its vibrant cultural scene, and the breathtaking natural landscapes that surround the city. Whether you are a history enthusiast, an adventure seeker, or simply curious about this hidden gem, get ready to embark on an exciting virtual tour of Arkhangelsk and discover the wonders that await in this captivating city.

Key Takeaways:

• Explore Arkhangelsk, a city with rich history, stunning nature, and vibrant culture. From the Northern (Arctic) Federal University to the Solovetsky Islands, it’s a gateway to adventure and awe-inspiring experiences.
• Arkhangelsk, the “Gateway to the Arctic,” offers a captivating blend of historical landmarks, vibrant festivals, and breathtaking natural beauty. Whether it’s exploring the Arkhangelsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve or witnessing the mesmerizing midnight sun, this northern gem is a must-visit destination.

Arkhangelsk is located in the Arkhangelsk Oblast region.

Arkhangelsk is the administrative center of the Arkhangelsk Oblast region, which spans across 587,400 square kilometers.

The city is also known as the “Gateway to the Arctic.”

Due to its strategic location on the White Sea, Arkhangelsk has played a crucial role in Arctic expeditions and trade routes.

Arkhangelsk was founded in 1584 by Ivan the Terrible.

The city was established as a trading post and fortress to strengthen Russia’s presence in the north.

Arkhangelsk is home to the Northern (Arctic) Federal University.

The Northern Federal University is one of the leading educational institutions in the region, offering a wide range of academic programs.

The Arkhangelsk region is known for its stunning natural landscapes.

From pristine forests and majestic rivers to picturesque lakes and tranquil coastline, nature lovers will find paradise in Arkhangelsk.

The famous Solovetsky Islands are located in the Arkhangelsk region.

The Solovetsky Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are renowned for their historical and cultural significance.

Arkhangelsk experiences long, cold winters and short, cool summers.

The city’s climate is classified as subarctic, with temperatures reaching as low as -40 degrees Celsius in winter.

The iconic Arkhangelsk Lighthouse stands tall on the White Sea coast.

The lighthouse , built in 1849, serves as a symbol of Arkhangelsk and offers panoramic views of the surrounding area.

The Archangel Michael is the patron saint of Arkhangelsk.

The city’s name is derived from the Archangel Michael, who is considered the heavenly protector of the region.

Arkhangelsk was an important trade hub during the Russian Empire.

The city’s port facilitated trade with Europe and played a vital role in the export of Russian goods.

The Arkhangelsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve showcases the city’s rich heritage.

Visitors can explore historical artifacts, traditional crafts, and unique architectural landmarks at this renowned museum.

Arkhangelsk is known for its vibrant cultural scene.

The city hosts various festivals, including the White Nights Festival and the Arkhangelsk International Street Theater Festival.

The Arkhangelsk Philharmonic Orchestra is a renowned musical institution.

The orchestra has gained international recognition for its exceptional performances and talented musicians.

Arkhangelsk is a popular destination for winter sports enthusiasts.

The city offers excellent opportunities for skiing, snowboarding, and ice skating during the winter months.

The Arkhangelsk Zoo is home to a diverse range of animal species.

Visitors can encounter polar bears, wolves, lynx , and many other fascinating creatures at this well-maintained zoo.

The Voskresenskaya Church is a stunning architectural landmark.

This beautiful Orthodox church showcases exquisite Russian Orthodox design and intricate frescoes.

The Arkhangelsk Regional Puppet Theater is beloved by both children and adults.

The theater offers entertaining puppet shows and performances that capture the imagination of audiences.

The Arkhangelsk Literature and Art Museum preserves the city’s literary heritage.

The museum showcases the works of famous Arkhangelsk authors and artists, providing insight into the city’s artistic legacy.

Arkhangelsk is a major transportation hub.

The city is connected to various regions of Russia through its airport, railway station, and well-developed road networks.

The Arkhangelsk State Museum of Fine Arts houses a remarkable collection of artworks.

Art enthusiasts can admire paintings, sculptures, and crafts from both Russian and international artists at this esteemed museum.

The Arkhangelsk Regional Drama Theater is known for its outstanding theatrical performances.

The theater showcases a diverse range of plays, including classical works and contemporary productions.

Arkhangelsk was once a major center for shipbuilding.

The city’s shipyards played a significant role in the construction of naval vessels and merchant ships.

The Northern Maritime Museum offers a glimpse into Arkhangelsk’s maritime history.

Visitors can explore maritime artifacts, ship models, and learn about the city’s seafaring traditions .

The Arkhangelsk Samovar Museum showcases the city’s tea-drinking culture.

Tea enthusiasts can discover a fascinating collection of traditional Russian samovars and learn about their cultural significance.

The Arkhangelsk Ice Palace is a popular venue for ice hockey and ice skating.

Sports enthusiasts can enjoy exciting matches or glide across the ice in this state-of-the-art facility.

Arkhangelsk is a gateway to the unique Russian Far North.

Explorers and adventurers often start their journeys to remote Arctic territories from Arkhangelsk.

The city has a vibrant street art scene.

Colorful murals and graffiti can be found on buildings and walls, adding an artistic touch to Arkhangelsk’s urban landscape.

The Archangel Michael Cathedral is a prominent religious landmark in Arkhangelsk.

With its striking architecture and stunning interior, the cathedral is a must-visit for those interested in religious history .

Arkhangelsk is famous for its traditional wooden architecture.

You can admire beautiful wooden houses and churches that showcase the city’s rich cultural heritage.

The Arkhangelsk Hiking Club offers exciting outdoor adventures.

Nature enthusiasts can join the club’s organized hikes and explore the beautiful landscapes surrounding Arkhangelsk.

The city is surrounded by numerous lakes and rivers.

These water bodies provide excellent opportunities for fishing, boating, and other water activities.

Arkhangelsk has a rich folklore tradition.

The city’s folk dances, songs, and stories reflect the unique cultural identity of its inhabitants.

The Arkhangelsk Regional Drama Theater Square is a popular gathering place.

The square hosts various events, concerts, and festivals throughout the year.

Arkhangelsk is a haven for wildlife enthusiasts.

The region is home to diverse animal species, including brown bears , reindeer, and numerous bird species.

The Arkhangelsk Maritime Museum offers insights into the city’s maritime history.

Exhibits showcase the city’s important role in Russian maritime trade and exploration.

The city’s cuisine features delicious seafood dishes.

Indulge in fresh fish, shrimp, and other delicacies that highlight the flavors of the White Sea.

The Arkhangelsk Regional History Museum explores the city’s past.

From ancient civilizations to modern times, the museum delves into the rich history of Arkhangelsk.

Arkhangelsk is known for its mesmerizing midnight sun phenomenon.

During the summer months, the sun remains visible for almost 24 hours, creating an enchanting spectacle.

The Arkhangelsk Regional Library is a treasure trove of knowledge.

Book lovers can delve into a vast collection of literature, including rare and historical texts .

The city has a vibrant music scene.

From classical to contemporary, Arkhangelsk hosts concerts, music festivals, and performances that cater to all tastes.

The Arkhangelsk Museum of Wooden Architecture showcases traditional wooden structures.

Visitors can stroll through a fascinating open-air museum and learn about the intricacies of wooden architecture.

The city’s rivers are popular for canoeing and kayaking.

Adventure seekers can explore the picturesque waterways and enjoy thrilling water sports activities.

The Arkhangelsk Regional Art Gallery displays an impressive collection of artworks.

From classic masterpieces to contemporary creations, the gallery celebrates art in all its forms.

The city was a major hub for the Russian Navy during World War II.

Arkhangelsk played a crucial role in supplying the Soviet Union with essential resources during the war.

Arkhangelsk is a city of resilience and vibrant culture.

Despite the challenges of its northern location, Arkhangelsk continues to thrive as a center of art, education, and innovation.

Visiting Arkhangelsk is a journey into a world of adventure, history, and natural beauty. With its rich heritage, awe-inspiring landmarks, and warm-hearted people, this city will forever leave an imprint on your soul. So pack your bags and embark on a memorable exploration of Arkhangelsk – the northern gem of Russia.

Experience the magic of Arkhangelsk today and uncover the hidden wonders that await!

Arkhangelsk is a fascinating city with a rich history, breathtaking nature, and vibrant cultural heritage. From its origins as a Russian outpost in the 16th century to its present-day status as an important port and center for Arctic research, Arkhangelsk has continuously evolved and thrived.

With its stunning architectural landmarks, such as the Savior-on-the-Wooden-Hill Cathedral and the Arkhangelskoye Estate, visitors can immerse themselves in the city’s past. The White Sea beaches and the nearby Solovetsky Islands offer breathtaking natural beauty and a serene escape from the hustle and bustle of city life.

Arkhangelsk is also a city steeped in culture. With numerous museums, theaters, and art galleries, it offers a vibrant arts scene that appeals to both locals and tourists. The locals are warm and welcoming, making visitors feel right at home.

Whether you are interested in history, nature, or culture, Arkhangelsk has something to offer. It truly is a hidden gem waiting to be discovered.

1. What is the best time to visit Arkhangelsk?

The best time to visit Arkhangelsk is during the summer months from June to August when the weather is mild and pleasant. This is also the time when various events and festivals take place in the city.

2. Are there accommodations available in Arkhangelsk?

Yes, Arkhangelsk offers a range of accommodations including hotels, guesthouses, and apartments to suit various budgets and preferences.

3. How can I get to Arkhangelsk?

Arkhangelsk is well-connected by air, rail, and road. The city has its own international airport and can also be reached by train or bus from major Russian cities.

4. What are some must-visit attractions in Arkhangelsk?

Some must-visit attractions in Arkhangelsk include the embankment of the Northern Dvina River, the Museum of Wooden Architecture, and the Arkhangelsk Regional Art Gallery.

5. Is English widely spoken in Arkhangelsk?

While English may not be widely spoken, especially among older generations, you can still manage to communicate with basic English in hotels, tourist areas, and some restaurants.

6. Are there any local delicacies to try in Arkhangelsk?

A few local delicacies to try in Arkhangelsk include Solovetsky fish soup, Arkhangelsk-style cod, and cranberry vareniki (dumplings).

Arkhangelsk's captivating history and vibrant culture make it a must-visit destination for anyone seeking to explore the wonders of Russia's Far North. If you're eager to learn more about this fascinating region, why not delve into the intriguing facts about Severodvinsk ? This nearby city, located just a short distance from Arkhangelsk, boasts its own unique charm and remarkable stories waiting to be discovered.

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